Testing logs for C++

Running at Thu 28 Jul 2022 03:24:32 AM EDT

Test array1d.cpp

Test array2d.cpp

Test array3d.cpp

Test audio_clip.cpp

Test audio_clip_manipulation.cpp

Test avl.cpp

Test bintree.cpp

Test bst_eq.cpp

Test cancer_snippet.cpp

Test circ_dllist.cpp

Test circ_sllist.cpp

Test color_grid.cpp

Test display_game.cpp

Test dllist.cpp

Test elevation_snippet.cpp

Test eq_snippet.cpp

Test face_shp_coll.cpp

Test game_size_test.cpp

Test game_snippet.cpp

Test graph_alist.cpp

Test graph_alist_empty.cpp

Test graph_amatrix.cpp

Test graph_map_test.cpp

Test gutenberg_snippet.cpp

Test imdb_snippet.cpp

Test input_game.cpp

Test kdt.cpp

Test linechart.cpp

Test minimal_game.cpp

Test mixed_assignments.cpp

Test mllist.cpp

Test osm.cpp

Test osm_amenity_snippet.cpp

Test osm_snippet.cpp

Test reddit.cpp

Test reddit_snippet.cpp

Test shakespeare_snippet.cpp

Test shape_collection.cpp

Test shape_collection_layer.cpp

Test shape_collection_textalign.cpp

Test sine_wave.cpp

Test sllist.cpp

Test song_lyrics_snippet.cpp

Test sorting_benchmark.cpp

Test tree.cpp

Test tut_array1d.cpp

Test tut_array1d_p1.cpp

Test tut_array1d_p2.cpp

Test tut_array1d_p3.cpp

Test tut_bst_p1.cpp

Test tut_bst_p2.cpp

Test tut_bst_p3.cpp

Test tut_col_grid_p1.cpp

Test tut_col_grid_p2.cpp

Test tut_col_grid_p3.cpp

Test tut_dllist_p1.cpp

Test tut_dllist_p2.cpp

Test tut_dllist_p3.cpp

Test tut_graph_p1.cpp

Test tut_graph_p2.cpp

Test tut_graph_p3.cpp

Test tut_shapes_p1.cpp

Test tut_shapes_p2.cpp

Test tut_sllist_p1.cpp

Test tut_sllist_p2.cpp

Test tut_sllist_p3.cpp

Test tut_us_cities_snippet.cpp

Test us_cities_snippet.cpp

Test vis_example.cpp

Test wikidata_actor_snippet.cpp

Test array1d.cpp full log

Build Test for test array1d.cpp

Compiling test array1d.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o array1d array1d.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test array1d.cpp

==669156== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==669156== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==669156== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==669156== Command: ./array1d 1 null null live
==669156== 
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1000/bridges_testing

==669156== 
==669156== HEAP SUMMARY:
==669156==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669156==   total heap usage: 7,248 allocs, 7,236 frees, 527,447 bytes allocated
==669156== 
==669156== LEAK SUMMARY:
==669156==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669156==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669156==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669156==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669156==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669156== 
==669156== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==669156== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test array2d.cpp full log

Build Test for test array2d.cpp

Compiling test array2d.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o array2d array2d.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test array2d.cpp

==669178== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==669178== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==669178== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==669178== Command: ./array2d 1 null null live
==669178== 
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1001/bridges_testing

==669178== 
==669178== HEAP SUMMARY:
==669178==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669178==   total heap usage: 7,778 allocs, 7,766 frees, 601,911 bytes allocated
==669178== 
==669178== LEAK SUMMARY:
==669178==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669178==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669178==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669178==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669178==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669178== 
==669178== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==669178== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test array3d.cpp full log

Build Test for test array3d.cpp

Compiling test array3d.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o array3d array3d.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test array3d.cpp

==669197== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==669197== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==669197== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==669197== Command: ./array3d 1 null null live
==669197== 
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1002/bridges_testing

==669197== 
==669197== HEAP SUMMARY:
==669197==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669197==   total heap usage: 8,340 allocs, 8,328 frees, 685,227 bytes allocated
==669197== 
==669197== LEAK SUMMARY:
==669197==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669197==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669197==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669197==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669197==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669197== 
==669197== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==669197== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test audio_clip.cpp full log

Build Test for test audio_clip.cpp

Compiling test audio_clip.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o audio_clip audio_clip.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test audio_clip.cpp

==669216== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==669216== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==669216== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==669216== Command: ./audio_clip 1 null null live
==669216== 
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1003/bridges_testing

Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1003/bridges_testing

Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1003/bridges_testing

Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1003/bridges_testing

Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1003/bridges_testing

Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1003/bridges_testing

Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1003/bridges_testing

==669216== 
==669216== HEAP SUMMARY:
==669216==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669216==   total heap usage: 6,427 allocs, 6,415 frees, 49,487,301 bytes allocated
==669216== 
==669216== LEAK SUMMARY:
==669216==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669216==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669216==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669216==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669216==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669216== 
==669216== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==669216== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test audio_clip_manipulation.cpp full log

Build Test for test audio_clip_manipulation.cpp

Compiling test audio_clip_manipulation.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o audio_clip_manipulation audio_clip_manipulation.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test audio_clip_manipulation.cpp

==669247== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==669247== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==669247== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==669247== Command: ./audio_clip_manipulation 1 null null live
==669247== 
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1004/bridges_testing

Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1004/bridges_testing

==669247== 
==669247== HEAP SUMMARY:
==669247==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669247==   total heap usage: 5,587 allocs, 5,575 frees, 38,582,964 bytes allocated
==669247== 
==669247== LEAK SUMMARY:
==669247==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669247==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669247==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669247==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669247==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669247== 
==669247== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==669247== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test avl.cpp full log

Build Test for test avl.cpp

Compiling test avl.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o avl avl.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test avl.cpp

==669269== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==669269== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==669269== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==669269== Command: ./avl 1 null null live
==669269== 
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1005/bridges_testing

==669269== 
==669269== HEAP SUMMARY:
==669269==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669269==   total heap usage: 7,321 allocs, 7,309 frees, 544,630 bytes allocated
==669269== 
==669269== LEAK SUMMARY:
==669269==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669269==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669269==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669269==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669269==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669269== 
==669269== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==669269== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test bintree.cpp full log

Build Test for test bintree.cpp

Compiling test bintree.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o bintree bintree.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test bintree.cpp

==669291== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==669291== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==669291== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==669291== Command: ./bintree 1 null null live
==669291== 
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1006/bridges_testing

==669291== 
==669291== HEAP SUMMARY:
==669291==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669291==   total heap usage: 7,688 allocs, 7,676 frees, 618,386 bytes allocated
==669291== 
==669291== LEAK SUMMARY:
==669291==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669291==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669291==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669291==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669291==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669291== 
==669291== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==669291== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test bst_eq.cpp full log

Build Test for test bst_eq.cpp

Compiling test bst_eq.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o bst_eq bst_eq.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test bst_eq.cpp

==669312== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==669312== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==669312== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==669312== Command: ./bst_eq 1 null null live
==669312== 
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1007/bridges_testing

==669312== 
==669312== HEAP SUMMARY:
==669312==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669312==   total heap usage: 8,937 allocs, 8,925 frees, 1,108,508 bytes allocated
==669312== 
==669312== LEAK SUMMARY:
==669312==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669312==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669312==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669312==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669312==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669312== 
==669312== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==669312== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test cancer_snippet.cpp full log

Build Test for test cancer_snippet.cpp

Compiling test cancer_snippet.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o cancer_snippet cancer_snippet.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test cancer_snippet.cpp

==669332== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==669332== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==669332== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==669332== Command: ./cancer_snippet 1 null null live
==669332== 
16512
Incident 0:
	Type: Mortality
	Year: 2000
	Population: 2302835
	Race: All Races
	Gender: 
	CrudeRate: 192.2(more rate information available) 
	Location: 32.799, -86.8073
	Count: 4425
==669332== 
==669332== HEAP SUMMARY:
==669332==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669332==   total heap usage: 5,542 allocs, 5,530 frees, 40,190,065 bytes allocated
==669332== 
==669332== LEAK SUMMARY:
==669332==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669332==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669332==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669332==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669332==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669332== 
==669332== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==669332== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test circ_dllist.cpp full log

Build Test for test circ_dllist.cpp

Compiling test circ_dllist.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o circ_dllist circ_dllist.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test circ_dllist.cpp

==669355== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==669355== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==669355== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==669355== Command: ./circ_dllist 1 null null live
==669355== 
Testing forward list iterator..
	Gretel Chaney
	Lamont Kyler
	Gladys Serino
	Karol Soderman
	Starr McGinn
Testing reverse list iterator..
	Gretel Chaney
	Starr McGinn
	Karol Soderman
	Gladys Serino
	Lamont Kyler
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1009/bridges_testing

==669355== 
==669355== HEAP SUMMARY:
==669355==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669355==   total heap usage: 7,392 allocs, 7,380 frees, 544,430 bytes allocated
==669355== 
==669355== LEAK SUMMARY:
==669355==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669355==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669355==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669355==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669355==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669355== 
==669355== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==669355== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test circ_sllist.cpp full log

Build Test for test circ_sllist.cpp

Compiling test circ_sllist.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o circ_sllist circ_sllist.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test circ_sllist.cpp

==669378== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==669378== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==669378== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==669378== Command: ./circ_sllist 1 null null live
==669378== 
Testing list iterator..
	Gretel Chaney
	Lamont Kyler
	Gladys Serino
	Karol Soderman
	Starr McGinn
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1010/bridges_testing

==669378== 
==669378== HEAP SUMMARY:
==669378==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669378==   total heap usage: 7,289 allocs, 7,277 frees, 530,469 bytes allocated
==669378== 
==669378== LEAK SUMMARY:
==669378==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669378==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669378==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669378==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669378==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669378== 
==669378== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==669378== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test color_grid.cpp full log

Build Test for test color_grid.cpp

Compiling test color_grid.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o color_grid color_grid.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test color_grid.cpp

==669397== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==669397== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==669397== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==669397== Command: ./color_grid 1 null null live
==669397== 
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1011/bridges_testing

==669397== 
==669397== HEAP SUMMARY:
==669397==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669397==   total heap usage: 7,158 allocs, 7,146 frees, 707,508 bytes allocated
==669397== 
==669397== LEAK SUMMARY:
==669397==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669397==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669397==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669397==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669397==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669397== 
==669397== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==669397== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test display_game.cpp full log

Build Test for test display_game.cpp

Compiling test display_game.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o display_game display_game.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test display_game.cpp

==669416== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==669416== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==669416== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==669416== Command: ./display_game 1 null null live
==669416== 
connecting SocketIO with http://bridges-games.herokuapp.com
[2022-07-28 03:27:41] [connect] Successful connection
[2022-07-28 03:27:42] [connect] WebSocket Connection 54.235.77.118:80 v-2 "WebSocket++/0.8.2" /socket.io/?EIO=4&transport=websocket&t=1658993260 101
connected!!
sockopen on namespace /
Sending credentials
Credentials sent
announcement something
Sending credentials
Credentials sent
Setting framelimit to 10
announcement something
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-games.herokuapp.com/assignments/1012/bridges_testing

sio closed
==669416== 
==669416== HEAP SUMMARY:
==669416==     in use at exit: 38,571 bytes in 155 blocks
==669416==   total heap usage: 7,003 allocs, 6,848 frees, 1,814,042 bytes allocated
==669416== 
==669416== 8 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 1 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x153A8A: sio::client_impl::connect(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > const&, std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x13B348: sio::client::connect(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1206D2: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:117)
==669416==    by 0x125732: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669416==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669416==    by 0x122926: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669416==    by 0x122CA8: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (display_game.cpp:7)
==669416==    by 0x117105: main (display_game.cpp:28)
==669416== 
==669416== 8 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 2 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x153C73: sio::client_impl::socket(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x15534A: sio::client_impl::on_open(std::weak_ptr<void>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19B128: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x192E94: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18BEE6: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>::__call<void, std::weak_ptr<void>&&, 0ul, 1ul>(std::tuple<std::weak_ptr<void>&&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x185494: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>::operator()<std::weak_ptr<void>, void>(std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17D8EE: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x175DB8: std::enable_if<std::__and_<std::is_void<void>, std::__is_invocable<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void> > >::value, void>::type std::__invoke_r<void, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17027F: std::_Function_handler<void (std::weak_ptr<void>), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_invoke(std::_Any_data const&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x188066: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::operator()(std::weak_ptr<void>) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x198DCA: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_read_http_response(std::error_code const&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 12 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 3 of 132
==669416==    at 0x483877F: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:307)
==669416==    by 0x5113349: CRYPTO_zalloc (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669416==    by 0x510F58D: ??? (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669416==    by 0x50EF87F: ERR_get_state (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669416==    by 0x50EF9D8: ERR_clear_error (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669416==    by 0x510EC68: ??? (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669416==    by 0x493034E: __pthread_once_slow (pthread_once.c:116)
==669416==    by 0x517A178: CRYPTO_THREAD_run_once (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669416==    by 0x510F45C: OPENSSL_init_crypto (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669416==    by 0x50759F8: ??? (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669416==    by 0x510ECDF: ??? (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669416==    by 0x493034E: __pthread_once_slow (pthread_once.c:116)
==669416== 
==669416== 16 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 4 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x16B0F0: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x152FD6: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x13B0CB: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669416==    by 0x125732: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669416==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669416==    by 0x122926: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669416==    by 0x122CA8: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (display_game.cpp:7)
==669416==    by 0x117105: main (display_game.cpp:28)
==669416== 
==669416== 16 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 5 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x1AF2BB: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connection(bool, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> > const&, websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1AB115: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A765E: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A1D9E: std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19B939: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x193871: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18C9FA: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x185D03: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > std::allocate_shared<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > const&, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17E6AE: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > std::make_shared<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17793D: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17177F: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 16 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 6 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x185FEE: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17ED05: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x177E38: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17177F: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16C4E3: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x15451C: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1933A1: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18C510: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18581D: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::__call<void, , 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17DF39: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::operator()<, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1768FD: void asio::asio_handler_invoke<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> >(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>&, ...) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 16 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 7 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x1667D5: asio::detail::resolver_service_base::resolver_service_base(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19BB8C: asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>::resolver_service(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x193B78: asio::execution_context::service* asio::detail::service_registry::create<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::io_context>(void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x142615: asio::detail::service_registry::do_use_service(asio::execution_context::service::key const&, asio::execution_context::service* (*)(void*), void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18CC16: asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::detail::service_registry::use_service<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18618C: asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::use_service<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17EE72: asio::basic_io_object<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>, true>::basic_io_object(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17812C: asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>::basic_resolver(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x171D87: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16CBAA: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x15468C: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 16 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 8 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x166C09: asio::detail::resolver_service_base::start_work_thread() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x166B37: asio::detail::resolver_service_base::start_resolve_op(asio::detail::resolve_op*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x180588: void asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>::async_resolve<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >(std::shared_ptr<void>&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_query<asio::ip::tcp> const&, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17970D: asio::async_result<std::decay<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >::type, void (std::error_code, asio::ip::basic_resolver_results<asio::ip::tcp>)>::return_type asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>::async_resolve<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >(asio::ip::basic_resolver_query<asio::ip::tcp> const&, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17236E: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16CBAA: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x15468C: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1933A1: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18C510: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18581D: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::__call<void, , 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17DF39: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::operator()<, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 16 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 9 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x16A3FB: asio::detail::posix_thread::posix_thread<asio::detail::resolver_service_base::work_io_context_runner>(asio::detail::resolver_service_base::work_io_context_runner, unsigned int) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x166C21: asio::detail::resolver_service_base::start_work_thread() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x166B37: asio::detail::resolver_service_base::start_resolve_op(asio::detail::resolve_op*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x180588: void asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>::async_resolve<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >(std::shared_ptr<void>&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_query<asio::ip::tcp> const&, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17970D: asio::async_result<std::decay<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >::type, void (std::error_code, asio::ip::basic_resolver_results<asio::ip::tcp>)>::return_type asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>::async_resolve<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >(asio::ip::basic_resolver_query<asio::ip::tcp> const&, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17236E: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16CBAA: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x15468C: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1933A1: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18C510: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18581D: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::__call<void, , 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 18 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 10 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x4A76F0E: void std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_construct<char const*>(char const*, char const*, std::forward_iterator_tag) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669416==    by 0x16F868: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::endpoint(bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16AC4D: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x152D88: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x13B0CB: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669416==    by 0x125732: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669416==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669416==    by 0x122926: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669416==    by 0x122CA8: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (display_game.cpp:7)
==669416==    by 0x117105: main (display_game.cpp:28)
==669416== 
==669416== 18 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 11 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x12D339: void std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_construct<char*>(char*, char*, std::forward_iterator_tag) (basic_string.tcc:219)
==669416==    by 0x1AF152: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connection(bool, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> > const&, websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1AB115: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A765E: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A1D9E: std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19B939: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x193871: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18C9FA: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x185D03: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > std::allocate_shared<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > const&, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17E6AE: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > std::make_shared<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17793D: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 18 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 12 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x12D339: void std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_construct<char*>(char*, char*, std::forward_iterator_tag) (basic_string.tcc:219)
==669416==    by 0x19ABD9: std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, 0ul>(std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&, std::tuple<>&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul>, std::_Index_tuple<>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19258A: std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::piecewise_construct_t, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18B051: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::construct<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >*, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x184259: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > >::construct<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >&, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >*, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17C0E7: void std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_construct_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >*, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x173D51: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16E2EF: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x168B3E: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x15DBD4: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::replace_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1C896F: websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client_handshake_request(websocketpp::http::parser::request&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::vector<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > const&) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 21 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 13 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x12D339: void std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_construct<char*>(char*, char*, std::forward_iterator_tag) (basic_string.tcc:219)
==669416==    by 0x19ABD9: std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, 0ul>(std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&, std::tuple<>&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul>, std::_Index_tuple<>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19258A: std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::piecewise_construct_t, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18B051: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::construct<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >*, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x184259: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > >::construct<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >&, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >*, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17C0E7: void std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_construct_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >*, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x173D51: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16E2EF: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x168B3E: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x15DAC4: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::append_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x15E526: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::process_header(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<char*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<char*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 22 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 14 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x12D339: void std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_construct<char*>(char*, char*, std::forward_iterator_tag) (basic_string.tcc:219)
==669416==    by 0x19ABD9: std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, 0ul>(std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&, std::tuple<>&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul>, std::_Index_tuple<>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19258A: std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::piecewise_construct_t, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18B051: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::construct<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >*, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x184259: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > >::construct<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >&, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >*, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17C0E7: void std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_construct_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >*, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x173D51: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16E2EF: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x168B3E: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x15DBD4: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::replace_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1C862F: websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client_handshake_request(websocketpp::http::parser::request&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::vector<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > const&) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 15 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x18BBF9: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel>*>(websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18515A: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel>*>(websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel>*, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17D357: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel>, void>(websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17562C: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel>, void>(websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16F806: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::endpoint(bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16AC4D: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x152D88: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x13B0CB: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669416==    by 0x125732: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669416==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669416== 
==669416== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 16 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x18BC7F: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel>*>(websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x185190: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel>*>(websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel>*, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17D39F: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel>, void>(websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x175652: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel>, void>(websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16F83B: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::endpoint(bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16AC4D: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x152D88: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x13B0CB: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669416==    by 0x125732: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669416==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669416== 
==669416== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 17 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x192D31: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp>*>(asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18BE2A: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp>*>(asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp>*, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18543D: std::__shared_ptr<asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp>, void>(asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17D816: std::enable_if<std::__sp_is_constructible<asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp> >::value, void>::type std::__shared_ptr<asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::reset<asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x175C1E: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x170097: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16B12D: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x152FD6: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x13B0CB: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669416==    by 0x125732: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669416== 
==669416== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 18 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x17D921: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x175E5A: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1702F6: std::_Function_handler<void (std::weak_ptr<void>), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x175F20: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::function(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x170380: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::operator=(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16B34E: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::set_open_handler(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x153057: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x13B0CB: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669416==    by 0x125732: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669416==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669416== 
==669416== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 19 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x17D921: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x175E5A: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1702F6: std::_Function_handler<void (std::weak_ptr<void>), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x175F20: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::function(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x170380: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::operator=(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16B3E8: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::set_close_handler(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1530E7: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x13B0CB: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669416==    by 0x125732: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669416==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669416== 
==669416== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 20 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x17D921: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x175E5A: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1702F6: std::_Function_handler<void (std::weak_ptr<void>), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x175F20: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::function(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x170380: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::operator=(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16B482: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::set_fail_handler(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x153177: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x13B0CB: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669416==    by 0x125732: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669416==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669416== 
==669416== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 21 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x17DABE: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17614C: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x170580: std::_Function_handler<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x176212: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)>::function(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17060A: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)>::operator=(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16B68A: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::set_message_handler(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x15320E: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x13B0CB: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669416==    by 0x125732: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669416==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669416== 
==669416== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 22 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x17DBD3: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::packet const&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1763AC: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::packet const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1707AD: std::_Function_handler<void (sio::packet const&), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::packet const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1D438E: std::function<void (sio::packet const&)>::function(std::function<void (sio::packet const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1D3202: std::function<void (sio::packet const&)>::operator=(std::function<void (sio::packet const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1D16BA: sio::packet_manager::set_decode_callback(std::function<void (sio::packet const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x153292: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x13B0CB: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669416==    by 0x125732: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669416==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669416== 
==669416== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 23 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x17DCE6: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(bool, std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const> const&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x176538: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(bool, std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const> const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17096C: std::_Function_handler<void (bool, std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const> const&), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(bool, std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const> const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1D4478: std::function<void (bool, std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const> const&)>::function(std::function<void (bool, std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const> const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1D324A: std::function<void (bool, std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const> const&)>::operator=(std::function<void (bool, std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const> const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1D16E4: sio::packet_manager::set_encode_callback(std::function<void (bool, std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const> const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x153311: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x13B0CB: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669416==    by 0x125732: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669416==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669416== 
==669416== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 24 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x12E132: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*))()> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (std_function.h:161)
==669416==    by 0x12BFE2: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*))()> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:196)
==669416==    by 0x128869: std::_Function_handler<void (), std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*))()> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:283)
==669416==    by 0x13D7A0: std::function<void ()>::function(std::function<void ()> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x13D176: std::function<void ()>::operator=(std::function<void ()> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x13CBFF: sio::client_impl::set_open_listener(std::function<void ()> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x13B155: sio::client::set_open_listener(std::function<void ()> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x12042E: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:101)
==669416==    by 0x125732: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669416==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669416==    by 0x122926: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669416== 
==669416== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 25 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x12E28D: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::client::close_reason const&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (std_function.h:161)
==669416==    by 0x12C1F8: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::client::close_reason const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:196)
==669416==    by 0x128A70: std::_Function_handler<void (sio::client::close_reason const&), std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::client::close_reason const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:283)
==669416==    by 0x13D974: std::function<void (sio::client::close_reason const&)>::function(std::function<void (sio::client::close_reason const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x13D206: std::function<void (sio::client::close_reason const&)>::operator=(std::function<void (sio::client::close_reason const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x13CCB7: sio::client_impl::set_close_listener(std::function<void (sio::client::close_reason const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x13B1A9: sio::client::set_close_listener(std::function<void (sio::client::close_reason const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1204BE: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:102)
==669416==    by 0x125732: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669416==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669416==    by 0x122926: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669416== 
==669416== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 26 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x12E132: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*))()> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (std_function.h:161)
==669416==    by 0x12BFE2: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*))()> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:196)
==669416==    by 0x128869: std::_Function_handler<void (), std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*))()> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:283)
==669416==    by 0x13D7A0: std::function<void ()>::function(std::function<void ()> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x13D176: std::function<void ()>::operator=(std::function<void ()> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x13CC2D: sio::client_impl::set_fail_listener(std::function<void ()> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x13B17F: sio::client::set_fail_listener(std::function<void ()> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x12054A: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:103)
==669416==    by 0x125732: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669416==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669416==    by 0x122926: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669416== 
==669416== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 27 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x12E454: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(unsigned int, unsigned int)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (std_function.h:161)
==669416==    by 0x12C46A: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(unsigned int, unsigned int)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:196)
==669416==    by 0x128CD1: std::_Function_handler<void (unsigned int, unsigned int), std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(unsigned int, unsigned int)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:283)
==669416==    by 0x13D88A: std::function<void (unsigned int, unsigned int)>::function(std::function<void (unsigned int, unsigned int)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x13D1BE: std::function<void (unsigned int, unsigned int)>::operator=(std::function<void (unsigned int, unsigned int)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x13CC5B: sio::client_impl::set_reconnect_listener(std::function<void (unsigned int, unsigned int)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x13B1FD: sio::client::set_reconnect_listener(std::function<void (unsigned int, unsigned int)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1205D2: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:104)
==669416==    by 0x125732: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669416==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669416==    by 0x122926: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669416== 
==669416== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 28 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x12E54B: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (std_function.h:161)
==669416==    by 0x12C5EA: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:196)
==669416==    by 0x128E5B: std::_Function_handler<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:283)
==669416==    by 0x13DA5E: std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::function(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x13D24E: std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::operator=(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x13CCE5: sio::client_impl::set_socket_open_listener(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x13B1D3: sio::client::set_socket_open_listener(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x120647: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:105)
==669416==    by 0x125732: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669416==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669416==    by 0x122926: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669416== 
==669416== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 29 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x1BB1AC: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_init_functor(std::_Any_data&, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1B8089: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_init_functor(std::_Any_data&, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1B3B36: std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::function<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, void, void>(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1AF0E5: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connection(bool, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> > const&, websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1AB115: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A765E: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A1D9E: std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19B939: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x193871: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18C9FA: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x185D03: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > std::allocate_shared<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > const&, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 30 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x1BB32A: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)> >::_M_init_functor(std::_Any_data&, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1B81D3: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)> >::_M_init_functor(std::_Any_data&, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1B3C24: std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>::function<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>, void, void>(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1AF135: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connection(bool, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> > const&, websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1AB115: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A765E: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A1D9E: std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19B939: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x193871: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18C9FA: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x185D03: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > std::allocate_shared<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > const&, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 31 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x1BD411: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >*>(websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1BB486: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >*>(websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >*, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1B82C1: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, void>(websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1B3CA4: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > >::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, void>(websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1AF2E0: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connection(bool, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> > const&, websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1AB115: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A765E: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A1D9E: std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19B939: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x193871: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18C9FA: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 32 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x17D921: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x175E5A: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1702F6: std::_Function_handler<void (std::weak_ptr<void>), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x175F20: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::function(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x170380: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::operator=(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17E81B: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::set_open_handler(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1779E6: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17177F: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16C4E3: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x15451C: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1933A1: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 33 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x17D921: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x175E5A: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1702F6: std::_Function_handler<void (std::weak_ptr<void>), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x175F20: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::function(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x170380: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::operator=(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17E849: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::set_close_handler(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x177A39: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17177F: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16C4E3: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x15451C: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1933A1: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 34 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x17D921: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x175E5A: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1702F6: std::_Function_handler<void (std::weak_ptr<void>), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x175F20: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::function(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x170380: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::operator=(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17E877: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::set_fail_handler(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x177A8C: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17177F: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16C4E3: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x15451C: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1933A1: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 35 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x17DABE: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17614C: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x170580: std::_Function_handler<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x176212: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)>::function(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17060A: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)>::operator=(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17EB63: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::set_message_handler(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x177CC2: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17177F: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16C4E3: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x15451C: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1933A1: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 36 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x1A1E7F: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::io_context::strand*>(asio::io_context::strand*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19BA5E: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::io_context::strand*>(asio::io_context::strand*, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x193A83: std::__shared_ptr<asio::io_context::strand, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<asio::io_context::strand, void>(asio::io_context::strand*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18CB9E: std::enable_if<std::__sp_is_constructible<asio::io_context::strand, asio::io_context::strand>::value, void>::type std::__shared_ptr<asio::io_context::strand, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::reset<asio::io_context::strand>(asio::io_context::strand*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18600D: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17ED05: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x177E38: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17177F: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16C4E3: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x15451C: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1933A1: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 37 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x17D1D9: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>*>(asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x175248: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>*>(asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>*, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16F547: std::__shared_ptr<asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>, void>(asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16A8A8: std::enable_if<std::__sp_is_constructible<asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp> >::value, void>::type std::__shared_ptr<asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::reset<asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16797C: websocketpp::transport::asio::basic_socket::connection::init_asio(asio::io_context*, std::shared_ptr<asio::io_context::strand>, bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18604D: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17ED05: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x177E38: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17177F: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16C4E3: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x15451C: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 38 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x171D67: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16CBAA: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x15468C: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1933A1: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18C510: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18581D: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::__call<void, , 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17DF39: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::operator()<, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1768FD: void asio::asio_handler_invoke<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> >(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>&, ...) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x170DCC: void asio_handler_invoke_helpers::invoke<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> >(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>&, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17E03E: void asio::detail::handler_work<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>, asio::system_executor>::complete<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> >(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>&, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x176B6C: asio::detail::completion_handler<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> >::do_complete(void*, asio::detail::scheduler_operation*, std::error_code const&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 39 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x192AC8: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Sp_counted_deleter<void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter, std::allocator<void>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18BA44: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_deleter<void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter, std::allocator<void>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_deleter<void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter, std::allocator<void>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x184F35: std::__allocated_ptr<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_deleter<void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter, std::allocator<void>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > > std::__allocate_guarded<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_deleter<void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter, std::allocator<void>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_deleter<void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter, std::allocator<void>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17D045: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter, std::allocator<void>, void>(void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter, std::allocator<void>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x174FA0: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter, void>(void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16F15E: std::__shared_ptr<void, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<void, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter, void>(void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16A48E: std::enable_if<std::__sp_is_constructible<void, void>::value, void>::type std::__shared_ptr<void, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::reset<void, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter>(void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x166AB4: asio::detail::resolver_service_base::construct(std::shared_ptr<void>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17EEA7: asio::basic_io_object<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>, true>::basic_io_object(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17812C: asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>::basic_resolver(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x171D87: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 40 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x18CC3F: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>*>(asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1861CE: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>*>(asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>*, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17EF3D: std::__shared_ptr<asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>, void>(asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x178152: std::enable_if<std::__sp_is_constructible<asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp> >::value, void>::type std::__shared_ptr<asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::reset<asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x171D96: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16CBAA: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x15468C: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1933A1: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18C510: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18581D: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::__call<void, , 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17DF39: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::operator()<, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 41 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x17E15D: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<sio::socket*>(sio::socket*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x176F26: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<sio::socket*>(sio::socket*, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x171173: std::__shared_ptr<sio::socket, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<sio::socket, void>(sio::socket*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16BEF6: std::shared_ptr<sio::socket>::shared_ptr<sio::socket, void>(sio::socket*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x153CB1: sio::client_impl::socket(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x15534A: sio::client_impl::on_open(std::weak_ptr<void>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19B128: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x192E94: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18BEE6: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>::__call<void, std::weak_ptr<void>&&, 0ul, 1ul>(std::tuple<std::weak_ptr<void>&&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x185494: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>::operator()<std::weak_ptr<void>, void>(std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17D8EE: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 42 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x12E9B4: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>, std::_Placeholder<3>, std::_Placeholder<4>))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (std_function.h:161)
==669416==    by 0x12CB6C: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>, std::_Placeholder<3>, std::_Placeholder<4>))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:196)
==669416==    by 0x129367: std::_Function_handler<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&), std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>, std::_Placeholder<3>, std::_Placeholder<4>))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:283)
==669416==    by 0x14D6F8: std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>::function(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x14BB9A: std::_Head_base<0ul, std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, false>::_Head_base(std::_Head_base<0ul, std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, false> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x14BBC0: std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl(std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x14BBE6: std::tuple<std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::tuple(std::tuple<std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x14BC22: std::_Bind<void (*(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&, sio::event&)>::_Bind(std::_Bind<void (*(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&, sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x14BC5F: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (*(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&, sio::event&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x14940C: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (*(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&, sio::event&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x14726E: std::_Function_handler<void (sio::event&), std::_Bind<void (*(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&, sio::event&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 43 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x1BD272: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1BB2E4: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1B8155: std::_Function_handler<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19DAF4: std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::function(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19651E: std::_Head_base<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, false>::_Head_base(std::_Head_base<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, false> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x196544: std::_Tuple_impl<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> >::_Tuple_impl(std::_Tuple_impl<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19656A: std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> >::_Tuple_impl(std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1965AC: std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> >::tuple(std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1965F0: std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::_Bind(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19DB6D: websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::custom_alloc_handler(websocketpp::transport::asio::handler_allocator&, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x196632: websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> > websocketpp::transport::asio::make_custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >(websocketpp::transport::asio::handler_allocator&, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 44 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x1BD272: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1BB2E4: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1B8155: std::_Function_handler<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19DAF4: std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::function(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19651E: std::_Head_base<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, false>::_Head_base(std::_Head_base<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, false> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x196544: std::_Tuple_impl<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> >::_Tuple_impl(std::_Tuple_impl<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19656A: std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> >::_Tuple_impl(std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1965AC: std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> >::tuple(std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1965F0: std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::_Bind(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1B12B8: websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::custom_alloc_handler(websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1C067E: asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder2<asio::detail::read_op<asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::mutable_buffers_1, asio::mutable_buffer const*, asio::detail::transfer_at_least_t, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >, std::error_code, unsigned long>, websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> > >::rewrapped_handler(asio::detail::binder2<asio::detail::read_op<asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::mutable_buffers_1, asio::mutable_buffer const*, asio::detail::transfer_at_least_t, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >, std::error_code, unsigned long>&, websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 45 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x1BD272: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1BB2E4: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1B8155: std::_Function_handler<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19DAF4: std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::function(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19651E: std::_Head_base<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, false>::_Head_base(std::_Head_base<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, false> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x196544: std::_Tuple_impl<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> >::_Tuple_impl(std::_Tuple_impl<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19656A: std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> >::_Tuple_impl(std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1965AC: std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> >::tuple(std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1965F0: std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::_Bind(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1B12B8: websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::custom_alloc_handler(websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1B12E9: asio::detail::binder2<websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >, std::error_code, unsigned long>::binder2<websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >&>(int, websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 46 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x1BD272: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1BB2E4: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1B8155: std::_Function_handler<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19DAF4: std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::function(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1BA110: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code&, unsigned long&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code&, unsigned long&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1B6312: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code&, unsigned long&>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code&, unsigned long&>(void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code&, unsigned long&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1B1681: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::__call<void, std::error_code&, unsigned long&, 0ul, 1ul, 2ul, 3ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code&, unsigned long&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul, 3ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1ACBD1: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::operator()<std::error_code&, unsigned long&, void>(std::error_code&, unsigned long&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A9008: void websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::operator()<std::error_code, unsigned long>(std::error_code, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1BF378: asio::detail::binder2<websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >, std::error_code, unsigned long>::operator()() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1BE44A: void asio::asio_handler_invoke<asio::detail::binder2<websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >, std::error_code, unsigned long> >(asio::detail::binder2<websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >, std::error_code, unsigned long>&, ...) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 47 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x12E739: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::event&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (std_function.h:161)
==669416==    by 0x12C86C: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::event&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:196)
==669416==    by 0x129095: std::_Function_handler<void (sio::event&), std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::event&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:283)
==669416==    by 0x146600: std::function<void (sio::event&)>::function(std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1458E2: std::function<void (sio::event&)>::operator=(std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x13FA01: sio::socket::impl::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1411FD: sio::socket::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1210E0: bridges::game::SocketConnection::reconfigure_socket() (SocketConnection.h:166)
==669416==    by 0x1206FA: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:123)
==669416==    by 0x125732: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669416==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669416== 
==669416== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 48 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x12E739: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::event&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (std_function.h:161)
==669416==    by 0x12C86C: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::event&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:196)
==669416==    by 0x129095: std::_Function_handler<void (sio::event&), std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::event&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:283)
==669416==    by 0x146600: std::function<void (sio::event&)>::function(std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1458E2: std::function<void (sio::event&)>::operator=(std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x13FA01: sio::socket::impl::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1411FD: sio::socket::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1211DB: bridges::game::SocketConnection::reconfigure_socket() (SocketConnection.h:167)
==669416==    by 0x1206FA: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:123)
==669416==    by 0x125732: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669416==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669416== 
==669416== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 49 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x12EAAB: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (std_function.h:161)
==669416==    by 0x12CCDE: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:196)
==669416==    by 0x1294F1: std::_Function_handler<void (std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&), std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:283)
==669416==    by 0x147320: std::function<void (std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&)>::function(std::function<void (std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1457A0: std::function<void (std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&)>::operator=(std::function<void (std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x13FB55: sio::socket::impl::on_error(std::function<void (std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1412BF: sio::socket::on_error(std::function<void (std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x121387: bridges::game::SocketConnection::reconfigure_socket() (SocketConnection.h:169)
==669416==    by 0x1206FA: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:123)
==669416==    by 0x125732: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669416==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669416== 
==669416== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 50 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x130E9A: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_List_node<bridges::game::KeypressListener*> >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (new_allocator.h:115)
==669416==    by 0x12FB4F: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_List_node<bridges::game::KeypressListener*> > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_List_node<bridges::game::KeypressListener*> >&, unsigned long) (alloc_traits.h:460)
==669416==    by 0x12E5CE: std::__cxx11::_List_base<bridges::game::KeypressListener*, std::allocator<bridges::game::KeypressListener*> >::_M_get_node() (stl_list.h:442)
==669416==    by 0x12C630: std::_List_node<bridges::game::KeypressListener*>* std::__cxx11::list<bridges::game::KeypressListener*, std::allocator<bridges::game::KeypressListener*> >::_M_create_node<bridges::game::KeypressListener* const&>(bridges::game::KeypressListener* const&) (stl_list.h:634)
==669416==    by 0x128E99: void std::__cxx11::list<bridges::game::KeypressListener*, std::allocator<bridges::game::KeypressListener*> >::_M_insert<bridges::game::KeypressListener* const&>(std::_List_iterator<bridges::game::KeypressListener*>, bridges::game::KeypressListener* const&) (stl_list.h:1911)
==669416==    by 0x125055: std::__cxx11::list<bridges::game::KeypressListener*, std::allocator<bridges::game::KeypressListener*> >::push_back(bridges::game::KeypressListener* const&) (stl_list.h:1212)
==669416==    by 0x12082D: bridges::game::SocketConnection::registerKeyListener(bridges::game::KeypressListener*) (SocketConnection.h:130)
==669416==    by 0x121F93: bridges::game::GameBase::registerKeyListener(bridges::game::KeypressListener*) (GameBase.h:84)
==669416==    by 0x122A3A: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:179)
==669416==    by 0x122CA8: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (display_game.cpp:7)
==669416==    by 0x117105: main (display_game.cpp:28)
==669416== 
==669416== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 51 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x193E89: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*>(asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18D150: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*>(asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1865AF: std::__shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >, void>(asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17F546: std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >, void>(asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x178AA8: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::set_timer(long, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17A7A9: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_close_frame(unsigned short, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, bool, bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1729E3: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::close(unsigned short, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16CD10: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::close(std::weak_ptr<void>, unsigned short, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x154939: sio::client_impl::close_impl(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x193541: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, unsigned short&, char const*&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, unsigned short&, char const*&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18C7C2: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, unsigned short&, char const*&>::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, unsigned short&, char const*&>(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, unsigned short&, char const*&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 52 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x193E89: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*>(asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18D150: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*>(asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1865AF: std::__shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >, void>(asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17F546: std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >, void>(asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x178AA8: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::set_timer(long, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x180DC9: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_shutdown(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x179AEC: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19F8DE: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_read_frame(std::error_code const&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1C0ADD: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1C0056: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1BF60F: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&, 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 31 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 53 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x4A74859: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_mutate(unsigned long, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669416==    by 0x4A74F34: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::operator+=(char) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669416==    by 0x1597B6: websocketpp::uri::uri(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A1B4C: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<websocketpp::uri>::construct<websocketpp::uri, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(websocketpp::uri*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19B805: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> >::construct<websocketpp::uri, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>&, websocketpp::uri*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x193754: std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18C86C: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(websocketpp::uri*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x185BBB: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17E5D0: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>::shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x177760: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri> std::allocate_shared<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x171688: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri> std::make_shared<websocketpp::uri, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 31 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 54 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x4A747B1: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_assign(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669416==    by 0x4A74AC9: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::operator=(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669416==    by 0x15DBE6: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::replace_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1C86DB: websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client_handshake_request(websocketpp::http::parser::request&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::vector<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > const&) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x189234: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_http_request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x181A4B: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1ADA3E: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A9F8B: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A5DAA: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, 0ul, 1ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A035A: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>::operator()<std::error_code const&, void>(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19926E: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 31 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 55 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x4A747B1: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_assign(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669416==    by 0x4A74AC9: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::operator=(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669416==    by 0x15DBE6: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::replace_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1C896F: websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client_handshake_request(websocketpp::http::parser::request&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::vector<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > const&) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x189234: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_http_request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x181A4B: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1ADA3E: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A9F8B: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A5DAA: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, 0ul, 1ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A035A: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>::operator()<std::error_code const&, void>(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19926E: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 31 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 56 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x4A747B1: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_assign(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669416==    by 0x4A74AC9: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::operator=(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669416==    by 0x15DBE6: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::replace_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1893B5: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_http_request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x181A4B: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1ADA3E: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A9F8B: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A5DAA: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, 0ul, 1ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A035A: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>::operator()<std::error_code const&, void>(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19926E: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1910A2: std::enable_if<std::__and_<std::is_void<void>, std::__is_invocable<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&> >::value, void>::type std::__invoke_r<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&>(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 31 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 57 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x4A747B1: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_assign(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669416==    by 0x4A74AC9: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::operator=(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669416==    by 0x160627: websocketpp::http::parser::response::set_status(websocketpp::http::status_code::value, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x160AE5: websocketpp::http::parser::response::process(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<char*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<char*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1600B6: websocketpp::http::parser::response::consume(char const*, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x198A12: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_read_http_response(std::error_code const&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1B696B: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1B19E8: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1ACFA1: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&, 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A920D: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::operator()<std::error_code const&, unsigned long, void>(std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A4CD8: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 31 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 58 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x4A747B1: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_assign(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669416==    by 0x4A74AC9: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::operator=(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669416==    by 0x15DAD9: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::append_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x15E526: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::process_header(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<char*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<char*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1600E9: websocketpp::http::parser::response::consume(char const*, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x198A12: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_read_http_response(std::error_code const&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1B696B: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1B19E8: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1ACFA1: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&, 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A920D: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::operator()<std::error_code const&, unsigned long, void>(std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A4CD8: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 31 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 59 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x4A747B1: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_assign(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669416==    by 0x4A74AC9: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::operator=(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669416==    by 0x155995: sio::client_impl::on_handshake(std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x155FBE: sio::client_impl::on_decode(sio::packet const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19B45E: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(sio::packet const&), sio::client_impl*&, sio::packet const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(sio::packet const&), sio::client_impl*&, sio::packet const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1930E6: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(sio::packet const&), sio::client_impl*&, sio::packet const&>::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(sio::packet const&), sio::client_impl*&, sio::packet const&>(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(sio::packet const&), sio::client_impl*&, sio::packet const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18C090: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::packet const&)>::__call<void, sio::packet const&, 0ul, 1ul>(std::tuple<sio::packet const&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18556C: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::packet const&)>::operator()<sio::packet const&, void>(sio::packet const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17DBA0: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::packet const&)>&, sio::packet const&>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::packet const&)>&, sio::packet const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17630A: std::enable_if<std::__and_<std::is_void<void>, std::__is_invocable<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::packet const&)>&, sio::packet const&> >::value, void>::type std::__invoke_r<void, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::packet const&)>&, sio::packet const&>(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::packet const&)>&, sio::packet const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x170736: std::_Function_handler<void (sio::packet const&), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::packet const&)> >::_M_invoke(std::_Any_data const&, sio::packet const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 32 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 60 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x175BF8: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x170097: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16B12D: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x152FD6: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x13B0CB: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669416==    by 0x125732: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669416==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669416==    by 0x122926: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669416==    by 0x122CA8: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (display_game.cpp:7)
==669416==    by 0x117105: main (display_game.cpp:28)
==669416== 
==669416== 32 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 61 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x170FA0: std::unique_ptr<std::thread::_State, std::default_delete<std::thread::_State> > std::thread::_S_make_state<std::thread::_Invoker<std::tuple<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*))()> > >, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*))()> >(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*))()>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16BE0D: std::thread::thread<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*))()>, , void>(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*))()>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x153A9C: sio::client_impl::connect(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > const&, std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x13B348: sio::client::connect(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1206D2: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:117)
==669416==    by 0x125732: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669416==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669416==    by 0x122926: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669416==    by 0x122CA8: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (display_game.cpp:7)
==669416==    by 0x117105: main (display_game.cpp:28)
==669416== 
==669416== 32 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 62 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x16795D: websocketpp::transport::asio::basic_socket::connection::init_asio(asio::io_context*, std::shared_ptr<asio::io_context::strand>, bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18604D: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17ED05: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x177E38: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17177F: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16C4E3: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x15451C: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1933A1: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18C510: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18581D: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::__call<void, , 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17DF39: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::operator()<, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 32 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 63 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x199331: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x191144: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1899F1: std::_Function_handler<void (std::error_code const&), std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18A37A: std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>::function(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A1F9F: std::_Head_base<2ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, false>::_Head_base<std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&>(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19BCD3: std::_Tuple_impl<2ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl<std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, void>(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x193D93: std::_Tuple_impl<1ul, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl<std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, void>(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x193F87: std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, void>(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18D225: std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, true, true>(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x186839: std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::_Bind<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&>(void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&&)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17F722: std::_Bind_helper<std::__or_<std::is_integral<std::decay<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::type>, std::is_enum<std::decay<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::type> >::value, void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&>::type std::bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&>(void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&&)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 32 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 64 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x1A64B3: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A098F: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x199E83: std::_Vector_base<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::_M_allocate(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x191701: void std::vector<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::_M_realloc_insert<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > const&>(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >*, std::vector<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > > >, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18A181: std::vector<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::push_back(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x182484: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::write_frame() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1AE978: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1AADB8: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A712F: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >))()>::__call<void, , 0ul>(std::tuple<>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A1517: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >))()>::operator()<, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19A80B: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >))()>&>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >))()>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 35 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 65 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x4A747B1: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_assign(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669416==    by 0x4A74AC9: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::operator=(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669416==    by 0x1537F9: sio::client_impl::connect(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > const&, std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x13B348: sio::client::connect(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1206D2: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:117)
==669416==    by 0x125732: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669416==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669416==    by 0x122926: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669416==    by 0x122CA8: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (display_game.cpp:7)
==669416==    by 0x117105: main (display_game.cpp:28)
==669416== 
==669416== 40 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 66 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x14BC51: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (*(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&, sio::event&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x14940C: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (*(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&, sio::event&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x14726E: std::_Function_handler<void (sio::event&), std::_Bind<void (*(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&, sio::event&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x146600: std::function<void (sio::event&)>::function(std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1458E2: std::function<void (sio::event&)>::operator=(std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x13FA01: sio::socket::impl::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x13F97A: sio::socket::impl::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x14122F: sio::socket::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1212E7: bridges::game::SocketConnection::reconfigure_socket() (SocketConnection.h:168)
==669416==    by 0x1206FA: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:123)
==669416==    by 0x125732: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669416== 
==669416== 40 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 67 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x18E764: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_init_functor(std::_Any_data&, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)>&&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1885B1: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_init_functor(std::_Any_data&, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1814B4: std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>::function<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)>, void, void>(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x179ADD: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19F8DE: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_read_frame(std::error_code const&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1C0ADD: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1C0056: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1BF60F: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&, 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1BE90B: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::operator()<std::error_code const&, unsigned long, void>(std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1BD23C: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1BB23F: std::enable_if<std::__and_<std::is_void<void>, std::__is_invocable<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long> >::value, void>::type std::__invoke_r<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 40 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 68 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x195921: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18E882: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x188662: std::_Function_handler<void (std::error_code const&), std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18A37A: std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>::function(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A1F9F: std::_Head_base<2ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, false>::_Head_base<std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&>(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19BCD3: std::_Tuple_impl<2ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl<std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, void>(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x193D93: std::_Tuple_impl<1ul, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl<std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, void>(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x193F87: std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, void>(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18D225: std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, true, true>(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x186839: std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::_Bind<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&>(void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&&)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17F722: std::_Bind_helper<std::__or_<std::is_integral<std::decay<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::type>, std::is_enum<std::decay<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::type> >::value, void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&>::type std::bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&>(void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&&)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 40 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 69 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x195921: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18E882: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x188662: std::_Function_handler<void (std::error_code const&), std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18A37A: std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>::function(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18CEEE: std::_Head_base<2ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, false>::_Head_base(std::_Head_base<2ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, false> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18CF14: std::_Tuple_impl<2ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl(std::_Tuple_impl<2ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18CFC2: std::_Tuple_impl<1ul, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl(std::_Tuple_impl<1ul, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19CFE0: std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl(std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19D022: std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::tuple(std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19D066: std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::_Bind(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19D0A3: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 40 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 70 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x195921: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18E882: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x188662: std::_Function_handler<void (std::error_code const&), std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18A37A: std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>::function(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1B0305: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1ABE29: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&>(void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A87DD: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, 0ul, 1ul, 2ul, 3ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul, 3ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A33A8: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::operator()<std::error_code const&, void>(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19CFB6: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19564A: std::enable_if<std::__and_<std::is_void<void>, std::__is_invocable<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&> >::value, void>::type std::__invoke_r<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&>(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18E5A7: std::_Function_handler<void (std::error_code const&), std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_invoke(std::_Any_data const&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 48 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 71 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x19AE2A: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x192956: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18B851: std::__allocated_ptr<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > > std::__allocate_guarded<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x184DDA: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >>(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17CEF9: std::__shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >>(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x174B3E: std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >::shared_ptr<std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >>(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16ED57: std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > std::allocate_shared<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >>(std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x169283: std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > std::make_shared<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x15E84C: websocketpp::http::parser::request::request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1AF395: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connection(bool, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> > const&, websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1AB115: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 51 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 73 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x4A74859: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_mutate(unsigned long, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669416==    by 0x4A75625: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_replace(unsigned long, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669416==    by 0x168486: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >& std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::append<__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<char const*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, void>(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<char const*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<char const*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1598F1: websocketpp::uri::uri(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A1B4C: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<websocketpp::uri>::construct<websocketpp::uri, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(websocketpp::uri*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19B805: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> >::construct<websocketpp::uri, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>&, websocketpp::uri*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x193754: std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18C86C: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(websocketpp::uri*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x185BBB: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17E5D0: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>::shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x177760: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri> std::allocate_shared<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 51 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 74 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x4A747B1: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_assign(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669416==    by 0x4A74AC9: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::operator=(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669416==    by 0x15F389: websocketpp::http::parser::request::set_uri(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1C83EC: websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client_handshake_request(websocketpp::http::parser::request&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::vector<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > const&) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x189234: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_http_request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x181A4B: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1ADA3E: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A9F8B: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A5DAA: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, 0ul, 1ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A035A: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>::operator()<std::error_code const&, void>(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19926E: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 56 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 75 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x16F7E6: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::endpoint(bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16AC4D: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x152D88: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x13B0CB: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669416==    by 0x125732: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669416==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669416==    by 0x122926: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669416==    by 0x122CA8: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (display_game.cpp:7)
==669416==    by 0x117105: main (display_game.cpp:28)
==669416== 
==669416== 56 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 76 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x16F81B: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::endpoint(bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16AC4D: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x152D88: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x13B0CB: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669416==    by 0x125732: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669416==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669416==    by 0x122926: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669416==    by 0x122CA8: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (display_game.cpp:7)
==669416==    by 0x117105: main (display_game.cpp:28)
==669416== 
==669416== 56 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 77 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x18BB98: asio::execution_context::service* asio::detail::service_registry::create<asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::io_context>(void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x142615: asio::detail::service_registry::do_use_service(asio::execution_context::service::key const&, asio::execution_context::service* (*)(void*), void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18508A: asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::detail::service_registry::use_service<asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17D17C: asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::use_service<asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1751BF: asio::basic_io_object<asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp>, true>::basic_io_object(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17D7F0: asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp>::basic_socket_acceptor(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x175C12: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x170097: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16B12D: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x152FD6: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x13B0CB: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 56 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 78 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x136503: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::mutex, std::allocator<std::mutex>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (new_allocator.h:115)
==669416==    by 0x13163A: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::mutex, std::allocator<std::mutex>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::mutex, std::allocator<std::mutex>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&, unsigned long) (alloc_traits.h:460)
==669416==    by 0x1309AF: std::__allocated_ptr<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::mutex, std::allocator<std::mutex>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > > std::__allocate_guarded<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::mutex, std::allocator<std::mutex>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::mutex, std::allocator<std::mutex>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&) (allocated_ptr.h:97)
==669416==    by 0x12F788: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<std::mutex, std::allocator<std::mutex>>(std::mutex*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<std::mutex> >) (shared_ptr_base.h:680)
==669416==    by 0x12DE87: std::__shared_ptr<std::mutex, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<std::mutex>>(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<std::mutex> >) (shared_ptr_base.h:1371)
==669416==    by 0x12BB4C: std::shared_ptr<std::mutex>::shared_ptr<std::allocator<std::mutex>>(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<std::mutex> >) (shared_ptr.h:408)
==669416==    by 0x128365: std::shared_ptr<std::mutex> std::allocate_shared<std::mutex, std::allocator<std::mutex>>(std::allocator<std::mutex> const&) (shared_ptr.h:860)
==669416==    by 0x12484E: std::shared_ptr<std::mutex> std::make_shared<std::mutex>() (shared_ptr.h:876)
==669416==    by 0x11FA94: std::_V2::condition_variable_any::condition_variable_any() (condition_variable:291)
==669416==    by 0x12038E: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669416==    by 0x125732: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669416== 
==669416== 56 bytes in 2 blocks are still reachable in loss record 79 of 132
==669416==    at 0x483877F: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:307)
==669416==    by 0x5A4011B: __res_context_send (res_send.c:482)
==669416==    by 0x5A3CD49: __res_context_query (res_query.c:216)
==669416==    by 0x5A3D9BE: __res_context_querydomain (res_query.c:601)
==669416==    by 0x5A3D9BE: __res_context_search (res_query.c:370)
==669416==    by 0x703AD09: ???
==669416==    by 0x4D553A5: gaih_inet.constprop.0 (getaddrinfo.c:765)
==669416==    by 0x4D56224: getaddrinfo (getaddrinfo.c:2256)
==669416==    by 0x164A8C: asio::detail::socket_ops::getaddrinfo(char const*, char const*, addrinfo const&, addrinfo**, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x164B21: asio::detail::socket_ops::background_getaddrinfo(std::weak_ptr<void> const&, char const*, char const*, addrinfo const&, addrinfo**, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18E1F0: asio::detail::resolve_query_op<asio::ip::tcp, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >::do_complete(void*, asio::detail::scheduler_operation*, std::error_code const&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1611D5: asio::detail::scheduler_operation::complete(void*, std::error_code const&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16303C: asio::detail::scheduler::do_run_one(asio::detail::conditionally_enabled_mutex::scoped_lock&, asio::detail::scheduler_thread_info&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 63 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 80 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x4A74859: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_mutate(unsigned long, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669416==    by 0x4A75625: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_replace(unsigned long, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669416==    by 0x11C77C: bridges::Bridges::setServer(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (Bridges.h:335)
==669416==    by 0x121E2D: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:53)
==669416==    by 0x122926: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669416==    by 0x122CA8: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (display_game.cpp:7)
==669416==    by 0x117105: main (display_game.cpp:28)
==669416== 
==669416== 64 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 81 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x1614FA: asio::execution_context::execution_context() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1632FE: asio::io_context::io_context() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16B0FF: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x152FD6: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x13B0CB: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669416==    by 0x125732: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669416==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669416==    by 0x122926: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669416==    by 0x122CA8: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (display_game.cpp:7)
==669416==    by 0x117105: main (display_game.cpp:28)
==669416== 
==669416== 64 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 82 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x1B214F: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >*>::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1ADBF4: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >*> >::allocate(std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >*>&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1AA144: std::_Deque_base<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::_M_allocate_map(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1BB57C: std::_Deque_base<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::_M_initialize_map(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1B831D: std::_Deque_base<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::_Deque_base() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1B3CBF: std::deque<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::deque() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1B3D2E: std::queue<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::deque<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > > >::queue<std::deque<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1AF33A: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connection(bool, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> > const&, websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1AB115: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A765E: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A1D9E: std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 64 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 83 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x1614FA: asio::execution_context::execution_context() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x163389: asio::io_context::io_context(int) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1667E6: asio::detail::resolver_service_base::resolver_service_base(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19BB8C: asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>::resolver_service(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x193B78: asio::execution_context::service* asio::detail::service_registry::create<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::io_context>(void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x142615: asio::detail::service_registry::do_use_service(asio::execution_context::service::key const&, asio::execution_context::service* (*)(void*), void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18CC16: asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::detail::service_registry::use_service<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18618C: asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::use_service<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17EE72: asio::basic_io_object<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>, true>::basic_io_object(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17812C: asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>::basic_resolver(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x171D87: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 64 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 84 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x14EBA5: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<sio::packet*>::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x14D9BF: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<sio::packet*> >::allocate(std::allocator<sio::packet*>&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x14C1C4: std::_Deque_base<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> >::_M_allocate_map(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x149E68: std::_Deque_base<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> >::_M_initialize_map(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x147915: std::_Deque_base<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> >::_Deque_base() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x145C33: std::deque<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> >::deque() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x145CA2: std::queue<sio::packet, std::deque<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> > >::queue<std::deque<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> >, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x13FC2F: sio::socket::impl::impl(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x14116C: sio::socket::socket(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x153C9E: sio::client_impl::socket(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x15534A: sio::client_impl::on_open(std::weak_ptr<void>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 64 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 85 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x1AA503: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<websocketpp::transport::buffer>::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A664A: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<websocketpp::transport::buffer> >::allocate(std::allocator<websocketpp::transport::buffer>&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A0C4F: std::_Vector_base<websocketpp::transport::buffer, std::allocator<websocketpp::transport::buffer> >::_M_allocate(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19A0E1: void std::vector<websocketpp::transport::buffer, std::allocator<websocketpp::transport::buffer> >::_M_realloc_insert<websocketpp::transport::buffer>(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<websocketpp::transport::buffer*, std::vector<websocketpp::transport::buffer, std::allocator<websocketpp::transport::buffer> > >, websocketpp::transport::buffer&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x191A95: void std::vector<websocketpp::transport::buffer, std::allocator<websocketpp::transport::buffer> >::emplace_back<websocketpp::transport::buffer>(websocketpp::transport::buffer&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18A2D5: std::vector<websocketpp::transport::buffer, std::allocator<websocketpp::transport::buffer> >::push_back(websocketpp::transport::buffer&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18268C: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::write_frame() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1AE978: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1AADB8: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A712F: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >))()>::__call<void, , 0ul>(std::tuple<>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A1517: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >))()>::operator()<, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 64 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 86 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x1ADFA7: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<asio::const_buffer>::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1AA672: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<asio::const_buffer> >::allocate(std::allocator<asio::const_buffer>&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A68FB: std::_Vector_base<asio::const_buffer, std::allocator<asio::const_buffer> >::_M_allocate(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A0E8D: void std::vector<asio::const_buffer, std::allocator<asio::const_buffer> >::_M_realloc_insert<asio::const_buffer>(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<asio::const_buffer*, std::vector<asio::const_buffer, std::allocator<asio::const_buffer> > >, asio::const_buffer&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19A3EB: void std::vector<asio::const_buffer, std::allocator<asio::const_buffer> >::emplace_back<asio::const_buffer>(asio::const_buffer&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x191BA5: std::vector<asio::const_buffer, std::allocator<asio::const_buffer> >::push_back(asio::const_buffer&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18A608: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_write(std::vector<websocketpp::transport::buffer, std::allocator<websocketpp::transport::buffer> > const&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x182D7A: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::write_frame() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1AE978: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1AADB8: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A712F: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >))()>::__call<void, , 0ul>(std::tuple<>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 64 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 87 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x1401F5: sio::socket::impl::close() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x141296: sio::socket::close() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x154F85: sio::client_impl::sockets_invoke_void(void (sio::socket::*)()) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x153EDE: sio::client_impl::sync_close() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x13B712: sio::client::sync_close() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x120D71: bridges::game::SocketConnection::~SocketConnection() (SocketConnection.h:159)
==669416==    by 0x1296E3: std::default_delete<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::operator()(bridges::game::SocketConnection*) const (unique_ptr.h:85)
==669416==    by 0x1256E7: std::unique_ptr<bridges::game::SocketConnection, std::default_delete<bridges::game::SocketConnection> >::~unique_ptr() (unique_ptr.h:361)
==669416==    by 0x1227F9: bridges::game::GameBase::~GameBase() (GameBase.h:25)
==669416==    by 0x122C41: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::~NonBlockingGame() (NonBlockingGame.h:128)
==669416==    by 0x122E45: my_game::~my_game() (display_game.cpp:5)
==669416== 
==669416== 64 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 88 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x178A6F: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::set_timer(long, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17A7A9: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_close_frame(unsigned short, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, bool, bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1729E3: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::close(unsigned short, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16CD10: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::close(std::weak_ptr<void>, unsigned short, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x154939: sio::client_impl::close_impl(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x193541: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, unsigned short&, char const*&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, unsigned short&, char const*&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18C7C2: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, unsigned short&, char const*&>::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, unsigned short&, char const*&>(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, unsigned short&, char const*&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x185B19: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, unsigned short, char const*))(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::__call<void, , 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17E483: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, unsigned short, char const*))(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::operator()<, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1773CB: void asio::asio_handler_invoke<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, unsigned short, char const*))(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> >(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, unsigned short, char const*))(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>&, ...) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x171452: void asio_handler_invoke_helpers::invoke<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, unsigned short, char const*))(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, unsigned short, char const*))(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> >(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, unsigned short, char const*))(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>&, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, unsigned short, char const*))(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 64 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 89 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x150821: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry>::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x15044B: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry> >::allocate(std::allocator<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry>&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x14FDF5: std::_Vector_base<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry, std::allocator<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry> >::_M_allocate(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x14F063: void std::vector<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry, std::allocator<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry> >::_M_realloc_insert<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry const&>(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry*, std::vector<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry, std::allocator<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry> > >, asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x14DF0B: std::vector<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry, std::allocator<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry> >::push_back(asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x14CCAB: asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::enqueue_timer(std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, std::chrono::duration<long, std::ratio<1l, 1000000000l> > > const&, asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::per_timer_data&, asio::detail::wait_op*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x14AE87: void asio::detail::epoll_reactor::schedule_timer<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >(asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >::time_type const&, asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::per_timer_data&, asio::detail::wait_op*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x186A0E: void asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::async_wait<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >(asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::implementation_type&, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17F838: asio::async_result<std::decay<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >::type, void (std::error_code)>::return_type asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >::async_wait<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >(asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x178B64: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::set_timer(long, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17A7A9: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_close_frame(unsigned short, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, bool, bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 64 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 90 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x178A6F: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::set_timer(long, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x180DC9: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_shutdown(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x179AEC: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19F8DE: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_read_frame(std::error_code const&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1C0ADD: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1C0056: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1BF60F: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&, 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1BE90B: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::operator()<std::error_code const&, unsigned long, void>(std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1BD23C: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1BB23F: std::enable_if<std::__and_<std::is_void<void>, std::__is_invocable<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long> >::value, void>::type std::__invoke_r<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1B80DB: std::_Function_handler<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_invoke(std::_Any_data const&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 65 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 91 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x14215C: asio::detail::thread_info_base::allocate(asio::detail::thread_info_base*, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x14226D: asio::asio_handler_allocate(unsigned long, ...) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18AC31: void* asio_handler_alloc_helpers::allocate<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)> >(unsigned long, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x183859: asio::detail::hook_allocator<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::wait_handler<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)> > >::allocate(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17B4B0: asio::detail::wait_handler<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)> >::ptr::allocate(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x172FA8: void asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::async_wait<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)> >(asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::implementation_type&, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16D27A: asio::async_result<std::decay<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)> >::type, void (std::error_code)>::return_type asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >::async_wait<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)> >(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x15631B: sio::client_impl::update_ping_timeout_timer() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x155C2E: sio::client_impl::on_handshake(std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x155FBE: sio::client_impl::on_decode(sio::packet const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19B45E: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(sio::packet const&), sio::client_impl*&, sio::packet const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(sio::packet const&), sio::client_impl*&, sio::packet const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 65 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 92 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x14215C: asio::detail::thread_info_base::allocate(asio::detail::thread_info_base*, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x14226D: asio::asio_handler_allocate(unsigned long, ...) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x14E0A1: void* asio_handler_alloc_helpers::allocate<std::_Bind<void (sio::socket::impl::*(sio::socket::impl*))()> >(unsigned long, std::_Bind<void (sio::socket::impl::*(sio::socket::impl*))()>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x14CE3F: asio::detail::hook_allocator<std::_Bind<void (sio::socket::impl::*(sio::socket::impl*))()>, asio::detail::wait_handler<std::_Bind<void (sio::socket::impl::*(sio::socket::impl*))()> > >::allocate(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x14AFDE: asio::detail::wait_handler<std::_Bind<void (sio::socket::impl::*(sio::socket::impl*))()> >::ptr::allocate(std::_Bind<void (sio::socket::impl::*(sio::socket::impl*))()>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x148366: void asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::async_wait<std::_Bind<void (sio::socket::impl::*(sio::socket::impl*))()> >(asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::implementation_type&, std::_Bind<void (sio::socket::impl::*(sio::socket::impl*))()>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x146204: asio::async_result<std::decay<std::_Bind<void (sio::socket::impl::*(sio::socket::impl*))()> >::type, void (std::error_code)>::return_type asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >::async_wait<std::_Bind<void (sio::socket::impl::*(sio::socket::impl*))()> >(std::_Bind<void (sio::socket::impl::*(sio::socket::impl*))()>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1402DE: sio::socket::impl::close() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x141296: sio::socket::close() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x154F85: sio::client_impl::sockets_invoke_void(void (sio::socket::*)()) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x153EDE: sio::client_impl::sync_close() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 69 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 93 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x4A74859: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_mutate(unsigned long, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669416==    by 0x4A75E7A: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_append(char const*, unsigned long) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669416==    by 0x1233B5: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > std::operator+<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, char const*) (basic_string.h:6073)
==669416==    by 0x11C7CF: bridges::Bridges::setServer(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (Bridges.h:339)
==669416==    by 0x121E2D: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:53)
==669416==    by 0x122926: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669416==    by 0x122CA8: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (display_game.cpp:7)
==669416==    by 0x117105: main (display_game.cpp:28)
==669416== 
==669416== 80 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 94 of 132
==669416==    at 0x483950F: operator new[](unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:431)
==669416==    by 0x12B78A: bridges::datastructure::Grid<bridges::game::GameCell>::allocateGrid() (Grid.h:37)
==669416==    by 0x1281C5: bridges::datastructure::Grid<bridges::game::GameCell>::setDimensions(int, int) (Grid.h:160)
==669416==    by 0x124730: bridges::datastructure::Grid<bridges::game::GameCell>::Grid(int, int) (Grid.h:84)
==669416==    by 0x11EB3A: bridges::game::GameGrid::GameGrid(int, int) (GameGrid.h:481)
==669416==    by 0x121DC0: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:52)
==669416==    by 0x122926: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669416==    by 0x122CA8: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (display_game.cpp:7)
==669416==    by 0x117105: main (display_game.cpp:28)
==669416== 
==669416== 80 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 95 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x19D095: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1956EC: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18E61E: std::_Function_handler<void (std::error_code const&), std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18A37A: std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>::function(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A1F9F: std::_Head_base<2ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, false>::_Head_base<std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&>(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19BCD3: std::_Tuple_impl<2ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl<std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, void>(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x193D93: std::_Tuple_impl<1ul, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl<std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, void>(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x193F87: std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, void>(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18D225: std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, true, true>(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x186839: std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::_Bind<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&>(void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&&)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17F722: std::_Bind_helper<std::__or_<std::is_integral<std::decay<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::type>, std::is_enum<std::decay<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::type> >::value, void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&>::type std::bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&>(void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&&)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 80 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 96 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x18C5B7: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x185982: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17E1E2: std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const>, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > > >::_M_get_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x176F55: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const>, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > > >::_M_create_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> >&>(std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1711D4: std::pair<std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > >, bool> std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const>, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > > >::_M_emplace_unique<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> >&>(std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16BF7B: std::enable_if<std::is_constructible<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> >&>::value, std::pair<std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > >, bool> >::type std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket>, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const>, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > > >::insert<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> >&>(std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x153CF7: sio::client_impl::socket(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x15534A: sio::client_impl::on_open(std::weak_ptr<void>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19B128: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x192E94: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18BEE6: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>::__call<void, std::weak_ptr<void>&&, 0ul, 1ul>(std::tuple<std::weak_ptr<void>&&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 80 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 97 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x1955CF: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_init_functor(std::_Any_data&, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>&&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18E56D: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_init_functor(std::_Any_data&, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x187CBC: std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>::function<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, void, void>(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x180E90: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_shutdown(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x179AEC: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19F8DE: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_read_frame(std::error_code const&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1C0ADD: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1C0056: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1BF60F: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&, 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1BE90B: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::operator()<std::error_code const&, unsigned long, void>(std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1BD23C: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 96 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 98 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x14DC3A: asio::execution_context::service* asio::detail::service_registry::create<asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, asio::io_context>(void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x142615: asio::detail::service_registry::do_use_service(asio::execution_context::service::key const&, asio::execution_context::service* (*)(void*), void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x14C78A: asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >& asio::detail::service_registry::use_service<asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > > >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x14A894: asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >& asio::use_service<asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > > >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x147E9F: asio::basic_io_object<asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, true>::basic_io_object(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17F4AD: asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >::basic_waitable_timer(asio::io_context&, std::chrono::duration<long, std::ratio<1l, 1000000000l> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x178A92: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::set_timer(long, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17223B: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16CBAA: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x15468C: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1933A1: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 96 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 99 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x18AFD4: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1841F5: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17C054: std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_get_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x173D0A: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16E2EF: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x168B3E: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x15DAC4: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::append_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1C84C7: websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client_handshake_request(websocketpp::http::parser::request&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::vector<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > const&) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x189234: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_http_request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x181A4B: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1ADA3E: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 96 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 100 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x18AFD4: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1841F5: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17C054: std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_get_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x173D0A: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16E2EF: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x168B3E: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x15DAC4: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::append_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1C857B: websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client_handshake_request(websocketpp::http::parser::request&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::vector<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > const&) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x189234: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_http_request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x181A4B: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1ADA3E: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 96 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 101 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x18AFD4: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1841F5: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17C054: std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_get_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x173D0A: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16E2EF: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x168B3E: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x15DBD4: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::replace_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1C862F: websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client_handshake_request(websocketpp::http::parser::request&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::vector<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > const&) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x189234: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_http_request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x181A4B: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1ADA3E: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 96 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 102 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x18AFD4: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1841F5: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17C054: std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_get_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x173D0A: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16E2EF: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x168B3E: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x15DBD4: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::replace_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1C86DB: websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client_handshake_request(websocketpp::http::parser::request&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::vector<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > const&) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x189234: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_http_request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x181A4B: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1ADA3E: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 96 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 103 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x18AFD4: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1841F5: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17C054: std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_get_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x173D0A: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16E2EF: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x168B3E: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x15DBD4: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::replace_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1C896F: websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client_handshake_request(websocketpp::http::parser::request&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::vector<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > const&) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x189234: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_http_request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x181A4B: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1ADA3E: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 96 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 104 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x18AFD4: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1841F5: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17C054: std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_get_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x173D0A: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16E2EF: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x168B3E: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x15DBD4: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::replace_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1893B5: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_http_request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x181A4B: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1ADA3E: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A9F8B: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 96 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 105 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x14E97C: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x14D771: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x14BCF6: std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::_M_get_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x149566: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1474C3: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1458A4: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::function<void (sio::event&)>, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x13F9EF: sio::socket::impl::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1411FD: sio::socket::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1210E0: bridges::game::SocketConnection::reconfigure_socket() (SocketConnection.h:166)
==669416==    by 0x121967: bridges::game::SocketConnection::on_socketopen(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (SocketConnection.h:203)
==669416==    by 0x136A7E: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), bridges::game::SocketConnection*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), bridges::game::SocketConnection*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (invoke.h:73)
==669416== 
==669416== 96 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 106 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x14E97C: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x14D771: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x14BCF6: std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::_M_get_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x149566: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1474C3: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1458A4: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::function<void (sio::event&)>, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x13F9EF: sio::socket::impl::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1411FD: sio::socket::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1211DB: bridges::game::SocketConnection::reconfigure_socket() (SocketConnection.h:167)
==669416==    by 0x121967: bridges::game::SocketConnection::on_socketopen(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (SocketConnection.h:203)
==669416==    by 0x136A7E: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), bridges::game::SocketConnection*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), bridges::game::SocketConnection*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (invoke.h:73)
==669416== 
==669416== 96 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 107 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x14E97C: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x14D771: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x14BCF6: std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::_M_get_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x149566: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1474C3: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1458A4: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::function<void (sio::event&)>, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x13F9EF: sio::socket::impl::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x13F97A: sio::socket::impl::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x14122F: sio::socket::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1212E7: bridges::game::SocketConnection::reconfigure_socket() (SocketConnection.h:168)
==669416==    by 0x121967: bridges::game::SocketConnection::on_socketopen(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (SocketConnection.h:203)
==669416== 
==669416== 104 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 108 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x165980: asio::detail::strand_service::construct(asio::detail::strand_service::strand_impl*&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x165C5E: asio::io_context::strand::strand(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x186001: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17ED05: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x177E38: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17177F: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16C4E3: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x15451C: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1933A1: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18C510: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18581D: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::__call<void, , 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 120 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 109 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x1A1A93: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19B724: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1935EB: std::__allocated_ptr<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > > std::__allocate_guarded<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18C814: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(websocketpp::uri*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x185BBB: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17E5D0: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>::shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x177760: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri> std::allocate_shared<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x171688: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri> std::make_shared<websocketpp::uri, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16C479: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x15451C: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1933A1: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 128 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 110 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x193B66: asio::execution_context::service* asio::detail::service_registry::create<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::io_context>(void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x142615: asio::detail::service_registry::do_use_service(asio::execution_context::service::key const&, asio::execution_context::service* (*)(void*), void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18CC16: asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::detail::service_registry::use_service<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18618C: asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::use_service<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17EE72: asio::basic_io_object<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>, true>::basic_io_object(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17812C: asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>::basic_resolver(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x171D87: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16CBAA: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x15468C: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1933A1: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18C510: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 137 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 111 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x14215C: asio::detail::thread_info_base::allocate(asio::detail::thread_info_base*, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x14226D: asio::asio_handler_allocate(unsigned long, ...) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19BFD3: void* asio_handler_alloc_helpers::allocate<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >(unsigned long, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A2138: void* asio::detail::asio_handler_allocate<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>(unsigned long, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19BEA6: void* asio_handler_alloc_helpers::allocate<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >(unsigned long, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x194075: asio::detail::hook_allocator<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, asio::detail::wait_handler<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> > >::allocate(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18D2D4: asio::detail::wait_handler<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >::ptr::allocate(asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1869B0: void asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::async_wait<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >(asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::implementation_type&, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17F838: asio::async_result<std::decay<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >::type, void (std::error_code)>::return_type asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >::async_wait<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >(asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x178B64: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::set_timer(long, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x180DC9: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_shutdown(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 168 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 113 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x16EED2: asio::detail::epoll_reactor::descriptor_state* asio::detail::object_pool_access::create<asio::detail::epoll_reactor::descriptor_state, bool>(bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1697DD: asio::detail::epoll_reactor::descriptor_state* asio::detail::object_pool<asio::detail::epoll_reactor::descriptor_state>::alloc<bool>(bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x162535: asio::detail::epoll_reactor::allocate_descriptor_state() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1619A8: asio::detail::epoll_reactor::register_descriptor(int, asio::detail::epoll_reactor::descriptor_state*&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1650A4: asio::detail::reactive_socket_service_base::do_open(asio::detail::reactive_socket_service_base::base_implementation_type&, int, int, int, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19480A: asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp>::open(asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp>::implementation_type&, asio::ip::tcp const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18D92C: asio::async_result<std::decay<asio::detail::iterator_connect_op<asio::ip::tcp, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::detail::default_connect_condition, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> > >::type, void (std::error_code)>::return_type asio::basic_socket<asio::ip::tcp>::async_connect<asio::detail::iterator_connect_op<asio::ip::tcp, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::detail::default_connect_condition, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> > >(asio::ip::basic_endpoint<asio::ip::tcp> const&, asio::detail::iterator_connect_op<asio::ip::tcp, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::detail::default_connect_condition, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1873C5: asio::detail::iterator_connect_op<asio::ip::tcp, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::detail::default_connect_condition, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >::operator()(std::error_code, int) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1801EC: asio::async_result<std::decay<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >::type, void (std::error_code, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>::return_type asio::async_connect<asio::ip::tcp, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >(asio::basic_socket<asio::ip::tcp>&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&&, std::enable_if<!asio::is_endpoint_sequence<asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp> >::value, void>::type*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1793FF: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::handle_resolve(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1B8CEE: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>), websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_results<asio::ip::tcp> const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>), websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_results<asio::ip::tcp> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 176 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 114 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x125723: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669416==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669416==    by 0x122926: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669416==    by 0x122CA8: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (display_game.cpp:7)
==669416==    by 0x117105: main (display_game.cpp:28)
==669416== 
==669416== 184 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 115 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x1B6F2E: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1B1EB8: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1AD76D: std::__allocated_ptr<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > > std::__allocate_guarded<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A9788: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool, bool const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > const&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool&&, bool const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > const&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A50AB: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool, bool const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > const&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool&&, bool const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > const&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19F0D6: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool, bool const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > const&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool&&, bool const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > const&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19868A: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > std::allocate_shared<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool, bool const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > const&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > const&, bool&&, bool const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > const&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19097A: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > std::make_shared<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool, bool const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > const&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(bool&&, bool const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > const&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1890A0: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_processor(int) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x181A13: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1ADA3E: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 201 bytes in 1 blocks are definitely lost in loss record 116 of 132
==669416==    at 0x483877F: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:307)
==669416==    by 0x4CFBA40: __libc_alloc_buffer_allocate (alloc_buffer_allocate.c:26)
==669416==    by 0x4D8C5C8: alloc_buffer_allocate (alloc_buffer.h:143)
==669416==    by 0x4D8C5C8: __resolv_conf_allocate (resolv_conf.c:411)
==669416==    by 0x4D8A84D: __resolv_conf_load (res_init.c:592)
==669416==    by 0x4D8C1D5: __resolv_conf_get_current (resolv_conf.c:163)
==669416==    by 0x4D8AB34: __res_vinit (res_init.c:614)
==669416==    by 0x4D8B92A: maybe_init (resolv_context.c:122)
==669416==    by 0x4D8BAB2: context_get (resolv_context.c:184)
==669416==    by 0x4D8BAB2: context_get (resolv_context.c:176)
==669416==    by 0x4D8BAB2: __resolv_context_get (resolv_context.c:195)
==669416==    by 0x4D5579A: gaih_inet.constprop.0 (getaddrinfo.c:747)
==669416==    by 0x4D56224: getaddrinfo (getaddrinfo.c:2256)
==669416==    by 0x164A8C: asio::detail::socket_ops::getaddrinfo(char const*, char const*, addrinfo const&, addrinfo**, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x164B21: asio::detail::socket_ops::background_getaddrinfo(std::weak_ptr<void> const&, char const*, char const*, addrinfo const&, addrinfo**, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 208 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 117 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x14920C: asio::execution_context::service* asio::detail::service_registry::create<asio::detail::epoll_reactor, asio::io_context>(void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x142615: asio::detail::service_registry::do_use_service(asio::execution_context::service::key const&, asio::execution_context::service* (*)(void*), void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x147070: asio::detail::epoll_reactor& asio::detail::service_registry::use_service<asio::detail::epoll_reactor>(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1454C0: asio::detail::epoll_reactor& asio::use_service<asio::detail::epoll_reactor>(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x164D46: asio::detail::reactive_socket_service_base::reactive_socket_service_base(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x192BFE: asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp>::reactive_socket_service(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18BBAA: asio::execution_context::service* asio::detail::service_registry::create<asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::io_context>(void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x142615: asio::detail::service_registry::do_use_service(asio::execution_context::service::key const&, asio::execution_context::service* (*)(void*), void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18508A: asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::detail::service_registry::use_service<asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17D17C: asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::use_service<asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1751BF: asio::basic_io_object<asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp>, true>::basic_io_object(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 217 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 118 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x14215C: asio::detail::thread_info_base::allocate(asio::detail::thread_info_base*, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x14226D: asio::asio_handler_allocate(unsigned long, ...) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19BFD3: void* asio_handler_alloc_helpers::allocate<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >(unsigned long, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1BD623: void* asio::detail::asio_handler_allocate<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >(unsigned long, asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1BB8C2: void* asio_handler_alloc_helpers::allocate<asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> > >(unsigned long, asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1B85F5: asio::detail::hook_allocator<asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >, asio::detail::completion_handler<asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> > > >::allocate(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1B4051: asio::detail::completion_handler<asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> > >::ptr::allocate(asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1AF88B: void asio::detail::strand_service::dispatch<asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> > >(asio::detail::strand_service::strand_impl*&, asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1AB248: asio::async_result<std::decay<asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> > >::type, void ()>::return_type asio::io_context::strand::dispatch<asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> > >(asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A79D9: void asio::detail::asio_handler_invoke<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>(asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>&, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A21A1: void asio_handler_invoke_helpers::invoke<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >(asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>&, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 240 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 119 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x163308: asio::io_context::io_context() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16B0FF: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x152FD6: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x13B0CB: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669416==    by 0x125732: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669416==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669416==    by 0x122926: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669416==    by 0x122CA8: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (display_game.cpp:7)
==669416==    by 0x117105: main (display_game.cpp:28)
==669416== 
==669416== 240 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 120 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x163393: asio::io_context::io_context(int) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1667E6: asio::detail::resolver_service_base::resolver_service_base(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19BB8C: asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>::resolver_service(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x193B78: asio::execution_context::service* asio::detail::service_registry::create<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::io_context>(void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x142615: asio::detail::service_registry::do_use_service(asio::execution_context::service::key const&, asio::execution_context::service* (*)(void*), void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18CC16: asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::detail::service_registry::use_service<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18618C: asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::use_service<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17EE72: asio::basic_io_object<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>, true>::basic_io_object(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17812C: asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>::basic_resolver(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x171D87: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16CBAA: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 247 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 121 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x4A74859: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_mutate(unsigned long, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669416==    by 0x4A75625: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_replace(unsigned long, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669416==    by 0x4A6EB36: std::__cxx11::basic_stringstream<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::str() const (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669416==    by 0x15F15C: websocketpp::http::parser::request::raw[abi:cxx11]() const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18945F: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_http_request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x181A4B: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1ADA3E: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A9F8B: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A5DAA: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, 0ul, 1ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A035A: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>::operator()<std::error_code const&, void>(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19926E: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 300 bytes in 10 blocks are still reachable in loss record 122 of 132
==669416==    at 0x483950F: operator new[](unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:431)
==669416==    by 0x12B7D1: bridges::datastructure::Grid<bridges::game::GameCell>::allocateGrid() (Grid.h:39)
==669416==    by 0x1281C5: bridges::datastructure::Grid<bridges::game::GameCell>::setDimensions(int, int) (Grid.h:160)
==669416==    by 0x124730: bridges::datastructure::Grid<bridges::game::GameCell>::Grid(int, int) (Grid.h:84)
==669416==    by 0x11EB3A: bridges::game::GameGrid::GameGrid(int, int) (GameGrid.h:481)
==669416==    by 0x121DC0: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:52)
==669416==    by 0x122926: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669416==    by 0x122CA8: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (display_game.cpp:7)
==669416==    by 0x117105: main (display_game.cpp:28)
==669416== 
==669416== 360 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 125 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x141152: sio::socket::socket(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x153C9E: sio::client_impl::socket(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x15534A: sio::client_impl::on_open(std::weak_ptr<void>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19B128: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x192E94: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18BEE6: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>::__call<void, std::weak_ptr<void>&&, 0ul, 1ul>(std::tuple<std::weak_ptr<void>&&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x185494: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>::operator()<std::weak_ptr<void>, void>(std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17D8EE: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x175DB8: std::enable_if<std::__and_<std::is_void<void>, std::__is_invocable<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void> > >::value, void>::type std::__invoke_r<void, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17027F: std::_Function_handler<void (std::weak_ptr<void>), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_invoke(std::_Any_data const&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x188066: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::operator()(std::weak_ptr<void>) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 384 bytes in 4 blocks are still reachable in loss record 126 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x18AFD4: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1841F5: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17C054: std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_get_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x173D0A: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16E2EF: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x168B3E: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x15DAC4: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::append_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x15E526: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::process_header(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<char*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<char*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1600E9: websocketpp::http::parser::response::consume(char const*, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x198A12: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_read_http_response(std::error_code const&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1B696B: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 480 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 127 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x14F838: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<sio::packet>::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x14E760: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<sio::packet> >::allocate(std::allocator<sio::packet>&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x14D35D: std::_Deque_base<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> >::_M_allocate_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x14C22C: std::_Deque_base<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> >::_M_create_nodes(sio::packet**, sio::packet**) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x149EBE: std::_Deque_base<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> >::_M_initialize_map(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x147915: std::_Deque_base<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> >::_Deque_base() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x145C33: std::deque<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> >::deque() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x145CA2: std::queue<sio::packet, std::deque<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> > >::queue<std::deque<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> >, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x13FC2F: sio::socket::impl::impl(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x14116C: sio::socket::socket(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x153C9E: sio::client_impl::socket(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 512 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 128 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x1A64B3: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A098F: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A05A1: std::_Deque_base<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::_M_allocate_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1BD52A: std::_Deque_base<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::_M_create_nodes(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >**, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >**) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1BB5D2: std::_Deque_base<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::_M_initialize_map(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1B831D: std::_Deque_base<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::_Deque_base() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1B3CBF: std::deque<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::deque() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1B3D2E: std::queue<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::deque<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > > >::queue<std::deque<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1AF33A: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connection(bool, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> > const&, websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1AB115: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A765E: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 584 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 129 of 132
==669416==    at 0x483877F: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:307)
==669416==    by 0x5113349: CRYPTO_zalloc (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669416==    by 0x50EF86D: ERR_get_state (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669416==    by 0x50EF9D8: ERR_clear_error (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669416==    by 0x510EC68: ??? (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669416==    by 0x493034E: __pthread_once_slow (pthread_once.c:116)
==669416==    by 0x517A178: CRYPTO_THREAD_run_once (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669416==    by 0x510F45C: OPENSSL_init_crypto (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669416==    by 0x50759F8: ??? (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669416==    by 0x510ECDF: ??? (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669416==    by 0x493034E: __pthread_once_slow (pthread_once.c:116)
==669416==    by 0x517A178: CRYPTO_THREAD_run_once (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669416== 
==669416== 1,640 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 130 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x174F36: asio::execution_context::service* asio::detail::service_registry::create<asio::detail::strand_service, asio::io_context>(void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x142615: asio::detail::service_registry::do_use_service(asio::execution_context::service::key const&, asio::execution_context::service* (*)(void*), void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16F076: asio::detail::strand_service& asio::detail::service_registry::use_service<asio::detail::strand_service>(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x169F63: asio::detail::strand_service& asio::use_service<asio::detail::strand_service>(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x165C3D: asio::io_context::strand::strand(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x186001: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17ED05: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x177E38: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17177F: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16C4E3: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x15451C: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== 6,384 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 131 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x13B0C0: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669416==    by 0x125732: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669416==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669416==    by 0x122926: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669416==    by 0x122CA8: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (display_game.cpp:7)
==669416==    by 0x117105: main (display_game.cpp:28)
==669416== 
==669416== 20,304 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 132 of 132
==669416==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669416==    by 0x1AB000: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A7526: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x1A1BDD: std::__allocated_ptr<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > > std::__allocate_guarded<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x19B87B: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x193871: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x18C9FA: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x185D03: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > std::allocate_shared<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > const&, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17E6AE: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > std::make_shared<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17793D: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x17177F: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416==    by 0x16C4E3: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/display_game)
==669416== 
==669416== LEAK SUMMARY:
==669416==    definitely lost: 201 bytes in 1 blocks
==669416==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669416==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669416==    still reachable: 37,474 bytes in 140 blocks
==669416==         suppressed: 896 bytes in 14 blocks
==669416== 
==669416== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==669416== ERROR SUMMARY: 1 errors from 1 contexts (suppressed: 2 from 2)
could not run test

Test dllist.cpp full log

Build Test for test dllist.cpp

Compiling test dllist.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o dllist dllist.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test dllist.cpp

==669440== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==669440== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==669440== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==669440== Command: ./dllist 1 null null live
==669440== 
Forward Iteration:
	Gretel Chaney
	Lamont Kyler
	Gladys Serino
	Karol Soderman
	Starr McGinn
Reverse Iteration:
	Starr McGinn
	Karol Soderman
	Gladys Serino
	Lamont Kyler
	Gretel Chaney
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1013/bridges_testing

==669440== 
==669440== HEAP SUMMARY:
==669440==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669440==   total heap usage: 7,350 allocs, 7,338 frees, 540,057 bytes allocated
==669440== 
==669440== LEAK SUMMARY:
==669440==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669440==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669440==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669440==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669440==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669440== 
==669440== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==669440== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test elevation_snippet.cpp full log

Build Test for test elevation_snippet.cpp

Compiling test elevation_snippet.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o elevation_snippet elevation_snippet.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test elevation_snippet.cpp

==669460== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==669460== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==669460== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==669460== Command: ./elevation_snippet 1 null null live
==669460== 
Checking the cache:  hash code: http://bridges-data-server-elevation.bridgesuncc.org/hash?minLon=-98.025937&minLat=41.031332&maxLon=-96.945312&maxLat=42.508577&resX=0.020000&resY=0.020000
Hitting data URL: http://bridges-data-server-elevation.bridgesuncc.org/elevation?minLon=-98.025937&minLat=41.031332&maxLon=-96.945312&maxLat=42.508577&resX=0.020000&resY=0.020000
Hitting hash URL: 8b5aabc179b7170064cf8005792c2aba
Exception while storing in cache. Weird but not critical.
Tried to store hash=8b5aabc179b7170064cf8005792c2aba key = ncols        54
nrows        74
xllcorner    -98.025900000000
yllcorner    41.029538888889
cellsize     0.020011111111
 504 504 500 501 497 491 488 497 524 522 516 533 536 527 532 540 543 542 548 547 548 557 544 534 545 540 539 545 550 533 532 522 502 499 492 484 482 490 500 494 486 478 465 481 484 476 464 453 460 456 468 480 482 454
 519 514 511 505 497 491 491 499 514 524 524 533 547 548 539 537 543 548 536 539 538 549 542 534 531 539 552 559 560 556 537 526 514 521 515 511 508 502 512 509 499 494 479 462 470 485 485 474 455 449 461 478 473 462
 524 516 513 502 502 502 493 498 506 514 525 537 546 550 552 545 543 539 527 530 534 544 538 528 532 542 548 549 568 566 548 536 536 538 527 524 517 511 501 510 498 490 493 466 457 464 478 481 449 449 445 459 463 464
 522 536 535 523 519 519 507 496 509 517 527 537 532 525 526 526 522 516 527 533 543 534 521 530 537 540 542 542 548 557 559 547 540 518 513 519 511 509 499 489 476 474 474 464 457 457 452 447 469 452 450 439 450 476
 532 538 546 533 522 511 507 501 512 518 526 539 539 531 527 522 528 516 532 542 539 529 515 537 538 537 543 549 549 550 553 537 529 528 506 514 505 494 482 478 477 473 475 462 466 476 474 462 444 460 452 440 450 455
 544 546 555 546 534 523 525 517 516 520 531 541 535 529 526 528 529 520 525 536 531 520 514 537 527 538 544 549 548 540 548 545 527 520 516 500 495 487 493 493 498 499 491 481 472 468 465 459 447 441 449 442 445 444
 558 551 558 543 539 535 529 531 518 522 523 534 533 514 511 511 515 521 507 515 527 517 513 536 524 538 543 554 542 534 543 531 530 505 501 500 497 506 511 513 505 494 485 470 473 461 463 462 459 449 443 438 436 442
 558 551 546 539 536 534 535 534 523 519 518 518 524 524 513 508 506 509 507 504 509 512 506 516 528 532 534 547 542 535 534 535 522 512 523 519 515 525 519 506 497 499 495 484 465 467 481 483 468 470 467 450 437 430
 560 564 567 567 560 552 550 551 542 535 526 519 511 513 517 520 523 523 508 498 501 511 518 542 526 523 539 536 529 519 530 544 551 556 546 542 531 518 508 507 513 507 499 484 479 478 471 459 476 474 471 470 472 458
 577 575 577 568 563 562 561 549 538 534 529 526 516 507 504 508 509 519 514 505 495 507 518 527 528 518 531 522 515 521 528 534 539 560 547 532 529 519 505 510 497 493 487 490 477 461 465 464 470 474 468 457 462 462
 584 582 573 575 565 554 549 548 540 534 528 520 515 514 508 504 502 503 517 515 499 495 504 511 522 511 524 520 518 542 542 547 532 554 546 528 515 518 495 493 500 502 497 483 472 479 472 462 452 473 459 453 446 447
 586 578 580 561 567 562 554 550 539 529 524 523 529 536 532 517 509 501 504 510 514 501 491 502 513 504 512 512 520 542 535 532 528 541 546 530 512 506 504 500 488 482 484 489 483 490 485 482 451 453 457 455 443 436
 586 574 564 564 552 550 553 546 540 533 535 538 540 531 533 529 520 506 496 498 503 512 498 498 507 500 496 498 524 531 526 522 538 547 553 532 528 519 511 507 505 501 489 472 474 478 475 470 460 446 444 443 440 430
 564 558 555 550 547 546 545 536 527 525 526 528 530 541 538 541 538 538 536 521 502 495 489 484 484 492 487 490 505 522 525 538 543 539 542 552 538 530 522 522 510 496 487 484 473 462 467 456 458 457 447 438 437 467
 569 573 568 556 552 543 538 533 528 526 523 522 520 535 537 532 530 528 524 525 522 512 502 486 482 483 484 493 501 510 527 533 528 542 546 556 554 544 518 514 504 496 486 476 469 482 486 476 444 444 445 451 451 461
 585 595 594 564 551 544 541 537 532 536 532 531 523 517 522 526 524 530 524 520 519 516 519 492 486 482 481 484 506 507 511 522 529 536 540 544 552 540 512 506 512 510 502 497 495 488 474 468 462 471 468 468 458 451
 588 587 606 586 576 559 550 542 540 546 545 541 538 524 516 512 510 513 531 531 522 514 502 491 488 483 478 479 510 508 511 526 540 531 530 534 551 546 515 502 496 489 495 481 471 472 469 460 474 469 468 461 458 454
 572 575 586 589 585 586 576 555 539 542 542 546 536 530 528 525 520 519 513 506 504 501 499 504 515 508 488 477 496 496 496 511 527 520 530 537 545 544 515 506 492 502 487 482 489 485 472 487 487 483 480 473 472 468
 553 551 564 576 577 572 565 554 539 531 531 553 550 540 534 527 518 515 510 512 520 528 521 522 511 498 491 483 472 480 501 492 492 520 535 540 538 526 524 509 498 500 493 498 494 491 492 478 470 462 457 456 464 453
 527 546 567 565 562 562 567 559 548 534 533 538 537 552 543 545 540 523 522 517 528 525 516 506 495 499 507 501 471 473 485 481 495 520 528 522 516 521 531 512 501 495 491 483 500 492 481 474 470 476 475 464 455 446
 524 521 533 550 545 554 547 550 537 528 548 541 527 547 537 544 548 533 525 529 532 528 513 507 511 514 510 499 479 469 472 481 495 503 506 516 534 540 533 515 502 488 486 472 481 498 493 481 475 477 477 466 456 446
 541 532 525 516 518 516 516 519 525 517 530 542 533 541 540 528 543 543 518 510 513 527 521 518 516 521 516 512 492 469 468 476 479 494 499 506 524 535 532 518 506 498 497 471 464 485 491 497 485 470 472 473 466 449
 562 552 537 521 516 514 513 509 505 504 503 504 510 511 519 525 526 534 524 504 500 517 528 519 518 509 520 522 501 478 466 470 478 504 514 519 524 543 522 517 509 497 482 487 465 462 472 479 487 475 456 475 468 449
 567 550 563 559 558 551 549 535 525 525 520 515 507 498 496 492 490 490 484 483 481 480 477 479 476 475 475 473 479 476 466 461 464 511 527 522 512 510 509 523 507 493 484 483 474 473 457 445 459 458 451 437 447 463
 574 558 562 570 563 549 563 544 535 533 535 527 520 507 503 497 494 492 490 486 481 479 477 473 472 471 470 468 461 463 462 460 458 491 506 527 511 496 504 506 515 494 478 479 483 468 454 437 432 427 424 424 423 439
 566 556 562 580 566 550 556 544 541 540 544 535 533 520 518 515 506 502 492 488 485 485 482 477 478 476 472 470 464 462 461 459 457 460 480 518 509 497 499 491 505 492 478 456 456 443 434 430 428 427 428 424 422 421
 571 557 560 572 559 562 559 548 550 547 552 542 537 527 534 524 516 520 506 495 489 493 496 494 491 491 493 481 476 470 466 461 458 455 455 477 505 493 496 481 486 480 468 441 435 433 432 431 439 444 445 440 435 424
 563 565 571 576 578 572 558 556 559 543 554 555 544 534 531 522 530 538 526 502 502 515 510 509 504 507 505 497 487 493 482 473 465 454 453 451 472 484 488 472 472 459 441 437 437 437 441 448 461 459 456 453 451 437
 577 585 585 596 597 582 568 573 565 571 565 556 557 547 541 541 548 549 521 515 516 536 538 533 522 523 524 520 501 504 498 489 477 460 463 451 447 447 444 442 444 444 451 467 466 470 490 491 487 476 486 479 470 456
 584 587 603 600 596 591 590 594 582 579 576 567 564 552 554 553 552 548 536 528 513 532 527 531 532 529 531 523 509 513 503 490 482 466 462 456 454 449 448 448 450 457 464 495 485 466 482 499 479 474 468 464 465 454
 608 611 598 588 583 573 574 587 591 581 570 565 563 547 542 540 537 537 540 532 513 520 530 518 514 514 531 526 516 522 510 502 488 478 475 470 463 452 460 457 456 465 474 510 492 476 478 501 492 482 470 472 460 450
 619 610 602 590 581 577 565 568 583 587 584 574 564 551 540 537 534 530 521 518 515 518 516 523 526 515 508 518 516 515 515 503 494 481 474 473 465 458 473 482 479 477 489 520 507 490 490 505 501 486 483 492 480 465
 624 615 611 600 605 595 580 560 566 581 584 573 565 546 554 553 546 540 543 538 531 533 521 509 510 515 512 500 506 507 510 508 497 478 468 465 468 482 494 501 496 485 499 526 514 509 499 492 503 494 499 496 481 465
 617 604 598 582 572 583 586 583 553 555 573 582 573 568 563 557 550 547 534 530 528 530 533 521 516 518 509 499 481 479 484 492 483 485 504 511 496 503 512 496 494 490 494 514 528 515 508 492 484 502 499 489 478 456
 600 605 596 576 566 562 563 563 559 549 564 571 575 573 556 545 539 533 535 534 528 518 532 524 513 506 503 488 508 495 484 479 475 496 503 518 516 512 514 503 514 510 498 508 514 520 498 495 472 485 498 492 477 471
 591 600 585 589 583 579 564 553 552 540 552 572 556 569 564 551 546 540 526 519 517 512 520 527 520 514 501 485 513 500 503 500 494 490 507 507 512 517 519 520 514 498 500 507 494 506 516 511 479 469 480 499 494 475
 586 590 582 597 598 588 582 566 552 537 535 553 551 548 564 560 558 553 534 533 526 520 508 519 512 510 500 490 517 513 518 510 506 478 492 502 512 518 533 522 510 499 487 500 483 496 517 505 476 460 478 495 491 467
 572 577 585 588 581 586 585 579 563 552 547 531 538 547 554 560 560 556 543 534 525 521 514 515 514 504 493 500 517 517 515 505 503 483 503 511 517 524 525 520 506 504 484 480 482 489 491 498 484 463 467 487 495 472
 567 554 578 558 573 558 569 583 559 551 548 556 555 522 517 534 530 550 540 532 524 516 508 517 519 517 514 513 503 504 496 491 485 498 499 508 509 519 508 516 505 499 489 468 462 461 474 486 472 464 456 453 469 466
 561 547 564 554 571 551 565 579 577 567 567 567 556 535 519 513 520 540 537 531 527 520 509 522 528 523 509 502 495 498 499 498 495 500 507 509 508 515 499 511 504 499 489 491 486 466 455 473 489 478 477 454 453 484
 539 537 542 547 562 548 567 577 569 569 569 559 558 536 527 514 506 525 536 530 524 516 518 524 527 525 512 504 502 514 512 508 502 495 500 502 511 512 501 495 490 485 479 492 492 479 468 449 477 488 473 459 443 479
 560 547 531 541 558 546 559 568 559 566 565 558 550 547 536 531 509 504 534 528 523 523 522 522 523 523 514 508 508 512 517 510 505 504 505 503 512 515 510 506 501 502 491 502 505 493 483 468 463 475 485 466 449 459
 580 564 541 530 550 552 541 550 546 558 570 560 547 543 539 528 519 508 516 522 526 527 525 521 521 516 511 511 510 514 515 510 506 496 491 491 501 506 499 511 512 514 509 489 493 485 474 465 445 461 479 470 454 455
 586 573 560 542 525 520 530 539 561 559 559 557 544 533 529 543 531 527 503 492 513 518 523 515 510 514 511 514 511 505 500 498 492 484 480 478 471 478 486 488 492 504 513 498 483 481 463 472 453 436 456 469 453 430
 586 574 568 546 530 519 516 537 551 551 548 552 547 531 521 534 537 523 507 489 502 506 511 512 507 504 506 509 507 500 494 492 489 487 489 497 478 479 499 504 504 503 505 488 478 466 462 460 462 439 440 465 457 426
 582 580 568 551 538 522 514 516 540 540 536 547 547 531 518 523 535 526 508 497 484 488 492 513 505 492 498 499 508 506 505 500 493 499 493 489 481 467 496 503 501 490 493 493 480 468 459 447 455 444 430 455 457 423
 564 572 577 555 543 529 518 510 537 543 529 536 542 533 524 512 526 530 516 508 504 494 479 510 506 505 488 497 506 506 504 502 501 503 497 485 476 467 486 500 490 481 500 489 475 466 452 445 458 451 428 441 448 425
 550 564 573 552 542 533 533 519 516 528 520 525 537 534 525 512 515 530 519 513 506 501 485 500 497 495 497 484 505 501 496 499 501 491 488 475 462 456 487 489 488 475 489 480 481 468 462 449 437 447 435 425 450 427
 560 542 555 561 547 539 547 538 519 500 503 517 521 533 524 511 504 525 528 520 512 510 505 487 477 472 467 469 503 491 490 486 482 477 468 472 468 460 454 462 456 475 484 469 460 456 456 469 461 448 436 428 422 420
 567 552 539 562 562 557 555 548 528 515 500 496 523 533 521 508 497 511 518 516 507 504 501 491 489 485 472 464 468 466 462 458 454 452 452 453 452 447 441 440 440 438 438 447 446 462 465 474 457 451 443 438 431 425
 570 557 542 550 564 556 547 543 538 532 517 495 503 525 525 519 494 502 513 501 502 491 487 471 462 461 461 463 467 466 465 463 466 463 460 460 456 454 446 444 447 449 446 445 441 433 427 426 425 420 417 415 411 408
 566 560 547 538 558 564 555 542 530 527 524 510 492 523 526 512 503 486 486 477 470 468 464 458 456 455 455 457 463 463 465 466 465 463 459 456 454 453 449 441 441 446 446 452 448 444 441 433 414 411 409 407 406 401
 555 560 557 526 548 550 558 548 532 523 515 516 505 505 518 511 486 474 465 463 462 462 460 459 455 454 453 451 448 448 447 446 445 448 453 455 454 451 448 445 439 437 435 438 431 426 421 415 410 410 408 406 405 401
 546 542 549 546 523 524 544 545 522 536 539 524 511 481 475 473 473 470 468 467 465 463 462 459 457 455 453 450 447 446 443 443 442 441 437 435 434 432 429 427 425 423 421 418 416 415 413 412 410 407 406 406 405 401
 530 535 536 541 534 515 523 534 515 526 518 512 493 478 476 474 474 474 474 472 469 467 467 463 462 462 464 463 450 445 442 441 441 439 437 434 432 432 428 425 424 422 421 418 417 415 413 412 410 409 409 407 405 404
 507 512 516 531 543 532 508 506 489 485 489 484 479 479 481 478 478 478 476 475 473 470 468 466 469 469 468 461 447 445 444 441 439 437 436 435 433 431 427 426 425 424 422 418 418 417 416 413 412 411 411 410 410 420
 538 512 501 504 504 498 490 487 486 489 491 491 492 489 485 480 479 478 475 474 473 471 469 472 470 461 455 452 447 446 443 442 441 437 436 435 433 432 429 427 426 424 423 423 422 421 419 419 416 416 417 424 440 436
 545 535 518 494 492 491 491 491 502 505 500 496 492 485 483 482 480 478 475 474 473 470 466 459 457 456 453 450 448 446 445 443 442 439 437 436 435 434 432 431 432 431 430 426 425 423 422 422 421 424 437 466 459 433
 500 498 499 499 497 496 495 493 490 488 486 485 483 481 479 477 475 474 470 468 467 465 464 462 460 458 456 454 451 450 449 449 449 447 446 447 446 443 443 441 441 441 438 436 437 435 440 445 467 466 479 478 466 446
 504 504 503 501 499 498 495 494 490 489 488 485 483 481 479 478 476 474 471 470 468 466 465 462 460 459 458 460 457 455 454 453 453 458 466 463 462 464 455 456 459 455 461 462 465 460 456 470 470 486 483 468 463 449
 518 519 515 509 505 502 499 496 492 490 489 489 488 484 480 478 476 475 473 471 469 467 465 462 462 467 467 465 463 462 460 459 466 499 498 492 482 484 485 482 482 479 481 487 487 474 471 460 485 491 483 479 476 453
 527 525 517 511 505 503 502 501 496 494 493 490 487 482 480 479 478 477 474 472 470 469 467 464 471 472 470 469 474 480 487 497 505 500 496 490 489 488 495 491 492 488 482 492 496 488 482 475 466 485 492 487 476 467
 524 517 513 508 506 504 501 498 494 491 489 488 485 483 482 482 479 478 474 473 473 472 470 472 475 479 478 487 505 496 505 505 502 500 496 496 496 493 494 491 491 488 487 490 495 500 494 491 478 477 491 494 481 479
 516 515 514 506 502 501 500 498 494 493 491 490 490 487 485 484 484 483 487 498 508 510 510 513 511 511 510 507 505 504 504 504 502 497 493 492 492 491 489 485 484 483 483 485 488 491 493 498 500 506 501 490 493 489
 518 516 513 505 503 503 501 499 495 494 493 492 492 496 495 493 496 498 513 515 517 515 514 511 510 508 508 504 502 501 499 498 497 497 493 489 486 482 479 480 482 483 483 488 489 490 488 492 501 507 510 504 493 484
 517 514 510 506 505 504 502 500 497 496 494 494 501 523 520 523 513 519 518 518 516 514 514 510 508 508 506 504 501 500 499 497 494 494 492 488 484 483 479 478 478 480 477 487 486 486 484 487 496 498 504 504 478 484
 514 512 509 507 506 505 504 502 500 498 498 507 524 533 530 526 518 523 519 517 513 511 512 504 506 503 507 505 503 502 499 496 494 490 488 483 482 482 485 483 483 477 482 485 478 480 483 485 489 497 504 505 478 471
 514 512 510 508 506 506 505 503 501 502 510 525 532 533 529 525 524 524 515 509 508 509 513 508 505 500 505 503 502 501 498 496 496 491 489 488 486 488 484 483 484 475 477 477 480 484 489 492 496 500 497 502 480 449
 517 516 513 511 510 509 507 506 522 535 539 536 535 529 526 525 523 514 515 515 514 515 508 501 493 496 503 504 497 487 483 487 489 491 490 486 485 485 485 484 480 482 476 481 482 483 488 493 493 488 486 497 483 478
 519 519 515 513 511 510 509 510 537 537 537 535 535 527 524 523 520 516 510 511 505 508 507 497 494 503 504 503 500 500 492 483 481 478 481 483 480 483 483 484 475 474 467 479 483 484 492 493 486 482 489 493 473 472
 520 519 517 514 513 513 520 531 537 534 533 531 532 522 520 519 516 512 515 515 505 501 499 500 503 504 504 502 498 497 495 491 491 478 475 471 472 469 475 473 468 463 474 489 493 490 491 487 478 481 489 480 468 450
 522 520 519 516 522 533 540 540 532 529 528 528 529 523 524 522 520 517 508 504 504 511 509 506 505 505 504 503 498 499 500 495 490 489 489 488 487 480 466 462 459 459 473 485 495 495 490 481 475 489 491 465 452 442
 524 523 522 535 542 541 541 538 531 530 531 529 530 524 524 520 516 512 509 511 512 511 511 508 506 505 504 502 500 500 500 496 496 493 493 491 489 485 479 477 473 461 468 494 494 488 485 475 473 483 488 470 458 434
 553 553 550 546 543 536 532 531 527 527 524 525 520 523 524 522 518 523 518 516 514 514 512 504 504 502 498 501 489 493 492 494 492 491 491 489 490 486 477 476 471 455 467 488 480 482 477 465 477 474 461 457 465 431

	Width: 54
	Height: 74
	Resolution: 0
	Lower Left Corner: -98, 41
The first 10 elevation values..
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==669460== 
==669460== HEAP SUMMARY:
==669460==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669460==   total heap usage: 5,616 allocs, 5,604 frees, 845,974 bytes allocated
==669460== 
==669460== LEAK SUMMARY:
==669460==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669460==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669460==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669460==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669460==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669460== 
==669460== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==669460== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test eq_snippet.cpp full log

Build Test for test eq_snippet.cpp

Compiling test eq_snippet.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o eq_snippet eq_snippet.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test eq_snippet.cpp

==669481== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==669481== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==669481== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==669481== Command: ./eq_snippet 1 null null live
==669481== 
Earthquake 0:
	Magnitude:1.96
	Date:  Jul. 28  2022  6:48:23
	Location: 27 km E of Honaunau-Napoopoo, Hawaii
	Lat/Long:19.465,-155.599
==669481== 
==669481== HEAP SUMMARY:
==669481==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669481==   total heap usage: 5,959 allocs, 5,947 frees, 703,064 bytes allocated
==669481== 
==669481== LEAK SUMMARY:
==669481==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669481==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669481==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669481==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669481==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669481== 
==669481== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==669481== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test face_shp_coll.cpp full log

Build Test for test face_shp_coll.cpp

Compiling test face_shp_coll.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o face_shp_coll face_shp_coll.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test face_shp_coll.cpp

==669504== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==669504== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==669504== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==669504== Command: ./face_shp_coll 1 null null live
==669504== 
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1016/bridges_testing

==669504== 
==669504== HEAP SUMMARY:
==669504==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669504==   total heap usage: 7,328 allocs, 7,316 frees, 536,255 bytes allocated
==669504== 
==669504== LEAK SUMMARY:
==669504==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669504==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669504==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669504==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669504==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669504== 
==669504== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==669504== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test game_size_test.cpp full log

Build Test for test game_size_test.cpp

Compiling test game_size_test.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o game_size_test game_size_test.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test game_size_test.cpp

==669523== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==669523== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==669523== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==669523== Command: ./game_size_test 1 null null live
==669523== 
connecting SocketIO with http://bridges-games.herokuapp.com
[2022-07-28 03:28:29] [connect] Successful connection
[2022-07-28 03:28:29] [connect] WebSocket Connection 18.211.231.38:80 v-2 "WebSocket++/0.8.2" /socket.io/?EIO=4&transport=websocket&t=1658993308 101
connected!!
sockopen on namespace /
Sending credentials
Credentials sent
announcement something
Sending credentials
Credentials sent
Setting framelimit to 10
announcement something
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-games.herokuapp.com/assignments/1017/bridges_testing

sio closed
==669523== 
==669523== HEAP SUMMARY:
==669523==     in use at exit: 38,871 bytes in 155 blocks
==669523==   total heap usage: 7,075 allocs, 6,920 frees, 1,934,562 bytes allocated
==669523== 
==669523== 8 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 1 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x153A68: sio::client_impl::connect(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > const&, std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x13B326: sio::client::connect(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1206D2: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:117)
==669523==    by 0x125710: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669523==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669523==    by 0x122926: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669523==    by 0x122CA8: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (game_size_test.cpp:7)
==669523==    by 0x117105: main (game_size_test.cpp:27)
==669523== 
==669523== 8 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 2 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x153C51: sio::client_impl::socket(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x155328: sio::client_impl::on_open(std::weak_ptr<void>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19B106: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x192E72: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18BEC4: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>::__call<void, std::weak_ptr<void>&&, 0ul, 1ul>(std::tuple<std::weak_ptr<void>&&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x185472: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>::operator()<std::weak_ptr<void>, void>(std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17D8CC: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x175D96: std::enable_if<std::__and_<std::is_void<void>, std::__is_invocable<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void> > >::value, void>::type std::__invoke_r<void, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17025D: std::_Function_handler<void (std::weak_ptr<void>), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_invoke(std::_Any_data const&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x188044: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::operator()(std::weak_ptr<void>) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x198DA8: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_read_http_response(std::error_code const&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 12 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 3 of 132
==669523==    at 0x483877F: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:307)
==669523==    by 0x5113349: CRYPTO_zalloc (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669523==    by 0x510F58D: ??? (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669523==    by 0x50EF87F: ERR_get_state (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669523==    by 0x50EF9D8: ERR_clear_error (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669523==    by 0x510EC68: ??? (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669523==    by 0x493034E: __pthread_once_slow (pthread_once.c:116)
==669523==    by 0x517A178: CRYPTO_THREAD_run_once (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669523==    by 0x510F45C: OPENSSL_init_crypto (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669523==    by 0x50759F8: ??? (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669523==    by 0x510ECDF: ??? (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669523==    by 0x493034E: __pthread_once_slow (pthread_once.c:116)
==669523== 
==669523== 16 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 4 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x16B0CE: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x152FB4: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x13B0A9: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669523==    by 0x125710: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669523==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669523==    by 0x122926: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669523==    by 0x122CA8: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (game_size_test.cpp:7)
==669523==    by 0x117105: main (game_size_test.cpp:27)
==669523== 
==669523== 16 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 5 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x1AF299: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connection(bool, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> > const&, websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1AB0F3: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A763C: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A1D7C: std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19B917: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19384F: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18C9D8: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x185CE1: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > std::allocate_shared<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > const&, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17E68C: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > std::make_shared<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17791B: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17175D: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 16 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 6 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x185FCC: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17ECE3: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x177E16: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17175D: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16C4C1: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1544FA: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19337F: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18C4EE: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1857FB: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::__call<void, , 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17DF17: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::operator()<, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1768DB: void asio::asio_handler_invoke<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> >(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>&, ...) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 16 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 7 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x1667B3: asio::detail::resolver_service_base::resolver_service_base(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19BB6A: asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>::resolver_service(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x193B56: asio::execution_context::service* asio::detail::service_registry::create<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::io_context>(void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1425F3: asio::detail::service_registry::do_use_service(asio::execution_context::service::key const&, asio::execution_context::service* (*)(void*), void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18CBF4: asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::detail::service_registry::use_service<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18616A: asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::use_service<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17EE50: asio::basic_io_object<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>, true>::basic_io_object(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17810A: asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>::basic_resolver(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x171D65: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16CB88: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x15466A: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 16 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 8 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x166BE7: asio::detail::resolver_service_base::start_work_thread() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x166B15: asio::detail::resolver_service_base::start_resolve_op(asio::detail::resolve_op*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x180566: void asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>::async_resolve<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >(std::shared_ptr<void>&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_query<asio::ip::tcp> const&, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1796EB: asio::async_result<std::decay<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >::type, void (std::error_code, asio::ip::basic_resolver_results<asio::ip::tcp>)>::return_type asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>::async_resolve<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >(asio::ip::basic_resolver_query<asio::ip::tcp> const&, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17234C: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16CB88: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x15466A: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19337F: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18C4EE: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1857FB: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::__call<void, , 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17DF17: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::operator()<, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 16 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 9 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x16A3D9: asio::detail::posix_thread::posix_thread<asio::detail::resolver_service_base::work_io_context_runner>(asio::detail::resolver_service_base::work_io_context_runner, unsigned int) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x166BFF: asio::detail::resolver_service_base::start_work_thread() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x166B15: asio::detail::resolver_service_base::start_resolve_op(asio::detail::resolve_op*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x180566: void asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>::async_resolve<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >(std::shared_ptr<void>&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_query<asio::ip::tcp> const&, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1796EB: asio::async_result<std::decay<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >::type, void (std::error_code, asio::ip::basic_resolver_results<asio::ip::tcp>)>::return_type asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>::async_resolve<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >(asio::ip::basic_resolver_query<asio::ip::tcp> const&, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17234C: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16CB88: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x15466A: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19337F: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18C4EE: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1857FB: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::__call<void, , 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 18 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 10 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x4A76F0E: void std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_construct<char const*>(char const*, char const*, std::forward_iterator_tag) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669523==    by 0x16F846: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::endpoint(bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16AC2B: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x152D66: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x13B0A9: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669523==    by 0x125710: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669523==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669523==    by 0x122926: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669523==    by 0x122CA8: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (game_size_test.cpp:7)
==669523==    by 0x117105: main (game_size_test.cpp:27)
==669523== 
==669523== 18 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 11 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x12D317: void std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_construct<char*>(char*, char*, std::forward_iterator_tag) (basic_string.tcc:219)
==669523==    by 0x1AF130: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connection(bool, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> > const&, websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1AB0F3: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A763C: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A1D7C: std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19B917: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19384F: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18C9D8: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x185CE1: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > std::allocate_shared<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > const&, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17E68C: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > std::make_shared<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17791B: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 18 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 12 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x12D317: void std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_construct<char*>(char*, char*, std::forward_iterator_tag) (basic_string.tcc:219)
==669523==    by 0x19ABB7: std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, 0ul>(std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&, std::tuple<>&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul>, std::_Index_tuple<>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x192568: std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::piecewise_construct_t, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18B02F: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::construct<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >*, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x184237: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > >::construct<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >&, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >*, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17C0C5: void std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_construct_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >*, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x173D2F: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16E2CD: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x168B1C: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x15DBB2: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::replace_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1C894D: websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client_handshake_request(websocketpp::http::parser::request&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::vector<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > const&) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 21 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 13 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x12D317: void std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_construct<char*>(char*, char*, std::forward_iterator_tag) (basic_string.tcc:219)
==669523==    by 0x19ABB7: std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, 0ul>(std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&, std::tuple<>&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul>, std::_Index_tuple<>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x192568: std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::piecewise_construct_t, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18B02F: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::construct<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >*, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x184237: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > >::construct<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >&, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >*, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17C0C5: void std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_construct_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >*, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x173D2F: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16E2CD: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x168B1C: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x15DAA2: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::append_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x15E504: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::process_header(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<char*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<char*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 22 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 14 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x12D317: void std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_construct<char*>(char*, char*, std::forward_iterator_tag) (basic_string.tcc:219)
==669523==    by 0x19ABB7: std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, 0ul>(std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&, std::tuple<>&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul>, std::_Index_tuple<>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x192568: std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::piecewise_construct_t, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18B02F: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::construct<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >*, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x184237: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > >::construct<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >&, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >*, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17C0C5: void std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_construct_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >*, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x173D2F: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16E2CD: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x168B1C: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x15DBB2: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::replace_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1C860D: websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client_handshake_request(websocketpp::http::parser::request&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::vector<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > const&) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 15 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x18BBD7: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel>*>(websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x185138: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel>*>(websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel>*, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17D335: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel>, void>(websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17560A: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel>, void>(websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16F7E4: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::endpoint(bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16AC2B: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x152D66: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x13B0A9: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669523==    by 0x125710: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669523==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669523== 
==669523== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 16 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x18BC5D: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel>*>(websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18516E: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel>*>(websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel>*, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17D37D: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel>, void>(websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x175630: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel>, void>(websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16F819: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::endpoint(bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16AC2B: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x152D66: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x13B0A9: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669523==    by 0x125710: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669523==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669523== 
==669523== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 17 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x192D0F: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp>*>(asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18BE08: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp>*>(asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp>*, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18541B: std::__shared_ptr<asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp>, void>(asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17D7F4: std::enable_if<std::__sp_is_constructible<asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp> >::value, void>::type std::__shared_ptr<asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::reset<asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x175BFC: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x170075: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16B10B: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x152FB4: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x13B0A9: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669523==    by 0x125710: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669523== 
==669523== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 18 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x17D8FF: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x175E38: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1702D4: std::_Function_handler<void (std::weak_ptr<void>), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x175EFE: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::function(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17035E: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::operator=(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16B32C: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::set_open_handler(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x153035: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x13B0A9: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669523==    by 0x125710: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669523==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669523== 
==669523== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 19 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x17D8FF: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x175E38: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1702D4: std::_Function_handler<void (std::weak_ptr<void>), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x175EFE: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::function(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17035E: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::operator=(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16B3C6: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::set_close_handler(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1530C5: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x13B0A9: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669523==    by 0x125710: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669523==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669523== 
==669523== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 20 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x17D8FF: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x175E38: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1702D4: std::_Function_handler<void (std::weak_ptr<void>), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x175EFE: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::function(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17035E: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::operator=(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16B460: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::set_fail_handler(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x153155: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x13B0A9: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669523==    by 0x125710: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669523==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669523== 
==669523== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 21 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x17DA9C: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17612A: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17055E: std::_Function_handler<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1761F0: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)>::function(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1705E8: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)>::operator=(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16B668: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::set_message_handler(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1531EC: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x13B0A9: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669523==    by 0x125710: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669523==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669523== 
==669523== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 22 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x17DBB1: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::packet const&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17638A: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::packet const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17078B: std::_Function_handler<void (sio::packet const&), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::packet const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1D436C: std::function<void (sio::packet const&)>::function(std::function<void (sio::packet const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1D31E0: std::function<void (sio::packet const&)>::operator=(std::function<void (sio::packet const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1D1698: sio::packet_manager::set_decode_callback(std::function<void (sio::packet const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x153270: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x13B0A9: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669523==    by 0x125710: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669523==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669523== 
==669523== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 23 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x17DCC4: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(bool, std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const> const&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x176516: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(bool, std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const> const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17094A: std::_Function_handler<void (bool, std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const> const&), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(bool, std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const> const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1D4456: std::function<void (bool, std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const> const&)>::function(std::function<void (bool, std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const> const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1D3228: std::function<void (bool, std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const> const&)>::operator=(std::function<void (bool, std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const> const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1D16C2: sio::packet_manager::set_encode_callback(std::function<void (bool, std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const> const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1532EF: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x13B0A9: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669523==    by 0x125710: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669523==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669523== 
==669523== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 24 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x12E110: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*))()> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (std_function.h:161)
==669523==    by 0x12BFC0: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*))()> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:196)
==669523==    by 0x128847: std::_Function_handler<void (), std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*))()> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:283)
==669523==    by 0x13D77E: std::function<void ()>::function(std::function<void ()> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x13D154: std::function<void ()>::operator=(std::function<void ()> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x13CBDD: sio::client_impl::set_open_listener(std::function<void ()> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x13B133: sio::client::set_open_listener(std::function<void ()> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x12042E: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:101)
==669523==    by 0x125710: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669523==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669523==    by 0x122926: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669523== 
==669523== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 25 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x12E26B: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::client::close_reason const&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (std_function.h:161)
==669523==    by 0x12C1D6: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::client::close_reason const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:196)
==669523==    by 0x128A4E: std::_Function_handler<void (sio::client::close_reason const&), std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::client::close_reason const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:283)
==669523==    by 0x13D952: std::function<void (sio::client::close_reason const&)>::function(std::function<void (sio::client::close_reason const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x13D1E4: std::function<void (sio::client::close_reason const&)>::operator=(std::function<void (sio::client::close_reason const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x13CC95: sio::client_impl::set_close_listener(std::function<void (sio::client::close_reason const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x13B187: sio::client::set_close_listener(std::function<void (sio::client::close_reason const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1204BE: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:102)
==669523==    by 0x125710: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669523==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669523==    by 0x122926: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669523== 
==669523== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 26 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x12E110: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*))()> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (std_function.h:161)
==669523==    by 0x12BFC0: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*))()> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:196)
==669523==    by 0x128847: std::_Function_handler<void (), std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*))()> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:283)
==669523==    by 0x13D77E: std::function<void ()>::function(std::function<void ()> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x13D154: std::function<void ()>::operator=(std::function<void ()> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x13CC0B: sio::client_impl::set_fail_listener(std::function<void ()> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x13B15D: sio::client::set_fail_listener(std::function<void ()> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x12054A: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:103)
==669523==    by 0x125710: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669523==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669523==    by 0x122926: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669523== 
==669523== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 27 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x12E432: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(unsigned int, unsigned int)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (std_function.h:161)
==669523==    by 0x12C448: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(unsigned int, unsigned int)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:196)
==669523==    by 0x128CAF: std::_Function_handler<void (unsigned int, unsigned int), std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(unsigned int, unsigned int)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:283)
==669523==    by 0x13D868: std::function<void (unsigned int, unsigned int)>::function(std::function<void (unsigned int, unsigned int)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x13D19C: std::function<void (unsigned int, unsigned int)>::operator=(std::function<void (unsigned int, unsigned int)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x13CC39: sio::client_impl::set_reconnect_listener(std::function<void (unsigned int, unsigned int)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x13B1DB: sio::client::set_reconnect_listener(std::function<void (unsigned int, unsigned int)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1205D2: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:104)
==669523==    by 0x125710: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669523==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669523==    by 0x122926: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669523== 
==669523== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 28 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x12E529: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (std_function.h:161)
==669523==    by 0x12C5C8: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:196)
==669523==    by 0x128E39: std::_Function_handler<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:283)
==669523==    by 0x13DA3C: std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::function(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x13D22C: std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::operator=(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x13CCC3: sio::client_impl::set_socket_open_listener(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x13B1B1: sio::client::set_socket_open_listener(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x120647: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:105)
==669523==    by 0x125710: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669523==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669523==    by 0x122926: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669523== 
==669523== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 29 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x1BB18A: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_init_functor(std::_Any_data&, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1B8067: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_init_functor(std::_Any_data&, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1B3B14: std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::function<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, void, void>(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1AF0C3: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connection(bool, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> > const&, websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1AB0F3: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A763C: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A1D7C: std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19B917: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19384F: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18C9D8: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x185CE1: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > std::allocate_shared<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > const&, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 30 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x1BB308: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)> >::_M_init_functor(std::_Any_data&, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1B81B1: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)> >::_M_init_functor(std::_Any_data&, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1B3C02: std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>::function<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>, void, void>(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1AF113: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connection(bool, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> > const&, websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1AB0F3: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A763C: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A1D7C: std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19B917: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19384F: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18C9D8: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x185CE1: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > std::allocate_shared<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > const&, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 31 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x1BD3EF: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >*>(websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1BB464: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >*>(websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >*, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1B829F: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, void>(websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1B3C82: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > >::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, void>(websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1AF2BE: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connection(bool, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> > const&, websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1AB0F3: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A763C: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A1D7C: std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19B917: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19384F: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18C9D8: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 32 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x17D8FF: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x175E38: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1702D4: std::_Function_handler<void (std::weak_ptr<void>), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x175EFE: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::function(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17035E: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::operator=(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17E7F9: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::set_open_handler(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1779C4: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17175D: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16C4C1: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1544FA: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19337F: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 33 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x17D8FF: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x175E38: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1702D4: std::_Function_handler<void (std::weak_ptr<void>), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x175EFE: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::function(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17035E: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::operator=(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17E827: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::set_close_handler(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x177A17: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17175D: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16C4C1: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1544FA: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19337F: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 34 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x17D8FF: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x175E38: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1702D4: std::_Function_handler<void (std::weak_ptr<void>), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x175EFE: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::function(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17035E: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::operator=(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17E855: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::set_fail_handler(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x177A6A: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17175D: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16C4C1: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1544FA: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19337F: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 35 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x17DA9C: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17612A: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17055E: std::_Function_handler<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1761F0: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)>::function(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1705E8: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)>::operator=(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17EB41: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::set_message_handler(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x177CA0: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17175D: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16C4C1: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1544FA: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19337F: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 36 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x1A1E5D: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::io_context::strand*>(asio::io_context::strand*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19BA3C: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::io_context::strand*>(asio::io_context::strand*, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x193A61: std::__shared_ptr<asio::io_context::strand, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<asio::io_context::strand, void>(asio::io_context::strand*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18CB7C: std::enable_if<std::__sp_is_constructible<asio::io_context::strand, asio::io_context::strand>::value, void>::type std::__shared_ptr<asio::io_context::strand, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::reset<asio::io_context::strand>(asio::io_context::strand*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x185FEB: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17ECE3: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x177E16: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17175D: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16C4C1: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1544FA: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19337F: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 37 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x17D1B7: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>*>(asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x175226: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>*>(asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>*, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16F525: std::__shared_ptr<asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>, void>(asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16A886: std::enable_if<std::__sp_is_constructible<asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp> >::value, void>::type std::__shared_ptr<asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::reset<asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16795A: websocketpp::transport::asio::basic_socket::connection::init_asio(asio::io_context*, std::shared_ptr<asio::io_context::strand>, bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18602B: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17ECE3: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x177E16: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17175D: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16C4C1: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1544FA: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 38 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x171D45: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16CB88: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x15466A: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19337F: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18C4EE: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1857FB: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::__call<void, , 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17DF17: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::operator()<, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1768DB: void asio::asio_handler_invoke<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> >(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>&, ...) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x170DAA: void asio_handler_invoke_helpers::invoke<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> >(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>&, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17E01C: void asio::detail::handler_work<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>, asio::system_executor>::complete<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> >(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>&, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x176B4A: asio::detail::completion_handler<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> >::do_complete(void*, asio::detail::scheduler_operation*, std::error_code const&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 39 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x192AA6: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Sp_counted_deleter<void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter, std::allocator<void>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18BA22: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_deleter<void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter, std::allocator<void>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_deleter<void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter, std::allocator<void>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x184F13: std::__allocated_ptr<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_deleter<void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter, std::allocator<void>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > > std::__allocate_guarded<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_deleter<void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter, std::allocator<void>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_deleter<void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter, std::allocator<void>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17D023: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter, std::allocator<void>, void>(void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter, std::allocator<void>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x174F7E: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter, void>(void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16F13C: std::__shared_ptr<void, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<void, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter, void>(void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16A46C: std::enable_if<std::__sp_is_constructible<void, void>::value, void>::type std::__shared_ptr<void, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::reset<void, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter>(void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x166A92: asio::detail::resolver_service_base::construct(std::shared_ptr<void>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17EE85: asio::basic_io_object<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>, true>::basic_io_object(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17810A: asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>::basic_resolver(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x171D65: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 40 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x18CC1D: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>*>(asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1861AC: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>*>(asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>*, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17EF1B: std::__shared_ptr<asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>, void>(asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x178130: std::enable_if<std::__sp_is_constructible<asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp> >::value, void>::type std::__shared_ptr<asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::reset<asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x171D74: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16CB88: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x15466A: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19337F: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18C4EE: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1857FB: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::__call<void, , 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17DF17: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::operator()<, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 41 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x17E13B: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<sio::socket*>(sio::socket*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x176F04: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<sio::socket*>(sio::socket*, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x171151: std::__shared_ptr<sio::socket, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<sio::socket, void>(sio::socket*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16BED4: std::shared_ptr<sio::socket>::shared_ptr<sio::socket, void>(sio::socket*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x153C8F: sio::client_impl::socket(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x155328: sio::client_impl::on_open(std::weak_ptr<void>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19B106: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x192E72: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18BEC4: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>::__call<void, std::weak_ptr<void>&&, 0ul, 1ul>(std::tuple<std::weak_ptr<void>&&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x185472: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>::operator()<std::weak_ptr<void>, void>(std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17D8CC: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 42 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x12E992: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>, std::_Placeholder<3>, std::_Placeholder<4>))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (std_function.h:161)
==669523==    by 0x12CB4A: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>, std::_Placeholder<3>, std::_Placeholder<4>))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:196)
==669523==    by 0x129345: std::_Function_handler<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&), std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>, std::_Placeholder<3>, std::_Placeholder<4>))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:283)
==669523==    by 0x14D6D6: std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>::function(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x14BB78: std::_Head_base<0ul, std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, false>::_Head_base(std::_Head_base<0ul, std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, false> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x14BB9E: std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl(std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x14BBC4: std::tuple<std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::tuple(std::tuple<std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x14BC00: std::_Bind<void (*(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&, sio::event&)>::_Bind(std::_Bind<void (*(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&, sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x14BC3D: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (*(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&, sio::event&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1493EA: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (*(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&, sio::event&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x14724C: std::_Function_handler<void (sio::event&), std::_Bind<void (*(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&, sio::event&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 43 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x1BD250: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1BB2C2: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1B8133: std::_Function_handler<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19DAD2: std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::function(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1964FC: std::_Head_base<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, false>::_Head_base(std::_Head_base<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, false> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x196522: std::_Tuple_impl<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> >::_Tuple_impl(std::_Tuple_impl<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x196548: std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> >::_Tuple_impl(std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19658A: std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> >::tuple(std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1965CE: std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::_Bind(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19DB4B: websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::custom_alloc_handler(websocketpp::transport::asio::handler_allocator&, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x196610: websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> > websocketpp::transport::asio::make_custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >(websocketpp::transport::asio::handler_allocator&, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 44 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x1BD250: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1BB2C2: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1B8133: std::_Function_handler<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19DAD2: std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::function(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1964FC: std::_Head_base<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, false>::_Head_base(std::_Head_base<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, false> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x196522: std::_Tuple_impl<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> >::_Tuple_impl(std::_Tuple_impl<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x196548: std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> >::_Tuple_impl(std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19658A: std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> >::tuple(std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1965CE: std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::_Bind(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1B1296: websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::custom_alloc_handler(websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1C065C: asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder2<asio::detail::read_op<asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::mutable_buffers_1, asio::mutable_buffer const*, asio::detail::transfer_at_least_t, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >, std::error_code, unsigned long>, websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> > >::rewrapped_handler(asio::detail::binder2<asio::detail::read_op<asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::mutable_buffers_1, asio::mutable_buffer const*, asio::detail::transfer_at_least_t, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >, std::error_code, unsigned long>&, websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 45 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x1BD250: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1BB2C2: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1B8133: std::_Function_handler<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19DAD2: std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::function(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1964FC: std::_Head_base<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, false>::_Head_base(std::_Head_base<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, false> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x196522: std::_Tuple_impl<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> >::_Tuple_impl(std::_Tuple_impl<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x196548: std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> >::_Tuple_impl(std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19658A: std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> >::tuple(std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1965CE: std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::_Bind(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1B1296: websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::custom_alloc_handler(websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1B12C7: asio::detail::binder2<websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >, std::error_code, unsigned long>::binder2<websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >&>(int, websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 46 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x1BD250: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1BB2C2: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1B8133: std::_Function_handler<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19DAD2: std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::function(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1BA0EE: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code&, unsigned long&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code&, unsigned long&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1B62F0: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code&, unsigned long&>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code&, unsigned long&>(void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code&, unsigned long&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1B165F: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::__call<void, std::error_code&, unsigned long&, 0ul, 1ul, 2ul, 3ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code&, unsigned long&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul, 3ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1ACBAF: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::operator()<std::error_code&, unsigned long&, void>(std::error_code&, unsigned long&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A8FE6: void websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::operator()<std::error_code, unsigned long>(std::error_code, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1BF356: asio::detail::binder2<websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >, std::error_code, unsigned long>::operator()() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1BE428: void asio::asio_handler_invoke<asio::detail::binder2<websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >, std::error_code, unsigned long> >(asio::detail::binder2<websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >, std::error_code, unsigned long>&, ...) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 47 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x12E717: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::event&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (std_function.h:161)
==669523==    by 0x12C84A: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::event&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:196)
==669523==    by 0x129073: std::_Function_handler<void (sio::event&), std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::event&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:283)
==669523==    by 0x1465DE: std::function<void (sio::event&)>::function(std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1458C0: std::function<void (sio::event&)>::operator=(std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x13F9DF: sio::socket::impl::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1411DB: sio::socket::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1210E0: bridges::game::SocketConnection::reconfigure_socket() (SocketConnection.h:166)
==669523==    by 0x1206FA: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:123)
==669523==    by 0x125710: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669523==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669523== 
==669523== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 48 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x12E717: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::event&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (std_function.h:161)
==669523==    by 0x12C84A: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::event&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:196)
==669523==    by 0x129073: std::_Function_handler<void (sio::event&), std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::event&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:283)
==669523==    by 0x1465DE: std::function<void (sio::event&)>::function(std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1458C0: std::function<void (sio::event&)>::operator=(std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x13F9DF: sio::socket::impl::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1411DB: sio::socket::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1211DB: bridges::game::SocketConnection::reconfigure_socket() (SocketConnection.h:167)
==669523==    by 0x1206FA: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:123)
==669523==    by 0x125710: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669523==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669523== 
==669523== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 49 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x12EA89: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (std_function.h:161)
==669523==    by 0x12CCBC: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:196)
==669523==    by 0x1294CF: std::_Function_handler<void (std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&), std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:283)
==669523==    by 0x1472FE: std::function<void (std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&)>::function(std::function<void (std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x14577E: std::function<void (std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&)>::operator=(std::function<void (std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x13FB33: sio::socket::impl::on_error(std::function<void (std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x14129D: sio::socket::on_error(std::function<void (std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x121387: bridges::game::SocketConnection::reconfigure_socket() (SocketConnection.h:169)
==669523==    by 0x1206FA: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:123)
==669523==    by 0x125710: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669523==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669523== 
==669523== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 50 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x130E78: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_List_node<bridges::game::KeypressListener*> >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (new_allocator.h:115)
==669523==    by 0x12FB2D: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_List_node<bridges::game::KeypressListener*> > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_List_node<bridges::game::KeypressListener*> >&, unsigned long) (alloc_traits.h:460)
==669523==    by 0x12E5AC: std::__cxx11::_List_base<bridges::game::KeypressListener*, std::allocator<bridges::game::KeypressListener*> >::_M_get_node() (stl_list.h:442)
==669523==    by 0x12C60E: std::_List_node<bridges::game::KeypressListener*>* std::__cxx11::list<bridges::game::KeypressListener*, std::allocator<bridges::game::KeypressListener*> >::_M_create_node<bridges::game::KeypressListener* const&>(bridges::game::KeypressListener* const&) (stl_list.h:634)
==669523==    by 0x128E77: void std::__cxx11::list<bridges::game::KeypressListener*, std::allocator<bridges::game::KeypressListener*> >::_M_insert<bridges::game::KeypressListener* const&>(std::_List_iterator<bridges::game::KeypressListener*>, bridges::game::KeypressListener* const&) (stl_list.h:1911)
==669523==    by 0x125033: std::__cxx11::list<bridges::game::KeypressListener*, std::allocator<bridges::game::KeypressListener*> >::push_back(bridges::game::KeypressListener* const&) (stl_list.h:1212)
==669523==    by 0x12082D: bridges::game::SocketConnection::registerKeyListener(bridges::game::KeypressListener*) (SocketConnection.h:130)
==669523==    by 0x121F93: bridges::game::GameBase::registerKeyListener(bridges::game::KeypressListener*) (GameBase.h:84)
==669523==    by 0x122A3A: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:179)
==669523==    by 0x122CA8: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (game_size_test.cpp:7)
==669523==    by 0x117105: main (game_size_test.cpp:27)
==669523== 
==669523== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 51 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x193E67: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*>(asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18D12E: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*>(asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18658D: std::__shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >, void>(asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17F524: std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >, void>(asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x178A86: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::set_timer(long, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17A787: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_close_frame(unsigned short, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, bool, bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1729C1: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::close(unsigned short, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16CCEE: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::close(std::weak_ptr<void>, unsigned short, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x154917: sio::client_impl::close_impl(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19351F: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, unsigned short&, char const*&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, unsigned short&, char const*&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18C7A0: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, unsigned short&, char const*&>::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, unsigned short&, char const*&>(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, unsigned short&, char const*&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 52 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x193E67: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*>(asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18D12E: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*>(asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18658D: std::__shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >, void>(asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17F524: std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >, void>(asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x178A86: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::set_timer(long, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x180DA7: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_shutdown(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x179ACA: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19F8BC: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_read_frame(std::error_code const&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1C0ABB: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1C0034: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1BF5ED: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&, 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 31 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 53 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x4A74859: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_mutate(unsigned long, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669523==    by 0x4A74F34: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::operator+=(char) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669523==    by 0x159794: websocketpp::uri::uri(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A1B2A: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<websocketpp::uri>::construct<websocketpp::uri, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(websocketpp::uri*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19B7E3: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> >::construct<websocketpp::uri, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>&, websocketpp::uri*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x193732: std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18C84A: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(websocketpp::uri*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x185B99: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17E5AE: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>::shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17773E: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri> std::allocate_shared<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x171666: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri> std::make_shared<websocketpp::uri, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 31 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 54 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x4A747B1: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_assign(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669523==    by 0x4A74AC9: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::operator=(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669523==    by 0x15DBC4: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::replace_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1C86B9: websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client_handshake_request(websocketpp::http::parser::request&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::vector<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > const&) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x189212: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_http_request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x181A29: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1ADA1C: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A9F69: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A5D88: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, 0ul, 1ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A0338: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>::operator()<std::error_code const&, void>(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19924C: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 31 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 55 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x4A747B1: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_assign(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669523==    by 0x4A74AC9: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::operator=(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669523==    by 0x15DBC4: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::replace_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1C894D: websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client_handshake_request(websocketpp::http::parser::request&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::vector<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > const&) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x189212: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_http_request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x181A29: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1ADA1C: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A9F69: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A5D88: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, 0ul, 1ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A0338: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>::operator()<std::error_code const&, void>(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19924C: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 31 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 56 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x4A747B1: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_assign(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669523==    by 0x4A74AC9: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::operator=(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669523==    by 0x15DBC4: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::replace_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x189393: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_http_request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x181A29: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1ADA1C: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A9F69: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A5D88: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, 0ul, 1ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A0338: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>::operator()<std::error_code const&, void>(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19924C: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x191080: std::enable_if<std::__and_<std::is_void<void>, std::__is_invocable<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&> >::value, void>::type std::__invoke_r<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&>(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 31 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 57 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x4A747B1: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_assign(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669523==    by 0x4A74AC9: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::operator=(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669523==    by 0x160605: websocketpp::http::parser::response::set_status(websocketpp::http::status_code::value, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x160AC3: websocketpp::http::parser::response::process(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<char*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<char*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x160094: websocketpp::http::parser::response::consume(char const*, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1989F0: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_read_http_response(std::error_code const&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1B6949: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1B19C6: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1ACF7F: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&, 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A91EB: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::operator()<std::error_code const&, unsigned long, void>(std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A4CB6: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 31 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 58 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x4A747B1: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_assign(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669523==    by 0x4A74AC9: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::operator=(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669523==    by 0x15DAB7: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::append_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x15E504: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::process_header(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<char*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<char*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1600C7: websocketpp::http::parser::response::consume(char const*, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1989F0: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_read_http_response(std::error_code const&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1B6949: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1B19C6: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1ACF7F: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&, 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A91EB: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::operator()<std::error_code const&, unsigned long, void>(std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A4CB6: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 31 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 59 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x4A747B1: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_assign(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669523==    by 0x4A74AC9: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::operator=(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669523==    by 0x155973: sio::client_impl::on_handshake(std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x155F9C: sio::client_impl::on_decode(sio::packet const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19B43C: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(sio::packet const&), sio::client_impl*&, sio::packet const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(sio::packet const&), sio::client_impl*&, sio::packet const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1930C4: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(sio::packet const&), sio::client_impl*&, sio::packet const&>::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(sio::packet const&), sio::client_impl*&, sio::packet const&>(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(sio::packet const&), sio::client_impl*&, sio::packet const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18C06E: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::packet const&)>::__call<void, sio::packet const&, 0ul, 1ul>(std::tuple<sio::packet const&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18554A: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::packet const&)>::operator()<sio::packet const&, void>(sio::packet const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17DB7E: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::packet const&)>&, sio::packet const&>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::packet const&)>&, sio::packet const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1762E8: std::enable_if<std::__and_<std::is_void<void>, std::__is_invocable<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::packet const&)>&, sio::packet const&> >::value, void>::type std::__invoke_r<void, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::packet const&)>&, sio::packet const&>(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::packet const&)>&, sio::packet const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x170714: std::_Function_handler<void (sio::packet const&), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::packet const&)> >::_M_invoke(std::_Any_data const&, sio::packet const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 32 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 60 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x175BD6: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x170075: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16B10B: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x152FB4: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x13B0A9: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669523==    by 0x125710: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669523==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669523==    by 0x122926: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669523==    by 0x122CA8: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (game_size_test.cpp:7)
==669523==    by 0x117105: main (game_size_test.cpp:27)
==669523== 
==669523== 32 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 61 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x170F7E: std::unique_ptr<std::thread::_State, std::default_delete<std::thread::_State> > std::thread::_S_make_state<std::thread::_Invoker<std::tuple<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*))()> > >, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*))()> >(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*))()>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16BDEB: std::thread::thread<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*))()>, , void>(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*))()>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x153A7A: sio::client_impl::connect(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > const&, std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x13B326: sio::client::connect(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1206D2: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:117)
==669523==    by 0x125710: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669523==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669523==    by 0x122926: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669523==    by 0x122CA8: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (game_size_test.cpp:7)
==669523==    by 0x117105: main (game_size_test.cpp:27)
==669523== 
==669523== 32 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 62 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x16793B: websocketpp::transport::asio::basic_socket::connection::init_asio(asio::io_context*, std::shared_ptr<asio::io_context::strand>, bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18602B: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17ECE3: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x177E16: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17175D: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16C4C1: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1544FA: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19337F: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18C4EE: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1857FB: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::__call<void, , 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17DF17: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::operator()<, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 32 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 63 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x19930F: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x191122: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1899CF: std::_Function_handler<void (std::error_code const&), std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18A358: std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>::function(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A1F7D: std::_Head_base<2ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, false>::_Head_base<std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&>(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19BCB1: std::_Tuple_impl<2ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl<std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, void>(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x193D71: std::_Tuple_impl<1ul, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl<std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, void>(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x193F65: std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, void>(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18D203: std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, true, true>(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x186817: std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::_Bind<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&>(void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&&)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17F700: std::_Bind_helper<std::__or_<std::is_integral<std::decay<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::type>, std::is_enum<std::decay<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::type> >::value, void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&>::type std::bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&>(void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&&)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 32 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 64 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x1A6491: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A096D: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x199E61: std::_Vector_base<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::_M_allocate(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1916DF: void std::vector<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::_M_realloc_insert<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > const&>(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >*, std::vector<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > > >, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18A15F: std::vector<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::push_back(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x182462: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::write_frame() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1AE956: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1AAD96: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A710D: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >))()>::__call<void, , 0ul>(std::tuple<>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A14F5: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >))()>::operator()<, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19A7E9: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >))()>&>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >))()>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 35 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 65 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x4A747B1: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_assign(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669523==    by 0x4A74AC9: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::operator=(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669523==    by 0x1537D7: sio::client_impl::connect(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > const&, std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x13B326: sio::client::connect(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1206D2: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:117)
==669523==    by 0x125710: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669523==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669523==    by 0x122926: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669523==    by 0x122CA8: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (game_size_test.cpp:7)
==669523==    by 0x117105: main (game_size_test.cpp:27)
==669523== 
==669523== 40 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 66 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x14BC2F: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (*(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&, sio::event&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1493EA: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (*(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&, sio::event&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x14724C: std::_Function_handler<void (sio::event&), std::_Bind<void (*(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&, sio::event&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1465DE: std::function<void (sio::event&)>::function(std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1458C0: std::function<void (sio::event&)>::operator=(std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x13F9DF: sio::socket::impl::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x13F958: sio::socket::impl::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x14120D: sio::socket::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1212E7: bridges::game::SocketConnection::reconfigure_socket() (SocketConnection.h:168)
==669523==    by 0x1206FA: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:123)
==669523==    by 0x125710: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669523== 
==669523== 40 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 67 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x18E742: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_init_functor(std::_Any_data&, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)>&&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18858F: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_init_functor(std::_Any_data&, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x181492: std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>::function<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)>, void, void>(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x179ABB: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19F8BC: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_read_frame(std::error_code const&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1C0ABB: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1C0034: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1BF5ED: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&, 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1BE8E9: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::operator()<std::error_code const&, unsigned long, void>(std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1BD21A: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1BB21D: std::enable_if<std::__and_<std::is_void<void>, std::__is_invocable<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long> >::value, void>::type std::__invoke_r<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 40 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 68 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x1958FF: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18E860: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x188640: std::_Function_handler<void (std::error_code const&), std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18A358: std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>::function(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A1F7D: std::_Head_base<2ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, false>::_Head_base<std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&>(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19BCB1: std::_Tuple_impl<2ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl<std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, void>(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x193D71: std::_Tuple_impl<1ul, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl<std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, void>(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x193F65: std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, void>(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18D203: std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, true, true>(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x186817: std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::_Bind<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&>(void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&&)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17F700: std::_Bind_helper<std::__or_<std::is_integral<std::decay<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::type>, std::is_enum<std::decay<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::type> >::value, void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&>::type std::bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&>(void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&&)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 40 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 69 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x1958FF: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18E860: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x188640: std::_Function_handler<void (std::error_code const&), std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18A358: std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>::function(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18CECC: std::_Head_base<2ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, false>::_Head_base(std::_Head_base<2ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, false> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18CEF2: std::_Tuple_impl<2ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl(std::_Tuple_impl<2ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18CFA0: std::_Tuple_impl<1ul, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl(std::_Tuple_impl<1ul, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19CFBE: std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl(std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19D000: std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::tuple(std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19D044: std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::_Bind(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19D081: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 40 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 70 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x1958FF: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18E860: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x188640: std::_Function_handler<void (std::error_code const&), std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18A358: std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>::function(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1B02E3: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1ABE07: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&>(void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A87BB: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, 0ul, 1ul, 2ul, 3ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul, 3ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A3386: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::operator()<std::error_code const&, void>(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19CF94: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x195628: std::enable_if<std::__and_<std::is_void<void>, std::__is_invocable<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&> >::value, void>::type std::__invoke_r<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&>(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18E585: std::_Function_handler<void (std::error_code const&), std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_invoke(std::_Any_data const&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 48 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 71 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x19AE08: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x192934: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18B82F: std::__allocated_ptr<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > > std::__allocate_guarded<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x184DB8: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >>(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17CED7: std::__shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >>(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x174B1C: std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >::shared_ptr<std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >>(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16ED35: std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > std::allocate_shared<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >>(std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x169261: std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > std::make_shared<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x15E82A: websocketpp::http::parser::request::request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1AF373: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connection(bool, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> > const&, websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1AB0F3: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 51 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 73 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x4A74859: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_mutate(unsigned long, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669523==    by 0x4A75625: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_replace(unsigned long, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669523==    by 0x168464: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >& std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::append<__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<char const*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, void>(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<char const*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<char const*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1598CF: websocketpp::uri::uri(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A1B2A: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<websocketpp::uri>::construct<websocketpp::uri, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(websocketpp::uri*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19B7E3: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> >::construct<websocketpp::uri, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>&, websocketpp::uri*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x193732: std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18C84A: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(websocketpp::uri*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x185B99: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17E5AE: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>::shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17773E: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri> std::allocate_shared<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 51 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 74 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x4A747B1: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_assign(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669523==    by 0x4A74AC9: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::operator=(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669523==    by 0x15F367: websocketpp::http::parser::request::set_uri(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1C83CA: websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client_handshake_request(websocketpp::http::parser::request&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::vector<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > const&) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x189212: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_http_request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x181A29: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1ADA1C: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A9F69: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A5D88: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, 0ul, 1ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A0338: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>::operator()<std::error_code const&, void>(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19924C: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 56 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 75 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x16F7C4: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::endpoint(bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16AC2B: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x152D66: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x13B0A9: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669523==    by 0x125710: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669523==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669523==    by 0x122926: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669523==    by 0x122CA8: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (game_size_test.cpp:7)
==669523==    by 0x117105: main (game_size_test.cpp:27)
==669523== 
==669523== 56 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 76 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x16F7F9: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::endpoint(bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16AC2B: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x152D66: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x13B0A9: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669523==    by 0x125710: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669523==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669523==    by 0x122926: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669523==    by 0x122CA8: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (game_size_test.cpp:7)
==669523==    by 0x117105: main (game_size_test.cpp:27)
==669523== 
==669523== 56 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 77 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x18BB76: asio::execution_context::service* asio::detail::service_registry::create<asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::io_context>(void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1425F3: asio::detail::service_registry::do_use_service(asio::execution_context::service::key const&, asio::execution_context::service* (*)(void*), void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x185068: asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::detail::service_registry::use_service<asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17D15A: asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::use_service<asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17519D: asio::basic_io_object<asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp>, true>::basic_io_object(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17D7CE: asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp>::basic_socket_acceptor(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x175BF0: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x170075: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16B10B: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x152FB4: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x13B0A9: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 56 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 78 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x1364E1: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::mutex, std::allocator<std::mutex>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (new_allocator.h:115)
==669523==    by 0x131618: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::mutex, std::allocator<std::mutex>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::mutex, std::allocator<std::mutex>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&, unsigned long) (alloc_traits.h:460)
==669523==    by 0x13098D: std::__allocated_ptr<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::mutex, std::allocator<std::mutex>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > > std::__allocate_guarded<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::mutex, std::allocator<std::mutex>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::mutex, std::allocator<std::mutex>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&) (allocated_ptr.h:97)
==669523==    by 0x12F766: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<std::mutex, std::allocator<std::mutex>>(std::mutex*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<std::mutex> >) (shared_ptr_base.h:680)
==669523==    by 0x12DE65: std::__shared_ptr<std::mutex, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<std::mutex>>(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<std::mutex> >) (shared_ptr_base.h:1371)
==669523==    by 0x12BB2A: std::shared_ptr<std::mutex>::shared_ptr<std::allocator<std::mutex>>(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<std::mutex> >) (shared_ptr.h:408)
==669523==    by 0x128343: std::shared_ptr<std::mutex> std::allocate_shared<std::mutex, std::allocator<std::mutex>>(std::allocator<std::mutex> const&) (shared_ptr.h:860)
==669523==    by 0x12482C: std::shared_ptr<std::mutex> std::make_shared<std::mutex>() (shared_ptr.h:876)
==669523==    by 0x11FA94: std::_V2::condition_variable_any::condition_variable_any() (condition_variable:291)
==669523==    by 0x12038E: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669523==    by 0x125710: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669523== 
==669523== 56 bytes in 2 blocks are still reachable in loss record 79 of 132
==669523==    at 0x483877F: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:307)
==669523==    by 0x5A4011B: __res_context_send (res_send.c:482)
==669523==    by 0x5A3CD49: __res_context_query (res_query.c:216)
==669523==    by 0x5A3D9BE: __res_context_querydomain (res_query.c:601)
==669523==    by 0x5A3D9BE: __res_context_search (res_query.c:370)
==669523==    by 0x703AD09: ???
==669523==    by 0x4D553A5: gaih_inet.constprop.0 (getaddrinfo.c:765)
==669523==    by 0x4D56224: getaddrinfo (getaddrinfo.c:2256)
==669523==    by 0x164A6A: asio::detail::socket_ops::getaddrinfo(char const*, char const*, addrinfo const&, addrinfo**, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x164AFF: asio::detail::socket_ops::background_getaddrinfo(std::weak_ptr<void> const&, char const*, char const*, addrinfo const&, addrinfo**, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18E1CE: asio::detail::resolve_query_op<asio::ip::tcp, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >::do_complete(void*, asio::detail::scheduler_operation*, std::error_code const&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1611B3: asio::detail::scheduler_operation::complete(void*, std::error_code const&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16301A: asio::detail::scheduler::do_run_one(asio::detail::conditionally_enabled_mutex::scoped_lock&, asio::detail::scheduler_thread_info&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 63 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 80 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x4A74859: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_mutate(unsigned long, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669523==    by 0x4A75625: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_replace(unsigned long, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669523==    by 0x11C77C: bridges::Bridges::setServer(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (Bridges.h:335)
==669523==    by 0x121E2D: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:53)
==669523==    by 0x122926: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669523==    by 0x122CA8: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (game_size_test.cpp:7)
==669523==    by 0x117105: main (game_size_test.cpp:27)
==669523== 
==669523== 64 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 81 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x1614D8: asio::execution_context::execution_context() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1632DC: asio::io_context::io_context() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16B0DD: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x152FB4: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x13B0A9: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669523==    by 0x125710: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669523==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669523==    by 0x122926: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669523==    by 0x122CA8: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (game_size_test.cpp:7)
==669523==    by 0x117105: main (game_size_test.cpp:27)
==669523== 
==669523== 64 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 82 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x1B212D: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >*>::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1ADBD2: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >*> >::allocate(std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >*>&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1AA122: std::_Deque_base<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::_M_allocate_map(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1BB55A: std::_Deque_base<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::_M_initialize_map(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1B82FB: std::_Deque_base<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::_Deque_base() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1B3C9D: std::deque<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::deque() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1B3D0C: std::queue<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::deque<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > > >::queue<std::deque<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1AF318: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connection(bool, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> > const&, websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1AB0F3: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A763C: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A1D7C: std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 64 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 83 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x1614D8: asio::execution_context::execution_context() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x163367: asio::io_context::io_context(int) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1667C4: asio::detail::resolver_service_base::resolver_service_base(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19BB6A: asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>::resolver_service(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x193B56: asio::execution_context::service* asio::detail::service_registry::create<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::io_context>(void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1425F3: asio::detail::service_registry::do_use_service(asio::execution_context::service::key const&, asio::execution_context::service* (*)(void*), void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18CBF4: asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::detail::service_registry::use_service<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18616A: asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::use_service<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17EE50: asio::basic_io_object<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>, true>::basic_io_object(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17810A: asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>::basic_resolver(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x171D65: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 64 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 84 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x14EB83: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<sio::packet*>::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x14D99D: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<sio::packet*> >::allocate(std::allocator<sio::packet*>&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x14C1A2: std::_Deque_base<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> >::_M_allocate_map(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x149E46: std::_Deque_base<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> >::_M_initialize_map(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1478F3: std::_Deque_base<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> >::_Deque_base() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x145C11: std::deque<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> >::deque() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x145C80: std::queue<sio::packet, std::deque<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> > >::queue<std::deque<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> >, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x13FC0D: sio::socket::impl::impl(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x14114A: sio::socket::socket(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x153C7C: sio::client_impl::socket(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x155328: sio::client_impl::on_open(std::weak_ptr<void>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 64 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 85 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x1AA4E1: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<websocketpp::transport::buffer>::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A6628: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<websocketpp::transport::buffer> >::allocate(std::allocator<websocketpp::transport::buffer>&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A0C2D: std::_Vector_base<websocketpp::transport::buffer, std::allocator<websocketpp::transport::buffer> >::_M_allocate(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19A0BF: void std::vector<websocketpp::transport::buffer, std::allocator<websocketpp::transport::buffer> >::_M_realloc_insert<websocketpp::transport::buffer>(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<websocketpp::transport::buffer*, std::vector<websocketpp::transport::buffer, std::allocator<websocketpp::transport::buffer> > >, websocketpp::transport::buffer&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x191A73: void std::vector<websocketpp::transport::buffer, std::allocator<websocketpp::transport::buffer> >::emplace_back<websocketpp::transport::buffer>(websocketpp::transport::buffer&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18A2B3: std::vector<websocketpp::transport::buffer, std::allocator<websocketpp::transport::buffer> >::push_back(websocketpp::transport::buffer&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18266A: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::write_frame() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1AE956: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1AAD96: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A710D: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >))()>::__call<void, , 0ul>(std::tuple<>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A14F5: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >))()>::operator()<, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 64 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 86 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x1ADF85: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<asio::const_buffer>::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1AA650: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<asio::const_buffer> >::allocate(std::allocator<asio::const_buffer>&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A68D9: std::_Vector_base<asio::const_buffer, std::allocator<asio::const_buffer> >::_M_allocate(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A0E6B: void std::vector<asio::const_buffer, std::allocator<asio::const_buffer> >::_M_realloc_insert<asio::const_buffer>(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<asio::const_buffer*, std::vector<asio::const_buffer, std::allocator<asio::const_buffer> > >, asio::const_buffer&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19A3C9: void std::vector<asio::const_buffer, std::allocator<asio::const_buffer> >::emplace_back<asio::const_buffer>(asio::const_buffer&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x191B83: std::vector<asio::const_buffer, std::allocator<asio::const_buffer> >::push_back(asio::const_buffer&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18A5E6: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_write(std::vector<websocketpp::transport::buffer, std::allocator<websocketpp::transport::buffer> > const&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x182D58: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::write_frame() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1AE956: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1AAD96: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A710D: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >))()>::__call<void, , 0ul>(std::tuple<>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 64 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 87 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x1401D3: sio::socket::impl::close() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x141274: sio::socket::close() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x154F63: sio::client_impl::sockets_invoke_void(void (sio::socket::*)()) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x153EBC: sio::client_impl::sync_close() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x13B6F0: sio::client::sync_close() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x120D71: bridges::game::SocketConnection::~SocketConnection() (SocketConnection.h:159)
==669523==    by 0x1296C1: std::default_delete<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::operator()(bridges::game::SocketConnection*) const (unique_ptr.h:85)
==669523==    by 0x1256C5: std::unique_ptr<bridges::game::SocketConnection, std::default_delete<bridges::game::SocketConnection> >::~unique_ptr() (unique_ptr.h:361)
==669523==    by 0x1227F9: bridges::game::GameBase::~GameBase() (GameBase.h:25)
==669523==    by 0x122C41: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::~NonBlockingGame() (NonBlockingGame.h:128)
==669523==    by 0x122E23: my_game::~my_game() (game_size_test.cpp:5)
==669523== 
==669523== 64 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 88 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x178A4D: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::set_timer(long, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17A787: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_close_frame(unsigned short, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, bool, bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1729C1: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::close(unsigned short, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16CCEE: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::close(std::weak_ptr<void>, unsigned short, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x154917: sio::client_impl::close_impl(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19351F: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, unsigned short&, char const*&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, unsigned short&, char const*&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18C7A0: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, unsigned short&, char const*&>::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, unsigned short&, char const*&>(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, unsigned short&, char const*&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x185AF7: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, unsigned short, char const*))(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::__call<void, , 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17E461: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, unsigned short, char const*))(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::operator()<, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1773A9: void asio::asio_handler_invoke<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, unsigned short, char const*))(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> >(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, unsigned short, char const*))(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>&, ...) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x171430: void asio_handler_invoke_helpers::invoke<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, unsigned short, char const*))(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, unsigned short, char const*))(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> >(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, unsigned short, char const*))(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>&, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, unsigned short, char const*))(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 64 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 89 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x1507FF: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry>::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x150429: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry> >::allocate(std::allocator<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry>&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x14FDD3: std::_Vector_base<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry, std::allocator<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry> >::_M_allocate(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x14F041: void std::vector<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry, std::allocator<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry> >::_M_realloc_insert<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry const&>(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry*, std::vector<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry, std::allocator<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry> > >, asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x14DEE9: std::vector<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry, std::allocator<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry> >::push_back(asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x14CC89: asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::enqueue_timer(std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, std::chrono::duration<long, std::ratio<1l, 1000000000l> > > const&, asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::per_timer_data&, asio::detail::wait_op*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x14AE65: void asio::detail::epoll_reactor::schedule_timer<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >(asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >::time_type const&, asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::per_timer_data&, asio::detail::wait_op*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1869EC: void asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::async_wait<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >(asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::implementation_type&, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17F816: asio::async_result<std::decay<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >::type, void (std::error_code)>::return_type asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >::async_wait<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >(asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x178B42: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::set_timer(long, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17A787: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_close_frame(unsigned short, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, bool, bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 64 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 90 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x178A4D: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::set_timer(long, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x180DA7: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_shutdown(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x179ACA: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19F8BC: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_read_frame(std::error_code const&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1C0ABB: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1C0034: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1BF5ED: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&, 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1BE8E9: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::operator()<std::error_code const&, unsigned long, void>(std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1BD21A: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1BB21D: std::enable_if<std::__and_<std::is_void<void>, std::__is_invocable<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long> >::value, void>::type std::__invoke_r<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1B80B9: std::_Function_handler<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_invoke(std::_Any_data const&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 65 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 91 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x14213A: asio::detail::thread_info_base::allocate(asio::detail::thread_info_base*, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x14224B: asio::asio_handler_allocate(unsigned long, ...) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18AC0F: void* asio_handler_alloc_helpers::allocate<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)> >(unsigned long, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x183837: asio::detail::hook_allocator<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::wait_handler<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)> > >::allocate(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17B48E: asio::detail::wait_handler<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)> >::ptr::allocate(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x172F86: void asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::async_wait<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)> >(asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::implementation_type&, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16D258: asio::async_result<std::decay<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)> >::type, void (std::error_code)>::return_type asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >::async_wait<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)> >(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1562F9: sio::client_impl::update_ping_timeout_timer() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x155C0C: sio::client_impl::on_handshake(std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x155F9C: sio::client_impl::on_decode(sio::packet const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19B43C: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(sio::packet const&), sio::client_impl*&, sio::packet const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(sio::packet const&), sio::client_impl*&, sio::packet const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 65 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 92 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x14213A: asio::detail::thread_info_base::allocate(asio::detail::thread_info_base*, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x14224B: asio::asio_handler_allocate(unsigned long, ...) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x14E07F: void* asio_handler_alloc_helpers::allocate<std::_Bind<void (sio::socket::impl::*(sio::socket::impl*))()> >(unsigned long, std::_Bind<void (sio::socket::impl::*(sio::socket::impl*))()>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x14CE1D: asio::detail::hook_allocator<std::_Bind<void (sio::socket::impl::*(sio::socket::impl*))()>, asio::detail::wait_handler<std::_Bind<void (sio::socket::impl::*(sio::socket::impl*))()> > >::allocate(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x14AFBC: asio::detail::wait_handler<std::_Bind<void (sio::socket::impl::*(sio::socket::impl*))()> >::ptr::allocate(std::_Bind<void (sio::socket::impl::*(sio::socket::impl*))()>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x148344: void asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::async_wait<std::_Bind<void (sio::socket::impl::*(sio::socket::impl*))()> >(asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::implementation_type&, std::_Bind<void (sio::socket::impl::*(sio::socket::impl*))()>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1461E2: asio::async_result<std::decay<std::_Bind<void (sio::socket::impl::*(sio::socket::impl*))()> >::type, void (std::error_code)>::return_type asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >::async_wait<std::_Bind<void (sio::socket::impl::*(sio::socket::impl*))()> >(std::_Bind<void (sio::socket::impl::*(sio::socket::impl*))()>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1402BC: sio::socket::impl::close() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x141274: sio::socket::close() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x154F63: sio::client_impl::sockets_invoke_void(void (sio::socket::*)()) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x153EBC: sio::client_impl::sync_close() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 69 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 93 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x4A74859: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_mutate(unsigned long, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669523==    by 0x4A75E7A: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_append(char const*, unsigned long) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669523==    by 0x123393: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > std::operator+<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, char const*) (basic_string.h:6073)
==669523==    by 0x11C7CF: bridges::Bridges::setServer(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (Bridges.h:339)
==669523==    by 0x121E2D: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:53)
==669523==    by 0x122926: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669523==    by 0x122CA8: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (game_size_test.cpp:7)
==669523==    by 0x117105: main (game_size_test.cpp:27)
==669523== 
==669523== 80 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 94 of 132
==669523==    at 0x483950F: operator new[](unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:431)
==669523==    by 0x12B768: bridges::datastructure::Grid<bridges::game::GameCell>::allocateGrid() (Grid.h:37)
==669523==    by 0x1281A3: bridges::datastructure::Grid<bridges::game::GameCell>::setDimensions(int, int) (Grid.h:160)
==669523==    by 0x12470E: bridges::datastructure::Grid<bridges::game::GameCell>::Grid(int, int) (Grid.h:84)
==669523==    by 0x11EB3A: bridges::game::GameGrid::GameGrid(int, int) (GameGrid.h:481)
==669523==    by 0x121DC0: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:52)
==669523==    by 0x122926: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669523==    by 0x122CA8: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (game_size_test.cpp:7)
==669523==    by 0x117105: main (game_size_test.cpp:27)
==669523== 
==669523== 80 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 95 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x19D073: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1956CA: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18E5FC: std::_Function_handler<void (std::error_code const&), std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18A358: std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>::function(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A1F7D: std::_Head_base<2ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, false>::_Head_base<std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&>(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19BCB1: std::_Tuple_impl<2ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl<std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, void>(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x193D71: std::_Tuple_impl<1ul, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl<std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, void>(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x193F65: std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, void>(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18D203: std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, true, true>(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x186817: std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::_Bind<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&>(void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&&)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17F700: std::_Bind_helper<std::__or_<std::is_integral<std::decay<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::type>, std::is_enum<std::decay<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::type> >::value, void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&>::type std::bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&>(void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&&)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 80 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 96 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x18C595: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x185960: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17E1C0: std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const>, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > > >::_M_get_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x176F33: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const>, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > > >::_M_create_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> >&>(std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1711B2: std::pair<std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > >, bool> std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const>, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > > >::_M_emplace_unique<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> >&>(std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16BF59: std::enable_if<std::is_constructible<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> >&>::value, std::pair<std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > >, bool> >::type std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket>, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const>, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > > >::insert<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> >&>(std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x153CD5: sio::client_impl::socket(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x155328: sio::client_impl::on_open(std::weak_ptr<void>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19B106: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x192E72: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18BEC4: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>::__call<void, std::weak_ptr<void>&&, 0ul, 1ul>(std::tuple<std::weak_ptr<void>&&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 80 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 97 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x1955AD: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_init_functor(std::_Any_data&, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>&&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18E54B: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_init_functor(std::_Any_data&, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x187C9A: std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>::function<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, void, void>(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x180E6E: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_shutdown(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x179ACA: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19F8BC: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_read_frame(std::error_code const&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1C0ABB: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1C0034: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1BF5ED: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&, 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1BE8E9: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::operator()<std::error_code const&, unsigned long, void>(std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1BD21A: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 96 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 98 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x14DC18: asio::execution_context::service* asio::detail::service_registry::create<asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, asio::io_context>(void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1425F3: asio::detail::service_registry::do_use_service(asio::execution_context::service::key const&, asio::execution_context::service* (*)(void*), void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x14C768: asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >& asio::detail::service_registry::use_service<asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > > >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x14A872: asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >& asio::use_service<asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > > >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x147E7D: asio::basic_io_object<asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, true>::basic_io_object(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17F48B: asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >::basic_waitable_timer(asio::io_context&, std::chrono::duration<long, std::ratio<1l, 1000000000l> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x178A70: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::set_timer(long, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x172219: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16CB88: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x15466A: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19337F: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 96 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 99 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x18AFB2: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1841D3: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17C032: std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_get_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x173CE8: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16E2CD: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x168B1C: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x15DAA2: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::append_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1C84A5: websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client_handshake_request(websocketpp::http::parser::request&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::vector<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > const&) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x189212: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_http_request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x181A29: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1ADA1C: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 96 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 100 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x18AFB2: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1841D3: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17C032: std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_get_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x173CE8: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16E2CD: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x168B1C: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x15DAA2: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::append_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1C8559: websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client_handshake_request(websocketpp::http::parser::request&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::vector<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > const&) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x189212: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_http_request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x181A29: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1ADA1C: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 96 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 101 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x18AFB2: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1841D3: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17C032: std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_get_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x173CE8: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16E2CD: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x168B1C: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x15DBB2: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::replace_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1C860D: websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client_handshake_request(websocketpp::http::parser::request&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::vector<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > const&) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x189212: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_http_request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x181A29: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1ADA1C: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 96 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 102 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x18AFB2: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1841D3: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17C032: std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_get_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x173CE8: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16E2CD: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x168B1C: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x15DBB2: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::replace_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1C86B9: websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client_handshake_request(websocketpp::http::parser::request&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::vector<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > const&) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x189212: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_http_request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x181A29: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1ADA1C: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 96 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 103 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x18AFB2: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1841D3: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17C032: std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_get_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x173CE8: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16E2CD: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x168B1C: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x15DBB2: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::replace_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1C894D: websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client_handshake_request(websocketpp::http::parser::request&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::vector<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > const&) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x189212: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_http_request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x181A29: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1ADA1C: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 96 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 104 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x18AFB2: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1841D3: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17C032: std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_get_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x173CE8: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16E2CD: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x168B1C: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x15DBB2: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::replace_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x189393: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_http_request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x181A29: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1ADA1C: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A9F69: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 96 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 105 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x14E95A: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x14D74F: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x14BCD4: std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::_M_get_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x149544: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1474A1: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x145882: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::function<void (sio::event&)>, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x13F9CD: sio::socket::impl::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1411DB: sio::socket::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1210E0: bridges::game::SocketConnection::reconfigure_socket() (SocketConnection.h:166)
==669523==    by 0x121967: bridges::game::SocketConnection::on_socketopen(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (SocketConnection.h:203)
==669523==    by 0x136A5C: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), bridges::game::SocketConnection*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), bridges::game::SocketConnection*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (invoke.h:73)
==669523== 
==669523== 96 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 106 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x14E95A: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x14D74F: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x14BCD4: std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::_M_get_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x149544: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1474A1: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x145882: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::function<void (sio::event&)>, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x13F9CD: sio::socket::impl::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1411DB: sio::socket::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1211DB: bridges::game::SocketConnection::reconfigure_socket() (SocketConnection.h:167)
==669523==    by 0x121967: bridges::game::SocketConnection::on_socketopen(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (SocketConnection.h:203)
==669523==    by 0x136A5C: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), bridges::game::SocketConnection*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), bridges::game::SocketConnection*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (invoke.h:73)
==669523== 
==669523== 96 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 107 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x14E95A: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x14D74F: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x14BCD4: std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::_M_get_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x149544: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1474A1: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x145882: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::function<void (sio::event&)>, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x13F9CD: sio::socket::impl::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x13F958: sio::socket::impl::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x14120D: sio::socket::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1212E7: bridges::game::SocketConnection::reconfigure_socket() (SocketConnection.h:168)
==669523==    by 0x121967: bridges::game::SocketConnection::on_socketopen(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (SocketConnection.h:203)
==669523== 
==669523== 104 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 108 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x16595E: asio::detail::strand_service::construct(asio::detail::strand_service::strand_impl*&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x165C3C: asio::io_context::strand::strand(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x185FDF: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17ECE3: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x177E16: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17175D: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16C4C1: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1544FA: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19337F: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18C4EE: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1857FB: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::__call<void, , 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 120 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 109 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x1A1A71: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19B702: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1935C9: std::__allocated_ptr<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > > std::__allocate_guarded<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18C7F2: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(websocketpp::uri*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x185B99: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17E5AE: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>::shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17773E: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri> std::allocate_shared<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x171666: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri> std::make_shared<websocketpp::uri, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16C457: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1544FA: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19337F: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 128 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 110 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x193B44: asio::execution_context::service* asio::detail::service_registry::create<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::io_context>(void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1425F3: asio::detail::service_registry::do_use_service(asio::execution_context::service::key const&, asio::execution_context::service* (*)(void*), void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18CBF4: asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::detail::service_registry::use_service<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18616A: asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::use_service<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17EE50: asio::basic_io_object<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>, true>::basic_io_object(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17810A: asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>::basic_resolver(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x171D65: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16CB88: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x15466A: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19337F: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18C4EE: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 137 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 111 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x14213A: asio::detail::thread_info_base::allocate(asio::detail::thread_info_base*, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x14224B: asio::asio_handler_allocate(unsigned long, ...) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19BFB1: void* asio_handler_alloc_helpers::allocate<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >(unsigned long, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A2116: void* asio::detail::asio_handler_allocate<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>(unsigned long, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19BE84: void* asio_handler_alloc_helpers::allocate<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >(unsigned long, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x194053: asio::detail::hook_allocator<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, asio::detail::wait_handler<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> > >::allocate(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18D2B2: asio::detail::wait_handler<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >::ptr::allocate(asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18698E: void asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::async_wait<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >(asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::implementation_type&, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17F816: asio::async_result<std::decay<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >::type, void (std::error_code)>::return_type asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >::async_wait<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >(asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x178B42: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::set_timer(long, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x180DA7: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_shutdown(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 168 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 113 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x16EEB0: asio::detail::epoll_reactor::descriptor_state* asio::detail::object_pool_access::create<asio::detail::epoll_reactor::descriptor_state, bool>(bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1697BB: asio::detail::epoll_reactor::descriptor_state* asio::detail::object_pool<asio::detail::epoll_reactor::descriptor_state>::alloc<bool>(bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x162513: asio::detail::epoll_reactor::allocate_descriptor_state() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x161986: asio::detail::epoll_reactor::register_descriptor(int, asio::detail::epoll_reactor::descriptor_state*&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x165082: asio::detail::reactive_socket_service_base::do_open(asio::detail::reactive_socket_service_base::base_implementation_type&, int, int, int, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1947E8: asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp>::open(asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp>::implementation_type&, asio::ip::tcp const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18D90A: asio::async_result<std::decay<asio::detail::iterator_connect_op<asio::ip::tcp, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::detail::default_connect_condition, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> > >::type, void (std::error_code)>::return_type asio::basic_socket<asio::ip::tcp>::async_connect<asio::detail::iterator_connect_op<asio::ip::tcp, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::detail::default_connect_condition, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> > >(asio::ip::basic_endpoint<asio::ip::tcp> const&, asio::detail::iterator_connect_op<asio::ip::tcp, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::detail::default_connect_condition, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1873A3: asio::detail::iterator_connect_op<asio::ip::tcp, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::detail::default_connect_condition, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >::operator()(std::error_code, int) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1801CA: asio::async_result<std::decay<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >::type, void (std::error_code, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>::return_type asio::async_connect<asio::ip::tcp, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >(asio::basic_socket<asio::ip::tcp>&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&&, std::enable_if<!asio::is_endpoint_sequence<asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp> >::value, void>::type*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1793DD: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::handle_resolve(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1B8CCC: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>), websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_results<asio::ip::tcp> const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>), websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_results<asio::ip::tcp> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 176 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 114 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x125701: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669523==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669523==    by 0x122926: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669523==    by 0x122CA8: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (game_size_test.cpp:7)
==669523==    by 0x117105: main (game_size_test.cpp:27)
==669523== 
==669523== 184 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 115 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x1B6F0C: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1B1E96: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1AD74B: std::__allocated_ptr<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > > std::__allocate_guarded<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A9766: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool, bool const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > const&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool&&, bool const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > const&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A5089: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool, bool const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > const&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool&&, bool const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > const&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19F0B4: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool, bool const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > const&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool&&, bool const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > const&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x198668: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > std::allocate_shared<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool, bool const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > const&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > const&, bool&&, bool const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > const&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x190958: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > std::make_shared<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool, bool const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > const&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(bool&&, bool const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > const&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18907E: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_processor(int) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1819F1: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1ADA1C: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 201 bytes in 1 blocks are definitely lost in loss record 116 of 132
==669523==    at 0x483877F: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:307)
==669523==    by 0x4CFBA40: __libc_alloc_buffer_allocate (alloc_buffer_allocate.c:26)
==669523==    by 0x4D8C5C8: alloc_buffer_allocate (alloc_buffer.h:143)
==669523==    by 0x4D8C5C8: __resolv_conf_allocate (resolv_conf.c:411)
==669523==    by 0x4D8A84D: __resolv_conf_load (res_init.c:592)
==669523==    by 0x4D8C1D5: __resolv_conf_get_current (resolv_conf.c:163)
==669523==    by 0x4D8AB34: __res_vinit (res_init.c:614)
==669523==    by 0x4D8B92A: maybe_init (resolv_context.c:122)
==669523==    by 0x4D8BAB2: context_get (resolv_context.c:184)
==669523==    by 0x4D8BAB2: context_get (resolv_context.c:176)
==669523==    by 0x4D8BAB2: __resolv_context_get (resolv_context.c:195)
==669523==    by 0x4D5579A: gaih_inet.constprop.0 (getaddrinfo.c:747)
==669523==    by 0x4D56224: getaddrinfo (getaddrinfo.c:2256)
==669523==    by 0x164A6A: asio::detail::socket_ops::getaddrinfo(char const*, char const*, addrinfo const&, addrinfo**, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x164AFF: asio::detail::socket_ops::background_getaddrinfo(std::weak_ptr<void> const&, char const*, char const*, addrinfo const&, addrinfo**, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 208 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 117 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x1491EA: asio::execution_context::service* asio::detail::service_registry::create<asio::detail::epoll_reactor, asio::io_context>(void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1425F3: asio::detail::service_registry::do_use_service(asio::execution_context::service::key const&, asio::execution_context::service* (*)(void*), void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x14704E: asio::detail::epoll_reactor& asio::detail::service_registry::use_service<asio::detail::epoll_reactor>(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x14549E: asio::detail::epoll_reactor& asio::use_service<asio::detail::epoll_reactor>(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x164D24: asio::detail::reactive_socket_service_base::reactive_socket_service_base(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x192BDC: asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp>::reactive_socket_service(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18BB88: asio::execution_context::service* asio::detail::service_registry::create<asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::io_context>(void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1425F3: asio::detail::service_registry::do_use_service(asio::execution_context::service::key const&, asio::execution_context::service* (*)(void*), void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x185068: asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::detail::service_registry::use_service<asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17D15A: asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::use_service<asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17519D: asio::basic_io_object<asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp>, true>::basic_io_object(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 217 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 118 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x14213A: asio::detail::thread_info_base::allocate(asio::detail::thread_info_base*, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x14224B: asio::asio_handler_allocate(unsigned long, ...) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19BFB1: void* asio_handler_alloc_helpers::allocate<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >(unsigned long, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1BD601: void* asio::detail::asio_handler_allocate<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >(unsigned long, asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1BB8A0: void* asio_handler_alloc_helpers::allocate<asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> > >(unsigned long, asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1B85D3: asio::detail::hook_allocator<asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >, asio::detail::completion_handler<asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> > > >::allocate(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1B402F: asio::detail::completion_handler<asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> > >::ptr::allocate(asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1AF869: void asio::detail::strand_service::dispatch<asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> > >(asio::detail::strand_service::strand_impl*&, asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1AB226: asio::async_result<std::decay<asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> > >::type, void ()>::return_type asio::io_context::strand::dispatch<asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> > >(asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A79B7: void asio::detail::asio_handler_invoke<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>(asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>&, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A217F: void asio_handler_invoke_helpers::invoke<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >(asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>&, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 240 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 119 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x1632E6: asio::io_context::io_context() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16B0DD: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x152FB4: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x13B0A9: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669523==    by 0x125710: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669523==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669523==    by 0x122926: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669523==    by 0x122CA8: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (game_size_test.cpp:7)
==669523==    by 0x117105: main (game_size_test.cpp:27)
==669523== 
==669523== 240 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 120 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x163371: asio::io_context::io_context(int) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1667C4: asio::detail::resolver_service_base::resolver_service_base(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19BB6A: asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>::resolver_service(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x193B56: asio::execution_context::service* asio::detail::service_registry::create<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::io_context>(void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1425F3: asio::detail::service_registry::do_use_service(asio::execution_context::service::key const&, asio::execution_context::service* (*)(void*), void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18CBF4: asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::detail::service_registry::use_service<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18616A: asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::use_service<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17EE50: asio::basic_io_object<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>, true>::basic_io_object(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17810A: asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>::basic_resolver(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x171D65: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16CB88: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 247 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 121 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x4A74859: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_mutate(unsigned long, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669523==    by 0x4A75625: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_replace(unsigned long, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669523==    by 0x4A6EB36: std::__cxx11::basic_stringstream<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::str() const (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669523==    by 0x15F13A: websocketpp::http::parser::request::raw[abi:cxx11]() const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18943D: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_http_request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x181A29: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1ADA1C: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A9F69: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A5D88: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, 0ul, 1ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A0338: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>::operator()<std::error_code const&, void>(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19924C: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 360 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 124 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x141130: sio::socket::socket(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x153C7C: sio::client_impl::socket(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x155328: sio::client_impl::on_open(std::weak_ptr<void>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19B106: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x192E72: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18BEC4: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>::__call<void, std::weak_ptr<void>&&, 0ul, 1ul>(std::tuple<std::weak_ptr<void>&&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x185472: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>::operator()<std::weak_ptr<void>, void>(std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17D8CC: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x175D96: std::enable_if<std::__and_<std::is_void<void>, std::__is_invocable<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void> > >::value, void>::type std::__invoke_r<void, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17025D: std::_Function_handler<void (std::weak_ptr<void>), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_invoke(std::_Any_data const&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x188044: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::operator()(std::weak_ptr<void>) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 384 bytes in 4 blocks are still reachable in loss record 125 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x18AFB2: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1841D3: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17C032: std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_get_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x173CE8: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16E2CD: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x168B1C: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x15DAA2: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::append_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x15E504: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::process_header(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<char*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<char*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1600C7: websocketpp::http::parser::response::consume(char const*, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1989F0: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_read_http_response(std::error_code const&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1B6949: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 480 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 126 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x14F816: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<sio::packet>::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x14E73E: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<sio::packet> >::allocate(std::allocator<sio::packet>&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x14D33B: std::_Deque_base<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> >::_M_allocate_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x14C20A: std::_Deque_base<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> >::_M_create_nodes(sio::packet**, sio::packet**) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x149E9C: std::_Deque_base<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> >::_M_initialize_map(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1478F3: std::_Deque_base<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> >::_Deque_base() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x145C11: std::deque<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> >::deque() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x145C80: std::queue<sio::packet, std::deque<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> > >::queue<std::deque<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> >, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x13FC0D: sio::socket::impl::impl(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x14114A: sio::socket::socket(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x153C7C: sio::client_impl::socket(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 512 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 127 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x1A6491: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A096D: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A057F: std::_Deque_base<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::_M_allocate_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1BD508: std::_Deque_base<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::_M_create_nodes(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >**, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >**) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1BB5B0: std::_Deque_base<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::_M_initialize_map(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1B82FB: std::_Deque_base<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::_Deque_base() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1B3C9D: std::deque<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::deque() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1B3D0C: std::queue<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::deque<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > > >::queue<std::deque<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1AF318: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connection(bool, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> > const&, websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1AB0F3: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A763C: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 584 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 128 of 132
==669523==    at 0x483877F: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:307)
==669523==    by 0x5113349: CRYPTO_zalloc (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669523==    by 0x50EF86D: ERR_get_state (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669523==    by 0x50EF9D8: ERR_clear_error (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669523==    by 0x510EC68: ??? (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669523==    by 0x493034E: __pthread_once_slow (pthread_once.c:116)
==669523==    by 0x517A178: CRYPTO_THREAD_run_once (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669523==    by 0x510F45C: OPENSSL_init_crypto (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669523==    by 0x50759F8: ??? (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669523==    by 0x510ECDF: ??? (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669523==    by 0x493034E: __pthread_once_slow (pthread_once.c:116)
==669523==    by 0x517A178: CRYPTO_THREAD_run_once (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669523== 
==669523== 600 bytes in 10 blocks are still reachable in loss record 129 of 132
==669523==    at 0x483950F: operator new[](unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:431)
==669523==    by 0x12B7AF: bridges::datastructure::Grid<bridges::game::GameCell>::allocateGrid() (Grid.h:39)
==669523==    by 0x1281A3: bridges::datastructure::Grid<bridges::game::GameCell>::setDimensions(int, int) (Grid.h:160)
==669523==    by 0x12470E: bridges::datastructure::Grid<bridges::game::GameCell>::Grid(int, int) (Grid.h:84)
==669523==    by 0x11EB3A: bridges::game::GameGrid::GameGrid(int, int) (GameGrid.h:481)
==669523==    by 0x121DC0: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:52)
==669523==    by 0x122926: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669523==    by 0x122CA8: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (game_size_test.cpp:7)
==669523==    by 0x117105: main (game_size_test.cpp:27)
==669523== 
==669523== 1,640 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 130 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x174F14: asio::execution_context::service* asio::detail::service_registry::create<asio::detail::strand_service, asio::io_context>(void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1425F3: asio::detail::service_registry::do_use_service(asio::execution_context::service::key const&, asio::execution_context::service* (*)(void*), void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16F054: asio::detail::strand_service& asio::detail::service_registry::use_service<asio::detail::strand_service>(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x169F41: asio::detail::strand_service& asio::use_service<asio::detail::strand_service>(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x165C1B: asio::io_context::strand::strand(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x185FDF: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17ECE3: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x177E16: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17175D: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16C4C1: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1544FA: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== 6,384 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 131 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x13B09E: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669523==    by 0x125710: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669523==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669523==    by 0x122926: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669523==    by 0x122CA8: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (game_size_test.cpp:7)
==669523==    by 0x117105: main (game_size_test.cpp:27)
==669523== 
==669523== 20,304 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 132 of 132
==669523==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669523==    by 0x1AAFDE: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A7504: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x1A1BBB: std::__allocated_ptr<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > > std::__allocate_guarded<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19B859: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x19384F: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x18C9D8: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x185CE1: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > std::allocate_shared<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > const&, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17E68C: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > std::make_shared<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17791B: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x17175D: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523==    by 0x16C4C1: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/game_size_test)
==669523== 
==669523== LEAK SUMMARY:
==669523==    definitely lost: 201 bytes in 1 blocks
==669523==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669523==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669523==    still reachable: 37,774 bytes in 140 blocks
==669523==         suppressed: 896 bytes in 14 blocks
==669523== 
==669523== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==669523== ERROR SUMMARY: 1 errors from 1 contexts (suppressed: 2 from 2)
could not run test

Test game_snippet.cpp full log

Build Test for test game_snippet.cpp

Compiling test game_snippet.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o game_snippet game_snippet.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test game_snippet.cpp

==669544== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==669544== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==669544== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==669544== Command: ./game_snippet 1 null null live
==669544== 
Game 0:
	Title: Outlast: Whistleblower
	Platform Type: PC
	Rating: 6.4
	Genres: Action,
Adventure,
==669544== 
==669544== HEAP SUMMARY:
==669544==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669544==   total heap usage: 67,713 allocs, 67,701 frees, 16,527,754 bytes allocated
==669544== 
==669544== LEAK SUMMARY:
==669544==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669544==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669544==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669544==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669544==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669544== 
==669544== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==669544== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test graph_alist.cpp full log

Build Test for test graph_alist.cpp

Compiling test graph_alist.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o graph_alist graph_alist.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test graph_alist.cpp

==669568== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==669568== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==669568== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==669568== Command: ./graph_alist 1 null null live
==669568== 
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1019/bridges_testing

==669568== 
==669568== HEAP SUMMARY:
==669568==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669568==   total heap usage: 17,680 allocs, 17,668 frees, 2,371,452 bytes allocated
==669568== 
==669568== LEAK SUMMARY:
==669568==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669568==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669568==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669568==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669568==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669568== 
==669568== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==669568== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test graph_alist_empty.cpp full log

Build Test for test graph_alist_empty.cpp

Compiling test graph_alist_empty.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o graph_alist_empty graph_alist_empty.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test graph_alist_empty.cpp

==669588== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==669588== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==669588== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==669588== Command: ./graph_alist_empty 1 null null live
==669588== 
==669588== 
==669588== HEAP SUMMARY:
==669588==     in use at exit: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669588==   total heap usage: 1,718 allocs, 1,718 frees, 116,370 bytes allocated
==669588== 
==669588== All heap blocks were freed -- no leaks are possible
==669588== 
==669588== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==669588== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test graph_amatrix.cpp full log

Build Test for test graph_amatrix.cpp

Compiling test graph_amatrix.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o graph_amatrix graph_amatrix.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test graph_amatrix.cpp

==669611== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==669611== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==669611== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==669611== Command: ./graph_amatrix 1 null null live
==669611== 
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1021/bridges_testing

==669611== 
==669611== HEAP SUMMARY:
==669611==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669611==   total heap usage: 19,301 allocs, 19,289 frees, 2,460,308 bytes allocated
==669611== 
==669611== LEAK SUMMARY:
==669611==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669611==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669611==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669611==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669611==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669611== 
==669611== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==669611== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test graph_map_test.cpp full log

Build Test for test graph_map_test.cpp

Compiling test graph_map_test.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o graph_map_test graph_map_test.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test graph_map_test.cpp

==669631== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==669631== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==669631== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==669631== Command: ./graph_map_test 1 null null live
==669631== 
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1022/bridges_testing

Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1022/bridges_testing

Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1022/bridges_testing

Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1022/bridges_testing

==669631== 
==669631== HEAP SUMMARY:
==669631==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669631==   total heap usage: 18,795 allocs, 18,783 frees, 2,296,641 bytes allocated
==669631== 
==669631== LEAK SUMMARY:
==669631==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669631==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669631==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669631==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669631==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669631== 
==669631== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==669631== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test gutenberg_snippet.cpp full log

Build Test for test gutenberg_snippet.cpp

Compiling test gutenberg_snippet.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o gutenberg_snippet gutenberg_snippet.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test gutenberg_snippet.cpp

==669654== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==669654== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==669654== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==669654== Command: ./gutenberg_snippet 1 null null live
==669654== 
Retrieving a single book's metadata

	Title: Moby Dick; Or, The Whale
	Id: 2701
	Language:en
	Authors:Melville, Herman,
Retrieving books  by title: Pride and Prejudice
http://bridges-data-server-gutenberg.bridgesuncc.org//search?search=Pride%20and%20Prejudice&type=title
Print the first 3 books of search results
	Id: 1342
	Language:en
	Authors:Austen, Jane,
	Title: Pride and Prejudice
	Id: 42671
	Language:en
	Authors:Austen, Jane,
	Title: Pride and Prejudice
Retrieving books by Language: English
http://bridges-data-server-gutenberg.bridgesuncc.org//search?search=en&type=language
Print the first 3 books of search results
	Id: 1
	Language:en
	Authors:Jefferson, Thomas,
	Title: The Declaration of Independence of the United States of America
	Id: 10
	Language:en
	Authors:
	Title: The King James Version of the Bible
	Id: 100
	Language:en
	Authors:Shakespeare, William,
	Title: The Complete Works of William Shakespeare
Retrieving books by Date: 2018
http://bridges-data-server-gutenberg.bridgesuncc.org//search?search=2018-01-01&type=date
Print the first 3 books of search results
	Id: 10001
	Language:en
	Authors:Seneca, Lucius Annaeus,
	Title: Apocolocyntosis
	Date: 2003-11-01
	Id: 10002
	Language:en
	Authors:Hodgson, William Hope,
	Title: The House on the Borderland
	Date: 2003-11-01
	Id: 10003
	Language:en
	Authors:Waddington, Mary King,
	Title: My First Years as a Frenchwoman, 1876-1879
	Date: 2003-11-01


Retrieving books  by Author: Mark Twain
http://bridges-data-server-gutenberg.bridgesuncc.org//search?search=Mark%20Twain&type=author
Print the first 3 books of search results
	Id: 102
	Title: The Tragedy of Pudd'nhead Wilson
	Language:en
	Authors:Twain, Mark,
	Id: 1044
	Title: Extract from Captain Stormfield's Visit to Heaven
	Language:en
	Authors:Twain, Mark,
	Id: 1086
	Title: A Horse's Tale
	Language:en
	Authors:Twain, Mark,
Testing  Getting Moby Dick text..
Checking the cache:  hash code: gutenberg2701
Hitting data URL: http://bridges-data-server-gutenberg.bridgesuncc.org//book?id=2701
Hitting hash URL: gutenberg2701
Exception while storing in cache. Weird but not critical.
Tried to store hash=gutenberg2701 key = {"2701":"\n\n\n\n\nMOBY DICK; OR THE WHALE\n\nBy Herman Melville\n\n\n\n\nOriginal Transcriber's Notes:\n\nThis text is a combination of etexts, one from the now-defunct ERIS\nproject at Virginia Tech and one from Project Gutenberg's archives. The\nproofreaders of this version are indebted to The University of Adelaide\nLibrary for preserving the Virginia Tech version. The resulting etext\nwas compared with a public domain hard copy version of the text.\n\nIn chapters 24, 89, and 90, we substituted a capital L for the symbol\nfor the British pound, a unit of currency.\n\n\n\n\nETYMOLOGY.\n\n(Supplied by a Late Consumptive Usher to a Grammar School)\n\nThe pale Usher--threadbare in coat, heart, body, and brain; I see him\nnow. He was ever dusting his old lexicons and grammars, with a queer\nhandkerchief, mockingly embellished with all the gay flags of all\nthe known nations of the world. He loved to dust his old grammars; it\nsomehow mildly reminded him of his mortality.\n\n\"While you take in hand to school others, and to teach them by what\nname a whale-fish is to be called in our tongue leaving out, through\nignorance, the letter H, which almost alone maketh the signification of\nthe word, you deliver that which is not true.\" --HACKLUYT\n\n\"WHALE.... Sw. and Dan. HVAL. This animal is named from roundness or\nrolling; for in Dan. HVALT is arched or vaulted.\" --WEBSTER'S DICTIONARY\n\n\"WHALE.... It is more immediately from the Dut. and Ger. WALLEN; A.S.\nWALW-IAN, to roll, to wallow.\" --RICHARDSON'S DICTIONARY\n\n     KETOS,               GREEK.\n     CETUS,               LATIN.\n     WHOEL,               ANGLO-SAXON.\n     HVALT,               DANISH.\n     WAL,                 DUTCH.\n     HWAL,                SWEDISH.\n     WHALE,               ICELANDIC.\n     WHALE,               ENGLISH.\n     BALEINE,             FRENCH.\n     BALLENA,             SPANISH.\n     PEKEE-NUEE-NUEE,     FEGEE.\n     PEHEE-NUEE-NUEE,     ERROMANGOAN.\n\n\n\n\nEXTRACTS (Supplied by a Sub-Sub-Librarian).\n\nIt will be seen that this mere painstaking burrower and grub-worm of a\npoor devil of a Sub-Sub appears to have gone through the long Vaticans\nand street-stalls of the earth, picking up whatever random allusions to\nwhales he could anyways find in any book whatsoever, sacred or\nprofane. Therefore you must not, in every case at least, take the\nhiggledy-piggledy whale statements, however authentic, in these\nextracts, for veritable gospel cetology. Far from it. As touching the\nancient authors generally, as well as the poets here appearing, these\nextracts are solely valuable or entertaining, as affording a glancing\nbird's eye view of what has been promiscuously said, thought, fancied,\nand sung of Leviathan, by many nations and generations, including our\nown.\n\nSo fare thee well, poor devil of a Sub-Sub, whose commentator I am. Thou\nbelongest to that hopeless, sallow tribe which no wine of this world\nwill ever warm; and for whom even Pale Sherry would be too rosy-strong;\nbut with whom one sometimes loves to sit, and feel poor-devilish, too;\nand grow convivial upon tears; and say to them bluntly, with full eyes\nand empty glasses, and in not altogether unpleasant sadness--Give it up,\nSub-Subs! For by how much the more pains ye take to please the world,\nby so much the more shall ye for ever go thankless! Would that I could\nclear out Hampton Court and the Tuileries for ye! But gulp down your\ntears and hie aloft to the royal-mast with your hearts; for your friends\nwho have gone before are clearing out the seven-storied heavens, and\nmaking refugees of long-pampered Gabriel, Michael, and Raphael, against\nyour coming. Here ye strike but splintered hearts together--there, ye\nshall strike unsplinterable glasses!\n\n\nEXTRACTS.\n\n\"And God created great whales.\" --GENESIS.\n\n\"Leviathan maketh a path to shine after him; One would think the deep to\nbe hoary.\" --JOB.\n\n\"Now the Lord had prepared a great fish to swallow up Jonah.\" --JONAH.\n\n\"There go the ships; there is that Leviathan whom thou hast made to play\ntherein.\" --PSALMS.\n\n\"In that day, the Lord with his sore, and great, and strong sword,\nshall punish Leviathan the piercing serpent, even Leviathan that crooked\nserpent; and he shall slay the dragon that is in the sea.\" --ISAIAH\n\n\"And what thing soever besides cometh within the chaos of this monster's\nmouth, be it beast, boat, or stone, down it goes all incontinently that\nfoul great swallow of his, and perisheth in the bottomless gulf of his\npaunch.\" --HOLLAND'S PLUTARCH'S MORALS.\n\n\"The Indian Sea breedeth the most and the biggest fishes that are: among\nwhich the Whales and Whirlpooles called Balaene, take up as much in\nlength as four acres or arpens of land.\" --HOLLAND'S PLINY.\n\n\"Scarcely had we proceeded two days on the sea, when about sunrise a\ngreat many Whales and other monsters of the sea, appeared. Among the\nformer, one was of a most monstrous size.... This came towards us,\nopen-mouthed, raising the waves on all sides, and beating the sea before\nhim into a foam.\" --TOOKE'S LUCIAN. \"THE TRUE HISTORY.\"\n\n\"He visited this country also with a view of catching horse-whales,\nwhich had bones of very great value for their teeth, of which he brought\nsome to the king.... The best whales were catched in his own country, of\nwhich some were forty-eight, some fifty yards long. He said that he was\none of six who had killed sixty in two days.\" --OTHER OR OTHER'S VERBAL\nNARRATIVE TAKEN DOWN FROM HIS MOUTH BY KING ALFRED, A.D. 890.\n\n\"And whereas all the other things, whether beast or vessel, that\nenter into the dreadful gulf of this monster's (whale's) mouth, are\nimmediately lost and swallowed up, the sea-gudgeon retires into it in\ngreat security, and there sleeps.\" --MONTAIGNE. --APOLOGY FOR RAIMOND\nSEBOND.\n\n\"Let us fly, let us fly! Old Nick take me if is not Leviathan described\nby the noble prophet Moses in the life of patient Job.\" --RABELAIS.\n\n\"This whale's liver was two cartloads.\" --STOWE'S ANNALS.\n\n\"The great Leviathan that maketh the seas to seethe like boiling pan.\"\n--LORD BACON'S VERSION OF THE PSALMS.\n\n\"Touching that monstrous bulk of the whale or ork we have received\nnothing certain. They grow exceeding fat, insomuch that an incredible\nquantity of oil will be extracted out of one whale.\" --IBID. \"HISTORY OF\nLIFE AND DEATH.\"\n\n\"The sovereignest thing on earth is parmacetti for an inward bruise.\"\n--KING HENRY.\n\n\"Very like a whale.\" --HAMLET.\n\n     \"Which to secure, no skill of leach's art\n     Mote him availle, but to returne againe\n     To his wound's worker, that with lowly dart,\n     Dinting his breast, had bred his restless paine,\n     Like as the wounded whale to shore flies thro' the maine.\"\n     --THE FAERIE QUEEN.\n\n\"Immense as whales, the motion of whose vast bodies can in a peaceful\ncalm trouble the ocean til it boil.\" --SIR WILLIAM DAVENANT. PREFACE TO\nGONDIBERT.\n\n\"What spermacetti is, men might justly doubt, since the learned\nHosmannus in his work of thirty years, saith plainly, Nescio quid sit.\"\n--SIR T. BROWNE. OF SPERMA CETI AND THE SPERMA CETI WHALE. VIDE HIS V.\nE.\n\n     \"Like Spencer's Talus with his modern flail\n     He threatens ruin with his ponderous tail.\n   ...\n     Their fixed jav'lins in his side he wears,\n     And on his back a grove of pikes appears.\"\n     --WALLER'S BATTLE OF THE SUMMER ISLANDS.\n\n\"By art is created that great Leviathan, called a Commonwealth or\nState--(in Latin, Civitas) which is but an artificial man.\" --OPENING\nSENTENCE OF HOBBES'S LEVIATHAN.\n\n\"Silly Mansoul swallowed it without chewing, as if it had been a sprat\nin the mouth of a whale.\" --PILGRIM'S PROGRESS.\n\n     \"That sea beast\n     Leviathan, which God of all his works\n     Created hugest that swim the ocean stream.\" --PARADISE LOST.\n\n     ---\"There Leviathan,\n     Hugest of living creatures, in the deep\n     Stretched like a promontory sleeps or swims,\n     And seems a moving land; and at his gills\n     Draws in, and at his breath spouts out a sea.\" --IBID.\n\n\"The mighty whales which swim in a sea of water, and have a sea of oil\nswimming in them.\" --FULLLER'S PROFANE AND HOLY STATE.\n\n     \"So close behind some promontory lie\n     The huge Leviathan to attend their prey,\n     And give no chance, but swallow in the fry,\n     Which through their gaping jaws mistake the way.\"\n     --DRYDEN'S ANNUS MIRABILIS.\n\n\"While the whale is floating at the stern of the ship, they cut off his\nhead, and tow it with a boat as near the shore as it will come; but it\nwill be aground in twelve or thirteen feet water.\" --THOMAS EDGE'S TEN\nVOYAGES TO SPITZBERGEN, IN PURCHAS.\n\n\"In their way they saw many whales sporting in the ocean, and in\nwantonness fuzzing up the water through their pipes and vents, which\nnature has placed on their shoulders.\" --SIR T. HERBERT'S VOYAGES INTO\nASIA AND AFRICA. HARRIS COLL.\n\n\"Here they saw such huge troops of whales, that they were forced to\nproceed with a great deal of caution for fear they should run their ship\nupon them.\" --SCHOUTEN'S SIXTH CIRCUMNAVIGATION.\n\n\"We set sail from the Elbe, wind N.E. in the ship called The\nJonas-in-the-Whale.... Some say the whale can't open his mouth, but that\nis a fable.... They frequently climb up the masts to see whether they\ncan see a whale, for the first discoverer has a ducat for his pains....\nI was told of a whale taken near Shetland, that had above a barrel of\nherrings in his belly.... One of our harpooneers told me that he caught\nonce a whale in Spitzbergen that was white all over.\" --A VOYAGE TO\nGREENLAND, A.D. 1671 HARRIS COLL.\n\n\"Several whales have come in upon this coast (Fife) Anno 1652, one\neighty feet in length of the whale-bone kind came in, which (as I was\ninformed), besides a vast quantity of oil, did afford 500 weight of\nbaleen. The jaws of it stand for a gate in the garden of Pitferren.\"\n--SIBBALD'S FIFE AND KINROSS.\n\n\"Myself have agreed to try whether I can master and kill this\nSperma-ceti whale, for I could never hear of any of that sort that was\nkilled by any man, such is his fierceness and swiftness.\" --RICHARD\nSTRAFFORD'S LETTER FROM THE BERMUDAS. PHIL. TRANS. A.D. 1668.\n\n\"Whales in the sea God's voice obey.\" --N. E. PRIMER.\n\n\"We saw also abundance of large whales, there being more in those\nsouthern seas, as I may say, by a hundred to one; than we have to the\nnorthward of us.\" --CAPTAIN COWLEY'S VOYAGE ROUND THE GLOBE, A.D. 1729.\n\n\"... and the breath of the whale is frequently attended with such an\ninsupportable smell, as to bring on a disorder of the brain.\" --ULLOA'S\nSOUTH AMERICA.\n\n     \"To fifty chosen sylphs of special note,\n     We trust the important charge, the petticoat.\n     Oft have we known that seven-fold fence to fail,\n     Tho' stuffed with hoops and armed with ribs of whale.\"\n     --RAPE OF THE LOCK.\n\n\"If we compare land animals in respect to magnitude, with those\nthat take up their abode in the deep, we shall find they will appear\ncontemptible in the comparison. The whale is doubtless the largest\nanimal in creation.\" --GOLDSMITH, NAT. HIST.\n\n\"If you should write a fable for little fishes, you would make them\nspeak like great wales.\" --GOLDSMITH TO JOHNSON.\n\n\"In the afternoon we saw what was supposed to be a rock, but it was\nfound to be a dead whale, which some Asiatics had killed, and were then\ntowing ashore. They seemed to endeavor to conceal themselves behind the\nwhale, in order to avoid being seen by us.\" --COOK'S VOYAGES.\n\n\"The larger whales, they seldom venture to attack. They stand in so\ngreat dread of some of them, that when out at sea they are afraid to\nmention even their names, and carry dung, lime-stone, juniper-wood,\nand some other articles of the same nature in their boats, in order to\nterrify and prevent their too near approach.\" --UNO VON TROIL'S LETTERS\nON BANKS'S AND SOLANDER'S VOYAGE TO ICELAND IN 1772.\n\n\"The Spermacetti Whale found by the Nantuckois, is an active, fierce\nanimal, and requires vast address and boldness in the fishermen.\"\n--THOMAS JEFFERSON'S WHALE MEMORIAL TO THE FRENCH MINISTER IN 1778.\n\n\"And pray, sir, what in the world is equal to it?\" --EDMUND BURKE'S\nREFERENCE IN PARLIAMENT TO THE NANTUCKET WHALE-FISHERY.\n\n\"Spain--a great whale stranded on the shores of Europe.\" --EDMUND BURKE.\n(SOMEWHERE.)\n\n\"A tenth branch of the king's ordinary revenue, said to be grounded on\nthe consideration of his guarding and protecting the seas from pirates\nand robbers, is the right to royal fish, which are whale and sturgeon.\nAnd these, when either thrown ashore or caught near the coast, are the\nproperty of the king.\" --BLACKSTONE.\n\n     \"Soon to the sport of death the crews repair:\n     Rodmond unerring o'er his head suspends\n     The barbed steel, and every turn attends.\"\n     --FALCONER'S SHIPWRECK.\n\n     \"Bright shone the roofs, the domes, the spires,\n     And rockets blew self driven,\n     To hang their momentary fire\n     Around the vault of heaven.\n\n     \"So fire with water to compare,\n     The ocean serves on high,\n     Up-spouted by a whale in air,\n     To express unwieldy joy.\" --COWPER, ON THE QUEEN'S\n     VISIT TO LONDON.\n\n\"Ten or fifteen gallons of blood are thrown out of the heart at\na stroke, with immense velocity.\" --JOHN HUNTER'S ACCOUNT OF THE\nDISSECTION OF A WHALE. (A SMALL SIZED ONE.)\n\n\"The aorta of a whale is larger in the bore than the main pipe of the\nwater-works at London Bridge, and the water roaring in its passage\nthrough that pipe is inferior in impetus and velocity to the blood\ngushing from the whale's heart.\" --PALEY'S THEOLOGY.\n\n\"The whale is a mammiferous animal without hind feet.\" --BARON CUVIER.\n\n\"In 40 degrees south, we saw Spermacetti Whales, but did not take\nany till the first of May, the sea being then covered with them.\"\n--COLNETT'S VOYAGE FOR THE PURPOSE OF EXTENDING THE SPERMACETI WHALE\nFISHERY.\n\n     \"In the free element beneath me swam,\n     Floundered and dived, in play, in chace, in battle,\n     Fishes of every colour, form, and kind;\n     Which language cannot paint, and mariner\n     Had never seen; from dread Leviathan\n     To insect millions peopling every wave:\n     Gather'd in shoals immense, like floating islands,\n     Led by mysterious instincts through that waste\n     And trackless region, though on every side\n     Assaulted by voracious enemies,\n     Whales, sharks, and monsters, arm'd in front or jaw,\n     With swords, saws, spiral horns, or hooked fangs.\"\n     --MONTGOMERY'S WORLD BEFORE THE FLOOD.\n\n     \"Io!  Paean!  Io! sing.\n     To the finny people's king.\n     Not a mightier whale than this\n     In the vast Atlantic is;\n     Not a fatter fish than he,\n     Flounders round the Polar Sea.\"\n     --CHARLES LAMB'S TRIUMPH OF THE WHALE.\n\n\"In the year 1690 some persons were on a high hill observing the\nwhales spouting and sporting with each other, when one observed:\nthere--pointing to the sea--is a green pasture where our children's\ngrand-children will go for bread.\" --OBED MACY'S HISTORY OF NANTUCKET.\n\n\"I built a cottage for Susan and myself and made a gateway in the form\nof a Gothic Arch, by setting up a whale's jaw bones.\" --HAWTHORNE'S\nTWICE TOLD TALES.\n\n\"She came to bespeak a monument for her first love, who had been killed\nby a whale in the Pacific ocean, no less than forty years ago.\" --IBID.\n\n\"No, Sir, 'tis a Right Whale,\" answered Tom; \"I saw his sprout; he threw\nup a pair of as pretty rainbows as a Christian would wish to look at.\nHe's a raal oil-butt, that fellow!\" --COOPER'S PILOT.\n\n\"The papers were brought in, and we saw in the Berlin Gazette\nthat whales had been introduced on the stage there.\" --ECKERMANN'S\nCONVERSATIONS WITH GOETHE.\n\n\"My God! Mr. Chace, what is the matter?\" I answered, \"we have been stove\nby a whale.\" --\"NARRATIVE OF THE SHIPWRECK OF THE WHALE SHIP ESSEX OF\nNANTUCKET, WHICH WAS ATTACKED AND FINALLY DESTROYED BY A LARGE SPERM\nWHALE IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN.\" BY OWEN CHACE OF NANTUCKET, FIRST MATE OF\nSAID VESSEL. NEW YORK, 1821.\n\n     \"A mariner sat in the shrouds one night,\n     The wind was piping free;\n     Now bright, now dimmed, was the moonlight pale,\n     And the phospher gleamed in the wake of the whale,\n     As it floundered in the sea.\"\n     --ELIZABETH OAKES SMITH.\n\n\"The quantity of line withdrawn from the boats engaged in the capture\nof this one whale, amounted altogether to 10,440 yards or nearly six\nEnglish miles....\n\n\"Sometimes the whale shakes its tremendous tail in the air, which,\ncracking like a whip, resounds to the distance of three or four miles.\"\n--SCORESBY.\n\n\"Mad with the agonies he endures from these fresh attacks, the\ninfuriated Sperm Whale rolls over and over; he rears his enormous head,\nand with wide expanded jaws snaps at everything around him; he rushes\nat the boats with his head; they are propelled before him with vast\nswiftness, and sometimes utterly destroyed.... It is a matter of great\nastonishment that the consideration of the habits of so interesting,\nand, in a commercial point of view, so important an animal (as the Sperm\nWhale) should have been so entirely neglected, or should have excited\nso little curiosity among the numerous, and many of them competent\nobservers, that of late years, must have possessed the most abundant\nand the most convenient opportunities of witnessing their habitudes.\"\n--THOMAS BEALE'S HISTORY OF THE SPERM WHALE, 1839.\n\n\"The Cachalot\" (Sperm Whale) \"is not only better armed than the True\nWhale\" (Greenland or Right Whale) \"in possessing a formidable weapon\nat either extremity of its body, but also more frequently displays a\ndisposition to employ these weapons offensively and in manner at once so\nartful, bold, and mischievous, as to lead to its being regarded as the\nmost dangerous to attack of all the known species of the whale tribe.\"\n--FREDERICK DEBELL BENNETT'S WHALING VOYAGE ROUND THE GLOBE, 1840.\n\n     October 13.  \"There she blows,\" was sung out from the mast-head.\n     \"Where away?\" demanded the captain.\n     \"Three points off the lee bow, sir.\"\n     \"Raise up your wheel.  Steady!\"  \"Steady, sir.\"\n     \"Mast-head ahoy!  Do you see that whale now?\"\n     \"Ay ay, sir!  A shoal of Sperm Whales!  There she blows!  There she\n     breaches!\"\n     \"Sing out! sing out every time!\"\n     \"Ay Ay, sir!  There she blows! there--there--THAR she\n     blows--bowes--bo-o-os!\"\n     \"How far off?\"\n     \"Two miles and a half.\"\n     \"Thunder and lightning! so near!  Call all hands.\"\n     --J. ROSS BROWNE'S ETCHINGS OF A WHALING CRUIZE.  1846.\n\n\"The Whale-ship Globe, on board of which vessel occurred the horrid\ntransactions we are about to relate, belonged to the island of\nNantucket.\" --\"NARRATIVE OF THE GLOBE,\" BY LAY AND HUSSEY SURVIVORS.\nA.D. 1828.\n\nBeing once pursued by a whale which he had wounded, he parried the\nassault for some time with a lance; but the furious monster at length\nrushed on the boat; himself and comrades only being preserved by leaping\ninto the water when they saw the onset was inevitable.\" --MISSIONARY\nJOURNAL OF TYERMAN AND BENNETT.\n\n\"Nantucket itself,\" said Mr. Webster, \"is a very striking and peculiar\nportion of the National interest. There is a population of eight or nine\nthousand persons living here in the sea, adding largely every year\nto the National wealth by the boldest and most persevering industry.\"\n--REPORT OF DANIEL WEBSTER'S SPEECH IN THE U. S. SENATE, ON THE\nAPPLICATION FOR THE ERECTION OF A BREAKWATER AT NANTUCKET. 1828.\n\n\"The whale fell directly over him, and probably killed him in a moment.\"\n--\"THE WHALE AND HIS CAPTORS, OR THE WHALEMAN'S ADVENTURES AND THE\nWHALE'S BIOGRAPHY, GATHERED ON THE HOMEWARD CRUISE OF THE COMMODORE\nPREBLE.\" BY REV. HENRY T. CHEEVER.\n\n\"If you make the least damn bit of noise,\" replied Samuel, \"I will send\nyou to hell.\" --LIFE OF SAMUEL COMSTOCK (THE MUTINEER), BY HIS BROTHER,\nWILLIAM COMSTOCK. ANOTHER VERSION OF THE WHALE-SHIP GLOBE NARRATIVE.\n\n\"The voyages of the Dutch and English to the Northern Ocean, in order,\nif possible, to discover a passage through it to India, though they\nfailed of their main object, laid-open the haunts of the whale.\"\n--MCCULLOCH'S COMMERCIAL DICTIONARY.\n\n\"These things are reciprocal; the ball rebounds, only to bound forward\nagain; for now in laying open the haunts of the whale, the whalemen seem\nto have indirectly hit upon new clews to that same mystic North-West\nPassage.\" --FROM \"SOMETHING\" UNPUBLISHED.\n\n\"It is impossible to meet a whale-ship on the ocean without being struck\nby her near appearance. The vessel under short sail, with look-outs at\nthe mast-heads, eagerly scanning the wide expanse around them, has a\ntotally different air from those engaged in regular voyage.\" --CURRENTS\nAND WHALING. U.S. EX. EX.\n\n\"Pedestrians in the vicinity of London and elsewhere may recollect\nhaving seen large curved bones set upright in the earth, either to form\narches over gateways, or entrances to alcoves, and they may perhaps\nhave been told that these were the ribs of whales.\" --TALES OF A WHALE\nVOYAGER TO THE ARCTIC OCEAN.\n\n\"It was not till the boats returned from the pursuit of these whales,\nthat the whites saw their ship in bloody possession of the savages\nenrolled among the crew.\" --NEWSPAPER ACCOUNT OF THE TAKING AND RETAKING\nOF THE WHALE-SHIP HOBOMACK.\n\n\"It is generally well known that out of the crews of Whaling vessels\n(American) few ever return in the ships on board of which they\ndeparted.\" --CRUISE IN A WHALE BOAT.\n\n\"Suddenly a mighty mass emerged from the water, and shot up\nperpendicularly into the air. It was the whale.\" --MIRIAM COFFIN OR THE\nWHALE FISHERMAN.\n\n\"The Whale is harpooned to be sure; but bethink you, how you would\nmanage a powerful unbroken colt, with the mere appliance of a rope tied\nto the root of his tail.\" --A CHAPTER ON WHALING IN RIBS AND TRUCKS.\n\n\"On one occasion I saw two of these monsters (whales) probably male and\nfemale, slowly swimming, one after the other, within less than a stone's\nthrow of the shore\" (Terra Del Fuego), \"over which the beech tree\nextended its branches.\" --DARWIN'S VOYAGE OF A NATURALIST.\n\n\"'Stern all!' exclaimed the mate, as upon turning his head, he saw the\ndistended jaws of a large Sperm Whale close to the head of the boat,\nthreatening it with instant destruction;--'Stern all, for your lives!'\"\n--WHARTON THE WHALE KILLER.\n\n\"So be cheery, my lads, let your hearts never fail, While the bold\nharpooneer is striking the whale!\" --NANTUCKET SONG.\n\n     \"Oh, the rare old Whale, mid storm and gale\n     In his ocean home will be\n     A giant in might, where might is right,\n     And King of the boundless sea.\"\n     --WHALE SONG.\n\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 1. Loomings.\n\n\nCall me Ishmael. Some years ago--never mind how long precisely--having\nlittle or no money in my purse, and nothing particular to interest me on\nshore, I thought I would sail about a little and see the watery part of\nthe world. It is a way I have of driving off the spleen and regulating\nthe circulation. Whenever I find myself growing grim about the mouth;\nwhenever it is a damp, drizzly November in my soul; whenever I find\nmyself involuntarily pausing before coffin warehouses, and bringing up\nthe rear of every funeral I meet; and especially whenever my hypos get\nsuch an upper hand of me, that it requires a strong moral principle to\nprevent me from deliberately stepping into the street, and methodically\nknocking people's hats off--then, I account it high time to get to sea\nas soon as I can. This is my substitute for pistol and ball. With a\nphilosophical flourish Cato throws himself upon his sword; I quietly\ntake to the ship. There is nothing surprising in this. If they but knew\nit, almost all men in their degree, some time or other, cherish very\nnearly the same feelings towards the ocean with me.\n\nThere now is your insular city of the Manhattoes, belted round by\nwharves as Indian isles by coral reefs--commerce surrounds it with\nher surf. Right and left, the streets take you waterward. Its extreme\ndowntown is the battery, where that noble mole is washed by waves, and\ncooled by breezes, which a few hours previous were out of sight of land.\nLook at the crowds of water-gazers there.\n\nCircumambulate the city of a dreamy Sabbath afternoon. Go from Corlears\nHook to Coenties Slip, and from thence, by Whitehall, northward. What\ndo you see?--Posted like silent sentinels all around the town, stand\nthousands upon thousands of mortal men fixed in ocean reveries. Some\nleaning against the spiles; some seated upon the pier-heads; some\nlooking over the bulwarks of ships from China; some high aloft in the\nrigging, as if striving to get a still better seaward peep. But these\nare all landsmen; of week days pent up in lath and plaster--tied to\ncounters, nailed to benches, clinched to desks. How then is this? Are\nthe green fields gone? What do they here?\n\nBut look! here come more crowds, pacing straight for the water, and\nseemingly bound for a dive. Strange! Nothing will content them but the\nextremest limit of the land; loitering under the shady lee of yonder\nwarehouses will not suffice. No. They must get just as nigh the water\nas they possibly can without falling in. And there they stand--miles of\nthem--leagues. Inlanders all, they come from lanes and alleys, streets\nand avenues--north, east, south, and west. Yet here they all unite.\nTell me, does the magnetic virtue of the needles of the compasses of all\nthose ships attract them thither?\n\nOnce more. Say you are in the country; in some high land of lakes. Take\nalmost any path you please, and ten to one it carries you down in a\ndale, and leaves you there by a pool in the stream. There is magic\nin it. Let the most absent-minded of men be plunged in his deepest\nreveries--stand that man on his legs, set his feet a-going, and he will\ninfallibly lead you to water, if water there be in all that region.\nShould you ever be athirst in the great American desert, try this\nexperiment, if your caravan happen to be supplied with a metaphysical\nprofessor. Yes, as every one knows, meditation and water are wedded for\never.\n\nBut here is an artist. He desires to paint you the dreamiest, shadiest,\nquietest, most enchanting bit of romantic landscape in all the valley of\nthe Saco. What is the chief element he employs? There stand his trees,\neach with a hollow trunk, as if a hermit and a crucifix were within; and\nhere sleeps his meadow, and there sleep his cattle; and up from yonder\ncottage goes a sleepy smoke. Deep into distant woodlands winds a\nmazy way, reaching to overlapping spurs of mountains bathed in their\nhill-side blue. But though the picture lies thus tranced, and though\nthis pine-tree shakes down its sighs like leaves upon this shepherd's\nhead, yet all were vain, unless the shepherd's eye were fixed upon the\nmagic stream before him. Go visit the Prairies in June, when for scores\non scores of miles you wade knee-deep among Tiger-lilies--what is the\none charm wanting?--Water--there is not a drop of water there! Were\nNiagara but a cataract of sand, would you travel your thousand miles to\nsee it? Why did the poor poet of Tennessee, upon suddenly receiving two\nhandfuls of silver, deliberate whether to buy him a coat, which he sadly\nneeded, or invest his money in a pedestrian trip to Rockaway Beach? Why\nis almost every robust healthy boy with a robust healthy soul in him, at\nsome time or other crazy to go to sea? Why upon your first voyage as a\npassenger, did you yourself feel such a mystical vibration, when first\ntold that you and your ship were now out of sight of land? Why did the\nold Persians hold the sea holy? Why did the Greeks give it a separate\ndeity, and own brother of Jove? Surely all this is not without meaning.\nAnd still deeper the meaning of that story of Narcissus, who because\nhe could not grasp the tormenting, mild image he saw in the fountain,\nplunged into it and was drowned. But that same image, we ourselves see\nin all rivers and oceans. It is the image of the ungraspable phantom of\nlife; and this is the key to it all.\n\nNow, when I say that I am in the habit of going to sea whenever I begin\nto grow hazy about the eyes, and begin to be over conscious of my lungs,\nI do not mean to have it inferred that I ever go to sea as a passenger.\nFor to go as a passenger you must needs have a purse, and a purse is\nbut a rag unless you have something in it. Besides, passengers get\nsea-sick--grow quarrelsome--don't sleep of nights--do not enjoy\nthemselves much, as a general thing;--no, I never go as a passenger;\nnor, though I am something of a salt, do I ever go to sea as a\nCommodore, or a Captain, or a Cook. I abandon the glory and distinction\nof such offices to those who like them. For my part, I abominate all\nhonourable respectable toils, trials, and tribulations of every kind\nwhatsoever. It is quite as much as I can do to take care of myself,\nwithout taking care of ships, barques, brigs, schooners, and what not.\nAnd as for going as cook,--though I confess there is considerable glory\nin that, a cook being a sort of officer on ship-board--yet, somehow,\nI never fancied broiling fowls;--though once broiled, judiciously\nbuttered, and judgmatically salted and peppered, there is no one who\nwill speak more respectfully, not to say reverentially, of a broiled\nfowl than I will. It is out of the idolatrous dotings of the old\nEgyptians upon broiled ibis and roasted river horse, that you see the\nmummies of those creatures in their huge bake-houses the pyramids.\n\nNo, when I go to sea, I go as a simple sailor, right before the mast,\nplumb down into the forecastle, aloft there to the royal mast-head.\nTrue, they rather order me about some, and make me jump from spar to\nspar, like a grasshopper in a May meadow. And at first, this sort\nof thing is unpleasant enough. It touches one's sense of honour,\nparticularly if you come of an old established family in the land, the\nVan Rensselaers, or Randolphs, or Hardicanutes. And more than all,\nif just previous to putting your hand into the tar-pot, you have been\nlording it as a country schoolmaster, making the tallest boys stand\nin awe of you. The transition is a keen one, I assure you, from a\nschoolmaster to a sailor, and requires a strong decoction of Seneca and\nthe Stoics to enable you to grin and bear it. But even this wears off in\ntime.\n\nWhat of it, if some old hunks of a sea-captain orders me to get a broom\nand sweep down the decks? What does that indignity amount to, weighed,\nI mean, in the scales of the New Testament? Do you think the archangel\nGabriel thinks anything the less of me, because I promptly and\nrespectfully obey that old hunks in that particular instance? Who ain't\na slave? Tell me that. Well, then, however the old sea-captains may\norder me about--however they may thump and punch me about, I have the\nsatisfaction of knowing that it is all right; that everybody else is\none way or other served in much the same way--either in a physical\nor metaphysical point of view, that is; and so the universal thump is\npassed round, and all hands should rub each other's shoulder-blades, and\nbe content.\n\nAgain, I always go to sea as a sailor, because they make a point of\npaying me for my trouble, whereas they never pay passengers a single\npenny that I ever heard of. On the contrary, passengers themselves must\npay. And there is all the difference in the world between paying\nand being paid. The act of paying is perhaps the most uncomfortable\ninfliction that the two orchard thieves entailed upon us. But BEING\nPAID,--what will compare with it? The urbane activity with which a man\nreceives money is really marvellous, considering that we so earnestly\nbelieve money to be the root of all earthly ills, and that on no account\ncan a monied man enter heaven. Ah! how cheerfully we consign ourselves\nto perdition!\n\nFinally, I always go to sea as a sailor, because of the wholesome\nexercise and pure air of the fore-castle deck. For as in this world,\nhead winds are far more prevalent than winds from astern (that is,\nif you never violate the Pythagorean maxim), so for the most part the\nCommodore on the quarter-deck gets his atmosphere at second hand from\nthe sailors on the forecastle. He thinks he breathes it first; but not\nso. In much the same way do the commonalty lead their leaders in many\nother things, at the same time that the leaders little suspect it.\nBut wherefore it was that after having repeatedly smelt the sea as a\nmerchant sailor, I should now take it into my head to go on a whaling\nvoyage; this the invisible police officer of the Fates, who has the\nconstant surveillance of me, and secretly dogs me, and influences me\nin some unaccountable way--he can better answer than any one else. And,\ndoubtless, my going on this whaling voyage, formed part of the grand\nprogramme of Providence that was drawn up a long time ago. It came in as\na sort of brief interlude and solo between more extensive performances.\nI take it that this part of the bill must have run something like this:\n\n\n\"GRAND CONTESTED ELECTION FOR THE PRESIDENCY OF THE UNITED STATES.\n\n\"WHALING VOYAGE BY ONE ISHMAEL.\n\n\"BLOODY BATTLE IN AFFGHANISTAN.\"\n\n\nThough I cannot tell why it was exactly that those stage managers, the\nFates, put me down for this shabby part of a whaling voyage, when others\nwere set down for magnificent parts in high tragedies, and short and\neasy parts in genteel comedies, and jolly parts in farces--though\nI cannot tell why this was exactly; yet, now that I recall all the\ncircumstances, I think I can see a little into the springs and motives\nwhich being cunningly presented to me under various disguises, induced\nme to set about performing the part I did, besides cajoling me into the\ndelusion that it was a choice resulting from my own unbiased freewill\nand discriminating judgment.\n\nChief among these motives was the overwhelming idea of the great\nwhale himself. Such a portentous and mysterious monster roused all my\ncuriosity. Then the wild and distant seas where he rolled his island\nbulk; the undeliverable, nameless perils of the whale; these, with all\nthe attending marvels of a thousand Patagonian sights and sounds, helped\nto sway me to my wish. With other men, perhaps, such things would not\nhave been inducements; but as for me, I am tormented with an everlasting\nitch for things remote. I love to sail forbidden seas, and land on\nbarbarous coasts. Not ignoring what is good, I am quick to perceive a\nhorror, and could still be social with it--would they let me--since it\nis but well to be on friendly terms with all the inmates of the place\none lodges in.\n\nBy reason of these things, then, the whaling voyage was welcome; the\ngreat flood-gates of the wonder-world swung open, and in the wild\nconceits that swayed me to my purpose, two and two there floated into\nmy inmost soul, endless processions of the whale, and, mid most of them\nall, one grand hooded phantom, like a snow hill in the air.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 2. The Carpet-Bag.\n\n\nI stuffed a shirt or two into my old carpet-bag, tucked it under my arm,\nand started for Cape Horn and the Pacific. Quitting the good city of\nold Manhatto, I duly arrived in New Bedford. It was a Saturday night in\nDecember. Much was I disappointed upon learning that the little packet\nfor Nantucket had already sailed, and that no way of reaching that place\nwould offer, till the following Monday.\n\nAs most young candidates for the pains and penalties of whaling stop at\nthis same New Bedford, thence to embark on their voyage, it may as well\nbe related that I, for one, had no idea of so doing. For my mind was\nmade up to sail in no other than a Nantucket craft, because there was a\nfine, boisterous something about everything connected with that famous\nold island, which amazingly pleased me. Besides though New Bedford has\nof late been gradually monopolising the business of whaling, and though\nin this matter poor old Nantucket is now much behind her, yet Nantucket\nwas her great original--the Tyre of this Carthage;--the place where the\nfirst dead American whale was stranded. Where else but from Nantucket\ndid those aboriginal whalemen, the Red-Men, first sally out in canoes to\ngive chase to the Leviathan? And where but from Nantucket, too, did that\nfirst adventurous little sloop put forth, partly laden with imported\ncobblestones--so goes the story--to throw at the whales, in order to\ndiscover when they were nigh enough to risk a harpoon from the bowsprit?\n\nNow having a night, a day, and still another night following before me\nin New Bedford, ere I could embark for my destined port, it became a\nmatter of concernment where I was to eat and sleep meanwhile. It was a\nvery dubious-looking, nay, a very dark and dismal night, bitingly cold\nand cheerless. I knew no one in the place. With anxious grapnels I had\nsounded my pocket, and only brought up a few pieces of silver,--So,\nwherever you go, Ishmael, said I to myself, as I stood in the middle of\na dreary street shouldering my bag, and comparing the gloom towards the\nnorth with the darkness towards the south--wherever in your wisdom you\nmay conclude to lodge for the night, my dear Ishmael, be sure to inquire\nthe price, and don't be too particular.\n\nWith halting steps I paced the streets, and passed the sign of \"The\nCrossed Harpoons\"--but it looked too expensive and jolly there. Further\non, from the bright red windows of the \"Sword-Fish Inn,\" there came such\nfervent rays, that it seemed to have melted the packed snow and ice from\nbefore the house, for everywhere else the congealed frost lay ten inches\nthick in a hard, asphaltic pavement,--rather weary for me, when I struck\nmy foot against the flinty projections, because from hard, remorseless\nservice the soles of my boots were in a most miserable plight. Too\nexpensive and jolly, again thought I, pausing one moment to watch the\nbroad glare in the street, and hear the sounds of the tinkling glasses\nwithin. But go on, Ishmael, said I at last; don't you hear? get away\nfrom before the door; your patched boots are stopping the way. So on I\nwent. I now by instinct followed the streets that took me waterward, for\nthere, doubtless, were the cheapest, if not the cheeriest inns.\n\nSuch dreary streets! blocks of blackness, not houses, on either hand,\nand here and there a candle, like a candle moving about in a tomb. At\nthis hour of the night, of the last day of the week, that quarter of\nthe town proved all but deserted. But presently I came to a smoky light\nproceeding from a low, wide building, the door of which stood invitingly\nopen. It had a careless look, as if it were meant for the uses of the\npublic; so, entering, the first thing I did was to stumble over an\nash-box in the porch. Ha! thought I, ha, as the flying particles almost\nchoked me, are these ashes from that destroyed city, Gomorrah? But \"The\nCrossed Harpoons,\" and \"The Sword-Fish?\"--this, then must needs be the\nsign of \"The Trap.\" However, I picked myself up and hearing a loud voice\nwithin, pushed on and opened a second, interior door.\n\nIt seemed the great Black Parliament sitting in Tophet. A hundred black\nfaces turned round in their rows to peer; and beyond, a black Angel\nof Doom was beating a book in a pulpit. It was a negro church; and the\npreacher's text was about the blackness of darkness, and the weeping and\nwailing and teeth-gnashing there. Ha, Ishmael, muttered I, backing out,\nWretched entertainment at the sign of 'The Trap!'\n\nMoving on, I at last came to a dim sort of light not far from the docks,\nand heard a forlorn creaking in the air; and looking up, saw a swinging\nsign over the door with a white painting upon it, faintly representing\na tall straight jet of misty spray, and these words underneath--\"The\nSpouter Inn:--Peter Coffin.\"\n\nCoffin?--Spouter?--Rather ominous in that particular connexion, thought\nI. But it is a common name in Nantucket, they say, and I suppose this\nPeter here is an emigrant from there. As the light looked so dim, and\nthe place, for the time, looked quiet enough, and the dilapidated little\nwooden house itself looked as if it might have been carted here from\nthe ruins of some burnt district, and as the swinging sign had a\npoverty-stricken sort of creak to it, I thought that here was the very\nspot for cheap lodgings, and the best of pea coffee.\n\nIt was a queer sort of place--a gable-ended old house, one side palsied\nas it were, and leaning over sadly. It stood on a sharp bleak corner,\nwhere that tempestuous wind Euroclydon kept up a worse howling than ever\nit did about poor Paul's tossed craft. Euroclydon, nevertheless, is a\nmighty pleasant zephyr to any one in-doors, with his feet on the hob\nquietly toasting for bed. \"In judging of that tempestuous wind called\nEuroclydon,\" says an old writer--of whose works I possess the only copy\nextant--\"it maketh a marvellous difference, whether thou lookest out at\nit from a glass window where the frost is all on the outside, or whether\nthou observest it from that sashless window, where the frost is on both\nsides, and of which the wight Death is the only glazier.\" True enough,\nthought I, as this passage occurred to my mind--old black-letter, thou\nreasonest well. Yes, these eyes are windows, and this body of mine is\nthe house. What a pity they didn't stop up the chinks and the crannies\nthough, and thrust in a little lint here and there. But it's too late\nto make any improvements now. The universe is finished; the copestone\nis on, and the chips were carted off a million years ago. Poor Lazarus\nthere, chattering his teeth against the curbstone for his pillow, and\nshaking off his tatters with his shiverings, he might plug up both ears\nwith rags, and put a corn-cob into his mouth, and yet that would not\nkeep out the tempestuous Euroclydon. Euroclydon! says old Dives, in his\nred silken wrapper--(he had a redder one afterwards) pooh, pooh! What\na fine frosty night; how Orion glitters; what northern lights! Let them\ntalk of their oriental summer climes of everlasting conservatories; give\nme the privilege of making my own summer with my own coals.\n\nBut what thinks Lazarus? Can he warm his blue hands by holding them up\nto the grand northern lights? Would not Lazarus rather be in Sumatra\nthan here? Would he not far rather lay him down lengthwise along the\nline of the equator; yea, ye gods! go down to the fiery pit itself, in\norder to keep out this frost?\n\nNow, that Lazarus should lie stranded there on the curbstone before the\ndoor of Dives, this is more wonderful than that an iceberg should be\nmoored to one of the Moluccas. Yet Dives himself, he too lives like a\nCzar in an ice palace made of frozen sighs, and being a president of a\ntemperance society, he only drinks the tepid tears of orphans.\n\nBut no more of this blubbering now, we are going a-whaling, and there is\nplenty of that yet to come. Let us scrape the ice from our frosted feet,\nand see what sort of a place this \"Spouter\" may be.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 3. The Spouter-Inn.\n\n\nEntering that gable-ended Spouter-Inn, you found yourself in a wide,\nlow, straggling entry with old-fashioned wainscots, reminding one of\nthe bulwarks of some condemned old craft. On one side hung a very large\noilpainting so thoroughly besmoked, and every way defaced, that in the\nunequal crosslights by which you viewed it, it was only by diligent\nstudy and a series of systematic visits to it, and careful inquiry of\nthe neighbors, that you could any way arrive at an understanding of its\npurpose. Such unaccountable masses of shades and shadows, that at first\nyou almost thought some ambitious young artist, in the time of the New\nEngland hags, had endeavored to delineate chaos bewitched. But by dint\nof much and earnest contemplation, and oft repeated ponderings, and\nespecially by throwing open the little window towards the back of the\nentry, you at last come to the conclusion that such an idea, however\nwild, might not be altogether unwarranted.\n\nBut what most puzzled and confounded you was a long, limber, portentous,\nblack mass of something hovering in the centre of the picture over three\nblue, dim, perpendicular lines floating in a nameless yeast. A boggy,\nsoggy, squitchy picture truly, enough to drive a nervous man distracted.\nYet was there a sort of indefinite, half-attained, unimaginable\nsublimity about it that fairly froze you to it, till you involuntarily\ntook an oath with yourself to find out what that marvellous painting\nmeant. Ever and anon a bright, but, alas, deceptive idea would dart you\nthrough.--It's the Black Sea in a midnight gale.--It's the unnatural\ncombat of the four primal elements.--It's a blasted heath.--It's a\nHyperborean winter scene.--It's the breaking-up of the icebound stream\nof Time. But at last all these fancies yielded to that one portentous\nsomething in the picture's midst. THAT once found out, and all the rest\nwere plain. But stop; does it not bear a faint resemblance to a gigantic\nfish? even the great leviathan himself?\n\nIn fact, the artist's design seemed this: a final theory of my own,\npartly based upon the aggregated opinions of many aged persons with whom\nI conversed upon the subject. The picture represents a Cape-Horner in a\ngreat hurricane; the half-foundered ship weltering there with its three\ndismantled masts alone visible; and an exasperated whale, purposing to\nspring clean over the craft, is in the enormous act of impaling himself\nupon the three mast-heads.\n\nThe opposite wall of this entry was hung all over with a heathenish\narray of monstrous clubs and spears. Some were thickly set with\nglittering teeth resembling ivory saws; others were tufted with knots of\nhuman hair; and one was sickle-shaped, with a vast handle sweeping round\nlike the segment made in the new-mown grass by a long-armed mower. You\nshuddered as you gazed, and wondered what monstrous cannibal and savage\ncould ever have gone a death-harvesting with such a hacking, horrifying\nimplement. Mixed with these were rusty old whaling lances and harpoons\nall broken and deformed. Some were storied weapons. With this once long\nlance, now wildly elbowed, fifty years ago did Nathan Swain kill fifteen\nwhales between a sunrise and a sunset. And that harpoon--so like a\ncorkscrew now--was flung in Javan seas, and run away with by a whale,\nyears afterwards slain off the Cape of Blanco. The original iron entered\nnigh the tail, and, like a restless needle sojourning in the body of a\nman, travelled full forty feet, and at last was found imbedded in the\nhump.\n\nCrossing this dusky entry, and on through yon low-arched way--cut\nthrough what in old times must have been a great central chimney with\nfireplaces all round--you enter the public room. A still duskier place\nis this, with such low ponderous beams above, and such old wrinkled\nplanks beneath, that you would almost fancy you trod some old craft's\ncockpits, especially of such a howling night, when this corner-anchored\nold ark rocked so furiously. On one side stood a long, low, shelf-like\ntable covered with cracked glass cases, filled with dusty rarities\ngathered from this wide world's remotest nooks. Projecting from the\nfurther angle of the room stands a dark-looking den--the bar--a rude\nattempt at a right whale's head. Be that how it may, there stands the\nvast arched bone of the whale's jaw, so wide, a coach might almost drive\nbeneath it. Within are shabby shelves, ranged round with old decanters,\nbottles, flasks; and in those jaws of swift destruction, like another\ncursed Jonah (by which name indeed they called him), bustles a little\nwithered old man, who, for their money, dearly sells the sailors\ndeliriums and death.\n\nAbominable are the tumblers into which he pours his poison. Though\ntrue cylinders without--within, the villanous green goggling glasses\ndeceitfully tapered downwards to a cheating bottom. Parallel meridians\nrudely pecked into the glass, surround these footpads' goblets. Fill to\nTHIS mark, and your charge is but a penny; to THIS a penny more; and so\non to the full glass--the Cape Horn measure, which you may gulp down for\na shilling.\n\nUpon entering the place I found a number of young seamen gathered about\na table, examining by a dim light divers specimens of SKRIMSHANDER. I\nsought the landlord, and telling him I desired to be accommodated with a\nroom, received for answer that his house was full--not a bed unoccupied.\n\"But avast,\" he added, tapping his forehead, \"you haint no objections\nto sharing a harpooneer's blanket, have ye? I s'pose you are goin'\na-whalin', so you'd better get used to that sort of thing.\"\n\nI told him that I never liked to sleep two in a bed; that if I should\never do so, it would depend upon who the harpooneer might be, and\nthat if he (the landlord) really had no other place for me, and the\nharpooneer was not decidedly objectionable, why rather than wander\nfurther about a strange town on so bitter a night, I would put up with\nthe half of any decent man's blanket.\n\n\"I thought so. All right; take a seat. Supper?--you want supper?\nSupper'll be ready directly.\"\n\nI sat down on an old wooden settle, carved all over like a bench on the\nBattery. At one end a ruminating tar was still further adorning it with\nhis jack-knife, stooping over and diligently working away at the space\nbetween his legs. He was trying his hand at a ship under full sail, but\nhe didn't make much headway, I thought.\n\nAt last some four or five of us were summoned to our meal in an\nadjoining room. It was cold as Iceland--no fire at all--the landlord\nsaid he couldn't afford it. Nothing but two dismal tallow candles, each\nin a winding sheet. We were fain to button up our monkey jackets, and\nhold to our lips cups of scalding tea with our half frozen fingers. But\nthe fare was of the most substantial kind--not only meat and potatoes,\nbut dumplings; good heavens! dumplings for supper! One young fellow in\na green box coat, addressed himself to these dumplings in a most direful\nmanner.\n\n\"My boy,\" said the landlord, \"you'll have the nightmare to a dead\nsartainty.\"\n\n\"Landlord,\" I whispered, \"that aint the harpooneer is it?\"\n\n\"Oh, no,\" said he, looking a sort of diabolically funny, \"the harpooneer\nis a dark complexioned chap. He never eats dumplings, he don't--he eats\nnothing but steaks, and he likes 'em rare.\"\n\n\"The devil he does,\" says I. \"Where is that harpooneer? Is he here?\"\n\n\"He'll be here afore long,\" was the answer.\n\nI could not help it, but I began to feel suspicious of this \"dark\ncomplexioned\" harpooneer. At any rate, I made up my mind that if it so\nturned out that we should sleep together, he must undress and get into\nbed before I did.\n\nSupper over, the company went back to the bar-room, when, knowing not\nwhat else to do with myself, I resolved to spend the rest of the evening\nas a looker on.\n\nPresently a rioting noise was heard without. Starting up, the landlord\ncried, \"That's the Grampus's crew. I seed her reported in the offing\nthis morning; a three years' voyage, and a full ship. Hurrah, boys; now\nwe'll have the latest news from the Feegees.\"\n\nA tramping of sea boots was heard in the entry; the door was flung open,\nand in rolled a wild set of mariners enough. Enveloped in their shaggy\nwatch coats, and with their heads muffled in woollen comforters, all\nbedarned and ragged, and their beards stiff with icicles, they seemed an\neruption of bears from Labrador. They had just landed from their boat,\nand this was the first house they entered. No wonder, then, that they\nmade a straight wake for the whale's mouth--the bar--when the wrinkled\nlittle old Jonah, there officiating, soon poured them out brimmers all\nround. One complained of a bad cold in his head, upon which Jonah\nmixed him a pitch-like potion of gin and molasses, which he swore was a\nsovereign cure for all colds and catarrhs whatsoever, never mind of how\nlong standing, or whether caught off the coast of Labrador, or on the\nweather side of an ice-island.\n\nThe liquor soon mounted into their heads, as it generally does even\nwith the arrantest topers newly landed from sea, and they began capering\nabout most obstreperously.\n\nI observed, however, that one of them held somewhat aloof, and though\nhe seemed desirous not to spoil the hilarity of his shipmates by his own\nsober face, yet upon the whole he refrained from making as much noise\nas the rest. This man interested me at once; and since the sea-gods\nhad ordained that he should soon become my shipmate (though but a\nsleeping-partner one, so far as this narrative is concerned), I will\nhere venture upon a little description of him. He stood full six feet\nin height, with noble shoulders, and a chest like a coffer-dam. I have\nseldom seen such brawn in a man. His face was deeply brown and burnt,\nmaking his white teeth dazzling by the contrast; while in the deep\nshadows of his eyes floated some reminiscences that did not seem to give\nhim much joy. His voice at once announced that he was a Southerner,\nand from his fine stature, I thought he must be one of those tall\nmountaineers from the Alleghanian Ridge in Virginia. When the revelry\nof his companions had mounted to its height, this man slipped away\nunobserved, and I saw no more of him till he became my comrade on the\nsea. In a few minutes, however, he was missed by his shipmates, and\nbeing, it seems, for some reason a huge favourite with them, they raised\na cry of \"Bulkington! Bulkington! where's Bulkington?\" and darted out of\nthe house in pursuit of him.\n\nIt was now about nine o'clock, and the room seeming almost\nsupernaturally quiet after these orgies, I began to congratulate myself\nupon a little plan that had occurred to me just previous to the entrance\nof the seamen.\n\nNo man prefers to sleep two in a bed. In fact, you would a good deal\nrather not sleep with your own brother. I don't know how it is, but\npeople like to be private when they are sleeping. And when it comes to\nsleeping with an unknown stranger, in a strange inn, in a strange\ntown, and that stranger a harpooneer, then your objections indefinitely\nmultiply. Nor was there any earthly reason why I as a sailor should\nsleep two in a bed, more than anybody else; for sailors no more sleep\ntwo in a bed at sea, than bachelor Kings do ashore. To be sure they\nall sleep together in one apartment, but you have your own hammock, and\ncover yourself with your own blanket, and sleep in your own skin.\n\nThe more I pondered over this harpooneer, the more I abominated the\nthought of sleeping with him. It was fair to presume that being a\nharpooneer, his linen or woollen, as the case might be, would not be of\nthe tidiest, certainly none of the finest. I began to twitch all over.\nBesides, it was getting late, and my decent harpooneer ought to be\nhome and going bedwards. Suppose now, he should tumble in upon me at\nmidnight--how could I tell from what vile hole he had been coming?\n\n\"Landlord! I've changed my mind about that harpooneer.--I shan't sleep\nwith him. I'll try the bench here.\"\n\n\"Just as you please; I'm sorry I can't spare ye a tablecloth for a\nmattress, and it's a plaguy rough board here\"--feeling of the knots and\nnotches. \"But wait a bit, Skrimshander; I've got a carpenter's plane\nthere in the bar--wait, I say, and I'll make ye snug enough.\" So saying\nhe procured the plane; and with his old silk handkerchief first dusting\nthe bench, vigorously set to planing away at my bed, the while grinning\nlike an ape. The shavings flew right and left; till at last the\nplane-iron came bump against an indestructible knot. The landlord was\nnear spraining his wrist, and I told him for heaven's sake to quit--the\nbed was soft enough to suit me, and I did not know how all the planing\nin the world could make eider down of a pine plank. So gathering up the\nshavings with another grin, and throwing them into the great stove in\nthe middle of the room, he went about his business, and left me in a\nbrown study.\n\nI now took the measure of the bench, and found that it was a foot too\nshort; but that could be mended with a chair. But it was a foot too\nnarrow, and the other bench in the room was about four inches higher\nthan the planed one--so there was no yoking them. I then placed the\nfirst bench lengthwise along the only clear space against the wall,\nleaving a little interval between, for my back to settle down in. But I\nsoon found that there came such a draught of cold air over me from under\nthe sill of the window, that this plan would never do at all, especially\nas another current from the rickety door met the one from the window,\nand both together formed a series of small whirlwinds in the immediate\nvicinity of the spot where I had thought to spend the night.\n\nThe devil fetch that harpooneer, thought I, but stop, couldn't I steal\na march on him--bolt his door inside, and jump into his bed, not to be\nwakened by the most violent knockings? It seemed no bad idea; but upon\nsecond thoughts I dismissed it. For who could tell but what the next\nmorning, so soon as I popped out of the room, the harpooneer might be\nstanding in the entry, all ready to knock me down!\n\nStill, looking round me again, and seeing no possible chance of spending\na sufferable night unless in some other person's bed, I began to think\nthat after all I might be cherishing unwarrantable prejudices against\nthis unknown harpooneer. Thinks I, I'll wait awhile; he must be dropping\nin before long. I'll have a good look at him then, and perhaps we may\nbecome jolly good bedfellows after all--there's no telling.\n\nBut though the other boarders kept coming in by ones, twos, and threes,\nand going to bed, yet no sign of my harpooneer.\n\n\"Landlord!\" said I, \"what sort of a chap is he--does he always keep such\nlate hours?\" It was now hard upon twelve o'clock.\n\nThe landlord chuckled again with his lean chuckle, and seemed to\nbe mightily tickled at something beyond my comprehension. \"No,\" he\nanswered, \"generally he's an early bird--airley to bed and airley to\nrise--yes, he's the bird what catches the worm. But to-night he went out\na peddling, you see, and I don't see what on airth keeps him so late,\nunless, may be, he can't sell his head.\"\n\n\"Can't sell his head?--What sort of a bamboozingly story is this you\nare telling me?\" getting into a towering rage. \"Do you pretend to say,\nlandlord, that this harpooneer is actually engaged this blessed Saturday\nnight, or rather Sunday morning, in peddling his head around this town?\"\n\n\"That's precisely it,\" said the landlord, \"and I told him he couldn't\nsell it here, the market's overstocked.\"\n\n\"With what?\" shouted I.\n\n\"With heads to be sure; ain't there too many heads in the world?\"\n\n\"I tell you what it is, landlord,\" said I quite calmly, \"you'd better\nstop spinning that yarn to me--I'm not green.\"\n\n\"May be not,\" taking out a stick and whittling a toothpick, \"but I\nrayther guess you'll be done BROWN if that ere harpooneer hears you a\nslanderin' his head.\"\n\n\"I'll break it for him,\" said I, now flying into a passion again at this\nunaccountable farrago of the landlord's.\n\n\"It's broke a'ready,\" said he.\n\n\"Broke,\" said I--\"BROKE, do you mean?\"\n\n\"Sartain, and that's the very reason he can't sell it, I guess.\"\n\n\"Landlord,\" said I, going up to him as cool as Mt. Hecla in a\nsnow-storm--\"landlord, stop whittling. You and I must understand one\nanother, and that too without delay. I come to your house and want a\nbed; you tell me you can only give me half a one; that the other half\nbelongs to a certain harpooneer. And about this harpooneer, whom I\nhave not yet seen, you persist in telling me the most mystifying and\nexasperating stories tending to beget in me an uncomfortable feeling\ntowards the man whom you design for my bedfellow--a sort of connexion,\nlandlord, which is an intimate and confidential one in the highest\ndegree. I now demand of you to speak out and tell me who and what this\nharpooneer is, and whether I shall be in all respects safe to spend the\nnight with him. And in the first place, you will be so good as to unsay\nthat story about selling his head, which if true I take to be good\nevidence that this harpooneer is stark mad, and I've no idea of sleeping\nwith a madman; and you, sir, YOU I mean, landlord, YOU, sir, by trying\nto induce me to do so knowingly, would thereby render yourself liable to\na criminal prosecution.\"\n\n\"Wall,\" said the landlord, fetching a long breath, \"that's a purty long\nsarmon for a chap that rips a little now and then. But be easy, be easy,\nthis here harpooneer I have been tellin' you of has just arrived from\nthe south seas, where he bought up a lot of 'balmed New Zealand heads\n(great curios, you know), and he's sold all on 'em but one, and that one\nhe's trying to sell to-night, cause to-morrow's Sunday, and it would not\ndo to be sellin' human heads about the streets when folks is goin' to\nchurches. He wanted to, last Sunday, but I stopped him just as he was\ngoin' out of the door with four heads strung on a string, for all the\nairth like a string of inions.\"\n\nThis account cleared up the otherwise unaccountable mystery, and showed\nthat the landlord, after all, had had no idea of fooling me--but at\nthe same time what could I think of a harpooneer who stayed out of a\nSaturday night clean into the holy Sabbath, engaged in such a cannibal\nbusiness as selling the heads of dead idolators?\n\n\"Depend upon it, landlord, that harpooneer is a dangerous man.\"\n\n\"He pays reg'lar,\" was the rejoinder. \"But come, it's getting dreadful\nlate, you had better be turning flukes--it's a nice bed; Sal and me\nslept in that ere bed the night we were spliced. There's plenty of room\nfor two to kick about in that bed; it's an almighty big bed that. Why,\nafore we give it up, Sal used to put our Sam and little Johnny in the\nfoot of it. But I got a dreaming and sprawling about one night, and\nsomehow, Sam got pitched on the floor, and came near breaking his arm.\nArter that, Sal said it wouldn't do. Come along here, I'll give ye a\nglim in a jiffy;\" and so saying he lighted a candle and held it towards\nme, offering to lead the way. But I stood irresolute; when looking at a\nclock in the corner, he exclaimed \"I vum it's Sunday--you won't see that\nharpooneer to-night; he's come to anchor somewhere--come along then; DO\ncome; WON'T ye come?\"\n\nI considered the matter a moment, and then up stairs we went, and I was\nushered into a small room, cold as a clam, and furnished, sure enough,\nwith a prodigious bed, almost big enough indeed for any four harpooneers\nto sleep abreast.\n\n\"There,\" said the landlord, placing the candle on a crazy old sea chest\nthat did double duty as a wash-stand and centre table; \"there, make\nyourself comfortable now, and good night to ye.\" I turned round from\neyeing the bed, but he had disappeared.\n\nFolding back the counterpane, I stooped over the bed. Though none of the\nmost elegant, it yet stood the scrutiny tolerably well. I then glanced\nround the room; and besides the bedstead and centre table, could see\nno other furniture belonging to the place, but a rude shelf, the four\nwalls, and a papered fireboard representing a man striking a whale. Of\nthings not properly belonging to the room, there was a hammock lashed\nup, and thrown upon the floor in one corner; also a large seaman's bag,\ncontaining the harpooneer's wardrobe, no doubt in lieu of a land trunk.\nLikewise, there was a parcel of outlandish bone fish hooks on the shelf\nover the fire-place, and a tall harpoon standing at the head of the bed.\n\nBut what is this on the chest? I took it up, and held it close to the\nlight, and felt it, and smelt it, and tried every way possible to arrive\nat some satisfactory conclusion concerning it. I can compare it to\nnothing but a large door mat, ornamented at the edges with little\ntinkling tags something like the stained porcupine quills round an\nIndian moccasin. There was a hole or slit in the middle of this mat,\nas you see the same in South American ponchos. But could it be possible\nthat any sober harpooneer would get into a door mat, and parade the\nstreets of any Christian town in that sort of guise? I put it on, to try\nit, and it weighed me down like a hamper, being uncommonly shaggy and\nthick, and I thought a little damp, as though this mysterious harpooneer\nhad been wearing it of a rainy day. I went up in it to a bit of glass\nstuck against the wall, and I never saw such a sight in my life. I tore\nmyself out of it in such a hurry that I gave myself a kink in the neck.\n\nI sat down on the side of the bed, and commenced thinking about this\nhead-peddling harpooneer, and his door mat. After thinking some time on\nthe bed-side, I got up and took off my monkey jacket, and then stood in\nthe middle of the room thinking. I then took off my coat, and thought\na little more in my shirt sleeves. But beginning to feel very cold now,\nhalf undressed as I was, and remembering what the landlord said about\nthe harpooneer's not coming home at all that night, it being so very\nlate, I made no more ado, but jumped out of my pantaloons and boots, and\nthen blowing out the light tumbled into bed, and commended myself to the\ncare of heaven.\n\nWhether that mattress was stuffed with corn-cobs or broken crockery,\nthere is no telling, but I rolled about a good deal, and could not sleep\nfor a long time. At last I slid off into a light doze, and had pretty\nnearly made a good offing towards the land of Nod, when I heard a heavy\nfootfall in the passage, and saw a glimmer of light come into the room\nfrom under the door.\n\nLord save me, thinks I, that must be the harpooneer, the infernal\nhead-peddler. But I lay perfectly still, and resolved not to say a word\ntill spoken to. Holding a light in one hand, and that identical New\nZealand head in the other, the stranger entered the room, and without\nlooking towards the bed, placed his candle a good way off from me on the\nfloor in one corner, and then began working away at the knotted cords\nof the large bag I before spoke of as being in the room. I was all\neagerness to see his face, but he kept it averted for some time while\nemployed in unlacing the bag's mouth. This accomplished, however, he\nturned round--when, good heavens! what a sight! Such a face! It was of\na dark, purplish, yellow colour, here and there stuck over with large\nblackish looking squares. Yes, it's just as I thought, he's a terrible\nbedfellow; he's been in a fight, got dreadfully cut, and here he is,\njust from the surgeon. But at that moment he chanced to turn his face\nso towards the light, that I plainly saw they could not be\nsticking-plasters at all, those black squares on his cheeks. They were\nstains of some sort or other. At first I knew not what to make of this;\nbut soon an inkling of the truth occurred to me. I remembered a story of\na white man--a whaleman too--who, falling among the cannibals, had been\ntattooed by them. I concluded that this harpooneer, in the course of his\ndistant voyages, must have met with a similar adventure. And what is it,\nthought I, after all! It's only his outside; a man can be honest in any\nsort of skin. But then, what to make of his unearthly complexion, that\npart of it, I mean, lying round about, and completely independent of the\nsquares of tattooing. To be sure, it might be nothing but a good coat of\ntropical tanning; but I never heard of a hot sun's tanning a white man\ninto a purplish yellow one. However, I had never been in the South Seas;\nand perhaps the sun there produced these extraordinary effects upon the\nskin. Now, while all these ideas were passing through me like lightning,\nthis harpooneer never noticed me at all. But, after some difficulty\nhaving opened his bag, he commenced fumbling in it, and presently pulled\nout a sort of tomahawk, and a seal-skin wallet with the hair on. Placing\nthese on the old chest in the middle of the room, he then took the New\nZealand head--a ghastly thing enough--and crammed it down into the bag.\nHe now took off his hat--a new beaver hat--when I came nigh singing out\nwith fresh surprise. There was no hair on his head--none to speak of at\nleast--nothing but a small scalp-knot twisted up on his forehead. His\nbald purplish head now looked for all the world like a mildewed skull.\nHad not the stranger stood between me and the door, I would have bolted\nout of it quicker than ever I bolted a dinner.\n\nEven as it was, I thought something of slipping out of the window, but\nit was the second floor back. I am no coward, but what to make of\nthis head-peddling purple rascal altogether passed my comprehension.\nIgnorance is the parent of fear, and being completely nonplussed and\nconfounded about the stranger, I confess I was now as much afraid of him\nas if it was the devil himself who had thus broken into my room at\nthe dead of night. In fact, I was so afraid of him that I was not\ngame enough just then to address him, and demand a satisfactory answer\nconcerning what seemed inexplicable in him.\n\nMeanwhile, he continued the business of undressing, and at last showed\nhis chest and arms. As I live, these covered parts of him were checkered\nwith the same squares as his face; his back, too, was all over the same\ndark squares; he seemed to have been in a Thirty Years' War, and just\nescaped from it with a sticking-plaster shirt. Still more, his very\nlegs were marked, as if a parcel of dark green frogs were running up\nthe trunks of young palms. It was now quite plain that he must be some\nabominable savage or other shipped aboard of a whaleman in the South\nSeas, and so landed in this Christian country. I quaked to think of it.\nA peddler of heads too--perhaps the heads of his own brothers. He might\ntake a fancy to mine--heavens! look at that tomahawk!\n\nBut there was no time for shuddering, for now the savage went about\nsomething that completely fascinated my attention, and convinced me that\nhe must indeed be a heathen. Going to his heavy grego, or wrapall, or\ndreadnaught, which he had previously hung on a chair, he fumbled in the\npockets, and produced at length a curious little deformed image with\na hunch on its back, and exactly the colour of a three days' old Congo\nbaby. Remembering the embalmed head, at first I almost thought that\nthis black manikin was a real baby preserved in some similar manner. But\nseeing that it was not at all limber, and that it glistened a good deal\nlike polished ebony, I concluded that it must be nothing but a wooden\nidol, which indeed it proved to be. For now the savage goes up to the\nempty fire-place, and removing the papered fire-board, sets up this\nlittle hunch-backed image, like a tenpin, between the andirons. The\nchimney jambs and all the bricks inside were very sooty, so that I\nthought this fire-place made a very appropriate little shrine or chapel\nfor his Congo idol.\n\nI now screwed my eyes hard towards the half hidden image, feeling but\nill at ease meantime--to see what was next to follow. First he takes\nabout a double handful of shavings out of his grego pocket, and places\nthem carefully before the idol; then laying a bit of ship biscuit on\ntop and applying the flame from the lamp, he kindled the shavings into\na sacrificial blaze. Presently, after many hasty snatches into the fire,\nand still hastier withdrawals of his fingers (whereby he seemed to be\nscorching them badly), he at last succeeded in drawing out the biscuit;\nthen blowing off the heat and ashes a little, he made a polite offer of\nit to the little negro. But the little devil did not seem to fancy such\ndry sort of fare at all; he never moved his lips. All these strange\nantics were accompanied by still stranger guttural noises from the\ndevotee, who seemed to be praying in a sing-song or else singing some\npagan psalmody or other, during which his face twitched about in the\nmost unnatural manner. At last extinguishing the fire, he took the idol\nup very unceremoniously, and bagged it again in his grego pocket as\ncarelessly as if he were a sportsman bagging a dead woodcock.\n\nAll these queer proceedings increased my uncomfortableness, and\nseeing him now exhibiting strong symptoms of concluding his business\noperations, and jumping into bed with me, I thought it was high time,\nnow or never, before the light was put out, to break the spell in which\nI had so long been bound.\n\nBut the interval I spent in deliberating what to say, was a fatal one.\nTaking up his tomahawk from the table, he examined the head of it for an\ninstant, and then holding it to the light, with his mouth at the handle,\nhe puffed out great clouds of tobacco smoke. The next moment the light\nwas extinguished, and this wild cannibal, tomahawk between his teeth,\nsprang into bed with me. I sang out, I could not help it now; and giving\na sudden grunt of astonishment he began feeling me.\n\nStammering out something, I knew not what, I rolled away from him\nagainst the wall, and then conjured him, whoever or whatever he might\nbe, to keep quiet, and let me get up and light the lamp again. But his\nguttural responses satisfied me at once that he but ill comprehended my\nmeaning.\n\n\"Who-e debel you?\"--he at last said--\"you no speak-e, dam-me, I kill-e.\"\nAnd so saying the lighted tomahawk began flourishing about me in the\ndark.\n\n\"Landlord, for God's sake, Peter Coffin!\" shouted I. \"Landlord! Watch!\nCoffin! Angels! save me!\"\n\n\"Speak-e! tell-ee me who-ee be, or dam-me, I kill-e!\" again growled the\ncannibal, while his horrid flourishings of the tomahawk scattered the\nhot tobacco ashes about me till I thought my linen would get on fire.\nBut thank heaven, at that moment the landlord came into the room light\nin hand, and leaping from the bed I ran up to him.\n\n\"Don't be afraid now,\" said he, grinning again, \"Queequeg here wouldn't\nharm a hair of your head.\"\n\n\"Stop your grinning,\" shouted I, \"and why didn't you tell me that that\ninfernal harpooneer was a cannibal?\"\n\n\"I thought ye know'd it;--didn't I tell ye, he was a peddlin' heads\naround town?--but turn flukes again and go to sleep. Queequeg, look\nhere--you sabbee me, I sabbee--you this man sleepe you--you sabbee?\"\n\n\"Me sabbee plenty\"--grunted Queequeg, puffing away at his pipe and\nsitting up in bed.\n\n\"You gettee in,\" he added, motioning to me with his tomahawk, and\nthrowing the clothes to one side. He really did this in not only a civil\nbut a really kind and charitable way. I stood looking at him a moment.\nFor all his tattooings he was on the whole a clean, comely looking\ncannibal. What's all this fuss I have been making about, thought I to\nmyself--the man's a human being just as I am: he has just as much reason\nto fear me, as I have to be afraid of him. Better sleep with a sober\ncannibal than a drunken Christian.\n\n\"Landlord,\" said I, \"tell him to stash his tomahawk there, or pipe, or\nwhatever you call it; tell him to stop smoking, in short, and I will\nturn in with him. But I don't fancy having a man smoking in bed with me.\nIt's dangerous. Besides, I ain't insured.\"\n\nThis being told to Queequeg, he at once complied, and again politely\nmotioned me to get into bed--rolling over to one side as much as to\nsay--\"I won't touch a leg of ye.\"\n\n\"Good night, landlord,\" said I, \"you may go.\"\n\nI turned in, and never slept better in my life.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 4. The Counterpane.\n\n\nUpon waking next morning about daylight, I found Queequeg's arm thrown\nover me in the most loving and affectionate manner. You had almost\nthought I had been his wife. The counterpane was of patchwork, full of\nodd little parti-coloured squares and triangles; and this arm of his\ntattooed all over with an interminable Cretan labyrinth of a figure,\nno two parts of which were of one precise shade--owing I suppose to\nhis keeping his arm at sea unmethodically in sun and shade, his shirt\nsleeves irregularly rolled up at various times--this same arm of his, I\nsay, looked for all the world like a strip of that same patchwork quilt.\nIndeed, partly lying on it as the arm did when I first awoke, I could\nhardly tell it from the quilt, they so blended their hues together; and\nit was only by the sense of weight and pressure that I could tell that\nQueequeg was hugging me.\n\nMy sensations were strange. Let me try to explain them. When I was a\nchild, I well remember a somewhat similar circumstance that befell me;\nwhether it was a reality or a dream, I never could entirely settle.\nThe circumstance was this. I had been cutting up some caper or other--I\nthink it was trying to crawl up the chimney, as I had seen a little\nsweep do a few days previous; and my stepmother who, somehow or other,\nwas all the time whipping me, or sending me to bed supperless,--my\nmother dragged me by the legs out of the chimney and packed me off to\nbed, though it was only two o'clock in the afternoon of the 21st June,\nthe longest day in the year in our hemisphere. I felt dreadfully. But\nthere was no help for it, so up stairs I went to my little room in the\nthird floor, undressed myself as slowly as possible so as to kill time,\nand with a bitter sigh got between the sheets.\n\nI lay there dismally calculating that sixteen entire hours must elapse\nbefore I could hope for a resurrection. Sixteen hours in bed! the\nsmall of my back ached to think of it. And it was so light too; the\nsun shining in at the window, and a great rattling of coaches in the\nstreets, and the sound of gay voices all over the house. I felt worse\nand worse--at last I got up, dressed, and softly going down in my\nstockinged feet, sought out my stepmother, and suddenly threw myself\nat her feet, beseeching her as a particular favour to give me a good\nslippering for my misbehaviour; anything indeed but condemning me to lie\nabed such an unendurable length of time. But she was the best and most\nconscientious of stepmothers, and back I had to go to my room. For\nseveral hours I lay there broad awake, feeling a great deal worse than I\nhave ever done since, even from the greatest subsequent misfortunes. At\nlast I must have fallen into a troubled nightmare of a doze; and slowly\nwaking from it--half steeped in dreams--I opened my eyes, and the before\nsun-lit room was now wrapped in outer darkness. Instantly I felt a shock\nrunning through all my frame; nothing was to be seen, and nothing was\nto be heard; but a supernatural hand seemed placed in mine. My arm hung\nover the counterpane, and the nameless, unimaginable, silent form\nor phantom, to which the hand belonged, seemed closely seated by my\nbed-side. For what seemed ages piled on ages, I lay there, frozen with\nthe most awful fears, not daring to drag away my hand; yet ever thinking\nthat if I could but stir it one single inch, the horrid spell would be\nbroken. I knew not how this consciousness at last glided away from me;\nbut waking in the morning, I shudderingly remembered it all, and for\ndays and weeks and months afterwards I lost myself in confounding\nattempts to explain the mystery. Nay, to this very hour, I often puzzle\nmyself with it.\n\nNow, take away the awful fear, and my sensations at feeling the\nsupernatural hand in mine were very similar, in their strangeness, to\nthose which I experienced on waking up and seeing Queequeg's pagan\narm thrown round me. But at length all the past night's events soberly\nrecurred, one by one, in fixed reality, and then I lay only alive to\nthe comical predicament. For though I tried to move his arm--unlock his\nbridegroom clasp--yet, sleeping as he was, he still hugged me tightly,\nas though naught but death should part us twain. I now strove to rouse\nhim--\"Queequeg!\"--but his only answer was a snore. I then rolled over,\nmy neck feeling as if it were in a horse-collar; and suddenly felt a\nslight scratch. Throwing aside the counterpane, there lay the tomahawk\nsleeping by the savage's side, as if it were a hatchet-faced baby. A\npretty pickle, truly, thought I; abed here in a strange house in the\nbroad day, with a cannibal and a tomahawk! \"Queequeg!--in the name of\ngoodness, Queequeg, wake!\" At length, by dint of much wriggling, and\nloud and incessant expostulations upon the unbecomingness of his\nhugging a fellow male in that matrimonial sort of style, I succeeded in\nextracting a grunt; and presently, he drew back his arm, shook himself\nall over like a Newfoundland dog just from the water, and sat up in bed,\nstiff as a pike-staff, looking at me, and rubbing his eyes as if he\ndid not altogether remember how I came to be there, though a dim\nconsciousness of knowing something about me seemed slowly dawning over\nhim. Meanwhile, I lay quietly eyeing him, having no serious misgivings\nnow, and bent upon narrowly observing so curious a creature. When, at\nlast, his mind seemed made up touching the character of his bedfellow,\nand he became, as it were, reconciled to the fact; he jumped out upon\nthe floor, and by certain signs and sounds gave me to understand that,\nif it pleased me, he would dress first and then leave me to dress\nafterwards, leaving the whole apartment to myself. Thinks I, Queequeg,\nunder the circumstances, this is a very civilized overture; but, the\ntruth is, these savages have an innate sense of delicacy, say what\nyou will; it is marvellous how essentially polite they are. I pay this\nparticular compliment to Queequeg, because he treated me with so much\ncivility and consideration, while I was guilty of great rudeness;\nstaring at him from the bed, and watching all his toilette motions; for\nthe time my curiosity getting the better of my breeding. Nevertheless,\na man like Queequeg you don't see every day, he and his ways were well\nworth unusual regarding.\n\nHe commenced dressing at top by donning his beaver hat, a very tall one,\nby the by, and then--still minus his trowsers--he hunted up his boots.\nWhat under the heavens he did it for, I cannot tell, but his next\nmovement was to crush himself--boots in hand, and hat on--under the bed;\nwhen, from sundry violent gaspings and strainings, I inferred he was\nhard at work booting himself; though by no law of propriety that I ever\nheard of, is any man required to be private when putting on his\nboots. But Queequeg, do you see, was a creature in the transition\nstage--neither caterpillar nor butterfly. He was just enough civilized\nto show off his outlandishness in the strangest possible manners. His\neducation was not yet completed. He was an undergraduate. If he had not\nbeen a small degree civilized, he very probably would not have troubled\nhimself with boots at all; but then, if he had not been still a savage,\nhe never would have dreamt of getting under the bed to put them on. At\nlast, he emerged with his hat very much dented and crushed down over his\neyes, and began creaking and limping about the room, as if, not\nbeing much accustomed to boots, his pair of damp, wrinkled cowhide\nones--probably not made to order either--rather pinched and tormented\nhim at the first go off of a bitter cold morning.\n\nSeeing, now, that there were no curtains to the window, and that the\nstreet being very narrow, the house opposite commanded a plain view\ninto the room, and observing more and more the indecorous figure that\nQueequeg made, staving about with little else but his hat and boots on;\nI begged him as well as I could, to accelerate his toilet somewhat,\nand particularly to get into his pantaloons as soon as possible. He\ncomplied, and then proceeded to wash himself. At that time in the\nmorning any Christian would have washed his face; but Queequeg, to\nmy amazement, contented himself with restricting his ablutions to his\nchest, arms, and hands. He then donned his waistcoat, and taking up a\npiece of hard soap on the wash-stand centre table, dipped it into water\nand commenced lathering his face. I was watching to see where he kept\nhis razor, when lo and behold, he takes the harpoon from the bed corner,\nslips out the long wooden stock, unsheathes the head, whets it a little\non his boot, and striding up to the bit of mirror against the wall,\nbegins a vigorous scraping, or rather harpooning of his cheeks. Thinks\nI, Queequeg, this is using Rogers's best cutlery with a vengeance.\nAfterwards I wondered the less at this operation when I came to know of\nwhat fine steel the head of a harpoon is made, and how exceedingly sharp\nthe long straight edges are always kept.\n\nThe rest of his toilet was soon achieved, and he proudly marched out of\nthe room, wrapped up in his great pilot monkey jacket, and sporting his\nharpoon like a marshal's baton.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 5. Breakfast.\n\n\nI quickly followed suit, and descending into the bar-room accosted the\ngrinning landlord very pleasantly. I cherished no malice towards him,\nthough he had been skylarking with me not a little in the matter of my\nbedfellow.\n\nHowever, a good laugh is a mighty good thing, and rather too scarce a\ngood thing; the more's the pity. So, if any one man, in his own\nproper person, afford stuff for a good joke to anybody, let him not be\nbackward, but let him cheerfully allow himself to spend and be spent in\nthat way. And the man that has anything bountifully laughable about him,\nbe sure there is more in that man than you perhaps think for.\n\nThe bar-room was now full of the boarders who had been dropping in the\nnight previous, and whom I had not as yet had a good look at. They were\nnearly all whalemen; chief mates, and second mates, and third mates, and\nsea carpenters, and sea coopers, and sea blacksmiths, and harpooneers,\nand ship keepers; a brown and brawny company, with bosky beards; an\nunshorn, shaggy set, all wearing monkey jackets for morning gowns.\n\nYou could pretty plainly tell how long each one had been ashore. This\nyoung fellow's healthy cheek is like a sun-toasted pear in hue, and\nwould seem to smell almost as musky; he cannot have been three days\nlanded from his Indian voyage. That man next him looks a few shades\nlighter; you might say a touch of satin wood is in him. In the\ncomplexion of a third still lingers a tropic tawn, but slightly bleached\nwithal; HE doubtless has tarried whole weeks ashore. But who could show\na cheek like Queequeg? which, barred with various tints, seemed like the\nAndes' western slope, to show forth in one array, contrasting climates,\nzone by zone.\n\n\"Grub, ho!\" now cried the landlord, flinging open a door, and in we went\nto breakfast.\n\nThey say that men who have seen the world, thereby become quite at ease\nin manner, quite self-possessed in company. Not always, though: Ledyard,\nthe great New England traveller, and Mungo Park, the Scotch one; of all\nmen, they possessed the least assurance in the parlor. But perhaps the\nmere crossing of Siberia in a sledge drawn by dogs as Ledyard did, or\nthe taking a long solitary walk on an empty stomach, in the negro heart\nof Africa, which was the sum of poor Mungo's performances--this kind of\ntravel, I say, may not be the very best mode of attaining a high social\npolish. Still, for the most part, that sort of thing is to be had\nanywhere.\n\nThese reflections just here are occasioned by the circumstance that\nafter we were all seated at the table, and I was preparing to hear some\ngood stories about whaling; to my no small surprise, nearly every\nman maintained a profound silence. And not only that, but they looked\nembarrassed. Yes, here were a set of sea-dogs, many of whom without the\nslightest bashfulness had boarded great whales on the high seas--entire\nstrangers to them--and duelled them dead without winking; and yet, here\nthey sat at a social breakfast table--all of the same calling, all of\nkindred tastes--looking round as sheepishly at each other as though they\nhad never been out of sight of some sheepfold among the Green Mountains.\nA curious sight; these bashful bears, these timid warrior whalemen!\n\nBut as for Queequeg--why, Queequeg sat there among them--at the head of\nthe table, too, it so chanced; as cool as an icicle. To be sure I cannot\nsay much for his breeding. His greatest admirer could not have cordially\njustified his bringing his harpoon into breakfast with him, and using it\nthere without ceremony; reaching over the table with it, to the imminent\njeopardy of many heads, and grappling the beefsteaks towards him. But\nTHAT was certainly very coolly done by him, and every one knows that in\nmost people's estimation, to do anything coolly is to do it genteelly.\n\nWe will not speak of all Queequeg's peculiarities here; how he eschewed\ncoffee and hot rolls, and applied his undivided attention to beefsteaks,\ndone rare. Enough, that when breakfast was over he withdrew like the\nrest into the public room, lighted his tomahawk-pipe, and was sitting\nthere quietly digesting and smoking with his inseparable hat on, when I\nsallied out for a stroll.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 6. The Street.\n\n\nIf I had been astonished at first catching a glimpse of so outlandish\nan individual as Queequeg circulating among the polite society of a\ncivilized town, that astonishment soon departed upon taking my first\ndaylight stroll through the streets of New Bedford.\n\nIn thoroughfares nigh the docks, any considerable seaport will\nfrequently offer to view the queerest looking nondescripts from foreign\nparts. Even in Broadway and Chestnut streets, Mediterranean mariners\nwill sometimes jostle the affrighted ladies. Regent Street is not\nunknown to Lascars and Malays; and at Bombay, in the Apollo Green, live\nYankees have often scared the natives. But New Bedford beats all Water\nStreet and Wapping. In these last-mentioned haunts you see only sailors;\nbut in New Bedford, actual cannibals stand chatting at street corners;\nsavages outright; many of whom yet carry on their bones unholy flesh. It\nmakes a stranger stare.\n\nBut, besides the Feegeeans, Tongatobooarrs, Erromanggoans, Pannangians,\nand Brighggians, and, besides the wild specimens of the whaling-craft\nwhich unheeded reel about the streets, you will see other sights still\nmore curious, certainly more comical. There weekly arrive in this town\nscores of green Vermonters and New Hampshire men, all athirst for gain\nand glory in the fishery. They are mostly young, of stalwart frames;\nfellows who have felled forests, and now seek to drop the axe and snatch\nthe whale-lance. Many are as green as the Green Mountains whence they\ncame. In some things you would think them but a few hours old. Look\nthere! that chap strutting round the corner. He wears a beaver hat and\nswallow-tailed coat, girdled with a sailor-belt and sheath-knife. Here\ncomes another with a sou'-wester and a bombazine cloak.\n\nNo town-bred dandy will compare with a country-bred one--I mean a\ndownright bumpkin dandy--a fellow that, in the dog-days, will mow his\ntwo acres in buckskin gloves for fear of tanning his hands. Now when a\ncountry dandy like this takes it into his head to make a distinguished\nreputation, and joins the great whale-fishery, you should see the\ncomical things he does upon reaching the seaport. In bespeaking his\nsea-outfit, he orders bell-buttons to his waistcoats; straps to his\ncanvas trowsers. Ah, poor Hay-Seed! how bitterly will burst those straps\nin the first howling gale, when thou art driven, straps, buttons, and\nall, down the throat of the tempest.\n\nBut think not that this famous town has only harpooneers, cannibals, and\nbumpkins to show her visitors. Not at all. Still New Bedford is a queer\nplace. Had it not been for us whalemen, that tract of land would this\nday perhaps have been in as howling condition as the coast of Labrador.\nAs it is, parts of her back country are enough to frighten one, they\nlook so bony. The town itself is perhaps the dearest place to live\nin, in all New England. It is a land of oil, true enough: but not like\nCanaan; a land, also, of corn and wine. The streets do not run with\nmilk; nor in the spring-time do they pave them with fresh eggs. Yet, in\nspite of this, nowhere in all America will you find more patrician-like\nhouses; parks and gardens more opulent, than in New Bedford. Whence came\nthey? how planted upon this once scraggy scoria of a country?\n\nGo and gaze upon the iron emblematical harpoons round yonder lofty\nmansion, and your question will be answered. Yes; all these brave houses\nand flowery gardens came from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans.\nOne and all, they were harpooned and dragged up hither from the bottom\nof the sea. Can Herr Alexander perform a feat like that?\n\nIn New Bedford, fathers, they say, give whales for dowers to their\ndaughters, and portion off their nieces with a few porpoises a-piece.\nYou must go to New Bedford to see a brilliant wedding; for, they say,\nthey have reservoirs of oil in every house, and every night recklessly\nburn their lengths in spermaceti candles.\n\nIn summer time, the town is sweet to see; full of fine maples--long\navenues of green and gold. And in August, high in air, the beautiful and\nbountiful horse-chestnuts, candelabra-wise, proffer the passer-by their\ntapering upright cones of congregated blossoms. So omnipotent is art;\nwhich in many a district of New Bedford has superinduced bright terraces\nof flowers upon the barren refuse rocks thrown aside at creation's final\nday.\n\nAnd the women of New Bedford, they bloom like their own red roses. But\nroses only bloom in summer; whereas the fine carnation of their cheeks\nis perennial as sunlight in the seventh heavens. Elsewhere match that\nbloom of theirs, ye cannot, save in Salem, where they tell me the young\ngirls breathe such musk, their sailor sweethearts smell them miles off\nshore, as though they were drawing nigh the odorous Moluccas instead of\nthe Puritanic sands.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 7. The Chapel.\n\n\nIn this same New Bedford there stands a Whaleman's Chapel, and few are\nthe moody fishermen, shortly bound for the Indian Ocean or Pacific, who\nfail to make a Sunday visit to the spot. I am sure that I did not.\n\nReturning from my first morning stroll, I again sallied out upon this\nspecial errand. The sky had changed from clear, sunny cold, to driving\nsleet and mist. Wrapping myself in my shaggy jacket of the cloth called\nbearskin, I fought my way against the stubborn storm. Entering, I\nfound a small scattered congregation of sailors, and sailors' wives and\nwidows. A muffled silence reigned, only broken at times by the shrieks\nof the storm. Each silent worshipper seemed purposely sitting apart from\nthe other, as if each silent grief were insular and incommunicable. The\nchaplain had not yet arrived; and there these silent islands of men and\nwomen sat steadfastly eyeing several marble tablets, with black borders,\nmasoned into the wall on either side the pulpit. Three of them ran\nsomething like the following, but I do not pretend to quote:--\n\nSACRED TO THE MEMORY OF JOHN TALBOT, Who, at the age of eighteen, was\nlost overboard, Near the Isle of Desolation, off Patagonia, November\n1st, 1836. THIS TABLET Is erected to his Memory BY HIS SISTER.\n\nSACRED TO THE MEMORY OF ROBERT LONG, WILLIS ELLERY, NATHAN COLEMAN,\nWALTER CANNY, SETH MACY, AND SAMUEL GLEIG, Forming one of the boats'\ncrews OF THE SHIP ELIZA Who were towed out of sight by a Whale, On the\nOff-shore Ground in the PACIFIC, December 31st, 1839. THIS MARBLE Is\nhere placed by their surviving SHIPMATES.\n\nSACRED TO THE MEMORY OF The late CAPTAIN EZEKIEL HARDY, Who in the bows\nof his boat was killed by a Sperm Whale on the coast of Japan, AUGUST\n3d, 1833. THIS TABLET Is erected to his Memory BY HIS WIDOW.\n\nShaking off the sleet from my ice-glazed hat and jacket, I seated myself\nnear the door, and turning sideways was surprised to see Queequeg near\nme. Affected by the solemnity of the scene, there was a wondering gaze\nof incredulous curiosity in his countenance. This savage was the only\nperson present who seemed to notice my entrance; because he was the only\none who could not read, and, therefore, was not reading those frigid\ninscriptions on the wall. Whether any of the relatives of the seamen\nwhose names appeared there were now among the congregation, I knew not;\nbut so many are the unrecorded accidents in the fishery, and so plainly\ndid several women present wear the countenance if not the trappings\nof some unceasing grief, that I feel sure that here before me were\nassembled those, in whose unhealing hearts the sight of those bleak\ntablets sympathetically caused the old wounds to bleed afresh.\n\nOh! ye whose dead lie buried beneath the green grass; who standing among\nflowers can say--here, HERE lies my beloved; ye know not the desolation\nthat broods in bosoms like these. What bitter blanks in those\nblack-bordered marbles which cover no ashes! What despair in those\nimmovable inscriptions! What deadly voids and unbidden infidelities in\nthe lines that seem to gnaw upon all Faith, and refuse resurrections to\nthe beings who have placelessly perished without a grave. As well might\nthose tablets stand in the cave of Elephanta as here.\n\nIn what census of living creatures, the dead of mankind are included;\nwhy it is that a universal proverb says of them, that they tell no\ntales, though containing more secrets than the Goodwin Sands; how it is\nthat to his name who yesterday departed for the other world, we prefix\nso significant and infidel a word, and yet do not thus entitle him, if\nhe but embarks for the remotest Indies of this living earth; why the\nLife Insurance Companies pay death-forfeitures upon immortals; in what\neternal, unstirring paralysis, and deadly, hopeless trance, yet lies\nantique Adam who died sixty round centuries ago; how it is that we\nstill refuse to be comforted for those who we nevertheless maintain are\ndwelling in unspeakable bliss; why all the living so strive to hush all\nthe dead; wherefore but the rumor of a knocking in a tomb will terrify a\nwhole city. All these things are not without their meanings.\n\nBut Faith, like a jackal, feeds among the tombs, and even from these\ndead doubts she gathers her most vital hope.\n\nIt needs scarcely to be told, with what feelings, on the eve of a\nNantucket voyage, I regarded those marble tablets, and by the murky\nlight of that darkened, doleful day read the fate of the whalemen\nwho had gone before me. Yes, Ishmael, the same fate may be thine. But\nsomehow I grew merry again. Delightful inducements to embark, fine\nchance for promotion, it seems--aye, a stove boat will make me an\nimmortal by brevet. Yes, there is death in this business of whaling--a\nspeechlessly quick chaotic bundling of a man into Eternity. But what\nthen? Methinks we have hugely mistaken this matter of Life and Death.\nMethinks that what they call my shadow here on earth is my true\nsubstance. Methinks that in looking at things spiritual, we are too\nmuch like oysters observing the sun through the water, and thinking that\nthick water the thinnest of air. Methinks my body is but the lees of my\nbetter being. In fact take my body who will, take it I say, it is not\nme. And therefore three cheers for Nantucket; and come a stove boat and\nstove body when they will, for stave my soul, Jove himself cannot.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 8. The Pulpit.\n\n\nI had not been seated very long ere a man of a certain venerable\nrobustness entered; immediately as the storm-pelted door flew back upon\nadmitting him, a quick regardful eyeing of him by all the congregation,\nsufficiently attested that this fine old man was the chaplain. Yes, it\nwas the famous Father Mapple, so called by the whalemen, among whom he\nwas a very great favourite. He had been a sailor and a harpooneer in his\nyouth, but for many years past had dedicated his life to the ministry.\nAt the time I now write of, Father Mapple was in the hardy winter of a\nhealthy old age; that sort of old age which seems merging into a second\nflowering youth, for among all the fissures of his wrinkles, there shone\ncertain mild gleams of a newly developing bloom--the spring verdure\npeeping forth even beneath February's snow. No one having previously\nheard his history, could for the first time behold Father Mapple without\nthe utmost interest, because there were certain engrafted clerical\npeculiarities about him, imputable to that adventurous maritime life\nhe had led. When he entered I observed that he carried no umbrella, and\ncertainly had not come in his carriage, for his tarpaulin hat ran down\nwith melting sleet, and his great pilot cloth jacket seemed almost to\ndrag him to the floor with the weight of the water it had absorbed.\nHowever, hat and coat and overshoes were one by one removed, and hung up\nin a little space in an adjacent corner; when, arrayed in a decent suit,\nhe quietly approached the pulpit.\n\nLike most old fashioned pulpits, it was a very lofty one, and since a\nregular stairs to such a height would, by its long angle with the floor,\nseriously contract the already small area of the chapel, the architect,\nit seemed, had acted upon the hint of Father Mapple, and finished the\npulpit without a stairs, substituting a perpendicular side ladder, like\nthose used in mounting a ship from a boat at sea. The wife of a whaling\ncaptain had provided the chapel with a handsome pair of red worsted\nman-ropes for this ladder, which, being itself nicely headed, and\nstained with a mahogany colour, the whole contrivance, considering what\nmanner of chapel it was, seemed by no means in bad taste. Halting for\nan instant at the foot of the ladder, and with both hands grasping the\nornamental knobs of the man-ropes, Father Mapple cast a look upwards,\nand then with a truly sailor-like but still reverential dexterity, hand\nover hand, mounted the steps as if ascending the main-top of his vessel.\n\nThe perpendicular parts of this side ladder, as is usually the case with\nswinging ones, were of cloth-covered rope, only the rounds were of wood,\nso that at every step there was a joint. At my first glimpse of the\npulpit, it had not escaped me that however convenient for a ship,\nthese joints in the present instance seemed unnecessary. For I was not\nprepared to see Father Mapple after gaining the height, slowly turn\nround, and stooping over the pulpit, deliberately drag up the ladder\nstep by step, till the whole was deposited within, leaving him\nimpregnable in his little Quebec.\n\nI pondered some time without fully comprehending the reason for this.\nFather Mapple enjoyed such a wide reputation for sincerity and sanctity,\nthat I could not suspect him of courting notoriety by any mere tricks\nof the stage. No, thought I, there must be some sober reason for this\nthing; furthermore, it must symbolize something unseen. Can it be,\nthen, that by that act of physical isolation, he signifies his spiritual\nwithdrawal for the time, from all outward worldly ties and connexions?\nYes, for replenished with the meat and wine of the word, to the faithful\nman of God, this pulpit, I see, is a self-containing stronghold--a lofty\nEhrenbreitstein, with a perennial well of water within the walls.\n\nBut the side ladder was not the only strange feature of the place,\nborrowed from the chaplain's former sea-farings. Between the marble\ncenotaphs on either hand of the pulpit, the wall which formed its back\nwas adorned with a large painting representing a gallant ship beating\nagainst a terrible storm off a lee coast of black rocks and snowy\nbreakers. But high above the flying scud and dark-rolling clouds, there\nfloated a little isle of sunlight, from which beamed forth an angel's\nface; and this bright face shed a distinct spot of radiance upon the\nship's tossed deck, something like that silver plate now inserted into\nthe Victory's plank where Nelson fell. \"Ah, noble ship,\" the angel\nseemed to say, \"beat on, beat on, thou noble ship, and bear a hardy\nhelm; for lo! the sun is breaking through; the clouds are rolling\noff--serenest azure is at hand.\"\n\nNor was the pulpit itself without a trace of the same sea-taste that\nhad achieved the ladder and the picture. Its panelled front was in\nthe likeness of a ship's bluff bows, and the Holy Bible rested on a\nprojecting piece of scroll work, fashioned after a ship's fiddle-headed\nbeak.\n\nWhat could be more full of meaning?--for the pulpit is ever this earth's\nforemost part; all the rest comes in its rear; the pulpit leads the\nworld. From thence it is the storm of God's quick wrath is first\ndescried, and the bow must bear the earliest brunt. From thence it is\nthe God of breezes fair or foul is first invoked for favourable winds.\nYes, the world's a ship on its passage out, and not a voyage complete;\nand the pulpit is its prow.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 9. The Sermon.\n\n\nFather Mapple rose, and in a mild voice of unassuming authority ordered\nthe scattered people to condense. \"Starboard gangway, there! side away\nto larboard--larboard gangway to starboard! Midships! midships!\"\n\nThere was a low rumbling of heavy sea-boots among the benches, and a\nstill slighter shuffling of women's shoes, and all was quiet again, and\nevery eye on the preacher.\n\nHe paused a little; then kneeling in the pulpit's bows, folded his large\nbrown hands across his chest, uplifted his closed eyes, and offered\na prayer so deeply devout that he seemed kneeling and praying at the\nbottom of the sea.\n\nThis ended, in prolonged solemn tones, like the continual tolling of\na bell in a ship that is foundering at sea in a fog--in such tones he\ncommenced reading the following hymn; but changing his manner towards\nthe concluding stanzas, burst forth with a pealing exultation and joy--\n\n     \"The ribs and terrors in the whale,\n     Arched over me a dismal gloom,\n     While all God's sun-lit waves rolled by,\n     And lift me deepening down to doom.\n\n     \"I saw the opening maw of hell,\n     With endless pains and sorrows there;\n     Which none but they that feel can tell--\n     Oh, I was plunging to despair.\n\n     \"In black distress, I called my God,\n     When I could scarce believe him mine,\n     He bowed his ear to my complaints--\n     No more the whale did me confine.\n\n     \"With speed he flew to my relief,\n     As on a radiant dolphin borne;\n     Awful, yet bright, as lightning shone\n     The face of my Deliverer God.\n\n     \"My song for ever shall record\n     That terrible, that joyful hour;\n     I give the glory to my God,\n     His all the mercy and the power.\"\n\n\nNearly all joined in singing this hymn, which swelled high above the\nhowling of the storm. A brief pause ensued; the preacher slowly turned\nover the leaves of the Bible, and at last, folding his hand down upon\nthe proper page, said: \"Beloved shipmates, clinch the last verse of the\nfirst chapter of Jonah--'And God had prepared a great fish to swallow up\nJonah.'\"\n\n\"Shipmates, this book, containing only four chapters--four yarns--is one\nof the smallest strands in the mighty cable of the Scriptures. Yet what\ndepths of the soul does Jonah's deep sealine sound! what a pregnant\nlesson to us is this prophet! What a noble thing is that canticle in the\nfish's belly! How billow-like and boisterously grand! We feel the floods\nsurging over us; we sound with him to the kelpy bottom of the waters;\nsea-weed and all the slime of the sea is about us! But WHAT is this\nlesson that the book of Jonah teaches? Shipmates, it is a two-stranded\nlesson; a lesson to us all as sinful men, and a lesson to me as a pilot\nof the living God. As sinful men, it is a lesson to us all, because it\nis a story of the sin, hard-heartedness, suddenly awakened fears, the\nswift punishment, repentance, prayers, and finally the deliverance and\njoy of Jonah. As with all sinners among men, the sin of this son of\nAmittai was in his wilful disobedience of the command of God--never\nmind now what that command was, or how conveyed--which he found a hard\ncommand. But all the things that God would have us do are hard for us to\ndo--remember that--and hence, he oftener commands us than endeavors to\npersuade. And if we obey God, we must disobey ourselves; and it is in\nthis disobeying ourselves, wherein the hardness of obeying God consists.\n\n\"With this sin of disobedience in him, Jonah still further flouts at\nGod, by seeking to flee from Him. He thinks that a ship made by men will\ncarry him into countries where God does not reign, but only the Captains\nof this earth. He skulks about the wharves of Joppa, and seeks a ship\nthat's bound for Tarshish. There lurks, perhaps, a hitherto unheeded\nmeaning here. By all accounts Tarshish could have been no other city\nthan the modern Cadiz. That's the opinion of learned men. And where is\nCadiz, shipmates? Cadiz is in Spain; as far by water, from Joppa,\nas Jonah could possibly have sailed in those ancient days, when the\nAtlantic was an almost unknown sea. Because Joppa, the modern Jaffa,\nshipmates, is on the most easterly coast of the Mediterranean, the\nSyrian; and Tarshish or Cadiz more than two thousand miles to the\nwestward from that, just outside the Straits of Gibraltar. See ye\nnot then, shipmates, that Jonah sought to flee world-wide from God?\nMiserable man! Oh! most contemptible and worthy of all scorn; with\nslouched hat and guilty eye, skulking from his God; prowling among the\nshipping like a vile burglar hastening to cross the seas. So disordered,\nself-condemning is his look, that had there been policemen in those\ndays, Jonah, on the mere suspicion of something wrong, had been arrested\nere he touched a deck. How plainly he's a fugitive! no baggage, not a\nhat-box, valise, or carpet-bag,--no friends accompany him to the wharf\nwith their adieux. At last, after much dodging search, he finds the\nTarshish ship receiving the last items of her cargo; and as he steps on\nboard to see its Captain in the cabin, all the sailors for the moment\ndesist from hoisting in the goods, to mark the stranger's evil eye.\nJonah sees this; but in vain he tries to look all ease and confidence;\nin vain essays his wretched smile. Strong intuitions of the man assure\nthe mariners he can be no innocent. In their gamesome but still serious\nway, one whispers to the other--\"Jack, he's robbed a widow;\" or, \"Joe,\ndo you mark him; he's a bigamist;\" or, \"Harry lad, I guess he's the\nadulterer that broke jail in old Gomorrah, or belike, one of the missing\nmurderers from Sodom.\" Another runs to read the bill that's stuck\nagainst the spile upon the wharf to which the ship is moored, offering\nfive hundred gold coins for the apprehension of a parricide, and\ncontaining a description of his person. He reads, and looks from Jonah\nto the bill; while all his sympathetic shipmates now crowd round Jonah,\nprepared to lay their hands upon him. Frighted Jonah trembles, and\nsummoning all his boldness to his face, only looks so much the more a\ncoward. He will not confess himself suspected; but that itself is strong\nsuspicion. So he makes the best of it; and when the sailors find him\nnot to be the man that is advertised, they let him pass, and he descends\ninto the cabin.\n\n\"'Who's there?' cries the Captain at his busy desk, hurriedly making\nout his papers for the Customs--'Who's there?' Oh! how that harmless\nquestion mangles Jonah! For the instant he almost turns to flee again.\nBut he rallies. 'I seek a passage in this ship to Tarshish; how soon\nsail ye, sir?' Thus far the busy Captain had not looked up to Jonah,\nthough the man now stands before him; but no sooner does he hear that\nhollow voice, than he darts a scrutinizing glance. 'We sail with the\nnext coming tide,' at last he slowly answered, still intently eyeing\nhim. 'No sooner, sir?'--'Soon enough for any honest man that goes a\npassenger.' Ha! Jonah, that's another stab. But he swiftly calls away\nthe Captain from that scent. 'I'll sail with ye,'--he says,--'the\npassage money how much is that?--I'll pay now.' For it is particularly\nwritten, shipmates, as if it were a thing not to be overlooked in this\nhistory, 'that he paid the fare thereof' ere the craft did sail. And\ntaken with the context, this is full of meaning.\n\n\"Now Jonah's Captain, shipmates, was one whose discernment detects crime\nin any, but whose cupidity exposes it only in the penniless. In this\nworld, shipmates, sin that pays its way can travel freely, and without\na passport; whereas Virtue, if a pauper, is stopped at all frontiers.\nSo Jonah's Captain prepares to test the length of Jonah's purse, ere he\njudge him openly. He charges him thrice the usual sum; and it's assented\nto. Then the Captain knows that Jonah is a fugitive; but at the same\ntime resolves to help a flight that paves its rear with gold. Yet when\nJonah fairly takes out his purse, prudent suspicions still molest the\nCaptain. He rings every coin to find a counterfeit. Not a forger, any\nway, he mutters; and Jonah is put down for his passage. 'Point out my\nstate-room, Sir,' says Jonah now, 'I'm travel-weary; I need sleep.'\n'Thou lookest like it,' says the Captain, 'there's thy room.' Jonah\nenters, and would lock the door, but the lock contains no key. Hearing\nhim foolishly fumbling there, the Captain laughs lowly to himself, and\nmutters something about the doors of convicts' cells being never allowed\nto be locked within. All dressed and dusty as he is, Jonah throws\nhimself into his berth, and finds the little state-room ceiling almost\nresting on his forehead. The air is close, and Jonah gasps. Then, in\nthat contracted hole, sunk, too, beneath the ship's water-line, Jonah\nfeels the heralding presentiment of that stifling hour, when the whale\nshall hold him in the smallest of his bowels' wards.\n\n\"Screwed at its axis against the side, a swinging lamp slightly\noscillates in Jonah's room; and the ship, heeling over towards the wharf\nwith the weight of the last bales received, the lamp, flame and all,\nthough in slight motion, still maintains a permanent obliquity with\nreference to the room; though, in truth, infallibly straight itself, it\nbut made obvious the false, lying levels among which it hung. The lamp\nalarms and frightens Jonah; as lying in his berth his tormented eyes\nroll round the place, and this thus far successful fugitive finds no\nrefuge for his restless glance. But that contradiction in the lamp more\nand more appals him. The floor, the ceiling, and the side, are all awry.\n'Oh! so my conscience hangs in me!' he groans, 'straight upwards, so it\nburns; but the chambers of my soul are all in crookedness!'\n\n\"Like one who after a night of drunken revelry hies to his bed, still\nreeling, but with conscience yet pricking him, as the plungings of the\nRoman race-horse but so much the more strike his steel tags into him; as\none who in that miserable plight still turns and turns in giddy anguish,\npraying God for annihilation until the fit be passed; and at last amid\nthe whirl of woe he feels, a deep stupor steals over him, as over the\nman who bleeds to death, for conscience is the wound, and there's naught\nto staunch it; so, after sore wrestlings in his berth, Jonah's prodigy\nof ponderous misery drags him drowning down to sleep.\n\n\"And now the time of tide has come; the ship casts off her cables; and\nfrom the deserted wharf the uncheered ship for Tarshish, all careening,\nglides to sea. That ship, my friends, was the first of recorded\nsmugglers! the contraband was Jonah. But the sea rebels; he will not\nbear the wicked burden. A dreadful storm comes on, the ship is like to\nbreak. But now when the boatswain calls all hands to lighten her;\nwhen boxes, bales, and jars are clattering overboard; when the wind\nis shrieking, and the men are yelling, and every plank thunders with\ntrampling feet right over Jonah's head; in all this raging tumult, Jonah\nsleeps his hideous sleep. He sees no black sky and raging sea, feels not\nthe reeling timbers, and little hears he or heeds he the far rush of the\nmighty whale, which even now with open mouth is cleaving the seas after\nhim. Aye, shipmates, Jonah was gone down into the sides of the ship--a\nberth in the cabin as I have taken it, and was fast asleep. But the\nfrightened master comes to him, and shrieks in his dead ear, 'What\nmeanest thou, O, sleeper! arise!' Startled from his lethargy by that\ndireful cry, Jonah staggers to his feet, and stumbling to the deck,\ngrasps a shroud, to look out upon the sea. But at that moment he is\nsprung upon by a panther billow leaping over the bulwarks. Wave after\nwave thus leaps into the ship, and finding no speedy vent runs roaring\nfore and aft, till the mariners come nigh to drowning while yet afloat.\nAnd ever, as the white moon shows her affrighted face from the steep\ngullies in the blackness overhead, aghast Jonah sees the rearing\nbowsprit pointing high upward, but soon beat downward again towards the\ntormented deep.\n\n\"Terrors upon terrors run shouting through his soul. In all his cringing\nattitudes, the God-fugitive is now too plainly known. The sailors mark\nhim; more and more certain grow their suspicions of him, and at last,\nfully to test the truth, by referring the whole matter to high Heaven,\nthey fall to casting lots, to see for whose cause this great tempest was\nupon them. The lot is Jonah's; that discovered, then how furiously they\nmob him with their questions. 'What is thine occupation? Whence comest\nthou? Thy country? What people? But mark now, my shipmates, the behavior\nof poor Jonah. The eager mariners but ask him who he is, and where\nfrom; whereas, they not only receive an answer to those questions,\nbut likewise another answer to a question not put by them, but the\nunsolicited answer is forced from Jonah by the hard hand of God that is\nupon him.\n\n\"'I am a Hebrew,' he cries--and then--'I fear the Lord the God of Heaven\nwho hath made the sea and the dry land!' Fear him, O Jonah? Aye, well\nmightest thou fear the Lord God THEN! Straightway, he now goes on to\nmake a full confession; whereupon the mariners became more and more\nappalled, but still are pitiful. For when Jonah, not yet supplicating\nGod for mercy, since he but too well knew the darkness of his\ndeserts,--when wretched Jonah cries out to them to take him and cast him\nforth into the sea, for he knew that for HIS sake this great tempest\nwas upon them; they mercifully turn from him, and seek by other means to\nsave the ship. But all in vain; the indignant gale howls louder;\nthen, with one hand raised invokingly to God, with the other they not\nunreluctantly lay hold of Jonah.\n\n\"And now behold Jonah taken up as an anchor and dropped into the sea;\nwhen instantly an oily calmness floats out from the east, and the sea\nis still, as Jonah carries down the gale with him, leaving smooth\nwater behind. He goes down in the whirling heart of such a masterless\ncommotion that he scarce heeds the moment when he drops seething into\nthe yawning jaws awaiting him; and the whale shoots-to all his ivory\nteeth, like so many white bolts, upon his prison. Then Jonah prayed unto\nthe Lord out of the fish's belly. But observe his prayer, and learn a\nweighty lesson. For sinful as he is, Jonah does not weep and wail for\ndirect deliverance. He feels that his dreadful punishment is just. He\nleaves all his deliverance to God, contenting himself with this, that\nspite of all his pains and pangs, he will still look towards His holy\ntemple. And here, shipmates, is true and faithful repentance; not\nclamorous for pardon, but grateful for punishment. And how pleasing to\nGod was this conduct in Jonah, is shown in the eventual deliverance of\nhim from the sea and the whale. Shipmates, I do not place Jonah before\nyou to be copied for his sin but I do place him before you as a model\nfor repentance. Sin not; but if you do, take heed to repent of it like\nJonah.\"\n\nWhile he was speaking these words, the howling of the shrieking,\nslanting storm without seemed to add new power to the preacher, who,\nwhen describing Jonah's sea-storm, seemed tossed by a storm himself.\nHis deep chest heaved as with a ground-swell; his tossed arms seemed the\nwarring elements at work; and the thunders that rolled away from off his\nswarthy brow, and the light leaping from his eye, made all his simple\nhearers look on him with a quick fear that was strange to them.\n\nThere now came a lull in his look, as he silently turned over the leaves\nof the Book once more; and, at last, standing motionless, with closed\neyes, for the moment, seemed communing with God and himself.\n\nBut again he leaned over towards the people, and bowing his head lowly,\nwith an aspect of the deepest yet manliest humility, he spake these\nwords:\n\n\"Shipmates, God has laid but one hand upon you; both his hands press\nupon me. I have read ye by what murky light may be mine the lesson that\nJonah teaches to all sinners; and therefore to ye, and still more to me,\nfor I am a greater sinner than ye. And now how gladly would I come down\nfrom this mast-head and sit on the hatches there where you sit, and\nlisten as you listen, while some one of you reads ME that other and more\nawful lesson which Jonah teaches to ME, as a pilot of the living God.\nHow being an anointed pilot-prophet, or speaker of true things, and\nbidden by the Lord to sound those unwelcome truths in the ears of a\nwicked Nineveh, Jonah, appalled at the hostility he should raise, fled\nfrom his mission, and sought to escape his duty and his God by taking\nship at Joppa. But God is everywhere; Tarshish he never reached. As we\nhave seen, God came upon him in the whale, and swallowed him down to\nliving gulfs of doom, and with swift slantings tore him along 'into the\nmidst of the seas,' where the eddying depths sucked him ten thousand\nfathoms down, and 'the weeds were wrapped about his head,' and all the\nwatery world of woe bowled over him. Yet even then beyond the reach of\nany plummet--'out of the belly of hell'--when the whale grounded upon\nthe ocean's utmost bones, even then, God heard the engulphed, repenting\nprophet when he cried. Then God spake unto the fish; and from the\nshuddering cold and blackness of the sea, the whale came breeching\nup towards the warm and pleasant sun, and all the delights of air and\nearth; and 'vomited out Jonah upon the dry land;' when the word of the\nLord came a second time; and Jonah, bruised and beaten--his ears, like\ntwo sea-shells, still multitudinously murmuring of the ocean--Jonah\ndid the Almighty's bidding. And what was that, shipmates? To preach the\nTruth to the face of Falsehood! That was it!\n\n\"This, shipmates, this is that other lesson; and woe to that pilot of\nthe living God who slights it. Woe to him whom this world charms from\nGospel duty! Woe to him who seeks to pour oil upon the waters when God\nhas brewed them into a gale! Woe to him who seeks to please rather than\nto appal! Woe to him whose good name is more to him than goodness! Woe\nto him who, in this world, courts not dishonour! Woe to him who would\nnot be true, even though to be false were salvation! Yea, woe to him\nwho, as the great Pilot Paul has it, while preaching to others is\nhimself a castaway!\"\n\nHe dropped and fell away from himself for a moment; then lifting his\nface to them again, showed a deep joy in his eyes, as he cried out with\na heavenly enthusiasm,--\"But oh! shipmates! on the starboard hand of\nevery woe, there is a sure delight; and higher the top of that delight,\nthan the bottom of the woe is deep. Is not the main-truck higher than\nthe kelson is low? Delight is to him--a far, far upward, and inward\ndelight--who against the proud gods and commodores of this earth, ever\nstands forth his own inexorable self. Delight is to him whose strong\narms yet support him, when the ship of this base treacherous world has\ngone down beneath him. Delight is to him, who gives no quarter in the\ntruth, and kills, burns, and destroys all sin though he pluck it out\nfrom under the robes of Senators and Judges. Delight,--top-gallant\ndelight is to him, who acknowledges no law or lord, but the Lord his\nGod, and is only a patriot to heaven. Delight is to him, whom all the\nwaves of the billows of the seas of the boisterous mob can never shake\nfrom this sure Keel of the Ages. And eternal delight and deliciousness\nwill be his, who coming to lay him down, can say with his final\nbreath--O Father!--chiefly known to me by Thy rod--mortal or immortal,\nhere I die. I have striven to be Thine, more than to be this world's, or\nmine own. Yet this is nothing: I leave eternity to Thee; for what is man\nthat he should live out the lifetime of his God?\"\n\nHe said no more, but slowly waving a benediction, covered his face with\nhis hands, and so remained kneeling, till all the people had departed,\nand he was left alone in the place.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 10. A Bosom Friend.\n\n\nReturning to the Spouter-Inn from the Chapel, I found Queequeg there\nquite alone; he having left the Chapel before the benediction some time.\nHe was sitting on a bench before the fire, with his feet on the stove\nhearth, and in one hand was holding close up to his face that little\nnegro idol of his; peering hard into its face, and with a jack-knife\ngently whittling away at its nose, meanwhile humming to himself in his\nheathenish way.\n\nBut being now interrupted, he put up the image; and pretty soon, going\nto the table, took up a large book there, and placing it on his lap\nbegan counting the pages with deliberate regularity; at every fiftieth\npage--as I fancied--stopping a moment, looking vacantly around him, and\ngiving utterance to a long-drawn gurgling whistle of astonishment. He\nwould then begin again at the next fifty; seeming to commence at number\none each time, as though he could not count more than fifty, and it was\nonly by such a large number of fifties being found together, that his\nastonishment at the multitude of pages was excited.\n\nWith much interest I sat watching him. Savage though he was, and\nhideously marred about the face--at least to my taste--his countenance\nyet had a something in it which was by no means disagreeable. You cannot\nhide the soul. Through all his unearthly tattooings, I thought I saw\nthe traces of a simple honest heart; and in his large, deep eyes,\nfiery black and bold, there seemed tokens of a spirit that would dare a\nthousand devils. And besides all this, there was a certain lofty bearing\nabout the Pagan, which even his uncouthness could not altogether maim.\nHe looked like a man who had never cringed and never had had a creditor.\nWhether it was, too, that his head being shaved, his forehead was drawn\nout in freer and brighter relief, and looked more expansive than it\notherwise would, this I will not venture to decide; but certain it was\nhis head was phrenologically an excellent one. It may seem ridiculous,\nbut it reminded me of General Washington's head, as seen in the popular\nbusts of him. It had the same long regularly graded retreating slope\nfrom above the brows, which were likewise very projecting, like two\nlong promontories thickly wooded on top. Queequeg was George Washington\ncannibalistically developed.\n\nWhilst I was thus closely scanning him, half-pretending meanwhile to be\nlooking out at the storm from the casement, he never heeded my presence,\nnever troubled himself with so much as a single glance; but appeared\nwholly occupied with counting the pages of the marvellous book.\nConsidering how sociably we had been sleeping together the night\nprevious, and especially considering the affectionate arm I had found\nthrown over me upon waking in the morning, I thought this indifference\nof his very strange. But savages are strange beings; at times you do not\nknow exactly how to take them. At first they are overawing; their calm\nself-collectedness of simplicity seems a Socratic wisdom. I had noticed\nalso that Queequeg never consorted at all, or but very little, with the\nother seamen in the inn. He made no advances whatever; appeared to have\nno desire to enlarge the circle of his acquaintances. All this struck\nme as mighty singular; yet, upon second thoughts, there was something\nalmost sublime in it. Here was a man some twenty thousand miles from\nhome, by the way of Cape Horn, that is--which was the only way he could\nget there--thrown among people as strange to him as though he were in\nthe planet Jupiter; and yet he seemed entirely at his ease; preserving\nthe utmost serenity; content with his own companionship; always equal to\nhimself. Surely this was a touch of fine philosophy; though no doubt he\nhad never heard there was such a thing as that. But, perhaps, to be\ntrue philosophers, we mortals should not be conscious of so living or\nso striving. So soon as I hear that such or such a man gives himself\nout for a philosopher, I conclude that, like the dyspeptic old woman, he\nmust have \"broken his digester.\"\n\nAs I sat there in that now lonely room; the fire burning low, in that\nmild stage when, after its first intensity has warmed the air, it then\nonly glows to be looked at; the evening shades and phantoms gathering\nround the casements, and peering in upon us silent, solitary twain;\nthe storm booming without in solemn swells; I began to be sensible of\nstrange feelings. I felt a melting in me. No more my splintered heart\nand maddened hand were turned against the wolfish world. This soothing\nsavage had redeemed it. There he sat, his very indifference speaking a\nnature in which there lurked no civilized hypocrisies and bland deceits.\nWild he was; a very sight of sights to see; yet I began to feel myself\nmysteriously drawn towards him. And those same things that would have\nrepelled most others, they were the very magnets that thus drew me. I'll\ntry a pagan friend, thought I, since Christian kindness has proved but\nhollow courtesy. I drew my bench near him, and made some friendly signs\nand hints, doing my best to talk with him meanwhile. At first he little\nnoticed these advances; but presently, upon my referring to his last\nnight's hospitalities, he made out to ask me whether we were again to be\nbedfellows. I told him yes; whereat I thought he looked pleased, perhaps\na little complimented.\n\nWe then turned over the book together, and I endeavored to explain to\nhim the purpose of the printing, and the meaning of the few pictures\nthat were in it. Thus I soon engaged his interest; and from that we went\nto jabbering the best we could about the various outer sights to be seen\nin this famous town. Soon I proposed a social smoke; and, producing\nhis pouch and tomahawk, he quietly offered me a puff. And then we sat\nexchanging puffs from that wild pipe of his, and keeping it regularly\npassing between us.\n\nIf there yet lurked any ice of indifference towards me in the Pagan's\nbreast, this pleasant, genial smoke we had, soon thawed it out, and left\nus cronies. He seemed to take to me quite as naturally and unbiddenly as\nI to him; and when our smoke was over, he pressed his forehead against\nmine, clasped me round the waist, and said that henceforth we were\nmarried; meaning, in his country's phrase, that we were bosom friends;\nhe would gladly die for me, if need should be. In a countryman, this\nsudden flame of friendship would have seemed far too premature, a thing\nto be much distrusted; but in this simple savage those old rules would\nnot apply.\n\nAfter supper, and another social chat and smoke, we went to our room\ntogether. He made me a present of his embalmed head; took out his\nenormous tobacco wallet, and groping under the tobacco, drew out\nsome thirty dollars in silver; then spreading them on the table, and\nmechanically dividing them into two equal portions, pushed one of them\ntowards me, and said it was mine. I was going to remonstrate; but he\nsilenced me by pouring them into my trowsers' pockets. I let them stay.\nHe then went about his evening prayers, took out his idol, and removed\nthe paper fireboard. By certain signs and symptoms, I thought he seemed\nanxious for me to join him; but well knowing what was to follow, I\ndeliberated a moment whether, in case he invited me, I would comply or\notherwise.\n\nI was a good Christian; born and bred in the bosom of the infallible\nPresbyterian Church. How then could I unite with this wild idolator in\nworshipping his piece of wood? But what is worship? thought I. Do\nyou suppose now, Ishmael, that the magnanimous God of heaven and\nearth--pagans and all included--can possibly be jealous of an\ninsignificant bit of black wood? Impossible! But what is worship?--to do\nthe will of God--THAT is worship. And what is the will of God?--to do to\nmy fellow man what I would have my fellow man to do to me--THAT is the\nwill of God. Now, Queequeg is my fellow man. And what do I wish that\nthis Queequeg would do to me? Why, unite with me in my particular\nPresbyterian form of worship. Consequently, I must then unite with him\nin his; ergo, I must turn idolator. So I kindled the shavings; helped\nprop up the innocent little idol; offered him burnt biscuit with\nQueequeg; salamed before him twice or thrice; kissed his nose; and that\ndone, we undressed and went to bed, at peace with our own consciences\nand all the world. But we did not go to sleep without some little chat.\n\nHow it is I know not; but there is no place like a bed for confidential\ndisclosures between friends. Man and wife, they say, there open the very\nbottom of their souls to each other; and some old couples often lie\nand chat over old times till nearly morning. Thus, then, in our hearts'\nhoneymoon, lay I and Queequeg--a cosy, loving pair.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 11. Nightgown.\n\n\nWe had lain thus in bed, chatting and napping at short intervals, and\nQueequeg now and then affectionately throwing his brown tattooed legs\nover mine, and then drawing them back; so entirely sociable and free\nand easy were we; when, at last, by reason of our confabulations, what\nlittle nappishness remained in us altogether departed, and we felt like\ngetting up again, though day-break was yet some way down the future.\n\nYes, we became very wakeful; so much so that our recumbent position\nbegan to grow wearisome, and by little and little we found ourselves\nsitting up; the clothes well tucked around us, leaning against the\nhead-board with our four knees drawn up close together, and our two\nnoses bending over them, as if our kneepans were warming-pans. We felt\nvery nice and snug, the more so since it was so chilly out of doors;\nindeed out of bed-clothes too, seeing that there was no fire in the\nroom. The more so, I say, because truly to enjoy bodily warmth, some\nsmall part of you must be cold, for there is no quality in this world\nthat is not what it is merely by contrast. Nothing exists in itself. If\nyou flatter yourself that you are all over comfortable, and have been so\na long time, then you cannot be said to be comfortable any more. But if,\nlike Queequeg and me in the bed, the tip of your nose or the crown\nof your head be slightly chilled, why then, indeed, in the general\nconsciousness you feel most delightfully and unmistakably warm. For this\nreason a sleeping apartment should never be furnished with a fire, which\nis one of the luxurious discomforts of the rich. For the height of this\nsort of deliciousness is to have nothing but the blanket between you and\nyour snugness and the cold of the outer air. Then there you lie like the\none warm spark in the heart of an arctic crystal.\n\nWe had been sitting in this crouching manner for some time, when all at\nonce I thought I would open my eyes; for when between sheets, whether\nby day or by night, and whether asleep or awake, I have a way of always\nkeeping my eyes shut, in order the more to concentrate the snugness\nof being in bed. Because no man can ever feel his own identity aright\nexcept his eyes be closed; as if darkness were indeed the proper element\nof our essences, though light be more congenial to our clayey part. Upon\nopening my eyes then, and coming out of my own pleasant and self-created\ndarkness into the imposed and coarse outer gloom of the unilluminated\ntwelve-o'clock-at-night, I experienced a disagreeable revulsion. Nor did\nI at all object to the hint from Queequeg that perhaps it were best to\nstrike a light, seeing that we were so wide awake; and besides he felt\na strong desire to have a few quiet puffs from his Tomahawk. Be it said,\nthat though I had felt such a strong repugnance to his smoking in the\nbed the night before, yet see how elastic our stiff prejudices grow when\nlove once comes to bend them. For now I liked nothing better than to\nhave Queequeg smoking by me, even in bed, because he seemed to be full\nof such serene household joy then. I no more felt unduly concerned for\nthe landlord's policy of insurance. I was only alive to the condensed\nconfidential comfortableness of sharing a pipe and a blanket with a real\nfriend. With our shaggy jackets drawn about our shoulders, we now passed\nthe Tomahawk from one to the other, till slowly there grew over us a\nblue hanging tester of smoke, illuminated by the flame of the new-lit\nlamp.\n\nWhether it was that this undulating tester rolled the savage away to far\ndistant scenes, I know not, but he now spoke of his native island; and,\neager to hear his history, I begged him to go on and tell it. He gladly\ncomplied. Though at the time I but ill comprehended not a few of his\nwords, yet subsequent disclosures, when I had become more familiar with\nhis broken phraseology, now enable me to present the whole story such as\nit may prove in the mere skeleton I give.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 12. Biographical.\n\n\nQueequeg was a native of Rokovoko, an island far away to the West and\nSouth. It is not down in any map; true places never are.\n\nWhen a new-hatched savage running wild about his native woodlands in\na grass clout, followed by the nibbling goats, as if he were a green\nsapling; even then, in Queequeg's ambitious soul, lurked a strong desire\nto see something more of Christendom than a specimen whaler or two. His\nfather was a High Chief, a King; his uncle a High Priest; and on the\nmaternal side he boasted aunts who were the wives of unconquerable\nwarriors. There was excellent blood in his veins--royal stuff; though\nsadly vitiated, I fear, by the cannibal propensity he nourished in his\nuntutored youth.\n\nA Sag Harbor ship visited his father's bay, and Queequeg sought a\npassage to Christian lands. But the ship, having her full complement of\nseamen, spurned his suit; and not all the King his father's influence\ncould prevail. But Queequeg vowed a vow. Alone in his canoe, he paddled\noff to a distant strait, which he knew the ship must pass through when\nshe quitted the island. On one side was a coral reef; on the other a low\ntongue of land, covered with mangrove thickets that grew out into the\nwater. Hiding his canoe, still afloat, among these thickets, with its\nprow seaward, he sat down in the stern, paddle low in hand; and when the\nship was gliding by, like a flash he darted out; gained her side; with\none backward dash of his foot capsized and sank his canoe; climbed up\nthe chains; and throwing himself at full length upon the deck, grappled\na ring-bolt there, and swore not to let it go, though hacked in pieces.\n\nIn vain the captain threatened to throw him overboard; suspended a\ncutlass over his naked wrists; Queequeg was the son of a King, and\nQueequeg budged not. Struck by his desperate dauntlessness, and his wild\ndesire to visit Christendom, the captain at last relented, and told\nhim he might make himself at home. But this fine young savage--this sea\nPrince of Wales, never saw the Captain's cabin. They put him down among\nthe sailors, and made a whaleman of him. But like Czar Peter content to\ntoil in the shipyards of foreign cities, Queequeg disdained no seeming\nignominy, if thereby he might happily gain the power of enlightening his\nuntutored countrymen. For at bottom--so he told me--he was actuated by a\nprofound desire to learn among the Christians, the arts whereby to\nmake his people still happier than they were; and more than that,\nstill better than they were. But, alas! the practices of whalemen soon\nconvinced him that even Christians could be both miserable and wicked;\ninfinitely more so, than all his father's heathens. Arrived at last in\nold Sag Harbor; and seeing what the sailors did there; and then going on\nto Nantucket, and seeing how they spent their wages in that place also,\npoor Queequeg gave it up for lost. Thought he, it's a wicked world in\nall meridians; I'll die a pagan.\n\nAnd thus an old idolator at heart, he yet lived among these Christians,\nwore their clothes, and tried to talk their gibberish. Hence the queer\nways about him, though now some time from home.\n\nBy hints, I asked him whether he did not propose going back, and having\na coronation; since he might now consider his father dead and gone, he\nbeing very old and feeble at the last accounts. He answered no, not yet;\nand added that he was fearful Christianity, or rather Christians, had\nunfitted him for ascending the pure and undefiled throne of thirty pagan\nKings before him. But by and by, he said, he would return,--as soon as\nhe felt himself baptized again. For the nonce, however, he proposed to\nsail about, and sow his wild oats in all four oceans. They had made a\nharpooneer of him, and that barbed iron was in lieu of a sceptre now.\n\nI asked him what might be his immediate purpose, touching his future\nmovements. He answered, to go to sea again, in his old vocation. Upon\nthis, I told him that whaling was my own design, and informed him of my\nintention to sail out of Nantucket, as being the most promising port for\nan adventurous whaleman to embark from. He at once resolved to accompany\nme to that island, ship aboard the same vessel, get into the same watch,\nthe same boat, the same mess with me, in short to share my every hap;\nwith both my hands in his, boldly dip into the Potluck of both worlds.\nTo all this I joyously assented; for besides the affection I now felt\nfor Queequeg, he was an experienced harpooneer, and as such, could not\nfail to be of great usefulness to one, who, like me, was wholly ignorant\nof the mysteries of whaling, though well acquainted with the sea, as\nknown to merchant seamen.\n\nHis story being ended with his pipe's last dying puff, Queequeg embraced\nme, pressed his forehead against mine, and blowing out the light, we\nrolled over from each other, this way and that, and very soon were\nsleeping.\n\n\nCHAPTER 13. Wheelbarrow.\n\n\nNext morning, Monday, after disposing of the embalmed head to a barber,\nfor a block, I settled my own and comrade's bill; using, however, my\ncomrade's money. The grinning landlord, as well as the boarders, seemed\namazingly tickled at the sudden friendship which had sprung up between\nme and Queequeg--especially as Peter Coffin's cock and bull stories\nabout him had previously so much alarmed me concerning the very person\nwhom I now companied with.\n\nWe borrowed a wheelbarrow, and embarking our things, including my own\npoor carpet-bag, and Queequeg's canvas sack and hammock, away we went\ndown to \"the Moss,\" the little Nantucket packet schooner moored at the\nwharf. As we were going along the people stared; not at Queequeg\nso much--for they were used to seeing cannibals like him in their\nstreets,--but at seeing him and me upon such confidential terms. But we\nheeded them not, going along wheeling the barrow by turns, and Queequeg\nnow and then stopping to adjust the sheath on his harpoon barbs. I asked\nhim why he carried such a troublesome thing with him ashore, and\nwhether all whaling ships did not find their own harpoons. To this, in\nsubstance, he replied, that though what I hinted was true enough, yet\nhe had a particular affection for his own harpoon, because it was of\nassured stuff, well tried in many a mortal combat, and deeply intimate\nwith the hearts of whales. In short, like many inland reapers\nand mowers, who go into the farmers' meadows armed with their own\nscythes--though in no wise obliged to furnish them--even so, Queequeg,\nfor his own private reasons, preferred his own harpoon.\n\nShifting the barrow from my hand to his, he told me a funny story about\nthe first wheelbarrow he had ever seen. It was in Sag Harbor. The owners\nof his ship, it seems, had lent him one, in which to carry his\nheavy chest to his boarding house. Not to seem ignorant about the\nthing--though in truth he was entirely so, concerning the precise way in\nwhich to manage the barrow--Queequeg puts his chest upon it; lashes it\nfast; and then shoulders the barrow and marches up the wharf. \"Why,\"\nsaid I, \"Queequeg, you might have known better than that, one would\nthink. Didn't the people laugh?\"\n\nUpon this, he told me another story. The people of his island of\nRokovoko, it seems, at their wedding feasts express the fragrant water\nof young cocoanuts into a large stained calabash like a punchbowl; and\nthis punchbowl always forms the great central ornament on the braided\nmat where the feast is held. Now a certain grand merchant ship once\ntouched at Rokovoko, and its commander--from all accounts, a very\nstately punctilious gentleman, at least for a sea captain--this\ncommander was invited to the wedding feast of Queequeg's sister, a\npretty young princess just turned of ten. Well; when all the wedding\nguests were assembled at the bride's bamboo cottage, this Captain\nmarches in, and being assigned the post of honour, placed himself over\nagainst the punchbowl, and between the High Priest and his majesty the\nKing, Queequeg's father. Grace being said,--for those people have their\ngrace as well as we--though Queequeg told me that unlike us, who at such\ntimes look downwards to our platters, they, on the contrary, copying the\nducks, glance upwards to the great Giver of all feasts--Grace, I say,\nbeing said, the High Priest opens the banquet by the immemorial ceremony\nof the island; that is, dipping his consecrated and consecrating fingers\ninto the bowl before the blessed beverage circulates. Seeing himself\nplaced next the Priest, and noting the ceremony, and thinking\nhimself--being Captain of a ship--as having plain precedence over a\nmere island King, especially in the King's own house--the Captain coolly\nproceeds to wash his hands in the punchbowl;--taking it I suppose for a\nhuge finger-glass. \"Now,\" said Queequeg, \"what you tink now?--Didn't our\npeople laugh?\"\n\nAt last, passage paid, and luggage safe, we stood on board the schooner.\nHoisting sail, it glided down the Acushnet river. On one side, New\nBedford rose in terraces of streets, their ice-covered trees all\nglittering in the clear, cold air. Huge hills and mountains of casks on\ncasks were piled upon her wharves, and side by side the world-wandering\nwhale ships lay silent and safely moored at last; while from others\ncame a sound of carpenters and coopers, with blended noises of fires and\nforges to melt the pitch, all betokening that new cruises were on the\nstart; that one most perilous and long voyage ended, only begins a\nsecond; and a second ended, only begins a third, and so on, for ever\nand for aye. Such is the endlessness, yea, the intolerableness of all\nearthly effort.\n\nGaining the more open water, the bracing breeze waxed fresh; the little\nMoss tossed the quick foam from her bows, as a young colt his snortings.\nHow I snuffed that Tartar air!--how I spurned that turnpike earth!--that\ncommon highway all over dented with the marks of slavish heels and\nhoofs; and turned me to admire the magnanimity of the sea which will\npermit no records.\n\nAt the same foam-fountain, Queequeg seemed to drink and reel with me.\nHis dusky nostrils swelled apart; he showed his filed and pointed teeth.\nOn, on we flew; and our offing gained, the Moss did homage to the\nblast; ducked and dived her bows as a slave before the Sultan. Sideways\nleaning, we sideways darted; every ropeyarn tingling like a wire; the\ntwo tall masts buckling like Indian canes in land tornadoes. So full of\nthis reeling scene were we, as we stood by the plunging bowsprit, that\nfor some time we did not notice the jeering glances of the passengers, a\nlubber-like assembly, who marvelled that two fellow beings should be so\ncompanionable; as though a white man were anything more dignified than a\nwhitewashed negro. But there were some boobies and bumpkins there, who,\nby their intense greenness, must have come from the heart and centre of\nall verdure. Queequeg caught one of these young saplings mimicking him\nbehind his back. I thought the bumpkin's hour of doom was come. Dropping\nhis harpoon, the brawny savage caught him in his arms, and by an almost\nmiraculous dexterity and strength, sent him high up bodily into the air;\nthen slightly tapping his stern in mid-somerset, the fellow landed with\nbursting lungs upon his feet, while Queequeg, turning his back upon him,\nlighted his tomahawk pipe and passed it to me for a puff.\n\n\"Capting! Capting!\" yelled the bumpkin, running towards that officer;\n\"Capting, Capting, here's the devil.\"\n\n\"Hallo, _you_ sir,\" cried the Captain, a gaunt rib of the sea, stalking\nup to Queequeg, \"what in thunder do you mean by that? Don't you know you\nmight have killed that chap?\"\n\n\"What him say?\" said Queequeg, as he mildly turned to me.\n\n\"He say,\" said I, \"that you came near kill-e that man there,\" pointing\nto the still shivering greenhorn.\n\n\"Kill-e,\" cried Queequeg, twisting his tattooed face into an unearthly\nexpression of disdain, \"ah! him bevy small-e fish-e; Queequeg no kill-e\nso small-e fish-e; Queequeg kill-e big whale!\"\n\n\"Look you,\" roared the Captain, \"I'll kill-e YOU, you cannibal, if you\ntry any more of your tricks aboard here; so mind your eye.\"\n\nBut it so happened just then, that it was high time for the Captain to\nmind his own eye. The prodigious strain upon the main-sail had parted\nthe weather-sheet, and the tremendous boom was now flying from side to\nside, completely sweeping the entire after part of the deck. The poor\nfellow whom Queequeg had handled so roughly, was swept overboard; all\nhands were in a panic; and to attempt snatching at the boom to stay it,\nseemed madness. It flew from right to left, and back again, almost\nin one ticking of a watch, and every instant seemed on the point of\nsnapping into splinters. Nothing was done, and nothing seemed capable of\nbeing done; those on deck rushed towards the bows, and stood eyeing the\nboom as if it were the lower jaw of an exasperated whale. In the\nmidst of this consternation, Queequeg dropped deftly to his knees, and\ncrawling under the path of the boom, whipped hold of a rope, secured one\nend to the bulwarks, and then flinging the other like a lasso, caught it\nround the boom as it swept over his head, and at the next jerk, the spar\nwas that way trapped, and all was safe. The schooner was run into the\nwind, and while the hands were clearing away the stern boat, Queequeg,\nstripped to the waist, darted from the side with a long living arc of\na leap. For three minutes or more he was seen swimming like a dog,\nthrowing his long arms straight out before him, and by turns revealing\nhis brawny shoulders through the freezing foam. I looked at the grand\nand glorious fellow, but saw no one to be saved. The greenhorn had gone\ndown. Shooting himself perpendicularly from the water, Queequeg, now\ntook an instant's glance around him, and seeming to see just how matters\nwere, dived down and disappeared. A few minutes more, and he rose again,\none arm still striking out, and with the other dragging a lifeless form.\nThe boat soon picked them up. The poor bumpkin was restored. All hands\nvoted Queequeg a noble trump; the captain begged his pardon. From that\nhour I clove to Queequeg like a barnacle; yea, till poor Queequeg took\nhis last long dive.\n\nWas there ever such unconsciousness? He did not seem to think that he at\nall deserved a medal from the Humane and Magnanimous Societies. He only\nasked for water--fresh water--something to wipe the brine off; that\ndone, he put on dry clothes, lighted his pipe, and leaning against the\nbulwarks, and mildly eyeing those around him, seemed to be saying\nto himself--\"It's a mutual, joint-stock world, in all meridians. We\ncannibals must help these Christians.\"\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 14. Nantucket.\n\n\nNothing more happened on the passage worthy the mentioning; so, after a\nfine run, we safely arrived in Nantucket.\n\nNantucket! Take out your map and look at it. See what a real corner of\nthe world it occupies; how it stands there, away off shore, more lonely\nthan the Eddystone lighthouse. Look at it--a mere hillock, and elbow of\nsand; all beach, without a background. There is more sand there than\nyou would use in twenty years as a substitute for blotting paper. Some\ngamesome wights will tell you that they have to plant weeds there, they\ndon't grow naturally; that they import Canada thistles; that they have\nto send beyond seas for a spile to stop a leak in an oil cask; that\npieces of wood in Nantucket are carried about like bits of the true\ncross in Rome; that people there plant toadstools before their houses,\nto get under the shade in summer time; that one blade of grass makes an\noasis, three blades in a day's walk a prairie; that they wear quicksand\nshoes, something like Laplander snow-shoes; that they are so shut up,\nbelted about, every way inclosed, surrounded, and made an utter island\nof by the ocean, that to their very chairs and tables small clams will\nsometimes be found adhering, as to the backs of sea turtles. But these\nextravaganzas only show that Nantucket is no Illinois.\n\nLook now at the wondrous traditional story of how this island was\nsettled by the red-men. Thus goes the legend. In olden times an eagle\nswooped down upon the New England coast, and carried off an infant\nIndian in his talons. With loud lament the parents saw their child borne\nout of sight over the wide waters. They resolved to follow in the same\ndirection. Setting out in their canoes, after a perilous passage they\ndiscovered the island, and there they found an empty ivory casket,--the\npoor little Indian's skeleton.\n\nWhat wonder, then, that these Nantucketers, born on a beach, should take\nto the sea for a livelihood! They first caught crabs and quohogs in\nthe sand; grown bolder, they waded out with nets for mackerel; more\nexperienced, they pushed off in boats and captured cod; and at last,\nlaunching a navy of great ships on the sea, explored this watery world;\nput an incessant belt of circumnavigations round it; peeped in\nat Behring's Straits; and in all seasons and all oceans declared\neverlasting war with the mightiest animated mass that has survived the\nflood; most monstrous and most mountainous! That Himmalehan, salt-sea\nMastodon, clothed with such portentousness of unconscious power, that\nhis very panics are more to be dreaded than his most fearless and\nmalicious assaults!\n\nAnd thus have these naked Nantucketers, these sea hermits, issuing from\ntheir ant-hill in the sea, overrun and conquered the watery world like\nso many Alexanders; parcelling out among them the Atlantic, Pacific, and\nIndian oceans, as the three pirate powers did Poland. Let America add\nMexico to Texas, and pile Cuba upon Canada; let the English overswarm\nall India, and hang out their blazing banner from the sun; two thirds\nof this terraqueous globe are the Nantucketer's. For the sea is his; he\nowns it, as Emperors own empires; other seamen having but a right of\nway through it. Merchant ships are but extension bridges; armed ones but\nfloating forts; even pirates and privateers, though following the sea\nas highwaymen the road, they but plunder other ships, other fragments of\nthe land like themselves, without seeking to draw their living from the\nbottomless deep itself. The Nantucketer, he alone resides and riots on\nthe sea; he alone, in Bible language, goes down to it in ships; to and\nfro ploughing it as his own special plantation. THERE is his home; THERE\nlies his business, which a Noah's flood would not interrupt, though it\noverwhelmed all the millions in China. He lives on the sea, as prairie\ncocks in the prairie; he hides among the waves, he climbs them as\nchamois hunters climb the Alps. For years he knows not the land; so\nthat when he comes to it at last, it smells like another world, more\nstrangely than the moon would to an Earthsman. With the landless gull,\nthat at sunset folds her wings and is rocked to sleep between billows;\nso at nightfall, the Nantucketer, out of sight of land, furls his sails,\nand lays him to his rest, while under his very pillow rush herds of\nwalruses and whales.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 15. Chowder.\n\n\nIt was quite late in the evening when the little Moss came snugly\nto anchor, and Queequeg and I went ashore; so we could attend to no\nbusiness that day, at least none but a supper and a bed. The landlord of\nthe Spouter-Inn had recommended us to his cousin Hosea Hussey of the\nTry Pots, whom he asserted to be the proprietor of one of the best kept\nhotels in all Nantucket, and moreover he had assured us that Cousin\nHosea, as he called him, was famous for his chowders. In short, he\nplainly hinted that we could not possibly do better than try pot-luck at\nthe Try Pots. But the directions he had given us about keeping a yellow\nwarehouse on our starboard hand till we opened a white church to the\nlarboard, and then keeping that on the larboard hand till we made a\ncorner three points to the starboard, and that done, then ask the first\nman we met where the place was: these crooked directions of his very\nmuch puzzled us at first, especially as, at the outset, Queequeg\ninsisted that the yellow warehouse--our first point of departure--must\nbe left on the larboard hand, whereas I had understood Peter Coffin to\nsay it was on the starboard. However, by dint of beating about a little\nin the dark, and now and then knocking up a peaceable inhabitant\nto inquire the way, we at last came to something which there was no\nmistaking.\n\nTwo enormous wooden pots painted black, and suspended by asses' ears,\nswung from the cross-trees of an old top-mast, planted in front of an\nold doorway. The horns of the cross-trees were sawed off on the other\nside, so that this old top-mast looked not a little like a gallows.\nPerhaps I was over sensitive to such impressions at the time, but I\ncould not help staring at this gallows with a vague misgiving. A sort of\ncrick was in my neck as I gazed up to the two remaining horns; yes, TWO\nof them, one for Queequeg, and one for me. It's ominous, thinks I. A\nCoffin my Innkeeper upon landing in my first whaling port; tombstones\nstaring at me in the whalemen's chapel; and here a gallows! and a pair\nof prodigious black pots too! Are these last throwing out oblique hints\ntouching Tophet?\n\nI was called from these reflections by the sight of a freckled woman\nwith yellow hair and a yellow gown, standing in the porch of the inn,\nunder a dull red lamp swinging there, that looked much like an injured\neye, and carrying on a brisk scolding with a man in a purple woollen\nshirt.\n\n\"Get along with ye,\" said she to the man, \"or I'll be combing ye!\"\n\n\"Come on, Queequeg,\" said I, \"all right. There's Mrs. Hussey.\"\n\nAnd so it turned out; Mr. Hosea Hussey being from home, but leaving\nMrs. Hussey entirely competent to attend to all his affairs. Upon\nmaking known our desires for a supper and a bed, Mrs. Hussey, postponing\nfurther scolding for the present, ushered us into a little room, and\nseating us at a table spread with the relics of a recently concluded\nrepast, turned round to us and said--\"Clam or Cod?\"\n\n\"What's that about Cods, ma'am?\" said I, with much politeness.\n\n\"Clam or Cod?\" she repeated.\n\n\"A clam for supper? a cold clam; is THAT what you mean, Mrs. Hussey?\"\nsays I, \"but that's a rather cold and clammy reception in the winter\ntime, ain't it, Mrs. Hussey?\"\n\nBut being in a great hurry to resume scolding the man in the purple\nShirt, who was waiting for it in the entry, and seeming to hear nothing\nbut the word \"clam,\" Mrs. Hussey hurried towards an open door leading to\nthe kitchen, and bawling out \"clam for two,\" disappeared.\n\n\"Queequeg,\" said I, \"do you think that we can make out a supper for us\nboth on one clam?\"\n\nHowever, a warm savory steam from the kitchen served to belie the\napparently cheerless prospect before us. But when that smoking chowder\ncame in, the mystery was delightfully explained. Oh, sweet friends!\nhearken to me. It was made of small juicy clams, scarcely bigger than\nhazel nuts, mixed with pounded ship biscuit, and salted pork cut up into\nlittle flakes; the whole enriched with butter, and plentifully seasoned\nwith pepper and salt. Our appetites being sharpened by the frosty\nvoyage, and in particular, Queequeg seeing his favourite fishing food\nbefore him, and the chowder being surpassingly excellent, we despatched\nit with great expedition: when leaning back a moment and bethinking\nme of Mrs. Hussey's clam and cod announcement, I thought I would try\na little experiment. Stepping to the kitchen door, I uttered the word\n\"cod\" with great emphasis, and resumed my seat. In a few moments the\nsavoury steam came forth again, but with a different flavor, and in good\ntime a fine cod-chowder was placed before us.\n\nWe resumed business; and while plying our spoons in the bowl, thinks I\nto myself, I wonder now if this here has any effect on the head?\nWhat's that stultifying saying about chowder-headed people? \"But look,\nQueequeg, ain't that a live eel in your bowl? Where's your harpoon?\"\n\nFishiest of all fishy places was the Try Pots, which well deserved\nits name; for the pots there were always boiling chowders. Chowder for\nbreakfast, and chowder for dinner, and chowder for supper, till you\nbegan to look for fish-bones coming through your clothes. The area\nbefore the house was paved with clam-shells. Mrs. Hussey wore a polished\nnecklace of codfish vertebra; and Hosea Hussey had his account books\nbound in superior old shark-skin. There was a fishy flavor to the milk,\ntoo, which I could not at all account for, till one morning happening\nto take a stroll along the beach among some fishermen's boats, I saw\nHosea's brindled cow feeding on fish remnants, and marching along the\nsand with each foot in a cod's decapitated head, looking very slip-shod,\nI assure ye.\n\nSupper concluded, we received a lamp, and directions from Mrs. Hussey\nconcerning the nearest way to bed; but, as Queequeg was about to precede\nme up the stairs, the lady reached forth her arm, and demanded his\nharpoon; she allowed no harpoon in her chambers. \"Why not?\" said I;\n\"every true whaleman sleeps with his harpoon--but why not?\" \"Because\nit's dangerous,\" says she. \"Ever since young Stiggs coming from that\nunfort'nt v'y'ge of his, when he was gone four years and a half, with\nonly three barrels of _ile_, was found dead in my first floor back, with\nhis harpoon in his side; ever since then I allow no boarders to take\nsich dangerous weepons in their rooms at night. So, Mr. Queequeg\" (for\nshe had learned his name), \"I will just take this here iron, and keep\nit for you till morning. But the chowder; clam or cod to-morrow for\nbreakfast, men?\"\n\n\"Both,\" says I; \"and let's have a couple of smoked herring by way of\nvariety.\"\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 16. The Ship.\n\n\nIn bed we concocted our plans for the morrow. But to my surprise and\nno small concern, Queequeg now gave me to understand, that he had been\ndiligently consulting Yojo--the name of his black little god--and Yojo\nhad told him two or three times over, and strongly insisted upon it\neveryway, that instead of our going together among the whaling-fleet in\nharbor, and in concert selecting our craft; instead of this, I say, Yojo\nearnestly enjoined that the selection of the ship should rest wholly\nwith me, inasmuch as Yojo purposed befriending us; and, in order to\ndo so, had already pitched upon a vessel, which, if left to myself, I,\nIshmael, should infallibly light upon, for all the world as though it\nhad turned out by chance; and in that vessel I must immediately ship\nmyself, for the present irrespective of Queequeg.\n\nI have forgotten to mention that, in many things, Queequeg placed great\nconfidence in the excellence of Yojo's judgment and surprising forecast\nof things; and cherished Yojo with considerable esteem, as a rather good\nsort of god, who perhaps meant well enough upon the whole, but in all\ncases did not succeed in his benevolent designs.\n\nNow, this plan of Queequeg's, or rather Yojo's, touching the selection\nof our craft; I did not like that plan at all. I had not a little relied\nupon Queequeg's sagacity to point out the whaler best fitted to carry\nus and our fortunes securely. But as all my remonstrances produced\nno effect upon Queequeg, I was obliged to acquiesce; and accordingly\nprepared to set about this business with a determined rushing sort\nof energy and vigor, that should quickly settle that trifling little\naffair. Next morning early, leaving Queequeg shut up with Yojo in our\nlittle bedroom--for it seemed that it was some sort of Lent or Ramadan,\nor day of fasting, humiliation, and prayer with Queequeg and Yojo that\nday; HOW it was I never could find out, for, though I applied myself\nto it several times, I never could master his liturgies and XXXIX\nArticles--leaving Queequeg, then, fasting on his tomahawk pipe, and Yojo\nwarming himself at his sacrificial fire of shavings, I sallied out among\nthe shipping. After much prolonged sauntering and many random inquiries,\nI learnt that there were three ships up for three-years' voyages--The\nDevil-dam, the Tit-bit, and the Pequod. DEVIL-DAM, I do not know the\norigin of; TIT-BIT is obvious; PEQUOD, you will no doubt remember, was\nthe name of a celebrated tribe of Massachusetts Indians; now extinct\nas the ancient Medes. I peered and pryed about the Devil-dam; from her,\nhopped over to the Tit-bit; and finally, going on board the Pequod,\nlooked around her for a moment, and then decided that this was the very\nship for us.\n\nYou may have seen many a quaint craft in your day, for aught I\nknow;--square-toed luggers; mountainous Japanese junks; butter-box\ngalliots, and what not; but take my word for it, you never saw such a\nrare old craft as this same rare old Pequod. She was a ship of the old\nschool, rather small if anything; with an old-fashioned claw-footed look\nabout her. Long seasoned and weather-stained in the typhoons and calms\nof all four oceans, her old hull's complexion was darkened like a French\ngrenadier's, who has alike fought in Egypt and Siberia. Her venerable\nbows looked bearded. Her masts--cut somewhere on the coast of Japan,\nwhere her original ones were lost overboard in a gale--her masts stood\nstiffly up like the spines of the three old kings of Cologne. Her\nancient decks were worn and wrinkled, like the pilgrim-worshipped\nflag-stone in Canterbury Cathedral where Becket bled. But to all these\nher old antiquities, were added new and marvellous features, pertaining\nto the wild business that for more than half a century she had followed.\nOld Captain Peleg, many years her chief-mate, before he commanded\nanother vessel of his own, and now a retired seaman, and one of the\nprincipal owners of the Pequod,--this old Peleg, during the term of his\nchief-mateship, had built upon her original grotesqueness, and inlaid\nit, all over, with a quaintness both of material and device, unmatched\nby anything except it be Thorkill-Hake's carved buckler or bedstead. She\nwas apparelled like any barbaric Ethiopian emperor, his neck heavy with\npendants of polished ivory. She was a thing of trophies. A cannibal of\na craft, tricking herself forth in the chased bones of her enemies. All\nround, her unpanelled, open bulwarks were garnished like one continuous\njaw, with the long sharp teeth of the sperm whale, inserted there for\npins, to fasten her old hempen thews and tendons to. Those thews ran not\nthrough base blocks of land wood, but deftly travelled over sheaves of\nsea-ivory. Scorning a turnstile wheel at her reverend helm, she sported\nthere a tiller; and that tiller was in one mass, curiously carved\nfrom the long narrow lower jaw of her hereditary foe. The helmsman who\nsteered by that tiller in a tempest, felt like the Tartar, when he holds\nback his fiery steed by clutching its jaw. A noble craft, but somehow a\nmost melancholy! All noble things are touched with that.\n\nNow when I looked about the quarter-deck, for some one having authority,\nin order to propose myself as a candidate for the voyage, at first I saw\nnobody; but I could not well overlook a strange sort of tent, or\nrather wigwam, pitched a little behind the main-mast. It seemed only\na temporary erection used in port. It was of a conical shape, some ten\nfeet high; consisting of the long, huge slabs of limber black bone taken\nfrom the middle and highest part of the jaws of the right-whale.\nPlanted with their broad ends on the deck, a circle of these slabs laced\ntogether, mutually sloped towards each other, and at the apex united in\na tufted point, where the loose hairy fibres waved to and fro like the\ntop-knot on some old Pottowottamie Sachem's head. A triangular opening\nfaced towards the bows of the ship, so that the insider commanded a\ncomplete view forward.\n\nAnd half concealed in this queer tenement, I at length found one who\nby his aspect seemed to have authority; and who, it being noon, and\nthe ship's work suspended, was now enjoying respite from the burden of\ncommand. He was seated on an old-fashioned oaken chair, wriggling all\nover with curious carving; and the bottom of which was formed of a\nstout interlacing of the same elastic stuff of which the wigwam was\nconstructed.\n\nThere was nothing so very particular, perhaps, about the appearance of\nthe elderly man I saw; he was brown and brawny, like most old seamen,\nand heavily rolled up in blue pilot-cloth, cut in the Quaker style;\nonly there was a fine and almost microscopic net-work of the minutest\nwrinkles interlacing round his eyes, which must have arisen from\nhis continual sailings in many hard gales, and always looking to\nwindward;--for this causes the muscles about the eyes to become pursed\ntogether. Such eye-wrinkles are very effectual in a scowl.\n\n\"Is this the Captain of the Pequod?\" said I, advancing to the door of\nthe tent.\n\n\"Supposing it be the captain of the Pequod, what dost thou want of him?\"\nhe demanded.\n\n\"I was thinking of shipping.\"\n\n\"Thou wast, wast thou? I see thou art no Nantucketer--ever been in a\nstove boat?\"\n\n\"No, Sir, I never have.\"\n\n\"Dost know nothing at all about whaling, I dare say--eh?\n\n\"Nothing, Sir; but I have no doubt I shall soon learn. I've been several\nvoyages in the merchant service, and I think that--\"\n\n\"Merchant service be damned. Talk not that lingo to me. Dost see that\nleg?--I'll take that leg away from thy stern, if ever thou talkest of\nthe marchant service to me again. Marchant service indeed! I suppose now\nye feel considerable proud of having served in those marchant ships.\nBut flukes! man, what makes thee want to go a whaling, eh?--it looks\na little suspicious, don't it, eh?--Hast not been a pirate, hast\nthou?--Didst not rob thy last Captain, didst thou?--Dost not think of\nmurdering the officers when thou gettest to sea?\"\n\nI protested my innocence of these things. I saw that under the mask\nof these half humorous innuendoes, this old seaman, as an insulated\nQuakerish Nantucketer, was full of his insular prejudices, and rather\ndistrustful of all aliens, unless they hailed from Cape Cod or the\nVineyard.\n\n\"But what takes thee a-whaling? I want to know that before I think of\nshipping ye.\"\n\n\"Well, sir, I want to see what whaling is. I want to see the world.\"\n\n\"Want to see what whaling is, eh? Have ye clapped eye on Captain Ahab?\"\n\n\"Who is Captain Ahab, sir?\"\n\n\"Aye, aye, I thought so. Captain Ahab is the Captain of this ship.\"\n\n\"I am mistaken then. I thought I was speaking to the Captain himself.\"\n\n\"Thou art speaking to Captain Peleg--that's who ye are speaking to,\nyoung man. It belongs to me and Captain Bildad to see the Pequod fitted\nout for the voyage, and supplied with all her needs, including crew. We\nare part owners and agents. But as I was going to say, if thou wantest\nto know what whaling is, as thou tellest ye do, I can put ye in a way of\nfinding it out before ye bind yourself to it, past backing out. Clap\neye on Captain Ahab, young man, and thou wilt find that he has only one\nleg.\"\n\n\"What do you mean, sir? Was the other one lost by a whale?\"\n\n\"Lost by a whale! Young man, come nearer to me: it was devoured,\nchewed up, crunched by the monstrousest parmacetty that ever chipped a\nboat!--ah, ah!\"\n\nI was a little alarmed by his energy, perhaps also a little touched at\nthe hearty grief in his concluding exclamation, but said as calmly as I\ncould, \"What you say is no doubt true enough, sir; but how could I know\nthere was any peculiar ferocity in that particular whale, though indeed\nI might have inferred as much from the simple fact of the accident.\"\n\n\"Look ye now, young man, thy lungs are a sort of soft, d'ye see; thou\ndost not talk shark a bit. SURE, ye've been to sea before now; sure of\nthat?\"\n\n\"Sir,\" said I, \"I thought I told you that I had been four voyages in the\nmerchant--\"\n\n\"Hard down out of that! Mind what I said about the marchant\nservice--don't aggravate me--I won't have it. But let us understand each\nother. I have given thee a hint about what whaling is; do ye yet feel\ninclined for it?\"\n\n\"I do, sir.\"\n\n\"Very good. Now, art thou the man to pitch a harpoon down a live whale's\nthroat, and then jump after it? Answer, quick!\"\n\n\"I am, sir, if it should be positively indispensable to do so; not to be\ngot rid of, that is; which I don't take to be the fact.\"\n\n\"Good again. Now then, thou not only wantest to go a-whaling, to find\nout by experience what whaling is, but ye also want to go in order to\nsee the world? Was not that what ye said? I thought so. Well then, just\nstep forward there, and take a peep over the weather-bow, and then back\nto me and tell me what ye see there.\"\n\nFor a moment I stood a little puzzled by this curious request, not\nknowing exactly how to take it, whether humorously or in earnest. But\nconcentrating all his crow's feet into one scowl, Captain Peleg started\nme on the errand.\n\nGoing forward and glancing over the weather bow, I perceived that the\nship swinging to her anchor with the flood-tide, was now obliquely\npointing towards the open ocean. The prospect was unlimited, but\nexceedingly monotonous and forbidding; not the slightest variety that I\ncould see.\n\n\"Well, what's the report?\" said Peleg when I came back; \"what did ye\nsee?\"\n\n\"Not much,\" I replied--\"nothing but water; considerable horizon though,\nand there's a squall coming up, I think.\"\n\n\"Well, what does thou think then of seeing the world? Do ye wish to go\nround Cape Horn to see any more of it, eh? Can't ye see the world where\nyou stand?\"\n\nI was a little staggered, but go a-whaling I must, and I would; and the\nPequod was as good a ship as any--I thought the best--and all this I now\nrepeated to Peleg. Seeing me so determined, he expressed his willingness\nto ship me.\n\n\"And thou mayest as well sign the papers right off,\" he added--\"come\nalong with ye.\" And so saying, he led the way below deck into the cabin.\n\nSeated on the transom was what seemed to me a most uncommon and\nsurprising figure. It turned out to be Captain Bildad, who along with\nCaptain Peleg was one of the largest owners of the vessel; the other\nshares, as is sometimes the case in these ports, being held by a crowd\nof old annuitants; widows, fatherless children, and chancery wards; each\nowning about the value of a timber head, or a foot of plank, or a nail\nor two in the ship. People in Nantucket invest their money in whaling\nvessels, the same way that you do yours in approved state stocks\nbringing in good interest.\n\nNow, Bildad, like Peleg, and indeed many other Nantucketers, was a\nQuaker, the island having been originally settled by that sect; and to\nthis day its inhabitants in general retain in an uncommon measure the\npeculiarities of the Quaker, only variously and anomalously modified\nby things altogether alien and heterogeneous. For some of these same\nQuakers are the most sanguinary of all sailors and whale-hunters. They\nare fighting Quakers; they are Quakers with a vengeance.\n\nSo that there are instances among them of men, who, named with Scripture\nnames--a singularly common fashion on the island--and in childhood\nnaturally imbibing the stately dramatic thee and thou of the Quaker\nidiom; still, from the audacious, daring, and boundless adventure\nof their subsequent lives, strangely blend with these unoutgrown\npeculiarities, a thousand bold dashes of character, not unworthy a\nScandinavian sea-king, or a poetical Pagan Roman. And when these things\nunite in a man of greatly superior natural force, with a globular brain\nand a ponderous heart; who has also by the stillness and seclusion\nof many long night-watches in the remotest waters, and beneath\nconstellations never seen here at the north, been led to think\nuntraditionally and independently; receiving all nature's sweet or\nsavage impressions fresh from her own virgin voluntary and confiding\nbreast, and thereby chiefly, but with some help from accidental\nadvantages, to learn a bold and nervous lofty language--that man makes\none in a whole nation's census--a mighty pageant creature, formed for\nnoble tragedies. Nor will it at all detract from him, dramatically\nregarded, if either by birth or other circumstances, he have what seems\na half wilful overruling morbidness at the bottom of his nature. For all\nmen tragically great are made so through a certain morbidness. Be sure\nof this, O young ambition, all mortal greatness is but disease. But,\nas yet we have not to do with such an one, but with quite another; and\nstill a man, who, if indeed peculiar, it only results again from another\nphase of the Quaker, modified by individual circumstances.\n\nLike Captain Peleg, Captain Bildad was a well-to-do, retired whaleman.\nBut unlike Captain Peleg--who cared not a rush for what are called\nserious things, and indeed deemed those self-same serious things the\nveriest of all trifles--Captain Bildad had not only been originally\neducated according to the strictest sect of Nantucket Quakerism, but all\nhis subsequent ocean life, and the sight of many unclad, lovely island\ncreatures, round the Horn--all that had not moved this native born\nQuaker one single jot, had not so much as altered one angle of his\nvest. Still, for all this immutableness, was there some lack of\ncommon consistency about worthy Captain Peleg. Though refusing, from\nconscientious scruples, to bear arms against land invaders, yet himself\nhad illimitably invaded the Atlantic and Pacific; and though a sworn foe\nto human bloodshed, yet had he in his straight-bodied coat, spilled tuns\nupon tuns of leviathan gore. How now in the contemplative evening of his\ndays, the pious Bildad reconciled these things in the reminiscence, I do\nnot know; but it did not seem to concern him much, and very probably\nhe had long since come to the sage and sensible conclusion that a man's\nreligion is one thing, and this practical world quite another. This\nworld pays dividends. Rising from a little cabin-boy in short clothes\nof the drabbest drab, to a harpooneer in a broad shad-bellied waistcoat;\nfrom that becoming boat-header, chief-mate, and captain, and finally a\nship owner; Bildad, as I hinted before, had concluded his adventurous\ncareer by wholly retiring from active life at the goodly age of\nsixty, and dedicating his remaining days to the quiet receiving of his\nwell-earned income.\n\nNow, Bildad, I am sorry to say, had the reputation of being an\nincorrigible old hunks, and in his sea-going days, a bitter, hard\ntask-master. They told me in Nantucket, though it certainly seems a\ncurious story, that when he sailed the old Categut whaleman, his crew,\nupon arriving home, were mostly all carried ashore to the hospital, sore\nexhausted and worn out. For a pious man, especially for a Quaker, he was\ncertainly rather hard-hearted, to say the least. He never used to swear,\nthough, at his men, they said; but somehow he got an inordinate\nquantity of cruel, unmitigated hard work out of them. When Bildad was a\nchief-mate, to have his drab-coloured eye intently looking at you, made\nyou feel completely nervous, till you could clutch something--a hammer\nor a marling-spike, and go to work like mad, at something or other,\nnever mind what. Indolence and idleness perished before him. His own\nperson was the exact embodiment of his utilitarian character. On his\nlong, gaunt body, he carried no spare flesh, no superfluous beard,\nhis chin having a soft, economical nap to it, like the worn nap of his\nbroad-brimmed hat.\n\nSuch, then, was the person that I saw seated on the transom when I\nfollowed Captain Peleg down into the cabin. The space between the decks\nwas small; and there, bolt-upright, sat old Bildad, who always sat so,\nand never leaned, and this to save his coat tails. His broad-brim was\nplaced beside him; his legs were stiffly crossed; his drab vesture was\nbuttoned up to his chin; and spectacles on nose, he seemed absorbed in\nreading from a ponderous volume.\n\n\"Bildad,\" cried Captain Peleg, \"at it again, Bildad, eh? Ye have been\nstudying those Scriptures, now, for the last thirty years, to my certain\nknowledge. How far ye got, Bildad?\"\n\nAs if long habituated to such profane talk from his old shipmate,\nBildad, without noticing his present irreverence, quietly looked up, and\nseeing me, glanced again inquiringly towards Peleg.\n\n\"He says he's our man, Bildad,\" said Peleg, \"he wants to ship.\"\n\n\"Dost thee?\" said Bildad, in a hollow tone, and turning round to me.\n\n\"I dost,\" said I unconsciously, he was so intense a Quaker.\n\n\"What do ye think of him, Bildad?\" said Peleg.\n\n\"He'll do,\" said Bildad, eyeing me, and then went on spelling away at\nhis book in a mumbling tone quite audible.\n\nI thought him the queerest old Quaker I ever saw, especially as Peleg,\nhis friend and old shipmate, seemed such a blusterer. But I said\nnothing, only looking round me sharply. Peleg now threw open a chest,\nand drawing forth the ship's articles, placed pen and ink before him,\nand seated himself at a little table. I began to think it was high time\nto settle with myself at what terms I would be willing to engage for the\nvoyage. I was already aware that in the whaling business they paid no\nwages; but all hands, including the captain, received certain shares of\nthe profits called lays, and that these lays were proportioned to the\ndegree of importance pertaining to the respective duties of the ship's\ncompany. I was also aware that being a green hand at whaling, my own\nlay would not be very large; but considering that I was used to the sea,\ncould steer a ship, splice a rope, and all that, I made no doubt that\nfrom all I had heard I should be offered at least the 275th lay--that\nis, the 275th part of the clear net proceeds of the voyage, whatever\nthat might eventually amount to. And though the 275th lay was what they\ncall a rather LONG LAY, yet it was better than nothing; and if we had a\nlucky voyage, might pretty nearly pay for the clothing I would wear out\non it, not to speak of my three years' beef and board, for which I would\nnot have to pay one stiver.\n\nIt might be thought that this was a poor way to accumulate a princely\nfortune--and so it was, a very poor way indeed. But I am one of those\nthat never take on about princely fortunes, and am quite content if the\nworld is ready to board and lodge me, while I am putting up at this grim\nsign of the Thunder Cloud. Upon the whole, I thought that the 275th lay\nwould be about the fair thing, but would not have been surprised had I\nbeen offered the 200th, considering I was of a broad-shouldered make.\n\nBut one thing, nevertheless, that made me a little distrustful about\nreceiving a generous share of the profits was this: Ashore, I had heard\nsomething of both Captain Peleg and his unaccountable old crony Bildad;\nhow that they being the principal proprietors of the Pequod, therefore\nthe other and more inconsiderable and scattered owners, left nearly the\nwhole management of the ship's affairs to these two. And I did not know\nbut what the stingy old Bildad might have a mighty deal to say about\nshipping hands, especially as I now found him on board the Pequod,\nquite at home there in the cabin, and reading his Bible as if at his\nown fireside. Now while Peleg was vainly trying to mend a pen with his\njack-knife, old Bildad, to my no small surprise, considering that he was\nsuch an interested party in these proceedings; Bildad never heeded\nus, but went on mumbling to himself out of his book, \"LAY not up for\nyourselves treasures upon earth, where moth--\"\n\n\"Well, Captain Bildad,\" interrupted Peleg, \"what d'ye say, what lay\nshall we give this young man?\"\n\n\"Thou knowest best,\" was the sepulchral reply, \"the seven hundred and\nseventy-seventh wouldn't be too much, would it?--'where moth and rust do\ncorrupt, but LAY--'\"\n\nLAY, indeed, thought I, and such a lay! the seven hundred and\nseventy-seventh! Well, old Bildad, you are determined that I, for one,\nshall not LAY up many LAYS here below, where moth and rust do corrupt.\nIt was an exceedingly LONG LAY that, indeed; and though from the\nmagnitude of the figure it might at first deceive a landsman, yet\nthe slightest consideration will show that though seven hundred and\nseventy-seven is a pretty large number, yet, when you come to make\na TEENTH of it, you will then see, I say, that the seven hundred and\nseventy-seventh part of a farthing is a good deal less than seven\nhundred and seventy-seven gold doubloons; and so I thought at the time.\n\n\"Why, blast your eyes, Bildad,\" cried Peleg, \"thou dost not want to\nswindle this young man! he must have more than that.\"\n\n\"Seven hundred and seventy-seventh,\" again said Bildad, without lifting\nhis eyes; and then went on mumbling--\"for where your treasure is, there\nwill your heart be also.\"\n\n\"I am going to put him down for the three hundredth,\" said Peleg, \"do ye\nhear that, Bildad! The three hundredth lay, I say.\"\n\nBildad laid down his book, and turning solemnly towards him said,\n\"Captain Peleg, thou hast a generous heart; but thou must consider the\nduty thou owest to the other owners of this ship--widows and orphans,\nmany of them--and that if we too abundantly reward the labors of this\nyoung man, we may be taking the bread from those widows and those\norphans. The seven hundred and seventy-seventh lay, Captain Peleg.\"\n\n\"Thou Bildad!\" roared Peleg, starting up and clattering about the\ncabin. \"Blast ye, Captain Bildad, if I had followed thy advice in these\nmatters, I would afore now had a conscience to lug about that would be\nheavy enough to founder the largest ship that ever sailed round Cape\nHorn.\"\n\n\"Captain Peleg,\" said Bildad steadily, \"thy conscience may be drawing\nten inches of water, or ten fathoms, I can't tell; but as thou art still\nan impenitent man, Captain Peleg, I greatly fear lest thy conscience be\nbut a leaky one; and will in the end sink thee foundering down to the\nfiery pit, Captain Peleg.\"\n\n\"Fiery pit! fiery pit! ye insult me, man; past all natural bearing, ye\ninsult me. It's an all-fired outrage to tell any human creature that\nhe's bound to hell. Flukes and flames! Bildad, say that again to me, and\nstart my soul-bolts, but I'll--I'll--yes, I'll swallow a live goat with\nall his hair and horns on. Out of the cabin, ye canting, drab-coloured\nson of a wooden gun--a straight wake with ye!\"\n\nAs he thundered out this he made a rush at Bildad, but with a marvellous\noblique, sliding celerity, Bildad for that time eluded him.\n\nAlarmed at this terrible outburst between the two principal and\nresponsible owners of the ship, and feeling half a mind to give up\nall idea of sailing in a vessel so questionably owned and temporarily\ncommanded, I stepped aside from the door to give egress to Bildad, who,\nI made no doubt, was all eagerness to vanish from before the awakened\nwrath of Peleg. But to my astonishment, he sat down again on the\ntransom very quietly, and seemed to have not the slightest intention of\nwithdrawing. He seemed quite used to impenitent Peleg and his ways. As\nfor Peleg, after letting off his rage as he had, there seemed no more\nleft in him, and he, too, sat down like a lamb, though he twitched a\nlittle as if still nervously agitated. \"Whew!\" he whistled at last--\"the\nsquall's gone off to leeward, I think. Bildad, thou used to be good at\nsharpening a lance, mend that pen, will ye. My jack-knife here needs\nthe grindstone. That's he; thank ye, Bildad. Now then, my young man,\nIshmael's thy name, didn't ye say? Well then, down ye go here, Ishmael,\nfor the three hundredth lay.\"\n\n\"Captain Peleg,\" said I, \"I have a friend with me who wants to ship\ntoo--shall I bring him down to-morrow?\"\n\n\"To be sure,\" said Peleg. \"Fetch him along, and we'll look at him.\"\n\n\"What lay does he want?\" groaned Bildad, glancing up from the book in\nwhich he had again been burying himself.\n\n\"Oh! never thee mind about that, Bildad,\" said Peleg. \"Has he ever\nwhaled it any?\" turning to me.\n\n\"Killed more whales than I can count, Captain Peleg.\"\n\n\"Well, bring him along then.\"\n\nAnd, after signing the papers, off I went; nothing doubting but that I\nhad done a good morning's work, and that the Pequod was the identical\nship that Yojo had provided to carry Queequeg and me round the Cape.\n\nBut I had not proceeded far, when I began to bethink me that the Captain\nwith whom I was to sail yet remained unseen by me; though, indeed, in\nmany cases, a whale-ship will be completely fitted out, and receive all\nher crew on board, ere the captain makes himself visible by arriving\nto take command; for sometimes these voyages are so prolonged, and the\nshore intervals at home so exceedingly brief, that if the captain have\na family, or any absorbing concernment of that sort, he does not trouble\nhimself much about his ship in port, but leaves her to the owners till\nall is ready for sea. However, it is always as well to have a look at\nhim before irrevocably committing yourself into his hands. Turning back\nI accosted Captain Peleg, inquiring where Captain Ahab was to be found.\n\n\"And what dost thou want of Captain Ahab? It's all right enough; thou\nart shipped.\"\n\n\"Yes, but I should like to see him.\"\n\n\"But I don't think thou wilt be able to at present. I don't know exactly\nwhat's the matter with him; but he keeps close inside the house; a sort\nof sick, and yet he don't look so. In fact, he ain't sick; but no, he\nisn't well either. Any how, young man, he won't always see me, so I\ndon't suppose he will thee. He's a queer man, Captain Ahab--so some\nthink--but a good one. Oh, thou'lt like him well enough; no fear, no\nfear. He's a grand, ungodly, god-like man, Captain Ahab; doesn't speak\nmuch; but, when he does speak, then you may well listen. Mark ye, be\nforewarned; Ahab's above the common; Ahab's been in colleges, as well as\n'mong the cannibals; been used to deeper wonders than the waves; fixed\nhis fiery lance in mightier, stranger foes than whales. His lance!\naye, the keenest and the surest that out of all our isle! Oh! he ain't\nCaptain Bildad; no, and he ain't Captain Peleg; HE'S AHAB, boy; and Ahab\nof old, thou knowest, was a crowned king!\"\n\n\"And a very vile one. When that wicked king was slain, the dogs, did\nthey not lick his blood?\"\n\n\"Come hither to me--hither, hither,\" said Peleg, with a significance in\nhis eye that almost startled me. \"Look ye, lad; never say that on board\nthe Pequod. Never say it anywhere. Captain Ahab did not name himself.\n'Twas a foolish, ignorant whim of his crazy, widowed mother, who died\nwhen he was only a twelvemonth old. And yet the old squaw Tistig, at\nGayhead, said that the name would somehow prove prophetic. And, perhaps,\nother fools like her may tell thee the same. I wish to warn thee. It's a\nlie. I know Captain Ahab well; I've sailed with him as mate years ago;\nI know what he is--a good man--not a pious, good man, like Bildad, but\na swearing good man--something like me--only there's a good deal more of\nhim. Aye, aye, I know that he was never very jolly; and I know that on\nthe passage home, he was a little out of his mind for a spell; but it\nwas the sharp shooting pains in his bleeding stump that brought that\nabout, as any one might see. I know, too, that ever since he lost\nhis leg last voyage by that accursed whale, he's been a kind of\nmoody--desperate moody, and savage sometimes; but that will all pass\noff. And once for all, let me tell thee and assure thee, young man, it's\nbetter to sail with a moody good captain than a laughing bad one. So\ngood-bye to thee--and wrong not Captain Ahab, because he happens to\nhave a wicked name. Besides, my boy, he has a wife--not three voyages\nwedded--a sweet, resigned girl. Think of that; by that sweet girl that\nold man has a child: hold ye then there can be any utter, hopeless\nharm in Ahab? No, no, my lad; stricken, blasted, if he be, Ahab has his\nhumanities!\"\n\nAs I walked away, I was full of thoughtfulness; what had been\nincidentally revealed to me of Captain Ahab, filled me with a certain\nwild vagueness of painfulness concerning him. And somehow, at the time,\nI felt a sympathy and a sorrow for him, but for I don't know what,\nunless it was the cruel loss of his leg. And yet I also felt a strange\nawe of him; but that sort of awe, which I cannot at all describe, was\nnot exactly awe; I do not know what it was. But I felt it; and it did\nnot disincline me towards him; though I felt impatience at what seemed\nlike mystery in him, so imperfectly as he was known to me then. However,\nmy thoughts were at length carried in other directions, so that for the\npresent dark Ahab slipped my mind.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 17. The Ramadan.\n\n\nAs Queequeg's Ramadan, or Fasting and Humiliation, was to continue all\nday, I did not choose to disturb him till towards night-fall; for I\ncherish the greatest respect towards everybody's religious obligations,\nnever mind how comical, and could not find it in my heart to undervalue\neven a congregation of ants worshipping a toad-stool; or those other\ncreatures in certain parts of our earth, who with a degree of footmanism\nquite unprecedented in other planets, bow down before the torso of\na deceased landed proprietor merely on account of the inordinate\npossessions yet owned and rented in his name.\n\nI say, we good Presbyterian Christians should be charitable in these\nthings, and not fancy ourselves so vastly superior to other mortals,\npagans and what not, because of their half-crazy conceits on these\nsubjects. There was Queequeg, now, certainly entertaining the most\nabsurd notions about Yojo and his Ramadan;--but what of that? Queequeg\nthought he knew what he was about, I suppose; he seemed to be content;\nand there let him rest. All our arguing with him would not avail; let\nhim be, I say: and Heaven have mercy on us all--Presbyterians and Pagans\nalike--for we are all somehow dreadfully cracked about the head, and\nsadly need mending.\n\nTowards evening, when I felt assured that all his performances and\nrituals must be over, I went up to his room and knocked at the door; but\nno answer. I tried to open it, but it was fastened inside. \"Queequeg,\"\nsaid I softly through the key-hole:--all silent. \"I say, Queequeg! why\ndon't you speak? It's I--Ishmael.\" But all remained still as before. I\nbegan to grow alarmed. I had allowed him such abundant time; I thought\nhe might have had an apoplectic fit. I looked through the key-hole; but\nthe door opening into an odd corner of the room, the key-hole prospect\nwas but a crooked and sinister one. I could only see part of the\nfoot-board of the bed and a line of the wall, but nothing more. I\nwas surprised to behold resting against the wall the wooden shaft of\nQueequeg's harpoon, which the landlady the evening previous had taken\nfrom him, before our mounting to the chamber. That's strange, thought I;\nbut at any rate, since the harpoon stands yonder, and he seldom or\nnever goes abroad without it, therefore he must be inside here, and no\npossible mistake.\n\n\"Queequeg!--Queequeg!\"--all still. Something must have happened.\nApoplexy! I tried to burst open the door; but it stubbornly resisted.\nRunning down stairs, I quickly stated my suspicions to the first person\nI met--the chamber-maid. \"La! la!\" she cried, \"I thought something must\nbe the matter. I went to make the bed after breakfast, and the door was\nlocked; and not a mouse to be heard; and it's been just so silent ever\nsince. But I thought, may be, you had both gone off and locked your\nbaggage in for safe keeping. La! la, ma'am!--Mistress! murder! Mrs.\nHussey! apoplexy!\"--and with these cries, she ran towards the kitchen, I\nfollowing.\n\nMrs. Hussey soon appeared, with a mustard-pot in one hand and a\nvinegar-cruet in the other, having just broken away from the occupation\nof attending to the castors, and scolding her little black boy meantime.\n\n\"Wood-house!\" cried I, \"which way to it? Run for God's sake, and fetch\nsomething to pry open the door--the axe!--the axe! he's had a stroke;\ndepend upon it!\"--and so saying I was unmethodically rushing up stairs\nagain empty-handed, when Mrs. Hussey interposed the mustard-pot and\nvinegar-cruet, and the entire castor of her countenance.\n\n\"What's the matter with you, young man?\"\n\n\"Get the axe! For God's sake, run for the doctor, some one, while I pry\nit open!\"\n\n\"Look here,\" said the landlady, quickly putting down the vinegar-cruet,\nso as to have one hand free; \"look here; are you talking about prying\nopen any of my doors?\"--and with that she seized my arm. \"What's the\nmatter with you? What's the matter with you, shipmate?\"\n\nIn as calm, but rapid a manner as possible, I gave her to understand the\nwhole case. Unconsciously clapping the vinegar-cruet to one side of her\nnose, she ruminated for an instant; then exclaimed--\"No! I haven't seen\nit since I put it there.\" Running to a little closet under the landing\nof the stairs, she glanced in, and returning, told me that Queequeg's\nharpoon was missing. \"He's killed himself,\" she cried. \"It's unfort'nate\nStiggs done over again--there goes another counterpane--God pity his poor\nmother!--it will be the ruin of my house. Has the poor lad a sister?\nWhere's that girl?--there, Betty, go to Snarles the Painter, and tell\nhim to paint me a sign, with--\"no suicides permitted here, and no\nsmoking in the parlor;\"--might as well kill both birds at once. Kill?\nThe Lord be merciful to his ghost! What's that noise there? You, young\nman, avast there!\"\n\nAnd running up after me, she caught me as I was again trying to force\nopen the door.\n\n\"I don't allow it; I won't have my premises spoiled. Go for the\nlocksmith, there's one about a mile from here. But avast!\" putting her\nhand in her side-pocket, \"here's a key that'll fit, I guess; let's\nsee.\" And with that, she turned it in the lock; but, alas! Queequeg's\nsupplemental bolt remained unwithdrawn within.\n\n\"Have to burst it open,\" said I, and was running down the entry a\nlittle, for a good start, when the landlady caught at me, again vowing\nI should not break down her premises; but I tore from her, and with a\nsudden bodily rush dashed myself full against the mark.\n\nWith a prodigious noise the door flew open, and the knob slamming\nagainst the wall, sent the plaster to the ceiling; and there, good\nheavens! there sat Queequeg, altogether cool and self-collected; right\nin the middle of the room; squatting on his hams, and holding Yojo on\ntop of his head. He looked neither one way nor the other way, but sat\nlike a carved image with scarce a sign of active life.\n\n\"Queequeg,\" said I, going up to him, \"Queequeg, what's the matter with\nyou?\"\n\n\"He hain't been a sittin' so all day, has he?\" said the landlady.\n\nBut all we said, not a word could we drag out of him; I almost felt\nlike pushing him over, so as to change his position, for it was almost\nintolerable, it seemed so painfully and unnaturally constrained;\nespecially, as in all probability he had been sitting so for upwards of\neight or ten hours, going too without his regular meals.\n\n\"Mrs. Hussey,\" said I, \"he's ALIVE at all events; so leave us, if you\nplease, and I will see to this strange affair myself.\"\n\nClosing the door upon the landlady, I endeavored to prevail upon\nQueequeg to take a chair; but in vain. There he sat; and all he could\ndo--for all my polite arts and blandishments--he would not move a peg,\nnor say a single word, nor even look at me, nor notice my presence in\nthe slightest way.\n\nI wonder, thought I, if this can possibly be a part of his Ramadan; do\nthey fast on their hams that way in his native island. It must be so;\nyes, it's part of his creed, I suppose; well, then, let him rest; he'll\nget up sooner or later, no doubt. It can't last for ever, thank God,\nand his Ramadan only comes once a year; and I don't believe it's very\npunctual then.\n\nI went down to supper. After sitting a long time listening to the long\nstories of some sailors who had just come from a plum-pudding voyage, as\nthey called it (that is, a short whaling-voyage in a schooner or brig,\nconfined to the north of the line, in the Atlantic Ocean only); after\nlistening to these plum-puddingers till nearly eleven o'clock, I went\nup stairs to go to bed, feeling quite sure by this time Queequeg must\ncertainly have brought his Ramadan to a termination. But no; there he\nwas just where I had left him; he had not stirred an inch. I began to\ngrow vexed with him; it seemed so downright senseless and insane to be\nsitting there all day and half the night on his hams in a cold room,\nholding a piece of wood on his head.\n\n\"For heaven's sake, Queequeg, get up and shake yourself; get up and have\nsome supper. You'll starve; you'll kill yourself, Queequeg.\" But not a\nword did he reply.\n\nDespairing of him, therefore, I determined to go to bed and to sleep;\nand no doubt, before a great while, he would follow me. But previous to\nturning in, I took my heavy bearskin jacket, and threw it over him, as\nit promised to be a very cold night; and he had nothing but his ordinary\nround jacket on. For some time, do all I would, I could not get into\nthe faintest doze. I had blown out the candle; and the mere thought\nof Queequeg--not four feet off--sitting there in that uneasy position,\nstark alone in the cold and dark; this made me really wretched. Think of\nit; sleeping all night in the same room with a wide awake pagan on his\nhams in this dreary, unaccountable Ramadan!\n\nBut somehow I dropped off at last, and knew nothing more till break of\nday; when, looking over the bedside, there squatted Queequeg, as if he\nhad been screwed down to the floor. But as soon as the first glimpse of\nsun entered the window, up he got, with stiff and grating joints,\nbut with a cheerful look; limped towards me where I lay; pressed his\nforehead again against mine; and said his Ramadan was over.\n\nNow, as I before hinted, I have no objection to any person's religion,\nbe it what it may, so long as that person does not kill or insult any\nother person, because that other person don't believe it also. But when\na man's religion becomes really frantic; when it is a positive torment\nto him; and, in fine, makes this earth of ours an uncomfortable inn to\nlodge in; then I think it high time to take that individual aside and\nargue the point with him.\n\nAnd just so I now did with Queequeg. \"Queequeg,\" said I, \"get into bed\nnow, and lie and listen to me.\" I then went on, beginning with the rise\nand progress of the primitive religions, and coming down to the various\nreligions of the present time, during which time I labored to show\nQueequeg that all these Lents, Ramadans, and prolonged ham-squattings in\ncold, cheerless rooms were stark nonsense; bad for the health; useless\nfor the soul; opposed, in short, to the obvious laws of Hygiene and\ncommon sense. I told him, too, that he being in other things such an\nextremely sensible and sagacious savage, it pained me, very badly pained\nme, to see him now so deplorably foolish about this ridiculous Ramadan\nof his. Besides, argued I, fasting makes the body cave in; hence the\nspirit caves in; and all thoughts born of a fast must necessarily be\nhalf-starved. This is the reason why most dyspeptic religionists cherish\nsuch melancholy notions about their hereafters. In one word, Queequeg,\nsaid I, rather digressively; hell is an idea first born on an undigested\napple-dumpling; and since then perpetuated through the hereditary\ndyspepsias nurtured by Ramadans.\n\nI then asked Queequeg whether he himself was ever troubled with\ndyspepsia; expressing the idea very plainly, so that he could take it\nin. He said no; only upon one memorable occasion. It was after a great\nfeast given by his father the king, on the gaining of a great battle\nwherein fifty of the enemy had been killed by about two o'clock in the\nafternoon, and all cooked and eaten that very evening.\n\n\"No more, Queequeg,\" said I, shuddering; \"that will do;\" for I knew the\ninferences without his further hinting them. I had seen a sailor who had\nvisited that very island, and he told me that it was the custom, when\na great battle had been gained there, to barbecue all the slain in the\nyard or garden of the victor; and then, one by one, they were placed\nin great wooden trenchers, and garnished round like a pilau, with\nbreadfruit and cocoanuts; and with some parsley in their mouths, were\nsent round with the victor's compliments to all his friends, just as\nthough these presents were so many Christmas turkeys.\n\nAfter all, I do not think that my remarks about religion made much\nimpression upon Queequeg. Because, in the first place, he somehow seemed\ndull of hearing on that important subject, unless considered from his\nown point of view; and, in the second place, he did not more than one\nthird understand me, couch my ideas simply as I would; and, finally, he\nno doubt thought he knew a good deal more about the true religion than\nI did. He looked at me with a sort of condescending concern and\ncompassion, as though he thought it a great pity that such a sensible\nyoung man should be so hopelessly lost to evangelical pagan piety.\n\nAt last we rose and dressed; and Queequeg, taking a prodigiously hearty\nbreakfast of chowders of all sorts, so that the landlady should not\nmake much profit by reason of his Ramadan, we sallied out to board the\nPequod, sauntering along, and picking our teeth with halibut bones.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 18. His Mark.\n\n\nAs we were walking down the end of the wharf towards the ship, Queequeg\ncarrying his harpoon, Captain Peleg in his gruff voice loudly hailed us\nfrom his wigwam, saying he had not suspected my friend was a cannibal,\nand furthermore announcing that he let no cannibals on board that craft,\nunless they previously produced their papers.\n\n\"What do you mean by that, Captain Peleg?\" said I, now jumping on the\nbulwarks, and leaving my comrade standing on the wharf.\n\n\"I mean,\" he replied, \"he must show his papers.\"\n\n\"Yes,\" said Captain Bildad in his hollow voice, sticking his head from\nbehind Peleg's, out of the wigwam. \"He must show that he's converted.\nSon of darkness,\" he added, turning to Queequeg, \"art thou at present in\ncommunion with any Christian church?\"\n\n\"Why,\" said I, \"he's a member of the first Congregational Church.\" Here\nbe it said, that many tattooed savages sailing in Nantucket ships at\nlast come to be converted into the churches.\n\n\"First Congregational Church,\" cried Bildad, \"what! that worships in\nDeacon Deuteronomy Coleman's meeting-house?\" and so saying, taking\nout his spectacles, he rubbed them with his great yellow bandana\nhandkerchief, and putting them on very carefully, came out of the\nwigwam, and leaning stiffly over the bulwarks, took a good long look at\nQueequeg.\n\n\"How long hath he been a member?\" he then said, turning to me; \"not very\nlong, I rather guess, young man.\"\n\n\"No,\" said Peleg, \"and he hasn't been baptized right either, or it would\nhave washed some of that devil's blue off his face.\"\n\n\"Do tell, now,\" cried Bildad, \"is this Philistine a regular member of\nDeacon Deuteronomy's meeting? I never saw him going there, and I pass it\nevery Lord's day.\"\n\n\"I don't know anything about Deacon Deuteronomy or his meeting,\" said\nI; \"all I know is, that Queequeg here is a born member of the First\nCongregational Church. He is a deacon himself, Queequeg is.\"\n\n\"Young man,\" said Bildad sternly, \"thou art skylarking with me--explain\nthyself, thou young Hittite. What church dost thee mean? answer me.\"\n\nFinding myself thus hard pushed, I replied. \"I mean, sir, the same\nancient Catholic Church to which you and I, and Captain Peleg there,\nand Queequeg here, and all of us, and every mother's son and soul of\nus belong; the great and everlasting First Congregation of this whole\nworshipping world; we all belong to that; only some of us cherish some\nqueer crotchets no ways touching the grand belief; in THAT we all join\nhands.\"\n\n\"Splice, thou mean'st SPLICE hands,\" cried Peleg, drawing nearer. \"Young\nman, you'd better ship for a missionary, instead of a fore-mast hand;\nI never heard a better sermon. Deacon Deuteronomy--why Father Mapple\nhimself couldn't beat it, and he's reckoned something. Come aboard, come\naboard; never mind about the papers. I say, tell Quohog there--what's\nthat you call him? tell Quohog to step along. By the great anchor, what\na harpoon he's got there! looks like good stuff that; and he handles it\nabout right. I say, Quohog, or whatever your name is, did you ever stand\nin the head of a whale-boat? did you ever strike a fish?\"\n\nWithout saying a word, Queequeg, in his wild sort of way, jumped upon\nthe bulwarks, from thence into the bows of one of the whale-boats\nhanging to the side; and then bracing his left knee, and poising his\nharpoon, cried out in some such way as this:--\n\n\"Cap'ain, you see him small drop tar on water dere? You see him? well,\nspose him one whale eye, well, den!\" and taking sharp aim at it, he\ndarted the iron right over old Bildad's broad brim, clean across the\nship's decks, and struck the glistening tar spot out of sight.\n\n\"Now,\" said Queequeg, quietly hauling in the line, \"spos-ee him whale-e\neye; why, dad whale dead.\"\n\n\"Quick, Bildad,\" said Peleg, his partner, who, aghast at the close\nvicinity of the flying harpoon, had retreated towards the cabin gangway.\n\"Quick, I say, you Bildad, and get the ship's papers. We must have\nHedgehog there, I mean Quohog, in one of our boats. Look ye, Quohog,\nwe'll give ye the ninetieth lay, and that's more than ever was given a\nharpooneer yet out of Nantucket.\"\n\nSo down we went into the cabin, and to my great joy Queequeg was soon\nenrolled among the same ship's company to which I myself belonged.\n\nWhen all preliminaries were over and Peleg had got everything ready for\nsigning, he turned to me and said, \"I guess, Quohog there don't know how\nto write, does he? I say, Quohog, blast ye! dost thou sign thy name or\nmake thy mark?\"\n\nBut at this question, Queequeg, who had twice or thrice before taken\npart in similar ceremonies, looked no ways abashed; but taking the\noffered pen, copied upon the paper, in the proper place, an exact\ncounterpart of a queer round figure which was tattooed upon his arm; so\nthat through Captain Peleg's obstinate mistake touching his appellative,\nit stood something like this:--\n\nQuohog. his X mark.\n\nMeanwhile Captain Bildad sat earnestly and steadfastly eyeing Queequeg,\nand at last rising solemnly and fumbling in the huge pockets of his\nbroad-skirted drab coat, took out a bundle of tracts, and selecting\none entitled \"The Latter Day Coming; or No Time to Lose,\" placed it in\nQueequeg's hands, and then grasping them and the book with both his,\nlooked earnestly into his eyes, and said, \"Son of darkness, I must do my\nduty by thee; I am part owner of this ship, and feel concerned for the\nsouls of all its crew; if thou still clingest to thy Pagan ways, which I\nsadly fear, I beseech thee, remain not for aye a Belial bondsman. Spurn\nthe idol Bell, and the hideous dragon; turn from the wrath to come; mind\nthine eye, I say; oh! goodness gracious! steer clear of the fiery pit!\"\n\nSomething of the salt sea yet lingered in old Bildad's language,\nheterogeneously mixed with Scriptural and domestic phrases.\n\n\"Avast there, avast there, Bildad, avast now spoiling our harpooneer,\"\ncried Peleg. \"Pious harpooneers never make good voyagers--it takes the shark\nout of 'em; no harpooneer is worth a straw who aint pretty sharkish.\nThere was young Nat Swaine, once the bravest boat-header out of all\nNantucket and the Vineyard; he joined the meeting, and never came to\ngood. He got so frightened about his plaguy soul, that he shrinked and\nsheered away from whales, for fear of after-claps, in case he got stove\nand went to Davy Jones.\"\n\n\"Peleg! Peleg!\" said Bildad, lifting his eyes and hands, \"thou thyself,\nas I myself, hast seen many a perilous time; thou knowest, Peleg, what\nit is to have the fear of death; how, then, can'st thou prate in this\nungodly guise. Thou beliest thine own heart, Peleg. Tell me, when this\nsame Pequod here had her three masts overboard in that typhoon on Japan,\nthat same voyage when thou went mate with Captain Ahab, did'st thou not\nthink of Death and the Judgment then?\"\n\n\"Hear him, hear him now,\" cried Peleg, marching across the cabin, and\nthrusting his hands far down into his pockets,--\"hear him, all of ye.\nThink of that! When every moment we thought the ship would sink!\nDeath and the Judgment then? What? With all three masts making such an\neverlasting thundering against the side; and every sea breaking over us,\nfore and aft. Think of Death and the Judgment then? No! no time to think\nabout Death then. Life was what Captain Ahab and I was thinking of;\nand how to save all hands--how to rig jury-masts--how to get into the\nnearest port; that was what I was thinking of.\"\n\nBildad said no more, but buttoning up his coat, stalked on deck,\nwhere we followed him. There he stood, very quietly overlooking some\nsailmakers who were mending a top-sail in the waist. Now and then\nhe stooped to pick up a patch, or save an end of tarred twine, which\notherwise might have been wasted.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 19. The Prophet.\n\n\n\"Shipmates, have ye shipped in that ship?\"\n\nQueequeg and I had just left the Pequod, and were sauntering away from\nthe water, for the moment each occupied with his own thoughts, when\nthe above words were put to us by a stranger, who, pausing before us,\nlevelled his massive forefinger at the vessel in question. He was but\nshabbily apparelled in faded jacket and patched trowsers; a rag of a\nblack handkerchief investing his neck. A confluent small-pox had in all\ndirections flowed over his face, and left it like the complicated ribbed\nbed of a torrent, when the rushing waters have been dried up.\n\n\"Have ye shipped in her?\" he repeated.\n\n\"You mean the ship Pequod, I suppose,\" said I, trying to gain a little\nmore time for an uninterrupted look at him.\n\n\"Aye, the Pequod--that ship there,\" he said, drawing back his whole\narm, and then rapidly shoving it straight out from him, with the fixed\nbayonet of his pointed finger darted full at the object.\n\n\"Yes,\" said I, \"we have just signed the articles.\"\n\n\"Anything down there about your souls?\"\n\n\"About what?\"\n\n\"Oh, perhaps you hav'n't got any,\" he said quickly. \"No matter though,\nI know many chaps that hav'n't got any,--good luck to 'em; and they are\nall the better off for it. A soul's a sort of a fifth wheel to a wagon.\"\n\n\"What are you jabbering about, shipmate?\" said I.\n\n\"HE'S got enough, though, to make up for all deficiencies of that sort\nin other chaps,\" abruptly said the stranger, placing a nervous emphasis\nupon the word HE.\n\n\"Queequeg,\" said I, \"let's go; this fellow has broken loose from\nsomewhere; he's talking about something and somebody we don't know.\"\n\n\"Stop!\" cried the stranger. \"Ye said true--ye hav'n't seen Old Thunder\nyet, have ye?\"\n\n\"Who's Old Thunder?\" said I, again riveted with the insane earnestness\nof his manner.\n\n\"Captain Ahab.\"\n\n\"What! the captain of our ship, the Pequod?\"\n\n\"Aye, among some of us old sailor chaps, he goes by that name. Ye\nhav'n't seen him yet, have ye?\"\n\n\"No, we hav'n't. He's sick they say, but is getting better, and will be\nall right again before long.\"\n\n\"All right again before long!\" laughed the stranger, with a solemnly\nderisive sort of laugh. \"Look ye; when Captain Ahab is all right, then\nthis left arm of mine will be all right; not before.\"\n\n\"What do you know about him?\"\n\n\"What did they TELL you about him? Say that!\"\n\n\"They didn't tell much of anything about him; only I've heard that he's\na good whale-hunter, and a good captain to his crew.\"\n\n\"That's true, that's true--yes, both true enough. But you must jump when\nhe gives an order. Step and growl; growl and go--that's the word with\nCaptain Ahab. But nothing about that thing that happened to him off Cape\nHorn, long ago, when he lay like dead for three days and nights;\nnothing about that deadly skrimmage with the Spaniard afore the altar in\nSanta?--heard nothing about that, eh? Nothing about the silver calabash\nhe spat into? And nothing about his losing his leg last voyage,\naccording to the prophecy. Didn't ye hear a word about them matters and\nsomething more, eh? No, I don't think ye did; how could ye? Who knows\nit? Not all Nantucket, I guess. But hows'ever, mayhap, ye've heard tell\nabout the leg, and how he lost it; aye, ye have heard of that, I dare\nsay. Oh yes, THAT every one knows a'most--I mean they know he's only one\nleg; and that a parmacetti took the other off.\"\n\n\"My friend,\" said I, \"what all this gibberish of yours is about, I\ndon't know, and I don't much care; for it seems to me that you must be a\nlittle damaged in the head. But if you are speaking of Captain Ahab, of\nthat ship there, the Pequod, then let me tell you, that I know all about\nthe loss of his leg.\"\n\n\"ALL about it, eh--sure you do?--all?\"\n\n\"Pretty sure.\"\n\nWith finger pointed and eye levelled at the Pequod, the beggar-like\nstranger stood a moment, as if in a troubled reverie; then starting a\nlittle, turned and said:--\"Ye've shipped, have ye? Names down on the\npapers? Well, well, what's signed, is signed; and what's to be, will be;\nand then again, perhaps it won't be, after all. Anyhow, it's all fixed\nand arranged a'ready; and some sailors or other must go with him, I\nsuppose; as well these as any other men, God pity 'em! Morning to ye,\nshipmates, morning; the ineffable heavens bless ye; I'm sorry I stopped\nye.\"\n\n\"Look here, friend,\" said I, \"if you have anything important to tell\nus, out with it; but if you are only trying to bamboozle us, you are\nmistaken in your game; that's all I have to say.\"\n\n\"And it's said very well, and I like to hear a chap talk up that way;\nyou are just the man for him--the likes of ye. Morning to ye, shipmates,\nmorning! Oh! when ye get there, tell 'em I've concluded not to make one\nof 'em.\"\n\n\"Ah, my dear fellow, you can't fool us that way--you can't fool us. It\nis the easiest thing in the world for a man to look as if he had a great\nsecret in him.\"\n\n\"Morning to ye, shipmates, morning.\"\n\n\"Morning it is,\" said I. \"Come along, Queequeg, let's leave this crazy\nman. But stop, tell me your name, will you?\"\n\n\"Elijah.\"\n\nElijah! thought I, and we walked away, both commenting, after each\nother's fashion, upon this ragged old sailor; and agreed that he was\nnothing but a humbug, trying to be a bugbear. But we had not gone\nperhaps above a hundred yards, when chancing to turn a corner, and\nlooking back as I did so, who should be seen but Elijah following us,\nthough at a distance. Somehow, the sight of him struck me so, that I\nsaid nothing to Queequeg of his being behind, but passed on with my\ncomrade, anxious to see whether the stranger would turn the same corner\nthat we did. He did; and then it seemed to me that he was dogging\nus, but with what intent I could not for the life of me imagine. This\ncircumstance, coupled with his ambiguous, half-hinting, half-revealing,\nshrouded sort of talk, now begat in me all kinds of vague wonderments\nand half-apprehensions, and all connected with the Pequod; and Captain\nAhab; and the leg he had lost; and the Cape Horn fit; and the silver\ncalabash; and what Captain Peleg had said of him, when I left the ship\nthe day previous; and the prediction of the squaw Tistig; and the voyage\nwe had bound ourselves to sail; and a hundred other shadowy things.\n\nI was resolved to satisfy myself whether this ragged Elijah was really\ndogging us or not, and with that intent crossed the way with Queequeg,\nand on that side of it retraced our steps. But Elijah passed on, without\nseeming to notice us. This relieved me; and once more, and finally as it\nseemed to me, I pronounced him in my heart, a humbug.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 20. All Astir.\n\n\nA day or two passed, and there was great activity aboard the Pequod.\nNot only were the old sails being mended, but new sails were coming on\nboard, and bolts of canvas, and coils of rigging; in short, everything\nbetokened that the ship's preparations were hurrying to a close. Captain\nPeleg seldom or never went ashore, but sat in his wigwam keeping a sharp\nlook-out upon the hands: Bildad did all the purchasing and providing\nat the stores; and the men employed in the hold and on the rigging were\nworking till long after night-fall.\n\nOn the day following Queequeg's signing the articles, word was given at\nall the inns where the ship's company were stopping, that their chests\nmust be on board before night, for there was no telling how soon\nthe vessel might be sailing. So Queequeg and I got down our traps,\nresolving, however, to sleep ashore till the last. But it seems they\nalways give very long notice in these cases, and the ship did not sail\nfor several days. But no wonder; there was a good deal to be done, and\nthere is no telling how many things to be thought of, before the Pequod\nwas fully equipped.\n\nEvery one knows what a multitude of things--beds, sauce-pans, knives\nand forks, shovels and tongs, napkins, nut-crackers, and what not, are\nindispensable to the business of housekeeping. Just so with whaling,\nwhich necessitates a three-years' housekeeping upon the wide ocean,\nfar from all grocers, costermongers, doctors, bakers, and bankers. And\nthough this also holds true of merchant vessels, yet not by any means\nto the same extent as with whalemen. For besides the great length of the\nwhaling voyage, the numerous articles peculiar to the prosecution of the\nfishery, and the impossibility of replacing them at the remote harbors\nusually frequented, it must be remembered, that of all ships, whaling\nvessels are the most exposed to accidents of all kinds, and especially\nto the destruction and loss of the very things upon which the success of\nthe voyage most depends. Hence, the spare boats, spare spars, and spare\nlines and harpoons, and spare everythings, almost, but a spare Captain\nand duplicate ship.\n\nAt the period of our arrival at the Island, the heaviest storage of the\nPequod had been almost completed; comprising her beef, bread, water,\nfuel, and iron hoops and staves. But, as before hinted, for some time\nthere was a continual fetching and carrying on board of divers odds and\nends of things, both large and small.\n\nChief among those who did this fetching and carrying was Captain\nBildad's sister, a lean old lady of a most determined and indefatigable\nspirit, but withal very kindhearted, who seemed resolved that, if SHE\ncould help it, nothing should be found wanting in the Pequod, after once\nfairly getting to sea. At one time she would come on board with a jar\nof pickles for the steward's pantry; another time with a bunch of quills\nfor the chief mate's desk, where he kept his log; a third time with a\nroll of flannel for the small of some one's rheumatic back. Never did\nany woman better deserve her name, which was Charity--Aunt Charity, as\neverybody called her. And like a sister of charity did this charitable\nAunt Charity bustle about hither and thither, ready to turn her hand\nand heart to anything that promised to yield safety, comfort, and\nconsolation to all on board a ship in which her beloved brother\nBildad was concerned, and in which she herself owned a score or two of\nwell-saved dollars.\n\nBut it was startling to see this excellent hearted Quakeress coming on\nboard, as she did the last day, with a long oil-ladle in one hand, and\na still longer whaling lance in the other. Nor was Bildad himself nor\nCaptain Peleg at all backward. As for Bildad, he carried about with him\na long list of the articles needed, and at every fresh arrival, down\nwent his mark opposite that article upon the paper. Every once in a\nwhile Peleg came hobbling out of his whalebone den, roaring at the men\ndown the hatchways, roaring up to the riggers at the mast-head, and then\nconcluded by roaring back into his wigwam.\n\nDuring these days of preparation, Queequeg and I often visited the\ncraft, and as often I asked about Captain Ahab, and how he was, and when\nhe was going to come on board his ship. To these questions they would\nanswer, that he was getting better and better, and was expected aboard\nevery day; meantime, the two captains, Peleg and Bildad, could attend\nto everything necessary to fit the vessel for the voyage. If I had been\ndownright honest with myself, I would have seen very plainly in my heart\nthat I did but half fancy being committed this way to so long a voyage,\nwithout once laying my eyes on the man who was to be the absolute\ndictator of it, so soon as the ship sailed out upon the open sea.\nBut when a man suspects any wrong, it sometimes happens that if he be\nalready involved in the matter, he insensibly strives to cover up his\nsuspicions even from himself. And much this way it was with me. I said\nnothing, and tried to think nothing.\n\nAt last it was given out that some time next day the ship would\ncertainly sail. So next morning, Queequeg and I took a very early start.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 21. Going Aboard.\n\n\nIt was nearly six o'clock, but only grey imperfect misty dawn, when we\ndrew nigh the wharf.\n\n\"There are some sailors running ahead there, if I see right,\" said I to\nQueequeg, \"it can't be shadows; she's off by sunrise, I guess; come on!\"\n\n\"Avast!\" cried a voice, whose owner at the same time coming close behind\nus, laid a hand upon both our shoulders, and then insinuating himself\nbetween us, stood stooping forward a little, in the uncertain twilight,\nstrangely peering from Queequeg to me. It was Elijah.\n\n\"Going aboard?\"\n\n\"Hands off, will you,\" said I.\n\n\"Lookee here,\" said Queequeg, shaking himself, \"go 'way!\"\n\n\"Ain't going aboard, then?\"\n\n\"Yes, we are,\" said I, \"but what business is that of yours? Do you know,\nMr. Elijah, that I consider you a little impertinent?\"\n\n\"No, no, no; I wasn't aware of that,\" said Elijah, slowly and\nwonderingly looking from me to Queequeg, with the most unaccountable\nglances.\n\n\"Elijah,\" said I, \"you will oblige my friend and me by withdrawing. We\nare going to the Indian and Pacific Oceans, and would prefer not to be\ndetained.\"\n\n\"Ye be, be ye? Coming back afore breakfast?\"\n\n\"He's cracked, Queequeg,\" said I, \"come on.\"\n\n\"Holloa!\" cried stationary Elijah, hailing us when we had removed a few\npaces.\n\n\"Never mind him,\" said I, \"Queequeg, come on.\"\n\nBut he stole up to us again, and suddenly clapping his hand on my\nshoulder, said--\"Did ye see anything looking like men going towards that\nship a while ago?\"\n\nStruck by this plain matter-of-fact question, I answered, saying, \"Yes,\nI thought I did see four or five men; but it was too dim to be sure.\"\n\n\"Very dim, very dim,\" said Elijah. \"Morning to ye.\"\n\nOnce more we quitted him; but once more he came softly after us; and\ntouching my shoulder again, said, \"See if you can find 'em now, will ye?\n\n\"Find who?\"\n\n\"Morning to ye! morning to ye!\" he rejoined, again moving off. \"Oh! I\nwas going to warn ye against--but never mind, never mind--it's all one,\nall in the family too;--sharp frost this morning, ain't it? Good-bye to\nye. Shan't see ye again very soon, I guess; unless it's before the Grand\nJury.\" And with these cracked words he finally departed, leaving me, for\nthe moment, in no small wonderment at his frantic impudence.\n\nAt last, stepping on board the Pequod, we found everything in profound\nquiet, not a soul moving. The cabin entrance was locked within; the\nhatches were all on, and lumbered with coils of rigging. Going forward\nto the forecastle, we found the slide of the scuttle open. Seeing a\nlight, we went down, and found only an old rigger there, wrapped in a\ntattered pea-jacket. He was thrown at whole length upon two chests, his\nface downwards and inclosed in his folded arms. The profoundest slumber\nslept upon him.\n\n\"Those sailors we saw, Queequeg, where can they have gone to?\" said I,\nlooking dubiously at the sleeper. But it seemed that, when on the wharf,\nQueequeg had not at all noticed what I now alluded to; hence I would\nhave thought myself to have been optically deceived in that matter,\nwere it not for Elijah's otherwise inexplicable question. But I beat the\nthing down; and again marking the sleeper, jocularly hinted to Queequeg\nthat perhaps we had best sit up with the body; telling him to establish\nhimself accordingly. He put his hand upon the sleeper's rear, as though\nfeeling if it was soft enough; and then, without more ado, sat quietly\ndown there.\n\n\"Gracious! Queequeg, don't sit there,\" said I.\n\n\"Oh! perry dood seat,\" said Queequeg, \"my country way; won't hurt him\nface.\"\n\n\"Face!\" said I, \"call that his face? very benevolent countenance then;\nbut how hard he breathes, he's heaving himself; get off, Queequeg, you\nare heavy, it's grinding the face of the poor. Get off, Queequeg! Look,\nhe'll twitch you off soon. I wonder he don't wake.\"\n\nQueequeg removed himself to just beyond the head of the sleeper, and\nlighted his tomahawk pipe. I sat at the feet. We kept the pipe passing\nover the sleeper, from one to the other. Meanwhile, upon questioning him\nin his broken fashion, Queequeg gave me to understand that, in his\nland, owing to the absence of settees and sofas of all sorts, the king,\nchiefs, and great people generally, were in the custom of fattening some\nof the lower orders for ottomans; and to furnish a house comfortably in\nthat respect, you had only to buy up eight or ten lazy fellows, and lay\nthem round in the piers and alcoves. Besides, it was very convenient on\nan excursion; much better than those garden-chairs which are convertible\ninto walking-sticks; upon occasion, a chief calling his attendant, and\ndesiring him to make a settee of himself under a spreading tree, perhaps\nin some damp marshy place.\n\nWhile narrating these things, every time Queequeg received the tomahawk\nfrom me, he flourished the hatchet-side of it over the sleeper's head.\n\n\"What's that for, Queequeg?\"\n\n\"Perry easy, kill-e; oh! perry easy!\"\n\nHe was going on with some wild reminiscences about his tomahawk-pipe,\nwhich, it seemed, had in its two uses both brained his foes and soothed\nhis soul, when we were directly attracted to the sleeping rigger. The\nstrong vapour now completely filling the contracted hole, it began\nto tell upon him. He breathed with a sort of muffledness; then seemed\ntroubled in the nose; then revolved over once or twice; then sat up and\nrubbed his eyes.\n\n\"Holloa!\" he breathed at last, \"who be ye smokers?\"\n\n\"Shipped men,\" answered I, \"when does she sail?\"\n\n\"Aye, aye, ye are going in her, be ye? She sails to-day. The Captain\ncame aboard last night.\"\n\n\"What Captain?--Ahab?\"\n\n\"Who but him indeed?\"\n\nI was going to ask him some further questions concerning Ahab, when we\nheard a noise on deck.\n\n\"Holloa! Starbuck's astir,\" said the rigger. \"He's a lively chief mate,\nthat; good man, and a pious; but all alive now, I must turn to.\" And so\nsaying he went on deck, and we followed.\n\nIt was now clear sunrise. Soon the crew came on board in twos and\nthrees; the riggers bestirred themselves; the mates were actively\nengaged; and several of the shore people were busy in bringing various\nlast things on board. Meanwhile Captain Ahab remained invisibly\nenshrined within his cabin.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 22. Merry Christmas.\n\n\nAt length, towards noon, upon the final dismissal of the ship's riggers,\nand after the Pequod had been hauled out from the wharf, and after the\never-thoughtful Charity had come off in a whale-boat, with her last\ngift--a night-cap for Stubb, the second mate, her brother-in-law, and a\nspare Bible for the steward--after all this, the two Captains, Peleg\nand Bildad, issued from the cabin, and turning to the chief mate, Peleg\nsaid:\n\n\"Now, Mr. Starbuck, are you sure everything is right? Captain Ahab is\nall ready--just spoke to him--nothing more to be got from shore, eh?\nWell, call all hands, then. Muster 'em aft here--blast 'em!\"\n\n\"No need of profane words, however great the hurry, Peleg,\" said Bildad,\n\"but away with thee, friend Starbuck, and do our bidding.\"\n\nHow now! Here upon the very point of starting for the voyage, Captain\nPeleg and Captain Bildad were going it with a high hand on the\nquarter-deck, just as if they were to be joint-commanders at sea, as\nwell as to all appearances in port. And, as for Captain Ahab, no sign of\nhim was yet to be seen; only, they said he was in the cabin. But then,\nthe idea was, that his presence was by no means necessary in getting the\nship under weigh, and steering her well out to sea. Indeed, as that was\nnot at all his proper business, but the pilot's; and as he was not\nyet completely recovered--so they said--therefore, Captain Ahab stayed\nbelow. And all this seemed natural enough; especially as in the merchant\nservice many captains never show themselves on deck for a considerable\ntime after heaving up the anchor, but remain over the cabin table,\nhaving a farewell merry-making with their shore friends, before they\nquit the ship for good with the pilot.\n\nBut there was not much chance to think over the matter, for Captain\nPeleg was now all alive. He seemed to do most of the talking and\ncommanding, and not Bildad.\n\n\"Aft here, ye sons of bachelors,\" he cried, as the sailors lingered at\nthe main-mast. \"Mr. Starbuck, drive'em aft.\"\n\n\"Strike the tent there!\"--was the next order. As I hinted before, this\nwhalebone marquee was never pitched except in port; and on board the\nPequod, for thirty years, the order to strike the tent was well known to\nbe the next thing to heaving up the anchor.\n\n\"Man the capstan! Blood and thunder!--jump!\"--was the next command, and\nthe crew sprang for the handspikes.\n\nNow in getting under weigh, the station generally occupied by the pilot\nis the forward part of the ship. And here Bildad, who, with Peleg, be it\nknown, in addition to his other officers, was one of the licensed pilots\nof the port--he being suspected to have got himself made a pilot in\norder to save the Nantucket pilot-fee to all the ships he was concerned\nin, for he never piloted any other craft--Bildad, I say, might now\nbe seen actively engaged in looking over the bows for the approaching\nanchor, and at intervals singing what seemed a dismal stave of psalmody,\nto cheer the hands at the windlass, who roared forth some sort of\na chorus about the girls in Booble Alley, with hearty good will.\nNevertheless, not three days previous, Bildad had told them that no\nprofane songs would be allowed on board the Pequod, particularly in\ngetting under weigh; and Charity, his sister, had placed a small choice\ncopy of Watts in each seaman's berth.\n\nMeantime, overseeing the other part of the ship, Captain Peleg ripped\nand swore astern in the most frightful manner. I almost thought he would\nsink the ship before the anchor could be got up; involuntarily I paused\non my handspike, and told Queequeg to do the same, thinking of the\nperils we both ran, in starting on the voyage with such a devil for a\npilot. I was comforting myself, however, with the thought that in pious\nBildad might be found some salvation, spite of his seven hundred and\nseventy-seventh lay; when I felt a sudden sharp poke in my rear, and\nturning round, was horrified at the apparition of Captain Peleg in the\nact of withdrawing his leg from my immediate vicinity. That was my first\nkick.\n\n\"Is that the way they heave in the marchant service?\" he roared.\n\"Spring, thou sheep-head; spring, and break thy backbone! Why don't ye\nspring, I say, all of ye--spring! Quohog! spring, thou chap with the red\nwhiskers; spring there, Scotch-cap; spring, thou green pants. Spring, I\nsay, all of ye, and spring your eyes out!\" And so saying, he moved\nalong the windlass, here and there using his leg very freely, while\nimperturbable Bildad kept leading off with his psalmody. Thinks I,\nCaptain Peleg must have been drinking something to-day.\n\nAt last the anchor was up, the sails were set, and off we glided. It\nwas a short, cold Christmas; and as the short northern day merged into\nnight, we found ourselves almost broad upon the wintry ocean, whose\nfreezing spray cased us in ice, as in polished armor. The long rows of\nteeth on the bulwarks glistened in the moonlight; and like the white\nivory tusks of some huge elephant, vast curving icicles depended from\nthe bows.\n\nLank Bildad, as pilot, headed the first watch, and ever and anon, as the\nold craft deep dived into the green seas, and sent the shivering frost\nall over her, and the winds howled, and the cordage rang, his steady\nnotes were heard,--\n\n\"Sweet fields beyond the swelling flood, Stand dressed in living green.\nSo to the Jews old Canaan stood, While Jordan rolled between.\"\n\n\nNever did those sweet words sound more sweetly to me than then. They\nwere full of hope and fruition. Spite of this frigid winter night in the\nboisterous Atlantic, spite of my wet feet and wetter jacket, there was\nyet, it then seemed to me, many a pleasant haven in store; and meads\nand glades so eternally vernal, that the grass shot up by the spring,\nuntrodden, unwilted, remains at midsummer.\n\nAt last we gained such an offing, that the two pilots were needed\nno longer. The stout sail-boat that had accompanied us began ranging\nalongside.\n\nIt was curious and not unpleasing, how Peleg and Bildad were affected at\nthis juncture, especially Captain Bildad. For loath to depart, yet;\nvery loath to leave, for good, a ship bound on so long and perilous a\nvoyage--beyond both stormy Capes; a ship in which some thousands of\nhis hard earned dollars were invested; a ship, in which an old shipmate\nsailed as captain; a man almost as old as he, once more starting to\nencounter all the terrors of the pitiless jaw; loath to say good-bye to\na thing so every way brimful of every interest to him,--poor old Bildad\nlingered long; paced the deck with anxious strides; ran down into the\ncabin to speak another farewell word there; again came on deck, and\nlooked to windward; looked towards the wide and endless waters, only\nbounded by the far-off unseen Eastern Continents; looked towards\nthe land; looked aloft; looked right and left; looked everywhere\nand nowhere; and at last, mechanically coiling a rope upon its pin,\nconvulsively grasped stout Peleg by the hand, and holding up a lantern,\nfor a moment stood gazing heroically in his face, as much as to say,\n\"Nevertheless, friend Peleg, I can stand it; yes, I can.\"\n\nAs for Peleg himself, he took it more like a philosopher; but for all\nhis philosophy, there was a tear twinkling in his eye, when the lantern\ncame too near. And he, too, did not a little run from cabin to deck--now\na word below, and now a word with Starbuck, the chief mate.\n\nBut, at last, he turned to his comrade, with a final sort of look\nabout him,--\"Captain Bildad--come, old shipmate, we must go. Back the\nmain-yard there! Boat ahoy! Stand by to come close alongside, now!\nCareful, careful!--come, Bildad, boy--say your last. Luck to ye,\nStarbuck--luck to ye, Mr. Stubb--luck to ye, Mr. Flask--good-bye and\ngood luck to ye all--and this day three years I'll have a hot supper\nsmoking for ye in old Nantucket. Hurrah and away!\"\n\n\"God bless ye, and have ye in His holy keeping, men,\" murmured old\nBildad, almost incoherently. \"I hope ye'll have fine weather now, so\nthat Captain Ahab may soon be moving among ye--a pleasant sun is all\nhe needs, and ye'll have plenty of them in the tropic voyage ye go.\nBe careful in the hunt, ye mates. Don't stave the boats needlessly,\nye harpooneers; good white cedar plank is raised full three per cent.\nwithin the year. Don't forget your prayers, either. Mr. Starbuck, mind\nthat cooper don't waste the spare staves. Oh! the sail-needles are in\nthe green locker! Don't whale it too much a' Lord's days, men; but don't\nmiss a fair chance either, that's rejecting Heaven's good gifts. Have an\neye to the molasses tierce, Mr. Stubb; it was a little leaky, I thought.\nIf ye touch at the islands, Mr. Flask, beware of fornication. Good-bye,\ngood-bye! Don't keep that cheese too long down in the hold, Mr.\nStarbuck; it'll spoil. Be careful with the butter--twenty cents the\npound it was, and mind ye, if--\"\n\n\"Come, come, Captain Bildad; stop palavering,--away!\" and with that,\nPeleg hurried him over the side, and both dropt into the boat.\n\nShip and boat diverged; the cold, damp night breeze blew between; a\nscreaming gull flew overhead; the two hulls wildly rolled; we gave\nthree heavy-hearted cheers, and blindly plunged like fate into the lone\nAtlantic.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 23. The Lee Shore.\n\n\nSome chapters back, one Bulkington was spoken of, a tall, newlanded\nmariner, encountered in New Bedford at the inn.\n\nWhen on that shivering winter's night, the Pequod thrust her vindictive\nbows into the cold malicious waves, who should I see standing at her\nhelm but Bulkington! I looked with sympathetic awe and fearfulness upon\nthe man, who in mid-winter just landed from a four years' dangerous\nvoyage, could so unrestingly push off again for still another\ntempestuous term. The land seemed scorching to his feet. Wonderfullest\nthings are ever the unmentionable; deep memories yield no epitaphs; this\nsix-inch chapter is the stoneless grave of Bulkington. Let me only say\nthat it fared with him as with the storm-tossed ship, that miserably\ndrives along the leeward land. The port would fain give succor; the port\nis pitiful; in the port is safety, comfort, hearthstone, supper, warm\nblankets, friends, all that's kind to our mortalities. But in that gale,\nthe port, the land, is that ship's direst jeopardy; she must fly all\nhospitality; one touch of land, though it but graze the keel, would make\nher shudder through and through. With all her might she crowds all sail\noff shore; in so doing, fights 'gainst the very winds that fain would\nblow her homeward; seeks all the lashed sea's landlessness again;\nfor refuge's sake forlornly rushing into peril; her only friend her\nbitterest foe!\n\nKnow ye now, Bulkington? Glimpses do ye seem to see of that mortally\nintolerable truth; that all deep, earnest thinking is but the intrepid\neffort of the soul to keep the open independence of her sea; while\nthe wildest winds of heaven and earth conspire to cast her on the\ntreacherous, slavish shore?\n\nBut as in landlessness alone resides highest truth, shoreless,\nindefinite as God--so, better is it to perish in that howling infinite,\nthan be ingloriously dashed upon the lee, even if that were safety!\nFor worm-like, then, oh! who would craven crawl to land! Terrors of\nthe terrible! is all this agony so vain? Take heart, take heart,\nO Bulkington! Bear thee grimly, demigod! Up from the spray of thy\nocean-perishing--straight up, leaps thy apotheosis!\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 24. The Advocate.\n\n\nAs Queequeg and I are now fairly embarked in this business of whaling;\nand as this business of whaling has somehow come to be regarded among\nlandsmen as a rather unpoetical and disreputable pursuit; therefore, I\nam all anxiety to convince ye, ye landsmen, of the injustice hereby done\nto us hunters of whales.\n\nIn the first place, it may be deemed almost superfluous to establish\nthe fact, that among people at large, the business of whaling is not\naccounted on a level with what are called the liberal professions. If a\nstranger were introduced into any miscellaneous metropolitan society,\nit would but slightly advance the general opinion of his merits, were\nhe presented to the company as a harpooneer, say; and if in emulation\nof the naval officers he should append the initials S.W.F. (Sperm\nWhale Fishery) to his visiting card, such a procedure would be deemed\npre-eminently presuming and ridiculous.\n\nDoubtless one leading reason why the world declines honouring us\nwhalemen, is this: they think that, at best, our vocation amounts to a\nbutchering sort of business; and that when actively engaged therein, we\nare surrounded by all manner of defilements. Butchers we are, that is\ntrue. But butchers, also, and butchers of the bloodiest badge have been\nall Martial Commanders whom the world invariably delights to honour. And\nas for the matter of the alleged uncleanliness of our business, ye shall\nsoon be initiated into certain facts hitherto pretty generally unknown,\nand which, upon the whole, will triumphantly plant the sperm whale-ship\nat least among the cleanliest things of this tidy earth. But even\ngranting the charge in question to be true; what disordered slippery\ndecks of a whale-ship are comparable to the unspeakable carrion of those\nbattle-fields from which so many soldiers return to drink in all ladies'\nplaudits? And if the idea of peril so much enhances the popular conceit\nof the soldier's profession; let me assure ye that many a veteran\nwho has freely marched up to a battery, would quickly recoil at the\napparition of the sperm whale's vast tail, fanning into eddies the air\nover his head. For what are the comprehensible terrors of man compared\nwith the interlinked terrors and wonders of God!\n\nBut, though the world scouts at us whale hunters, yet does it\nunwittingly pay us the profoundest homage; yea, an all-abounding\nadoration! for almost all the tapers, lamps, and candles that burn round\nthe globe, burn, as before so many shrines, to our glory!\n\nBut look at this matter in other lights; weigh it in all sorts of\nscales; see what we whalemen are, and have been.\n\nWhy did the Dutch in De Witt's time have admirals of their whaling\nfleets? Why did Louis XVI. of France, at his own personal expense, fit\nout whaling ships from Dunkirk, and politely invite to that town some\nscore or two of families from our own island of Nantucket? Why did\nBritain between the years 1750 and 1788 pay to her whalemen in bounties\nupwards of L1,000,000? And lastly, how comes it that we whalemen of\nAmerica now outnumber all the rest of the banded whalemen in the world;\nsail a navy of upwards of seven hundred vessels; manned by eighteen\nthousand men; yearly consuming 4,000,000 of dollars; the ships worth,\nat the time of sailing, $20,000,000! and every year importing into our\nharbors a well reaped harvest of $7,000,000. How comes all this, if\nthere be not something puissant in whaling?\n\nBut this is not the half; look again.\n\nI freely assert, that the cosmopolite philosopher cannot, for his life,\npoint out one single peaceful influence, which within the last sixty\nyears has operated more potentially upon the whole broad world, taken in\none aggregate, than the high and mighty business of whaling. One way\nand another, it has begotten events so remarkable in themselves, and so\ncontinuously momentous in their sequential issues, that whaling may\nwell be regarded as that Egyptian mother, who bore offspring themselves\npregnant from her womb. It would be a hopeless, endless task to\ncatalogue all these things. Let a handful suffice. For many years past\nthe whale-ship has been the pioneer in ferreting out the remotest and\nleast known parts of the earth. She has explored seas and archipelagoes\nwhich had no chart, where no Cook or Vancouver had ever sailed. If\nAmerican and European men-of-war now peacefully ride in once savage\nharbors, let them fire salutes to the honour and glory of the\nwhale-ship, which originally showed them the way, and first interpreted\nbetween them and the savages. They may celebrate as they will the heroes\nof Exploring Expeditions, your Cooks, your Krusensterns; but I say that\nscores of anonymous Captains have sailed out of Nantucket, that were\nas great, and greater than your Cook and your Krusenstern. For in their\nsuccourless empty-handedness, they, in the heathenish sharked waters,\nand by the beaches of unrecorded, javelin islands, battled with virgin\nwonders and terrors that Cook with all his marines and muskets would\nnot willingly have dared. All that is made such a flourish of in the old\nSouth Sea Voyages, those things were but the life-time commonplaces of\nour heroic Nantucketers. Often, adventures which Vancouver dedicates\nthree chapters to, these men accounted unworthy of being set down in the\nship's common log. Ah, the world! Oh, the world!\n\nUntil the whale fishery rounded Cape Horn, no commerce but colonial,\nscarcely any intercourse but colonial, was carried on between Europe and\nthe long line of the opulent Spanish provinces on the Pacific coast.\nIt was the whaleman who first broke through the jealous policy of the\nSpanish crown, touching those colonies; and, if space permitted, it\nmight be distinctly shown how from those whalemen at last eventuated the\nliberation of Peru, Chili, and Bolivia from the yoke of Old Spain, and\nthe establishment of the eternal democracy in those parts.\n\nThat great America on the other side of the sphere, Australia, was given\nto the enlightened world by the whaleman. After its first blunder-born\ndiscovery by a Dutchman, all other ships long shunned those shores\nas pestiferously barbarous; but the whale-ship touched there. The\nwhale-ship is the true mother of that now mighty colony. Moreover,\nin the infancy of the first Australian settlement, the emigrants were\nseveral times saved from starvation by the benevolent biscuit of the\nwhale-ship luckily dropping an anchor in their waters. The uncounted\nisles of all Polynesia confess the same truth, and do commercial homage\nto the whale-ship, that cleared the way for the missionary and the\nmerchant, and in many cases carried the primitive missionaries to their\nfirst destinations. If that double-bolted land, Japan, is ever to become\nhospitable, it is the whale-ship alone to whom the credit will be due;\nfor already she is on the threshold.\n\nBut if, in the face of all this, you still declare that whaling has no\naesthetically noble associations connected with it, then am I ready to\nshiver fifty lances with you there, and unhorse you with a split helmet\nevery time.\n\nThe whale has no famous author, and whaling no famous chronicler, you\nwill say.\n\nTHE WHALE NO FAMOUS AUTHOR, AND WHALING NO FAMOUS CHRONICLER? Who wrote\nthe first account of our Leviathan? Who but mighty Job! And who composed\nthe first narrative of a whaling-voyage? Who, but no less a prince than\nAlfred the Great, who, with his own royal pen, took down the words from\nOther, the Norwegian whale-hunter of those times! And who pronounced our\nglowing eulogy in Parliament? Who, but Edmund Burke!\n\nTrue enough, but then whalemen themselves are poor devils; they have no\ngood blood in their veins.\n\nNO GOOD BLOOD IN THEIR VEINS? They have something better than royal\nblood there. The grandmother of Benjamin Franklin was Mary Morrel;\nafterwards, by marriage, Mary Folger, one of the old settlers\nof Nantucket, and the ancestress to a long line of Folgers and\nharpooneers--all kith and kin to noble Benjamin--this day darting the\nbarbed iron from one side of the world to the other.\n\nGood again; but then all confess that somehow whaling is not\nrespectable.\n\nWHALING NOT RESPECTABLE? Whaling is imperial! By old English statutory\nlaw, the whale is declared \"a royal fish.\"*\n\nOh, that's only nominal! The whale himself has never figured in any\ngrand imposing way.\n\nTHE WHALE NEVER FIGURED IN ANY GRAND IMPOSING WAY? In one of the mighty\ntriumphs given to a Roman general upon his entering the world's capital,\nthe bones of a whale, brought all the way from the Syrian coast, were\nthe most conspicuous object in the cymballed procession.*\n\n\n*See subsequent chapters for something more on this head.\n\n\nGrant it, since you cite it; but, say what you will, there is no real\ndignity in whaling.\n\nNO DIGNITY IN WHALING? The dignity of our calling the very heavens\nattest. Cetus is a constellation in the South! No more! Drive down your\nhat in presence of the Czar, and take it off to Queequeg! No more! I\nknow a man that, in his lifetime, has taken three hundred and fifty\nwhales. I account that man more honourable than that great captain of\nantiquity who boasted of taking as many walled towns.\n\nAnd, as for me, if, by any possibility, there be any as yet undiscovered\nprime thing in me; if I shall ever deserve any real repute in that small\nbut high hushed world which I might not be unreasonably ambitious of; if\nhereafter I shall do anything that, upon the whole, a man might rather\nhave done than to have left undone; if, at my death, my executors, or\nmore properly my creditors, find any precious MSS. in my desk, then here\nI prospectively ascribe all the honour and the glory to whaling; for a\nwhale-ship was my Yale College and my Harvard.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 25. Postscript.\n\n\nIn behalf of the dignity of whaling, I would fain advance naught but\nsubstantiated facts. But after embattling his facts, an advocate who\nshould wholly suppress a not unreasonable surmise, which might\ntell eloquently upon his cause--such an advocate, would he not be\nblameworthy?\n\nIt is well known that at the coronation of kings and queens, even modern\nones, a certain curious process of seasoning them for their functions is\ngone through. There is a saltcellar of state, so called, and there\nmay be a castor of state. How they use the salt, precisely--who knows?\nCertain I am, however, that a king's head is solemnly oiled at his\ncoronation, even as a head of salad. Can it be, though, that they\nanoint it with a view of making its interior run well, as they anoint\nmachinery? Much might be ruminated here, concerning the essential\ndignity of this regal process, because in common life we esteem but\nmeanly and contemptibly a fellow who anoints his hair, and palpably\nsmells of that anointing. In truth, a mature man who uses hair-oil,\nunless medicinally, that man has probably got a quoggy spot in him\nsomewhere. As a general rule, he can't amount to much in his totality.\n\nBut the only thing to be considered here, is this--what kind of oil is\nused at coronations? Certainly it cannot be olive oil, nor macassar oil,\nnor castor oil, nor bear's oil, nor train oil, nor cod-liver oil. What\nthen can it possibly be, but sperm oil in its unmanufactured, unpolluted\nstate, the sweetest of all oils?\n\nThink of that, ye loyal Britons! we whalemen supply your kings and\nqueens with coronation stuff!\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 26. Knights and Squires.\n\n\nThe chief mate of the Pequod was Starbuck, a native of Nantucket, and a\nQuaker by descent. He was a long, earnest man, and though born on an icy\ncoast, seemed well adapted to endure hot latitudes, his flesh being hard\nas twice-baked biscuit. Transported to the Indies, his live blood would\nnot spoil like bottled ale. He must have been born in some time of\ngeneral drought and famine, or upon one of those fast days for which\nhis state is famous. Only some thirty arid summers had he seen; those\nsummers had dried up all his physical superfluousness. But this, his\nthinness, so to speak, seemed no more the token of wasting anxieties and\ncares, than it seemed the indication of any bodily blight. It was merely\nthe condensation of the man. He was by no means ill-looking; quite the\ncontrary. His pure tight skin was an excellent fit; and closely wrapped\nup in it, and embalmed with inner health and strength, like a revivified\nEgyptian, this Starbuck seemed prepared to endure for long ages to come,\nand to endure always, as now; for be it Polar snow or torrid sun, like\na patent chronometer, his interior vitality was warranted to do well\nin all climates. Looking into his eyes, you seemed to see there the yet\nlingering images of those thousand-fold perils he had calmly confronted\nthrough life. A staid, steadfast man, whose life for the most part was a\ntelling pantomime of action, and not a tame chapter of sounds. Yet, for\nall his hardy sobriety and fortitude, there were certain qualities\nin him which at times affected, and in some cases seemed well nigh to\noverbalance all the rest. Uncommonly conscientious for a seaman, and\nendued with a deep natural reverence, the wild watery loneliness of his\nlife did therefore strongly incline him to superstition; but to that\nsort of superstition, which in some organizations seems rather to\nspring, somehow, from intelligence than from ignorance. Outward portents\nand inward presentiments were his. And if at times these things bent the\nwelded iron of his soul, much more did his far-away domestic memories\nof his young Cape wife and child, tend to bend him still more from the\noriginal ruggedness of his nature, and open him still further to those\nlatent influences which, in some honest-hearted men, restrain the gush\nof dare-devil daring, so often evinced by others in the more perilous\nvicissitudes of the fishery. \"I will have no man in my boat,\" said\nStarbuck, \"who is not afraid of a whale.\" By this, he seemed to mean,\nnot only that the most reliable and useful courage was that which arises\nfrom the fair estimation of the encountered peril, but that an utterly\nfearless man is a far more dangerous comrade than a coward.\n\n\"Aye, aye,\" said Stubb, the second mate, \"Starbuck, there, is as careful\na man as you'll find anywhere in this fishery.\" But we shall ere long\nsee what that word \"careful\" precisely means when used by a man like\nStubb, or almost any other whale hunter.\n\nStarbuck was no crusader after perils; in him courage was not a\nsentiment; but a thing simply useful to him, and always at hand upon all\nmortally practical occasions. Besides, he thought, perhaps, that in this\nbusiness of whaling, courage was one of the great staple outfits of\nthe ship, like her beef and her bread, and not to be foolishly wasted.\nWherefore he had no fancy for lowering for whales after sun-down; nor\nfor persisting in fighting a fish that too much persisted in fighting\nhim. For, thought Starbuck, I am here in this critical ocean to kill\nwhales for my living, and not to be killed by them for theirs; and that\nhundreds of men had been so killed Starbuck well knew. What doom was\nhis own father's? Where, in the bottomless deeps, could he find the torn\nlimbs of his brother?\n\nWith memories like these in him, and, moreover, given to a certain\nsuperstitiousness, as has been said; the courage of this Starbuck which\ncould, nevertheless, still flourish, must indeed have been extreme. But\nit was not in reasonable nature that a man so organized, and with such\nterrible experiences and remembrances as he had; it was not in nature\nthat these things should fail in latently engendering an element in\nhim, which, under suitable circumstances, would break out from its\nconfinement, and burn all his courage up. And brave as he might be, it\nwas that sort of bravery chiefly, visible in some intrepid men, which,\nwhile generally abiding firm in the conflict with seas, or winds, or\nwhales, or any of the ordinary irrational horrors of the world, yet\ncannot withstand those more terrific, because more spiritual terrors,\nwhich sometimes menace you from the concentrating brow of an enraged and\nmighty man.\n\nBut were the coming narrative to reveal in any instance, the complete\nabasement of poor Starbuck's fortitude, scarce might I have the heart to\nwrite it; for it is a thing most sorrowful, nay shocking, to expose\nthe fall of valour in the soul. Men may seem detestable as joint\nstock-companies and nations; knaves, fools, and murderers there may be;\nmen may have mean and meagre faces; but man, in the ideal, is so noble\nand so sparkling, such a grand and glowing creature, that over any\nignominious blemish in him all his fellows should run to throw their\ncostliest robes. That immaculate manliness we feel within ourselves,\nso far within us, that it remains intact though all the outer character\nseem gone; bleeds with keenest anguish at the undraped spectacle of\na valor-ruined man. Nor can piety itself, at such a shameful sight,\ncompletely stifle her upbraidings against the permitting stars. But this\naugust dignity I treat of, is not the dignity of kings and robes, but\nthat abounding dignity which has no robed investiture. Thou shalt see it\nshining in the arm that wields a pick or drives a spike; that democratic\ndignity which, on all hands, radiates without end from God; Himself! The\ngreat God absolute! The centre and circumference of all democracy! His\nomnipresence, our divine equality!\n\nIf, then, to meanest mariners, and renegades and castaways, I shall\nhereafter ascribe high qualities, though dark; weave round them tragic\ngraces; if even the most mournful, perchance the most abased, among them\nall, shall at times lift himself to the exalted mounts; if I shall touch\nthat workman's arm with some ethereal light; if I shall spread a rainbow\nover his disastrous set of sun; then against all mortal critics bear\nme out in it, thou Just Spirit of Equality, which hast spread one royal\nmantle of humanity over all my kind! Bear me out in it, thou great\ndemocratic God! who didst not refuse to the swart convict, Bunyan, the\npale, poetic pearl; Thou who didst clothe with doubly hammered leaves\nof finest gold, the stumped and paupered arm of old Cervantes; Thou who\ndidst pick up Andrew Jackson from the pebbles; who didst hurl him upon a\nwar-horse; who didst thunder him higher than a throne! Thou who, in all\nThy mighty, earthly marchings, ever cullest Thy selectest champions from\nthe kingly commons; bear me out in it, O God!\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 27. Knights and Squires.\n\n\nStubb was the second mate. He was a native of Cape Cod; and hence,\naccording to local usage, was called a Cape-Cod-man. A happy-go-lucky;\nneither craven nor valiant; taking perils as they came with an\nindifferent air; and while engaged in the most imminent crisis of the\nchase, toiling away, calm and collected as a journeyman joiner engaged\nfor the year. Good-humored, easy, and careless, he presided over his\nwhale-boat as if the most deadly encounter were but a dinner, and his\ncrew all invited guests. He was as particular about the comfortable\narrangement of his part of the boat, as an old stage-driver is about the\nsnugness of his box. When close to the whale, in the very death-lock of\nthe fight, he handled his unpitying lance coolly and off-handedly, as\na whistling tinker his hammer. He would hum over his old rigadig tunes\nwhile flank and flank with the most exasperated monster. Long usage had,\nfor this Stubb, converted the jaws of death into an easy chair. What he\nthought of death itself, there is no telling. Whether he ever thought of\nit at all, might be a question; but, if he ever did chance to cast his\nmind that way after a comfortable dinner, no doubt, like a good sailor,\nhe took it to be a sort of call of the watch to tumble aloft, and bestir\nthemselves there, about something which he would find out when he obeyed\nthe order, and not sooner.\n\nWhat, perhaps, with other things, made Stubb such an easy-going,\nunfearing man, so cheerily trudging off with the burden of life in a\nworld full of grave pedlars, all bowed to the ground with their packs;\nwhat helped to bring about that almost impious good-humor of his; that\nthing must have been his pipe. For, like his nose, his short, black\nlittle pipe was one of the regular features of his face. You would\nalmost as soon have expected him to turn out of his bunk without his\nnose as without his pipe. He kept a whole row of pipes there ready\nloaded, stuck in a rack, within easy reach of his hand; and, whenever he\nturned in, he smoked them all out in succession, lighting one from\nthe other to the end of the chapter; then loading them again to be in\nreadiness anew. For, when Stubb dressed, instead of first putting his\nlegs into his trowsers, he put his pipe into his mouth.\n\nI say this continual smoking must have been one cause, at least, of his\npeculiar disposition; for every one knows that this earthly air, whether\nashore or afloat, is terribly infected with the nameless miseries of\nthe numberless mortals who have died exhaling it; and as in time of the\ncholera, some people go about with a camphorated handkerchief to their\nmouths; so, likewise, against all mortal tribulations, Stubb's tobacco\nsmoke might have operated as a sort of disinfecting agent.\n\nThe third mate was Flask, a native of Tisbury, in Martha's Vineyard. A\nshort, stout, ruddy young fellow, very pugnacious concerning whales,\nwho somehow seemed to think that the great leviathans had personally\nand hereditarily affronted him; and therefore it was a sort of point of\nhonour with him, to destroy them whenever encountered. So utterly lost\nwas he to all sense of reverence for the many marvels of their majestic\nbulk and mystic ways; and so dead to anything like an apprehension of\nany possible danger from encountering them; that in his poor opinion,\nthe wondrous whale was but a species of magnified mouse, or at least\nwater-rat, requiring only a little circumvention and some small\napplication of time and trouble in order to kill and boil. This\nignorant, unconscious fearlessness of his made him a little waggish in\nthe matter of whales; he followed these fish for the fun of it; and a\nthree years' voyage round Cape Horn was only a jolly joke that lasted\nthat length of time. As a carpenter's nails are divided into wrought\nnails and cut nails; so mankind may be similarly divided. Little Flask\nwas one of the wrought ones; made to clinch tight and last long. They\ncalled him King-Post on board of the Pequod; because, in form, he could\nbe well likened to the short, square timber known by that name in Arctic\nwhalers; and which by the means of many radiating side timbers inserted\ninto it, serves to brace the ship against the icy concussions of those\nbattering seas.\n\nNow these three mates--Starbuck, Stubb, and Flask, were momentous\nmen. They it was who by universal prescription commanded three of the\nPequod's boats as headsmen. In that grand order of battle in which\nCaptain Ahab would probably marshal his forces to descend on the whales,\nthese three headsmen were as captains of companies. Or, being armed with\ntheir long keen whaling spears, they were as a picked trio of lancers;\neven as the harpooneers were flingers of javelins.\n\nAnd since in this famous fishery, each mate or headsman, like a Gothic\nKnight of old, is always accompanied by his boat-steerer or harpooneer,\nwho in certain conjunctures provides him with a fresh lance, when\nthe former one has been badly twisted, or elbowed in the assault; and\nmoreover, as there generally subsists between the two, a close intimacy\nand friendliness; it is therefore but meet, that in this place we set\ndown who the Pequod's harpooneers were, and to what headsman each of\nthem belonged.\n\nFirst of all was Queequeg, whom Starbuck, the chief mate, had selected\nfor his squire. But Queequeg is already known.\n\nNext was Tashtego, an unmixed Indian from Gay Head, the most westerly\npromontory of Martha's Vineyard, where there still exists the last\nremnant of a village of red men, which has long supplied the neighboring\nisland of Nantucket with many of her most daring harpooneers. In the\nfishery, they usually go by the generic name of Gay-Headers. Tashtego's\nlong, lean, sable hair, his high cheek bones, and black rounding\neyes--for an Indian, Oriental in their largeness, but Antarctic in their\nglittering expression--all this sufficiently proclaimed him an inheritor\nof the unvitiated blood of those proud warrior hunters, who, in quest\nof the great New England moose, had scoured, bow in hand, the aboriginal\nforests of the main. But no longer snuffing in the trail of the wild\nbeasts of the woodland, Tashtego now hunted in the wake of the great\nwhales of the sea; the unerring harpoon of the son fitly replacing the\ninfallible arrow of the sires. To look at the tawny brawn of his lithe\nsnaky limbs, you would almost have credited the superstitions of some of\nthe earlier Puritans, and half-believed this wild Indian to be a son\nof the Prince of the Powers of the Air. Tashtego was Stubb the second\nmate's squire.\n\nThird among the harpooneers was Daggoo, a gigantic, coal-black\nnegro-savage, with a lion-like tread--an Ahasuerus to behold. Suspended\nfrom his ears were two golden hoops, so large that the sailors called\nthem ring-bolts, and would talk of securing the top-sail halyards to\nthem. In his youth Daggoo had voluntarily shipped on board of a whaler,\nlying in a lonely bay on his native coast. And never having been\nanywhere in the world but in Africa, Nantucket, and the pagan harbors\nmost frequented by whalemen; and having now led for many years the bold\nlife of the fishery in the ships of owners uncommonly heedful of what\nmanner of men they shipped; Daggoo retained all his barbaric virtues,\nand erect as a giraffe, moved about the decks in all the pomp of six\nfeet five in his socks. There was a corporeal humility in looking up at\nhim; and a white man standing before him seemed a white flag come to\nbeg truce of a fortress. Curious to tell, this imperial negro, Ahasuerus\nDaggoo, was the Squire of little Flask, who looked like a chess-man\nbeside him. As for the residue of the Pequod's company, be it said, that\nat the present day not one in two of the many thousand men before the\nmast employed in the American whale fishery, are Americans born, though\npretty nearly all the officers are. Herein it is the same with the\nAmerican whale fishery as with the American army and military and\nmerchant navies, and the engineering forces employed in the construction\nof the American Canals and Railroads. The same, I say, because in all\nthese cases the native American liberally provides the brains, the rest\nof the world as generously supplying the muscles. No small number of\nthese whaling seamen belong to the Azores, where the outward bound\nNantucket whalers frequently touch to augment their crews from the hardy\npeasants of those rocky shores. In like manner, the Greenland whalers\nsailing out of Hull or London, put in at the Shetland Islands, to\nreceive the full complement of their crew. Upon the passage homewards,\nthey drop them there again. How it is, there is no telling, but\nIslanders seem to make the best whalemen. They were nearly all Islanders\nin the Pequod, ISOLATOES too, I call such, not acknowledging the common\ncontinent of men, but each ISOLATO living on a separate continent of his\nown. Yet now, federated along one keel, what a set these Isolatoes were!\nAn Anacharsis Clootz deputation from all the isles of the sea, and all\nthe ends of the earth, accompanying Old Ahab in the Pequod to lay the\nworld's grievances before that bar from which not very many of them ever\ncome back. Black Little Pip--he never did--oh, no! he went before. Poor\nAlabama boy! On the grim Pequod's forecastle, ye shall ere long see him,\nbeating his tambourine; prelusive of the eternal time, when sent for,\nto the great quarter-deck on high, he was bid strike in with angels, and\nbeat his tambourine in glory; called a coward here, hailed a hero there!\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 28. Ahab.\n\n\nFor several days after leaving Nantucket, nothing above hatches was seen\nof Captain Ahab. The mates regularly relieved each other at the watches,\nand for aught that could be seen to the contrary, they seemed to be the\nonly commanders of the ship; only they sometimes issued from the cabin\nwith orders so sudden and peremptory, that after all it was plain they\nbut commanded vicariously. Yes, their supreme lord and dictator was\nthere, though hitherto unseen by any eyes not permitted to penetrate\ninto the now sacred retreat of the cabin.\n\nEvery time I ascended to the deck from my watches below, I instantly\ngazed aft to mark if any strange face were visible; for my first vague\ndisquietude touching the unknown captain, now in the seclusion of the\nsea, became almost a perturbation. This was strangely heightened\nat times by the ragged Elijah's diabolical incoherences uninvitedly\nrecurring to me, with a subtle energy I could not have before conceived\nof. But poorly could I withstand them, much as in other moods I was\nalmost ready to smile at the solemn whimsicalities of that outlandish\nprophet of the wharves. But whatever it was of apprehensiveness or\nuneasiness--to call it so--which I felt, yet whenever I came to look\nabout me in the ship, it seemed against all warrantry to cherish such\nemotions. For though the harpooneers, with the great body of the crew,\nwere a far more barbaric, heathenish, and motley set than any of the\ntame merchant-ship companies which my previous experiences had made me\nacquainted with, still I ascribed this--and rightly ascribed it--to the\nfierce uniqueness of the very nature of that wild Scandinavian vocation\nin which I had so abandonedly embarked. But it was especially the aspect\nof the three chief officers of the ship, the mates, which was most\nforcibly calculated to allay these colourless misgivings, and induce\nconfidence and cheerfulness in every presentment of the voyage. Three\nbetter, more likely sea-officers and men, each in his own different way,\ncould not readily be found, and they were every one of them Americans; a\nNantucketer, a Vineyarder, a Cape man. Now, it being Christmas when the\nship shot from out her harbor, for a space we had biting Polar weather,\nthough all the time running away from it to the southward; and by every\ndegree and minute of latitude which we sailed, gradually leaving that\nmerciless winter, and all its intolerable weather behind us. It was one\nof those less lowering, but still grey and gloomy enough mornings of the\ntransition, when with a fair wind the ship was rushing through the water\nwith a vindictive sort of leaping and melancholy rapidity, that as I\nmounted to the deck at the call of the forenoon watch, so soon as I\nlevelled my glance towards the taffrail, foreboding shivers ran over me.\nReality outran apprehension; Captain Ahab stood upon his quarter-deck.\n\nThere seemed no sign of common bodily illness about him, nor of the\nrecovery from any. He looked like a man cut away from the stake, when\nthe fire has overrunningly wasted all the limbs without consuming them,\nor taking away one particle from their compacted aged robustness. His\nwhole high, broad form, seemed made of solid bronze, and shaped in an\nunalterable mould, like Cellini's cast Perseus. Threading its way out\nfrom among his grey hairs, and continuing right down one side of his\ntawny scorched face and neck, till it disappeared in his clothing,\nyou saw a slender rod-like mark, lividly whitish. It resembled that\nperpendicular seam sometimes made in the straight, lofty trunk of\na great tree, when the upper lightning tearingly darts down it, and\nwithout wrenching a single twig, peels and grooves out the bark from top\nto bottom, ere running off into the soil, leaving the tree still greenly\nalive, but branded. Whether that mark was born with him, or whether it\nwas the scar left by some desperate wound, no one could certainly say.\nBy some tacit consent, throughout the voyage little or no allusion was\nmade to it, especially by the mates. But once Tashtego's senior, an old\nGay-Head Indian among the crew, superstitiously asserted that not till\nhe was full forty years old did Ahab become that way branded, and\nthen it came upon him, not in the fury of any mortal fray, but in\nan elemental strife at sea. Yet, this wild hint seemed inferentially\nnegatived, by what a grey Manxman insinuated, an old sepulchral man,\nwho, having never before sailed out of Nantucket, had never ere this\nlaid eye upon wild Ahab. Nevertheless, the old sea-traditions, the\nimmemorial credulities, popularly invested this old Manxman with\npreternatural powers of discernment. So that no white sailor seriously\ncontradicted him when he said that if ever Captain Ahab should\nbe tranquilly laid out--which might hardly come to pass, so he\nmuttered--then, whoever should do that last office for the dead, would\nfind a birth-mark on him from crown to sole.\n\nSo powerfully did the whole grim aspect of Ahab affect me, and the livid\nbrand which streaked it, that for the first few moments I hardly noted\nthat not a little of this overbearing grimness was owing to the barbaric\nwhite leg upon which he partly stood. It had previously come to me that\nthis ivory leg had at sea been fashioned from the polished bone of\nthe sperm whale's jaw. \"Aye, he was dismasted off Japan,\" said the old\nGay-Head Indian once; \"but like his dismasted craft, he shipped another\nmast without coming home for it. He has a quiver of 'em.\"\n\nI was struck with the singular posture he maintained. Upon each side of\nthe Pequod's quarter deck, and pretty close to the mizzen shrouds, there\nwas an auger hole, bored about half an inch or so, into the plank.\nHis bone leg steadied in that hole; one arm elevated, and holding by a\nshroud; Captain Ahab stood erect, looking straight out beyond the\nship's ever-pitching prow. There was an infinity of firmest fortitude,\na determinate, unsurrenderable wilfulness, in the fixed and fearless,\nforward dedication of that glance. Not a word he spoke; nor did his\nofficers say aught to him; though by all their minutest gestures\nand expressions, they plainly showed the uneasy, if not painful,\nconsciousness of being under a troubled master-eye. And not only that,\nbut moody stricken Ahab stood before them with a crucifixion in his\nface; in all the nameless regal overbearing dignity of some mighty woe.\n\nEre long, from his first visit in the air, he withdrew into his cabin.\nBut after that morning, he was every day visible to the crew; either\nstanding in his pivot-hole, or seated upon an ivory stool he had; or\nheavily walking the deck. As the sky grew less gloomy; indeed, began to\ngrow a little genial, he became still less and less a recluse; as\nif, when the ship had sailed from home, nothing but the dead wintry\nbleakness of the sea had then kept him so secluded. And, by and by, it\ncame to pass, that he was almost continually in the air; but, as yet,\nfor all that he said, or perceptibly did, on the at last sunny deck,\nhe seemed as unnecessary there as another mast. But the Pequod was\nonly making a passage now; not regularly cruising; nearly all whaling\npreparatives needing supervision the mates were fully competent to, so\nthat there was little or nothing, out of himself, to employ or excite\nAhab, now; and thus chase away, for that one interval, the clouds that\nlayer upon layer were piled upon his brow, as ever all clouds choose the\nloftiest peaks to pile themselves upon.\n\nNevertheless, ere long, the warm, warbling persuasiveness of the\npleasant, holiday weather we came to, seemed gradually to charm him from\nhis mood. For, as when the red-cheeked, dancing girls, April and May,\ntrip home to the wintry, misanthropic woods; even the barest, ruggedest,\nmost thunder-cloven old oak will at least send forth some few green\nsprouts, to welcome such glad-hearted visitants; so Ahab did, in the\nend, a little respond to the playful allurings of that girlish air. More\nthan once did he put forth the faint blossom of a look, which, in any\nother man, would have soon flowered out in a smile.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 29. Enter Ahab; to Him, Stubb.\n\n\nSome days elapsed, and ice and icebergs all astern, the Pequod now\nwent rolling through the bright Quito spring, which, at sea, almost\nperpetually reigns on the threshold of the eternal August of the Tropic.\nThe warmly cool, clear, ringing, perfumed, overflowing, redundant days,\nwere as crystal goblets of Persian sherbet, heaped up--flaked up, with\nrose-water snow. The starred and stately nights seemed haughty dames in\njewelled velvets, nursing at home in lonely pride, the memory of their\nabsent conquering Earls, the golden helmeted suns! For sleeping man,\n'twas hard to choose between such winsome days and such seducing nights.\nBut all the witcheries of that unwaning weather did not merely lend new\nspells and potencies to the outward world. Inward they turned upon the\nsoul, especially when the still mild hours of eve came on; then, memory\nshot her crystals as the clear ice most forms of noiseless twilights.\nAnd all these subtle agencies, more and more they wrought on Ahab's\ntexture.\n\nOld age is always wakeful; as if, the longer linked with life, the less\nman has to do with aught that looks like death. Among sea-commanders,\nthe old greybeards will oftenest leave their berths to visit the\nnight-cloaked deck. It was so with Ahab; only that now, of late, he\nseemed so much to live in the open air, that truly speaking, his visits\nwere more to the cabin, than from the cabin to the planks. \"It feels\nlike going down into one's tomb,\"--he would mutter to himself--\"for an\nold captain like me to be descending this narrow scuttle, to go to my\ngrave-dug berth.\"\n\nSo, almost every twenty-four hours, when the watches of the night were\nset, and the band on deck sentinelled the slumbers of the band below;\nand when if a rope was to be hauled upon the forecastle, the sailors\nflung it not rudely down, as by day, but with some cautiousness dropt\nit to its place for fear of disturbing their slumbering shipmates; when\nthis sort of steady quietude would begin to prevail, habitually, the\nsilent steersman would watch the cabin-scuttle; and ere long the old man\nwould emerge, gripping at the iron banister, to help his crippled way.\nSome considering touch of humanity was in him; for at times like these,\nhe usually abstained from patrolling the quarter-deck; because to his\nwearied mates, seeking repose within six inches of his ivory heel, such\nwould have been the reverberating crack and din of that bony step, that\ntheir dreams would have been on the crunching teeth of sharks. But once,\nthe mood was on him too deep for common regardings; and as with heavy,\nlumber-like pace he was measuring the ship from taffrail to mainmast,\nStubb, the old second mate, came up from below, with a certain\nunassured, deprecating humorousness, hinted that if Captain Ahab was\npleased to walk the planks, then, no one could say nay; but there might\nbe some way of muffling the noise; hinting something indistinctly and\nhesitatingly about a globe of tow, and the insertion into it, of the\nivory heel. Ah! Stubb, thou didst not know Ahab then.\n\n\"Am I a cannon-ball, Stubb,\" said Ahab, \"that thou wouldst wad me that\nfashion? But go thy ways; I had forgot. Below to thy nightly grave;\nwhere such as ye sleep between shrouds, to use ye to the filling one at\nlast.--Down, dog, and kennel!\"\n\nStarting at the unforseen concluding exclamation of the so suddenly\nscornful old man, Stubb was speechless a moment; then said excitedly, \"I\nam not used to be spoken to that way, sir; I do but less than half like\nit, sir.\"\n\n\"Avast! gritted Ahab between his set teeth, and violently moving away,\nas if to avoid some passionate temptation.\n\n\"No, sir; not yet,\" said Stubb, emboldened, \"I will not tamely be called\na dog, sir.\"\n\n\"Then be called ten times a donkey, and a mule, and an ass, and begone,\nor I'll clear the world of thee!\"\n\nAs he said this, Ahab advanced upon him with such overbearing terrors in\nhis aspect, that Stubb involuntarily retreated.\n\n\"I was never served so before without giving a hard blow for it,\"\nmuttered Stubb, as he found himself descending the cabin-scuttle. \"It's\nvery queer. Stop, Stubb; somehow, now, I don't well know whether to go\nback and strike him, or--what's that?--down here on my knees and pray\nfor him? Yes, that was the thought coming up in me; but it would be the\nfirst time I ever DID pray. It's queer; very queer; and he's queer too;\naye, take him fore and aft, he's about the queerest old man Stubb ever\nsailed with. How he flashed at me!--his eyes like powder-pans! is he\nmad? Anyway there's something on his mind, as sure as there must be\nsomething on a deck when it cracks. He aint in his bed now, either, more\nthan three hours out of the twenty-four; and he don't sleep then. Didn't\nthat Dough-Boy, the steward, tell me that of a morning he always finds\nthe old man's hammock clothes all rumpled and tumbled, and the sheets\ndown at the foot, and the coverlid almost tied into knots, and the\npillow a sort of frightful hot, as though a baked brick had been on\nit? A hot old man! I guess he's got what some folks ashore call\na conscience; it's a kind of Tic-Dolly-row they say--worse nor a\ntoothache. Well, well; I don't know what it is, but the Lord keep me\nfrom catching it. He's full of riddles; I wonder what he goes into the\nafter hold for, every night, as Dough-Boy tells me he suspects; what's\nthat for, I should like to know? Who's made appointments with him in\nthe hold? Ain't that queer, now? But there's no telling, it's the old\ngame--Here goes for a snooze. Damn me, it's worth a fellow's while to be\nborn into the world, if only to fall right asleep. And now that I think\nof it, that's about the first thing babies do, and that's a sort of\nqueer, too. Damn me, but all things are queer, come to think of 'em. But\nthat's against my principles. Think not, is my eleventh commandment; and\nsleep when you can, is my twelfth--So here goes again. But how's that?\ndidn't he call me a dog? blazes! he called me ten times a donkey, and\npiled a lot of jackasses on top of THAT! He might as well have kicked\nme, and done with it. Maybe he DID kick me, and I didn't observe it,\nI was so taken all aback with his brow, somehow. It flashed like a\nbleached bone. What the devil's the matter with me? I don't stand right\non my legs. Coming afoul of that old man has a sort of turned me wrong\nside out. By the Lord, I must have been dreaming, though--How? how?\nhow?--but the only way's to stash it; so here goes to hammock again;\nand in the morning, I'll see how this plaguey juggling thinks over by\ndaylight.\"\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 30. The Pipe.\n\n\nWhen Stubb had departed, Ahab stood for a while leaning over the\nbulwarks; and then, as had been usual with him of late, calling a sailor\nof the watch, he sent him below for his ivory stool, and also his pipe.\nLighting the pipe at the binnacle lamp and planting the stool on the\nweather side of the deck, he sat and smoked.\n\nIn old Norse times, the thrones of the sea-loving Danish kings were\nfabricated, saith tradition, of the tusks of the narwhale. How could one\nlook at Ahab then, seated on that tripod of bones, without bethinking\nhim of the royalty it symbolized? For a Khan of the plank, and a king of\nthe sea, and a great lord of Leviathans was Ahab.\n\nSome moments passed, during which the thick vapour came from his mouth\nin quick and constant puffs, which blew back again into his face. \"How\nnow,\" he soliloquized at last, withdrawing the tube, \"this smoking no\nlonger soothes. Oh, my pipe! hard must it go with me if thy charm be\ngone! Here have I been unconsciously toiling, not pleasuring--aye, and\nignorantly smoking to windward all the while; to windward, and with\nsuch nervous whiffs, as if, like the dying whale, my final jets were the\nstrongest and fullest of trouble. What business have I with this pipe?\nThis thing that is meant for sereneness, to send up mild white vapours\namong mild white hairs, not among torn iron-grey locks like mine. I'll\nsmoke no more--\"\n\nHe tossed the still lighted pipe into the sea. The fire hissed in the\nwaves; the same instant the ship shot by the bubble the sinking pipe\nmade. With slouched hat, Ahab lurchingly paced the planks.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 31. Queen Mab.\n\n\nNext morning Stubb accosted Flask.\n\n\"Such a queer dream, King-Post, I never had. You know the old man's\nivory leg, well I dreamed he kicked me with it; and when I tried to kick\nback, upon my soul, my little man, I kicked my leg right off! And then,\npresto! Ahab seemed a pyramid, and I, like a blazing fool, kept kicking\nat it. But what was still more curious, Flask--you know how curious all\ndreams are--through all this rage that I was in, I somehow seemed to be\nthinking to myself, that after all, it was not much of an insult, that\nkick from Ahab. 'Why,' thinks I, 'what's the row? It's not a real leg,\nonly a false leg.' And there's a mighty difference between a living\nthump and a dead thump. That's what makes a blow from the hand, Flask,\nfifty times more savage to bear than a blow from a cane. The living\nmember--that makes the living insult, my little man. And thinks I to\nmyself all the while, mind, while I was stubbing my silly toes against\nthat cursed pyramid--so confoundedly contradictory was it all, all\nthe while, I say, I was thinking to myself, 'what's his leg now, but\na cane--a whalebone cane. Yes,' thinks I, 'it was only a playful\ncudgelling--in fact, only a whaleboning that he gave me--not a base\nkick. Besides,' thinks I, 'look at it once; why, the end of it--the foot\npart--what a small sort of end it is; whereas, if a broad footed farmer\nkicked me, THERE'S a devilish broad insult. But this insult is whittled\ndown to a point only.' But now comes the greatest joke of the\ndream, Flask. While I was battering away at the pyramid, a sort of\nbadger-haired old merman, with a hump on his back, takes me by the\nshoulders, and slews me round. 'What are you 'bout?' says he. Slid! man,\nbut I was frightened. Such a phiz! But, somehow, next moment I was over\nthe fright. 'What am I about?' says I at last. 'And what business is\nthat of yours, I should like to know, Mr. Humpback? Do YOU want a kick?'\nBy the lord, Flask, I had no sooner said that, than he turned round his\nstern to me, bent over, and dragging up a lot of seaweed he had for a\nclout--what do you think, I saw?--why thunder alive, man, his stern\nwas stuck full of marlinspikes, with the points out. Says I, on second\nthoughts, 'I guess I won't kick you, old fellow.' 'Wise Stubb,' said he,\n'wise Stubb;' and kept muttering it all the time, a sort of eating of\nhis own gums like a chimney hag. Seeing he wasn't going to stop saying\nover his 'wise Stubb, wise Stubb,' I thought I might as well fall to\nkicking the pyramid again. But I had only just lifted my foot for it,\nwhen he roared out, 'Stop that kicking!' 'Halloa,' says I, 'what's\nthe matter now, old fellow?' 'Look ye here,' says he; 'let's argue\nthe insult. Captain Ahab kicked ye, didn't he?' 'Yes, he did,' says\nI--'right HERE it was.' 'Very good,' says he--'he used his ivory leg,\ndidn't he?' 'Yes, he did,' says I. 'Well then,' says he, 'wise Stubb,\nwhat have you to complain of? Didn't he kick with right good will? it\nwasn't a common pitch pine leg he kicked with, was it? No, you were\nkicked by a great man, and with a beautiful ivory leg, Stubb. It's an\nhonour; I consider it an honour. Listen, wise Stubb. In old England the\ngreatest lords think it great glory to be slapped by a queen, and made\ngarter-knights of; but, be YOUR boast, Stubb, that ye were kicked by\nold Ahab, and made a wise man of. Remember what I say; BE kicked by him;\naccount his kicks honours; and on no account kick back; for you can't\nhelp yourself, wise Stubb. Don't you see that pyramid?' With that, he\nall of a sudden seemed somehow, in some queer fashion, to swim off into\nthe air. I snored; rolled over; and there I was in my hammock! Now, what\ndo you think of that dream, Flask?\"\n\n\"I don't know; it seems a sort of foolish to me, tho.'\"\n\n\"May be; may be. But it's made a wise man of me, Flask. D'ye see Ahab\nstanding there, sideways looking over the stern? Well, the best thing\nyou can do, Flask, is to let the old man alone; never speak to him,\nwhatever he says. Halloa! What's that he shouts? Hark!\"\n\n\"Mast-head, there! Look sharp, all of ye! There are whales hereabouts!\n\n\"If ye see a white one, split your lungs for him!\n\n\"What do you think of that now, Flask? ain't there a small drop of\nsomething queer about that, eh? A white whale--did ye mark that, man?\nLook ye--there's something special in the wind. Stand by for it, Flask.\nAhab has that that's bloody on his mind. But, mum; he comes this way.\"\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 32. Cetology.\n\n\nAlready we are boldly launched upon the deep; but soon we shall be lost\nin its unshored, harbourless immensities. Ere that come to pass; ere the\nPequod's weedy hull rolls side by side with the barnacled hulls of the\nleviathan; at the outset it is but well to attend to a matter almost\nindispensable to a thorough appreciative understanding of the more\nspecial leviathanic revelations and allusions of all sorts which are to\nfollow.\n\nIt is some systematized exhibition of the whale in his broad genera,\nthat I would now fain put before you. Yet is it no easy task. The\nclassification of the constituents of a chaos, nothing less is here\nessayed. Listen to what the best and latest authorities have laid down.\n\n\"No branch of Zoology is so much involved as that which is entitled\nCetology,\" says Captain Scoresby, A.D. 1820.\n\n\"It is not my intention, were it in my power, to enter into the\ninquiry as to the true method of dividing the cetacea into groups and\nfamilies.... Utter confusion exists among the historians of this animal\"\n(sperm whale), says Surgeon Beale, A.D. 1839.\n\n\"Unfitness to pursue our research in the unfathomable waters.\"\n\"Impenetrable veil covering our knowledge of the cetacea.\" \"A field\nstrewn with thorns.\" \"All these incomplete indications but serve to\ntorture us naturalists.\"\n\nThus speak of the whale, the great Cuvier, and John Hunter, and Lesson,\nthose lights of zoology and anatomy. Nevertheless, though of real\nknowledge there be little, yet of books there are a plenty; and so in\nsome small degree, with cetology, or the science of whales. Many are\nthe men, small and great, old and new, landsmen and seamen, who have at\nlarge or in little, written of the whale. Run over a few:--The Authors\nof the Bible; Aristotle; Pliny; Aldrovandi; Sir Thomas Browne; Gesner;\nRay; Linnaeus; Rondeletius; Willoughby; Green; Artedi; Sibbald; Brisson;\nMarten; Lacepede; Bonneterre; Desmarest; Baron Cuvier; Frederick Cuvier;\nJohn Hunter; Owen; Scoresby; Beale; Bennett; J. Ross Browne; the\nAuthor of Miriam Coffin; Olmstead; and the Rev. T. Cheever. But to what\nultimate generalizing purpose all these have written, the above cited\nextracts will show.\n\nOf the names in this list of whale authors, only those following Owen\never saw living whales; and but one of them was a real professional\nharpooneer and whaleman. I mean Captain Scoresby. On the separate\nsubject of the Greenland or right-whale, he is the best existing\nauthority. But Scoresby knew nothing and says nothing of the great\nsperm whale, compared with which the Greenland whale is almost unworthy\nmentioning. And here be it said, that the Greenland whale is an usurper\nupon the throne of the seas. He is not even by any means the largest\nof the whales. Yet, owing to the long priority of his claims, and the\nprofound ignorance which, till some seventy years back, invested the\nthen fabulous or utterly unknown sperm-whale, and which ignorance to\nthis present day still reigns in all but some few scientific retreats\nand whale-ports; this usurpation has been every way complete. Reference\nto nearly all the leviathanic allusions in the great poets of past days,\nwill satisfy you that the Greenland whale, without one rival, was to\nthem the monarch of the seas. But the time has at last come for a new\nproclamation. This is Charing Cross; hear ye! good people all,--the\nGreenland whale is deposed,--the great sperm whale now reigneth!\n\nThere are only two books in being which at all pretend to put the living\nsperm whale before you, and at the same time, in the remotest degree\nsucceed in the attempt. Those books are Beale's and Bennett's; both in\ntheir time surgeons to English South-Sea whale-ships, and both exact and\nreliable men. The original matter touching the sperm whale to be found\nin their volumes is necessarily small; but so far as it goes, it is of\nexcellent quality, though mostly confined to scientific description. As\nyet, however, the sperm whale, scientific or poetic, lives not complete\nin any literature. Far above all other hunted whales, his is an\nunwritten life.\n\nNow the various species of whales need some sort of popular\ncomprehensive classification, if only an easy outline one for the\npresent, hereafter to be filled in all its departments by subsequent\nlaborers. As no better man advances to take this matter in hand, I\nhereupon offer my own poor endeavors. I promise nothing complete;\nbecause any human thing supposed to be complete, must for that very\nreason infallibly be faulty. I shall not pretend to a minute anatomical\ndescription of the various species, or--in this place at least--to much\nof any description. My object here is simply to project the draught of a\nsystematization of cetology. I am the architect, not the builder.\n\nBut it is a ponderous task; no ordinary letter-sorter in the Post-Office\nis equal to it. To grope down into the bottom of the sea after them;\nto have one's hands among the unspeakable foundations, ribs, and very\npelvis of the world; this is a fearful thing. What am I that I should\nessay to hook the nose of this leviathan! The awful tauntings in Job\nmight well appal me. Will he (the leviathan) make a covenant with thee?\nBehold the hope of him is vain! But I have swam through libraries and\nsailed through oceans; I have had to do with whales with these visible\nhands; I am in earnest; and I will try. There are some preliminaries to\nsettle.\n\nFirst: The uncertain, unsettled condition of this science of Cetology\nis in the very vestibule attested by the fact, that in some quarters it\nstill remains a moot point whether a whale be a fish. In his System of\nNature, A.D. 1776, Linnaeus declares, \"I hereby separate the whales from\nthe fish.\" But of my own knowledge, I know that down to the year 1850,\nsharks and shad, alewives and herring, against Linnaeus's express edict,\nwere still found dividing the possession of the same seas with the\nLeviathan.\n\nThe grounds upon which Linnaeus would fain have banished the whales from\nthe waters, he states as follows: \"On account of their warm bilocular\nheart, their lungs, their movable eyelids, their hollow ears, penem\nintrantem feminam mammis lactantem,\" and finally, \"ex lege naturae jure\nmeritoque.\" I submitted all this to my friends Simeon Macey and Charley\nCoffin, of Nantucket, both messmates of mine in a certain voyage, and\nthey united in the opinion that the reasons set forth were altogether\ninsufficient. Charley profanely hinted they were humbug.\n\nBe it known that, waiving all argument, I take the good old fashioned\nground that the whale is a fish, and call upon holy Jonah to back me.\nThis fundamental thing settled, the next point is, in what internal\nrespect does the whale differ from other fish. Above, Linnaeus has given\nyou those items. But in brief, they are these: lungs and warm blood;\nwhereas, all other fish are lungless and cold blooded.\n\nNext: how shall we define the whale, by his obvious externals, so as\nconspicuously to label him for all time to come? To be short, then, a\nwhale is A SPOUTING FISH WITH A HORIZONTAL TAIL. There you have\nhim. However contracted, that definition is the result of expanded\nmeditation. A walrus spouts much like a whale, but the walrus is not a\nfish, because he is amphibious. But the last term of the definition is\nstill more cogent, as coupled with the first. Almost any one must have\nnoticed that all the fish familiar to landsmen have not a flat, but a\nvertical, or up-and-down tail. Whereas, among spouting fish the tail,\nthough it may be similarly shaped, invariably assumes a horizontal\nposition.\n\nBy the above definition of what a whale is, I do by no means exclude\nfrom the leviathanic brotherhood any sea creature hitherto identified\nwith the whale by the best informed Nantucketers; nor, on the other\nhand, link with it any fish hitherto authoritatively regarded as alien.*\nHence, all the smaller, spouting, and horizontal tailed fish must be\nincluded in this ground-plan of Cetology. Now, then, come the grand\ndivisions of the entire whale host.\n\n\n*I am aware that down to the present time, the fish styled Lamatins and\nDugongs (Pig-fish and Sow-fish of the Coffins of Nantucket) are included\nby many naturalists among the whales. But as these pig-fish are a noisy,\ncontemptible set, mostly lurking in the mouths of rivers, and feeding on\nwet hay, and especially as they do not spout, I deny their credentials\nas whales; and have presented them with their passports to quit the\nKingdom of Cetology.\n\n\nFirst: According to magnitude I divide the whales into three primary\nBOOKS (subdivisible into CHAPTERS), and these shall comprehend them all,\nboth small and large.\n\nI. THE FOLIO WHALE; II. the OCTAVO WHALE; III. the DUODECIMO WHALE.\n\nAs the type of the FOLIO I present the SPERM WHALE; of the OCTAVO, the\nGRAMPUS; of the DUODECIMO, the PORPOISE.\n\nFOLIOS. Among these I here include the following chapters:--I. The SPERM\nWHALE; II. the RIGHT WHALE; III. the FIN-BACK WHALE; IV. the HUMP-BACKED\nWHALE; V. the RAZOR-BACK WHALE; VI. the SULPHUR-BOTTOM WHALE.\n\nBOOK I. (FOLIO), CHAPTER I. (SPERM WHALE).--This whale, among the\nEnglish of old vaguely known as the Trumpa whale, and the Physeter\nwhale, and the Anvil Headed whale, is the present Cachalot of the\nFrench, and the Pottsfich of the Germans, and the Macrocephalus of the\nLong Words. He is, without doubt, the largest inhabitant of the globe;\nthe most formidable of all whales to encounter; the most majestic in\naspect; and lastly, by far the most valuable in commerce; he being\nthe only creature from which that valuable substance, spermaceti, is\nobtained. All his peculiarities will, in many other places, be enlarged\nupon. It is chiefly with his name that I now have to do. Philologically\nconsidered, it is absurd. Some centuries ago, when the Sperm whale was\nalmost wholly unknown in his own proper individuality, and when his oil\nwas only accidentally obtained from the stranded fish; in those days\nspermaceti, it would seem, was popularly supposed to be derived from a\ncreature identical with the one then known in England as the Greenland\nor Right Whale. It was the idea also, that this same spermaceti was that\nquickening humor of the Greenland Whale which the first syllable of\nthe word literally expresses. In those times, also, spermaceti was\nexceedingly scarce, not being used for light, but only as an ointment\nand medicament. It was only to be had from the druggists as you nowadays\nbuy an ounce of rhubarb. When, as I opine, in the course of time, the\ntrue nature of spermaceti became known, its original name was still\nretained by the dealers; no doubt to enhance its value by a notion so\nstrangely significant of its scarcity. And so the appellation must at\nlast have come to be bestowed upon the whale from which this spermaceti\nwas really derived.\n\nBOOK I. (FOLIO), CHAPTER II. (RIGHT WHALE).--In one respect this is the\nmost venerable of the leviathans, being the one first regularly hunted\nby man. It yields the article commonly known as whalebone or baleen; and\nthe oil specially known as \"whale oil,\" an inferior article in commerce.\nAmong the fishermen, he is indiscriminately designated by all the\nfollowing titles: The Whale; the Greenland Whale; the Black Whale;\nthe Great Whale; the True Whale; the Right Whale. There is a deal of\nobscurity concerning the identity of the species thus multitudinously\nbaptised. What then is the whale, which I include in the second species\nof my Folios? It is the Great Mysticetus of the English naturalists; the\nGreenland Whale of the English whalemen; the Baleine Ordinaire of the\nFrench whalemen; the Growlands Walfish of the Swedes. It is the whale\nwhich for more than two centuries past has been hunted by the Dutch and\nEnglish in the Arctic seas; it is the whale which the American fishermen\nhave long pursued in the Indian ocean, on the Brazil Banks, on the Nor'\nWest Coast, and various other parts of the world, designated by them\nRight Whale Cruising Grounds.\n\nSome pretend to see a difference between the Greenland whale of the\nEnglish and the right whale of the Americans. But they precisely agree\nin all their grand features; nor has there yet been presented a single\ndeterminate fact upon which to ground a radical distinction. It is by\nendless subdivisions based upon the most inconclusive differences, that\nsome departments of natural history become so repellingly intricate. The\nright whale will be elsewhere treated of at some length, with reference\nto elucidating the sperm whale.\n\nBOOK I. (FOLIO), CHAPTER III. (FIN-BACK).--Under this head I reckon\na monster which, by the various names of Fin-Back, Tall-Spout, and\nLong-John, has been seen almost in every sea and is commonly the whale\nwhose distant jet is so often descried by passengers crossing the\nAtlantic, in the New York packet-tracks. In the length he attains, and\nin his baleen, the Fin-back resembles the right whale, but is of a less\nportly girth, and a lighter colour, approaching to olive. His great lips\npresent a cable-like aspect, formed by the intertwisting, slanting folds\nof large wrinkles. His grand distinguishing feature, the fin, from which\nhe derives his name, is often a conspicuous object. This fin is some\nthree or four feet long, growing vertically from the hinder part of the\nback, of an angular shape, and with a very sharp pointed end. Even if\nnot the slightest other part of the creature be visible, this isolated\nfin will, at times, be seen plainly projecting from the surface. When\nthe sea is moderately calm, and slightly marked with spherical ripples,\nand this gnomon-like fin stands up and casts shadows upon the wrinkled\nsurface, it may well be supposed that the watery circle surrounding it\nsomewhat resembles a dial, with its style and wavy hour-lines graved on\nit. On that Ahaz-dial the shadow often goes back. The Fin-Back is not\ngregarious. He seems a whale-hater, as some men are man-haters. Very\nshy; always going solitary; unexpectedly rising to the surface in the\nremotest and most sullen waters; his straight and single lofty jet\nrising like a tall misanthropic spear upon a barren plain; gifted with\nsuch wondrous power and velocity in swimming, as to defy all present\npursuit from man; this leviathan seems the banished and unconquerable\nCain of his race, bearing for his mark that style upon his back. From\nhaving the baleen in his mouth, the Fin-Back is sometimes included with\nthe right whale, among a theoretic species denominated WHALEBONE WHALES,\nthat is, whales with baleen. Of these so called Whalebone whales, there\nwould seem to be several varieties, most of which, however, are little\nknown. Broad-nosed whales and beaked whales; pike-headed whales; bunched\nwhales; under-jawed whales and rostrated whales, are the fishermen's\nnames for a few sorts.\n\nIn connection with this appellative of \"Whalebone whales,\" it is of\ngreat importance to mention, that however such a nomenclature may be\nconvenient in facilitating allusions to some kind of whales, yet it is\nin vain to attempt a clear classification of the Leviathan, founded upon\neither his baleen, or hump, or fin, or teeth; notwithstanding that those\nmarked parts or features very obviously seem better adapted to afford\nthe basis for a regular system of Cetology than any other detached\nbodily distinctions, which the whale, in his kinds, presents. How\nthen? The baleen, hump, back-fin, and teeth; these are things whose\npeculiarities are indiscriminately dispersed among all sorts of whales,\nwithout any regard to what may be the nature of their structure in other\nand more essential particulars. Thus, the sperm whale and the humpbacked\nwhale, each has a hump; but there the similitude ceases. Then, this same\nhumpbacked whale and the Greenland whale, each of these has baleen;\nbut there again the similitude ceases. And it is just the same with the\nother parts above mentioned. In various sorts of whales, they form such\nirregular combinations; or, in the case of any one of them detached,\nsuch an irregular isolation; as utterly to defy all general\nmethodization formed upon such a basis. On this rock every one of the\nwhale-naturalists has split.\n\nBut it may possibly be conceived that, in the internal parts of the\nwhale, in his anatomy--there, at least, we shall be able to hit the\nright classification. Nay; what thing, for example, is there in the\nGreenland whale's anatomy more striking than his baleen? Yet we have\nseen that by his baleen it is impossible correctly to classify the\nGreenland whale. And if you descend into the bowels of the various\nleviathans, why there you will not find distinctions a fiftieth part as\navailable to the systematizer as those external ones already enumerated.\nWhat then remains? nothing but to take hold of the whales bodily, in\ntheir entire liberal volume, and boldly sort them that way. And this is\nthe Bibliographical system here adopted; and it is the only one that can\npossibly succeed, for it alone is practicable. To proceed.\n\nBOOK I. (FOLIO) CHAPTER IV. (HUMP-BACK).--This whale is often seen on\nthe northern American coast. He has been frequently captured there, and\ntowed into harbor. He has a great pack on him like a peddler; or you\nmight call him the Elephant and Castle whale. At any rate, the popular\nname for him does not sufficiently distinguish him, since the sperm\nwhale also has a hump though a smaller one. His oil is not very\nvaluable. He has baleen. He is the most gamesome and light-hearted of\nall the whales, making more gay foam and white water generally than any\nother of them.\n\nBOOK I. (FOLIO), CHAPTER V. (RAZOR-BACK).--Of this whale little is known\nbut his name. I have seen him at a distance off Cape Horn. Of a retiring\nnature, he eludes both hunters and philosophers. Though no coward, he\nhas never yet shown any part of him but his back, which rises in a long\nsharp ridge. Let him go. I know little more of him, nor does anybody\nelse.\n\nBOOK I. (FOLIO), CHAPTER VI. (SULPHUR-BOTTOM).--Another retiring\ngentleman, with a brimstone belly, doubtless got by scraping along the\nTartarian tiles in some of his profounder divings. He is seldom seen;\nat least I have never seen him except in the remoter southern seas,\nand then always at too great a distance to study his countenance. He is\nnever chased; he would run away with rope-walks of line. Prodigies are\ntold of him. Adieu, Sulphur Bottom! I can say nothing more that is true\nof ye, nor can the oldest Nantucketer.\n\nThus ends BOOK I. (FOLIO), and now begins BOOK II. (OCTAVO).\n\nOCTAVOES.*--These embrace the whales of middling magnitude, among which\npresent may be numbered:--I., the GRAMPUS; II., the BLACK FISH; III.,\nthe NARWHALE; IV., the THRASHER; V., the KILLER.\n\n\n*Why this book of whales is not denominated the Quarto is very plain.\nBecause, while the whales of this order, though smaller than those of\nthe former order, nevertheless retain a proportionate likeness to them\nin figure, yet the bookbinder's Quarto volume in its dimensioned form\ndoes not preserve the shape of the Folio volume, but the Octavo volume\ndoes.\n\n\nBOOK II. (OCTAVO), CHAPTER I. (GRAMPUS).--Though this fish, whose\nloud sonorous breathing, or rather blowing, has furnished a proverb\nto landsmen, is so well known a denizen of the deep, yet is he not\npopularly classed among whales. But possessing all the grand distinctive\nfeatures of the leviathan, most naturalists have recognised him for one.\nHe is of moderate octavo size, varying from fifteen to twenty-five feet\nin length, and of corresponding dimensions round the waist. He swims in\nherds; he is never regularly hunted, though his oil is considerable in\nquantity, and pretty good for light. By some fishermen his approach is\nregarded as premonitory of the advance of the great sperm whale.\n\nBOOK II. (OCTAVO), CHAPTER II. (BLACK FISH).--I give the popular\nfishermen's names for all these fish, for generally they are the best.\nWhere any name happens to be vague or inexpressive, I shall say so,\nand suggest another. I do so now, touching the Black Fish, so-called,\nbecause blackness is the rule among almost all whales. So, call him the\nHyena Whale, if you please. His voracity is well known, and from the\ncircumstance that the inner angles of his lips are curved upwards, he\ncarries an everlasting Mephistophelean grin on his face. This whale\naverages some sixteen or eighteen feet in length. He is found in almost\nall latitudes. He has a peculiar way of showing his dorsal hooked fin\nin swimming, which looks something like a Roman nose. When not more\nprofitably employed, the sperm whale hunters sometimes capture the Hyena\nwhale, to keep up the supply of cheap oil for domestic employment--as\nsome frugal housekeepers, in the absence of company, and quite alone by\nthemselves, burn unsavory tallow instead of odorous wax. Though their\nblubber is very thin, some of these whales will yield you upwards of\nthirty gallons of oil.\n\nBOOK II. (OCTAVO), CHAPTER III. (NARWHALE), that is, NOSTRIL\nWHALE.--Another instance of a curiously named whale, so named I suppose\nfrom his peculiar horn being originally mistaken for a peaked nose. The\ncreature is some sixteen feet in length, while its horn averages five\nfeet, though some exceed ten, and even attain to fifteen feet. Strictly\nspeaking, this horn is but a lengthened tusk, growing out from the jaw\nin a line a little depressed from the horizontal. But it is only\nfound on the sinister side, which has an ill effect, giving its owner\nsomething analogous to the aspect of a clumsy left-handed man. What\nprecise purpose this ivory horn or lance answers, it would be hard to\nsay. It does not seem to be used like the blade of the sword-fish and\nbill-fish; though some sailors tell me that the Narwhale employs it for\na rake in turning over the bottom of the sea for food. Charley Coffin\nsaid it was used for an ice-piercer; for the Narwhale, rising to the\nsurface of the Polar Sea, and finding it sheeted with ice, thrusts his\nhorn up, and so breaks through. But you cannot prove either of these\nsurmises to be correct. My own opinion is, that however this one-sided\nhorn may really be used by the Narwhale--however that may be--it would\ncertainly be very convenient to him for a folder in reading pamphlets.\nThe Narwhale I have heard called the Tusked whale, the Horned whale, and\nthe Unicorn whale. He is certainly a curious example of the Unicornism\nto be found in almost every kingdom of animated nature. From certain\ncloistered old authors I have gathered that this same sea-unicorn's horn\nwas in ancient days regarded as the great antidote against poison,\nand as such, preparations of it brought immense prices. It was also\ndistilled to a volatile salts for fainting ladies, the same way that the\nhorns of the male deer are manufactured into hartshorn. Originally it\nwas in itself accounted an object of great curiosity. Black Letter tells\nme that Sir Martin Frobisher on his return from that voyage, when\nQueen Bess did gallantly wave her jewelled hand to him from a window\nof Greenwich Palace, as his bold ship sailed down the Thames; \"when Sir\nMartin returned from that voyage,\" saith Black Letter, \"on bended knees\nhe presented to her highness a prodigious long horn of the Narwhale,\nwhich for a long period after hung in the castle at Windsor.\" An Irish\nauthor avers that the Earl of Leicester, on bended knees, did likewise\npresent to her highness another horn, pertaining to a land beast of the\nunicorn nature.\n\nThe Narwhale has a very picturesque, leopard-like look, being of a\nmilk-white ground colour, dotted with round and oblong spots of black.\nHis oil is very superior, clear and fine; but there is little of it, and\nhe is seldom hunted. He is mostly found in the circumpolar seas.\n\nBOOK II. (OCTAVO), CHAPTER IV. (KILLER).--Of this whale little is\nprecisely known to the Nantucketer, and nothing at all to the professed\nnaturalist. From what I have seen of him at a distance, I should say\nthat he was about the bigness of a grampus. He is very savage--a sort of\nFeegee fish. He sometimes takes the great Folio whales by the lip, and\nhangs there like a leech, till the mighty brute is worried to death. The\nKiller is never hunted. I never heard what sort of oil he has. Exception\nmight be taken to the name bestowed upon this whale, on the ground\nof its indistinctness. For we are all killers, on land and on sea;\nBonapartes and Sharks included.\n\nBOOK II. (OCTAVO), CHAPTER V. (THRASHER).--This gentleman is famous for\nhis tail, which he uses for a ferule in thrashing his foes. He mounts\nthe Folio whale's back, and as he swims, he works his passage by\nflogging him; as some schoolmasters get along in the world by a similar\nprocess. Still less is known of the Thrasher than of the Killer. Both\nare outlaws, even in the lawless seas.\n\nThus ends BOOK II. (OCTAVO), and begins BOOK III. (DUODECIMO).\n\nDUODECIMOES.--These include the smaller whales. I. The Huzza Porpoise.\nII. The Algerine Porpoise. III. The Mealy-mouthed Porpoise.\n\nTo those who have not chanced specially to study the subject, it may\npossibly seem strange, that fishes not commonly exceeding four or five\nfeet should be marshalled among WHALES--a word, which, in the popular\nsense, always conveys an idea of hugeness. But the creatures set\ndown above as Duodecimoes are infallibly whales, by the terms of my\ndefinition of what a whale is--i.e. a spouting fish, with a horizontal\ntail.\n\nBOOK III. (DUODECIMO), CHAPTER 1. (HUZZA PORPOISE).--This is the\ncommon porpoise found almost all over the globe. The name is of my own\nbestowal; for there are more than one sort of porpoises, and something\nmust be done to distinguish them. I call him thus, because he always\nswims in hilarious shoals, which upon the broad sea keep tossing\nthemselves to heaven like caps in a Fourth-of-July crowd. Their\nappearance is generally hailed with delight by the mariner. Full of fine\nspirits, they invariably come from the breezy billows to windward. They\nare the lads that always live before the wind. They are accounted a\nlucky omen. If you yourself can withstand three cheers at beholding\nthese vivacious fish, then heaven help ye; the spirit of godly\ngamesomeness is not in ye. A well-fed, plump Huzza Porpoise will\nyield you one good gallon of good oil. But the fine and delicate fluid\nextracted from his jaws is exceedingly valuable. It is in request among\njewellers and watchmakers. Sailors put it on their hones. Porpoise\nmeat is good eating, you know. It may never have occurred to you that\na porpoise spouts. Indeed, his spout is so small that it is not very\nreadily discernible. But the next time you have a chance, watch him; and\nyou will then see the great Sperm whale himself in miniature.\n\nBOOK III. (DUODECIMO), CHAPTER II. (ALGERINE PORPOISE).--A pirate. Very\nsavage. He is only found, I think, in the Pacific. He is somewhat larger\nthan the Huzza Porpoise, but much of the same general make. Provoke him,\nand he will buckle to a shark. I have lowered for him many times, but\nnever yet saw him captured.\n\nBOOK III. (DUODECIMO), CHAPTER III. (MEALY-MOUTHED PORPOISE).--The\nlargest kind of Porpoise; and only found in the Pacific, so far as it is\nknown. The only English name, by which he has hitherto been designated,\nis that of the fishers--Right-Whale Porpoise, from the circumstance that\nhe is chiefly found in the vicinity of that Folio. In shape, he differs\nin some degree from the Huzza Porpoise, being of a less rotund and jolly\ngirth; indeed, he is of quite a neat and gentleman-like figure. He has\nno fins on his back (most other porpoises have), he has a lovely tail,\nand sentimental Indian eyes of a hazel hue. But his mealy-mouth spoils\nall. Though his entire back down to his side fins is of a deep sable,\nyet a boundary line, distinct as the mark in a ship's hull, called\nthe \"bright waist,\" that line streaks him from stem to stern, with two\nseparate colours, black above and white below. The white comprises part\nof his head, and the whole of his mouth, which makes him look as if he\nhad just escaped from a felonious visit to a meal-bag. A most mean and\nmealy aspect! His oil is much like that of the common porpoise.\n\n\nBeyond the DUODECIMO, this system does not proceed, inasmuch as\nthe Porpoise is the smallest of the whales. Above, you have all the\nLeviathans of note. But there are a rabble of uncertain, fugitive,\nhalf-fabulous whales, which, as an American whaleman, I know by\nreputation, but not personally. I shall enumerate them by their\nfore-castle appellations; for possibly such a list may be valuable to\nfuture investigators, who may complete what I have here but begun. If\nany of the following whales, shall hereafter be caught and marked, then\nhe can readily be incorporated into this System, according to his Folio,\nOctavo, or Duodecimo magnitude:--The Bottle-Nose Whale; the Junk Whale;\nthe Pudding-Headed Whale; the Cape Whale; the Leading Whale; the Cannon\nWhale; the Scragg Whale; the Coppered Whale; the Elephant Whale; the\nIceberg Whale; the Quog Whale; the Blue Whale; etc. From Icelandic,\nDutch, and old English authorities, there might be quoted other lists of\nuncertain whales, blessed with all manner of uncouth names. But I omit\nthem as altogether obsolete; and can hardly help suspecting them for\nmere sounds, full of Leviathanism, but signifying nothing.\n\nFinally: It was stated at the outset, that this system would not be\nhere, and at once, perfected. You cannot but plainly see that I have\nkept my word. But I now leave my cetological System standing thus\nunfinished, even as the great Cathedral of Cologne was left, with the\ncrane still standing upon the top of the uncompleted tower. For small\nerections may be finished by their first architects; grand ones, true\nones, ever leave the copestone to posterity. God keep me from ever\ncompleting anything. This whole book is but a draught--nay, but the\ndraught of a draught. Oh, Time, Strength, Cash, and Patience!\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 33. The Specksynder.\n\n\nConcerning the officers of the whale-craft, this seems as good a place\nas any to set down a little domestic peculiarity on ship-board, arising\nfrom the existence of the harpooneer class of officers, a class unknown\nof course in any other marine than the whale-fleet.\n\nThe large importance attached to the harpooneer's vocation is evinced\nby the fact, that originally in the old Dutch Fishery, two centuries\nand more ago, the command of a whale ship was not wholly lodged in\nthe person now called the captain, but was divided between him and an\nofficer called the Specksynder. Literally this word means Fat-Cutter;\nusage, however, in time made it equivalent to Chief Harpooneer. In\nthose days, the captain's authority was restricted to the navigation\nand general management of the vessel; while over the whale-hunting\ndepartment and all its concerns, the Specksynder or Chief Harpooneer\nreigned supreme. In the British Greenland Fishery, under the corrupted\ntitle of Specksioneer, this old Dutch official is still retained, but\nhis former dignity is sadly abridged. At present he ranks simply\nas senior Harpooneer; and as such, is but one of the captain's more\ninferior subalterns. Nevertheless, as upon the good conduct of the\nharpooneers the success of a whaling voyage largely depends, and since\nin the American Fishery he is not only an important officer in the boat,\nbut under certain circumstances (night watches on a whaling ground) the\ncommand of the ship's deck is also his; therefore the grand political\nmaxim of the sea demands, that he should nominally live apart from\nthe men before the mast, and be in some way distinguished as their\nprofessional superior; though always, by them, familiarly regarded as\ntheir social equal.\n\nNow, the grand distinction drawn between officer and man at sea, is\nthis--the first lives aft, the last forward. Hence, in whale-ships and\nmerchantmen alike, the mates have their quarters with the captain; and\nso, too, in most of the American whalers the harpooneers are lodged in\nthe after part of the ship. That is to say, they take their meals in the\ncaptain's cabin, and sleep in a place indirectly communicating with it.\n\nThough the long period of a Southern whaling voyage (by far the longest\nof all voyages now or ever made by man), the peculiar perils of it, and\nthe community of interest prevailing among a company, all of whom, high\nor low, depend for their profits, not upon fixed wages, but upon their\ncommon luck, together with their common vigilance, intrepidity, and\nhard work; though all these things do in some cases tend to beget a less\nrigorous discipline than in merchantmen generally; yet, never mind\nhow much like an old Mesopotamian family these whalemen may, in some\nprimitive instances, live together; for all that, the punctilious\nexternals, at least, of the quarter-deck are seldom materially relaxed,\nand in no instance done away. Indeed, many are the Nantucket ships in\nwhich you will see the skipper parading his quarter-deck with an elated\ngrandeur not surpassed in any military navy; nay, extorting almost\nas much outward homage as if he wore the imperial purple, and not the\nshabbiest of pilot-cloth.\n\nAnd though of all men the moody captain of the Pequod was the least\ngiven to that sort of shallowest assumption; and though the only homage\nhe ever exacted, was implicit, instantaneous obedience; though he\nrequired no man to remove the shoes from his feet ere stepping upon\nthe quarter-deck; and though there were times when, owing to peculiar\ncircumstances connected with events hereafter to be detailed, he\naddressed them in unusual terms, whether of condescension or IN\nTERROREM, or otherwise; yet even Captain Ahab was by no means\nunobservant of the paramount forms and usages of the sea.\n\nNor, perhaps, will it fail to be eventually perceived, that behind those\nforms and usages, as it were, he sometimes masked himself; incidentally\nmaking use of them for other and more private ends than they were\nlegitimately intended to subserve. That certain sultanism of his brain,\nwhich had otherwise in a good degree remained unmanifested; through\nthose forms that same sultanism became incarnate in an irresistible\ndictatorship. For be a man's intellectual superiority what it will,\nit can never assume the practical, available supremacy over other men,\nwithout the aid of some sort of external arts and entrenchments, always,\nin themselves, more or less paltry and base. This it is, that for ever\nkeeps God's true princes of the Empire from the world's hustings; and\nleaves the highest honours that this air can give, to those men who\nbecome famous more through their infinite inferiority to the choice\nhidden handful of the Divine Inert, than through their undoubted\nsuperiority over the dead level of the mass. Such large virtue lurks\nin these small things when extreme political superstitions invest them,\nthat in some royal instances even to idiot imbecility they have imparted\npotency. But when, as in the case of Nicholas the Czar, the ringed crown\nof geographical empire encircles an imperial brain; then, the plebeian\nherds crouch abased before the tremendous centralization. Nor, will the\ntragic dramatist who would depict mortal indomitableness in its fullest\nsweep and direct swing, ever forget a hint, incidentally so important in\nhis art, as the one now alluded to.\n\nBut Ahab, my Captain, still moves before me in all his Nantucket\ngrimness and shagginess; and in this episode touching Emperors and\nKings, I must not conceal that I have only to do with a poor old\nwhale-hunter like him; and, therefore, all outward majestical trappings\nand housings are denied me. Oh, Ahab! what shall be grand in thee, it\nmust needs be plucked at from the skies, and dived for in the deep, and\nfeatured in the unbodied air!\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 34. The Cabin-Table.\n\n\nIt is noon; and Dough-Boy, the steward, thrusting his pale loaf-of-bread\nface from the cabin-scuttle, announces dinner to his lord and\nmaster; who, sitting in the lee quarter-boat, has just been taking an\nobservation of the sun; and is now mutely reckoning the latitude on the\nsmooth, medallion-shaped tablet, reserved for that daily purpose on\nthe upper part of his ivory leg. From his complete inattention to the\ntidings, you would think that moody Ahab had not heard his menial. But\npresently, catching hold of the mizen shrouds, he swings himself to\nthe deck, and in an even, unexhilarated voice, saying, \"Dinner, Mr.\nStarbuck,\" disappears into the cabin.\n\nWhen the last echo of his sultan's step has died away, and Starbuck, the\nfirst Emir, has every reason to suppose that he is seated, then Starbuck\nrouses from his quietude, takes a few turns along the planks, and, after\na grave peep into the binnacle, says, with some touch of pleasantness,\n\"Dinner, Mr. Stubb,\" and descends the scuttle. The second Emir lounges\nabout the rigging awhile, and then slightly shaking the main brace, to\nsee whether it will be all right with that important rope, he likewise\ntakes up the old burden, and with a rapid \"Dinner, Mr. Flask,\" follows\nafter his predecessors.\n\nBut the third Emir, now seeing himself all alone on the quarter-deck,\nseems to feel relieved from some curious restraint; for, tipping all\nsorts of knowing winks in all sorts of directions, and kicking off his\nshoes, he strikes into a sharp but noiseless squall of a hornpipe right\nover the Grand Turk's head; and then, by a dexterous sleight, pitching\nhis cap up into the mizentop for a shelf, he goes down rollicking so\nfar at least as he remains visible from the deck, reversing all other\nprocessions, by bringing up the rear with music. But ere stepping into\nthe cabin doorway below, he pauses, ships a new face altogether, and,\nthen, independent, hilarious little Flask enters King Ahab's presence,\nin the character of Abjectus, or the Slave.\n\nIt is not the least among the strange things bred by the intense\nartificialness of sea-usages, that while in the open air of the deck\nsome officers will, upon provocation, bear themselves boldly and\ndefyingly enough towards their commander; yet, ten to one, let those\nvery officers the next moment go down to their customary dinner in that\nsame commander's cabin, and straightway their inoffensive, not to say\ndeprecatory and humble air towards him, as he sits at the head of\nthe table; this is marvellous, sometimes most comical. Wherefore this\ndifference? A problem? Perhaps not. To have been Belshazzar, King of\nBabylon; and to have been Belshazzar, not haughtily but courteously,\ntherein certainly must have been some touch of mundane grandeur. But he\nwho in the rightly regal and intelligent spirit presides over his own\nprivate dinner-table of invited guests, that man's unchallenged power\nand dominion of individual influence for the time; that man's royalty of\nstate transcends Belshazzar's, for Belshazzar was not the greatest. Who\nhas but once dined his friends, has tasted what it is to be Caesar. It\nis a witchery of social czarship which there is no withstanding. Now,\nif to this consideration you superadd the official supremacy of a\nship-master, then, by inference, you will derive the cause of that\npeculiarity of sea-life just mentioned.\n\nOver his ivory-inlaid table, Ahab presided like a mute, maned\nsea-lion on the white coral beach, surrounded by his warlike but still\ndeferential cubs. In his own proper turn, each officer waited to be\nserved. They were as little children before Ahab; and yet, in Ahab,\nthere seemed not to lurk the smallest social arrogance. With one mind,\ntheir intent eyes all fastened upon the old man's knife, as he carved\nthe chief dish before him. I do not suppose that for the world they\nwould have profaned that moment with the slightest observation, even\nupon so neutral a topic as the weather. No! And when reaching out his\nknife and fork, between which the slice of beef was locked, Ahab thereby\nmotioned Starbuck's plate towards him, the mate received his meat as\nthough receiving alms; and cut it tenderly; and a little started\nif, perchance, the knife grazed against the plate; and chewed it\nnoiselessly; and swallowed it, not without circumspection. For, like\nthe Coronation banquet at Frankfort, where the German Emperor profoundly\ndines with the seven Imperial Electors, so these cabin meals were\nsomehow solemn meals, eaten in awful silence; and yet at table old Ahab\nforbade not conversation; only he himself was dumb. What a relief it was\nto choking Stubb, when a rat made a sudden racket in the hold below. And\npoor little Flask, he was the youngest son, and little boy of this weary\nfamily party. His were the shinbones of the saline beef; his would have\nbeen the drumsticks. For Flask to have presumed to help himself, this\nmust have seemed to him tantamount to larceny in the first degree. Had\nhe helped himself at that table, doubtless, never more would he have\nbeen able to hold his head up in this honest world; nevertheless,\nstrange to say, Ahab never forbade him. And had Flask helped himself,\nthe chances were Ahab had never so much as noticed it. Least of all, did\nFlask presume to help himself to butter. Whether he thought the owners\nof the ship denied it to him, on account of its clotting his clear,\nsunny complexion; or whether he deemed that, on so long a voyage in such\nmarketless waters, butter was at a premium, and therefore was not for\nhim, a subaltern; however it was, Flask, alas! was a butterless man!\n\nAnother thing. Flask was the last person down at the dinner, and Flask\nis the first man up. Consider! For hereby Flask's dinner was badly\njammed in point of time. Starbuck and Stubb both had the start of him;\nand yet they also have the privilege of lounging in the rear. If Stubb\neven, who is but a peg higher than Flask, happens to have but a small\nappetite, and soon shows symptoms of concluding his repast, then Flask\nmust bestir himself, he will not get more than three mouthfuls that day;\nfor it is against holy usage for Stubb to precede Flask to the deck.\nTherefore it was that Flask once admitted in private, that ever since he\nhad arisen to the dignity of an officer, from that moment he had never\nknown what it was to be otherwise than hungry, more or less. For what\nhe ate did not so much relieve his hunger, as keep it immortal in him.\nPeace and satisfaction, thought Flask, have for ever departed from\nmy stomach. I am an officer; but, how I wish I could fish a bit of\nold-fashioned beef in the forecastle, as I used to when I was before the\nmast. There's the fruits of promotion now; there's the vanity of glory:\nthere's the insanity of life! Besides, if it were so that any mere\nsailor of the Pequod had a grudge against Flask in Flask's official\ncapacity, all that sailor had to do, in order to obtain ample vengeance,\nwas to go aft at dinner-time, and get a peep at Flask through the cabin\nsky-light, sitting silly and dumfoundered before awful Ahab.\n\nNow, Ahab and his three mates formed what may be called the first table\nin the Pequod's cabin. After their departure, taking place in inverted\norder to their arrival, the canvas cloth was cleared, or rather was\nrestored to some hurried order by the pallid steward. And then the three\nharpooneers were bidden to the feast, they being its residuary legatees.\nThey made a sort of temporary servants' hall of the high and mighty\ncabin.\n\nIn strange contrast to the hardly tolerable constraint and nameless\ninvisible domineerings of the captain's table, was the entire care-free\nlicense and ease, the almost frantic democracy of those inferior fellows\nthe harpooneers. While their masters, the mates, seemed afraid of the\nsound of the hinges of their own jaws, the harpooneers chewed their food\nwith such a relish that there was a report to it. They dined like lords;\nthey filled their bellies like Indian ships all day loading with spices.\nSuch portentous appetites had Queequeg and Tashtego, that to fill out\nthe vacancies made by the previous repast, often the pale Dough-Boy was\nfain to bring on a great baron of salt-junk, seemingly quarried out of\nthe solid ox. And if he were not lively about it, if he did not go with\na nimble hop-skip-and-jump, then Tashtego had an ungentlemanly way of\naccelerating him by darting a fork at his back, harpoon-wise. And once\nDaggoo, seized with a sudden humor, assisted Dough-Boy's memory by\nsnatching him up bodily, and thrusting his head into a great empty\nwooden trencher, while Tashtego, knife in hand, began laying out the\ncircle preliminary to scalping him. He was naturally a very nervous,\nshuddering sort of little fellow, this bread-faced steward; the progeny\nof a bankrupt baker and a hospital nurse. And what with the standing\nspectacle of the black terrific Ahab, and the periodical tumultuous\nvisitations of these three savages, Dough-Boy's whole life was one\ncontinual lip-quiver. Commonly, after seeing the harpooneers furnished\nwith all things they demanded, he would escape from their clutches into\nhis little pantry adjoining, and fearfully peep out at them through the\nblinds of its door, till all was over.\n\nIt was a sight to see Queequeg seated over against Tashtego, opposing\nhis filed teeth to the Indian's: crosswise to them, Daggoo seated on the\nfloor, for a bench would have brought his hearse-plumed head to the low\ncarlines; at every motion of his colossal limbs, making the low cabin\nframework to shake, as when an African elephant goes passenger in a\nship. But for all this, the great negro was wonderfully abstemious,\nnot to say dainty. It seemed hardly possible that by such comparatively\nsmall mouthfuls he could keep up the vitality diffused through so broad,\nbaronial, and superb a person. But, doubtless, this noble savage fed\nstrong and drank deep of the abounding element of air; and through his\ndilated nostrils snuffed in the sublime life of the worlds. Not by\nbeef or by bread, are giants made or nourished. But Queequeg, he had a\nmortal, barbaric smack of the lip in eating--an ugly sound enough--so\nmuch so, that the trembling Dough-Boy almost looked to see whether\nany marks of teeth lurked in his own lean arms. And when he would hear\nTashtego singing out for him to produce himself, that his bones might be\npicked, the simple-witted steward all but shattered the crockery hanging\nround him in the pantry, by his sudden fits of the palsy. Nor did the\nwhetstone which the harpooneers carried in their pockets, for their\nlances and other weapons; and with which whetstones, at dinner, they\nwould ostentatiously sharpen their knives; that grating sound did not at\nall tend to tranquillize poor Dough-Boy. How could he forget that in his\nIsland days, Queequeg, for one, must certainly have been guilty of some\nmurderous, convivial indiscretions. Alas! Dough-Boy! hard fares the\nwhite waiter who waits upon cannibals. Not a napkin should he carry on\nhis arm, but a buckler. In good time, though, to his great delight,\nthe three salt-sea warriors would rise and depart; to his credulous,\nfable-mongering ears, all their martial bones jingling in them at every\nstep, like Moorish scimetars in scabbards.\n\nBut, though these barbarians dined in the cabin, and nominally lived\nthere; still, being anything but sedentary in their habits, they were\nscarcely ever in it except at mealtimes, and just before sleeping-time,\nwhen they passed through it to their own peculiar quarters.\n\nIn this one matter, Ahab seemed no exception to most American whale\ncaptains, who, as a set, rather incline to the opinion that by rights\nthe ship's cabin belongs to them; and that it is by courtesy alone that\nanybody else is, at any time, permitted there. So that, in real truth,\nthe mates and harpooneers of the Pequod might more properly be said to\nhave lived out of the cabin than in it. For when they did enter it, it\nwas something as a street-door enters a house; turning inwards for\na moment, only to be turned out the next; and, as a permanent thing,\nresiding in the open air. Nor did they lose much hereby; in the cabin\nwas no companionship; socially, Ahab was inaccessible. Though nominally\nincluded in the census of Christendom, he was still an alien to it. He\nlived in the world, as the last of the Grisly Bears lived in settled\nMissouri. And as when Spring and Summer had departed, that wild Logan of\nthe woods, burying himself in the hollow of a tree, lived out the winter\nthere, sucking his own paws; so, in his inclement, howling old age,\nAhab's soul, shut up in the caved trunk of his body, there fed upon the\nsullen paws of its gloom!\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 35. The Mast-Head.\n\n\nIt was during the more pleasant weather, that in due rotation with the\nother seamen my first mast-head came round.\n\nIn most American whalemen the mast-heads are manned almost\nsimultaneously with the vessel's leaving her port; even though she may\nhave fifteen thousand miles, and more, to sail ere reaching her proper\ncruising ground. And if, after a three, four, or five years' voyage\nshe is drawing nigh home with anything empty in her--say, an empty vial\neven--then, her mast-heads are kept manned to the last; and not till her\nskysail-poles sail in among the spires of the port, does she altogether\nrelinquish the hope of capturing one whale more.\n\nNow, as the business of standing mast-heads, ashore or afloat, is a very\nancient and interesting one, let us in some measure expatiate here.\nI take it, that the earliest standers of mast-heads were the old\nEgyptians; because, in all my researches, I find none prior to them.\nFor though their progenitors, the builders of Babel, must doubtless, by\ntheir tower, have intended to rear the loftiest mast-head in all Asia,\nor Africa either; yet (ere the final truck was put to it) as that great\nstone mast of theirs may be said to have gone by the board, in the dread\ngale of God's wrath; therefore, we cannot give these Babel builders\npriority over the Egyptians. And that the Egyptians were a nation of\nmast-head standers, is an assertion based upon the general belief among\narchaeologists, that the first pyramids were founded for astronomical\npurposes: a theory singularly supported by the peculiar stair-like\nformation of all four sides of those edifices; whereby, with prodigious\nlong upliftings of their legs, those old astronomers were wont to mount\nto the apex, and sing out for new stars; even as the look-outs of a\nmodern ship sing out for a sail, or a whale just bearing in sight. In\nSaint Stylites, the famous Christian hermit of old times, who built him\na lofty stone pillar in the desert and spent the whole latter portion of\nhis life on its summit, hoisting his food from the ground with a\ntackle; in him we have a remarkable instance of a dauntless\nstander-of-mast-heads; who was not to be driven from his place by fogs\nor frosts, rain, hail, or sleet; but valiantly facing everything out to\nthe last, literally died at his post. Of modern standers-of-mast-heads\nwe have but a lifeless set; mere stone, iron, and bronze men; who,\nthough well capable of facing out a stiff gale, are still entirely\nincompetent to the business of singing out upon discovering any strange\nsight. There is Napoleon; who, upon the top of the column of Vendome,\nstands with arms folded, some one hundred and fifty feet in the air;\ncareless, now, who rules the decks below; whether Louis Philippe, Louis\nBlanc, or Louis the Devil. Great Washington, too, stands high aloft on\nhis towering main-mast in Baltimore, and like one of Hercules' pillars,\nhis column marks that point of human grandeur beyond which few mortals\nwill go. Admiral Nelson, also, on a capstan of gun-metal, stands his\nmast-head in Trafalgar Square; and ever when most obscured by that\nLondon smoke, token is yet given that a hidden hero is there; for\nwhere there is smoke, must be fire. But neither great Washington, nor\nNapoleon, nor Nelson, will answer a single hail from below, however\nmadly invoked to befriend by their counsels the distracted decks\nupon which they gaze; however it may be surmised, that their spirits\npenetrate through the thick haze of the future, and descry what shoals\nand what rocks must be shunned.\n\nIt may seem unwarrantable to couple in any respect the mast-head\nstanders of the land with those of the sea; but that in truth it is\nnot so, is plainly evinced by an item for which Obed Macy, the sole\nhistorian of Nantucket, stands accountable. The worthy Obed tells us,\nthat in the early times of the whale fishery, ere ships were regularly\nlaunched in pursuit of the game, the people of that island erected lofty\nspars along the sea-coast, to which the look-outs ascended by means\nof nailed cleats, something as fowls go upstairs in a hen-house. A few\nyears ago this same plan was adopted by the Bay whalemen of New Zealand,\nwho, upon descrying the game, gave notice to the ready-manned boats nigh\nthe beach. But this custom has now become obsolete; turn we then to the\none proper mast-head, that of a whale-ship at sea. The three mast-heads\nare kept manned from sun-rise to sun-set; the seamen taking their\nregular turns (as at the helm), and relieving each other every two\nhours. In the serene weather of the tropics it is exceedingly pleasant\nthe mast-head; nay, to a dreamy meditative man it is delightful. There\nyou stand, a hundred feet above the silent decks, striding along the\ndeep, as if the masts were gigantic stilts, while beneath you and\nbetween your legs, as it were, swim the hugest monsters of the sea, even\nas ships once sailed between the boots of the famous Colossus at old\nRhodes. There you stand, lost in the infinite series of the sea, with\nnothing ruffled but the waves. The tranced ship indolently rolls; the\ndrowsy trade winds blow; everything resolves you into languor. For the\nmost part, in this tropic whaling life, a sublime uneventfulness invests\nyou; you hear no news; read no gazettes; extras with startling accounts\nof commonplaces never delude you into unnecessary excitements; you hear\nof no domestic afflictions; bankrupt securities; fall of stocks; are\nnever troubled with the thought of what you shall have for dinner--for\nall your meals for three years and more are snugly stowed in casks, and\nyour bill of fare is immutable.\n\nIn one of those southern whalesmen, on a long three or four years'\nvoyage, as often happens, the sum of the various hours you spend at the\nmast-head would amount to several entire months. And it is much to be\ndeplored that the place to which you devote so considerable a portion\nof the whole term of your natural life, should be so sadly destitute\nof anything approaching to a cosy inhabitiveness, or adapted to breed a\ncomfortable localness of feeling, such as pertains to a bed, a hammock,\na hearse, a sentry box, a pulpit, a coach, or any other of those small\nand snug contrivances in which men temporarily isolate themselves. Your\nmost usual point of perch is the head of the t' gallant-mast, where you\nstand upon two thin parallel sticks (almost peculiar to whalemen) called\nthe t' gallant cross-trees. Here, tossed about by the sea, the beginner\nfeels about as cosy as he would standing on a bull's horns. To be sure,\nin cold weather you may carry your house aloft with you, in the shape of\na watch-coat; but properly speaking the thickest watch-coat is no more\nof a house than the unclad body; for as the soul is glued inside of its\nfleshy tabernacle, and cannot freely move about in it, nor even move out\nof it, without running great risk of perishing (like an ignorant pilgrim\ncrossing the snowy Alps in winter); so a watch-coat is not so much of\na house as it is a mere envelope, or additional skin encasing you. You\ncannot put a shelf or chest of drawers in your body, and no more can you\nmake a convenient closet of your watch-coat.\n\nConcerning all this, it is much to be deplored that the mast-heads of a\nsouthern whale ship are unprovided with those enviable little tents\nor pulpits, called CROW'S-NESTS, in which the look-outs of a Greenland\nwhaler are protected from the inclement weather of the frozen seas. In\nthe fireside narrative of Captain Sleet, entitled \"A Voyage among the\nIcebergs, in quest of the Greenland Whale, and incidentally for the\nre-discovery of the Lost Icelandic Colonies of Old Greenland;\" in\nthis admirable volume, all standers of mast-heads are furnished with\na charmingly circumstantial account of the then recently invented\nCROW'S-NEST of the Glacier, which was the name of Captain Sleet's good\ncraft. He called it the SLEET'S CROW'S-NEST, in honour of himself; he\nbeing the original inventor and patentee, and free from all ridiculous\nfalse delicacy, and holding that if we call our own children after our\nown names (we fathers being the original inventors and patentees), so\nlikewise should we denominate after ourselves any other apparatus we\nmay beget. In shape, the Sleet's crow's-nest is something like a large\ntierce or pipe; it is open above, however, where it is furnished with\na movable side-screen to keep to windward of your head in a hard gale.\nBeing fixed on the summit of the mast, you ascend into it through a\nlittle trap-hatch in the bottom. On the after side, or side next the\nstern of the ship, is a comfortable seat, with a locker underneath for\numbrellas, comforters, and coats. In front is a leather rack, in which\nto keep your speaking trumpet, pipe, telescope, and other nautical\nconveniences. When Captain Sleet in person stood his mast-head in this\ncrow's-nest of his, he tells us that he always had a rifle with him\n(also fixed in the rack), together with a powder flask and shot, for\nthe purpose of popping off the stray narwhales, or vagrant sea unicorns\ninfesting those waters; for you cannot successfully shoot at them from\nthe deck owing to the resistance of the water, but to shoot down upon\nthem is a very different thing. Now, it was plainly a labor of love\nfor Captain Sleet to describe, as he does, all the little detailed\nconveniences of his crow's-nest; but though he so enlarges upon many\nof these, and though he treats us to a very scientific account of his\nexperiments in this crow's-nest, with a small compass he kept there for\nthe purpose of counteracting the errors resulting from what is called\nthe \"local attraction\" of all binnacle magnets; an error ascribable to\nthe horizontal vicinity of the iron in the ship's planks, and in the\nGlacier's case, perhaps, to there having been so many broken-down\nblacksmiths among her crew; I say, that though the Captain is very\ndiscreet and scientific here, yet, for all his learned \"binnacle\ndeviations,\" \"azimuth compass observations,\" and \"approximate errors,\"\nhe knows very well, Captain Sleet, that he was not so much immersed\nin those profound magnetic meditations, as to fail being attracted\noccasionally towards that well replenished little case-bottle, so nicely\ntucked in on one side of his crow's nest, within easy reach of his hand.\nThough, upon the whole, I greatly admire and even love the brave, the\nhonest, and learned Captain; yet I take it very ill of him that he\nshould so utterly ignore that case-bottle, seeing what a faithful friend\nand comforter it must have been, while with mittened fingers and hooded\nhead he was studying the mathematics aloft there in that bird's nest\nwithin three or four perches of the pole.\n\nBut if we Southern whale-fishers are not so snugly housed aloft as\nCaptain Sleet and his Greenlandmen were; yet that disadvantage is\ngreatly counter-balanced by the widely contrasting serenity of those\nseductive seas in which we South fishers mostly float. For one, I used\nto lounge up the rigging very leisurely, resting in the top to have a\nchat with Queequeg, or any one else off duty whom I might find there;\nthen ascending a little way further, and throwing a lazy leg over the\ntop-sail yard, take a preliminary view of the watery pastures, and so at\nlast mount to my ultimate destination.\n\nLet me make a clean breast of it here, and frankly admit that I kept but\nsorry guard. With the problem of the universe revolving in me, how\ncould I--being left completely to myself at such a thought-engendering\naltitude--how could I but lightly hold my obligations to observe all\nwhale-ships' standing orders, \"Keep your weather eye open, and sing out\nevery time.\"\n\nAnd let me in this place movingly admonish you, ye ship-owners of\nNantucket! Beware of enlisting in your vigilant fisheries any lad with\nlean brow and hollow eye; given to unseasonable meditativeness; and who\noffers to ship with the Phaedon instead of Bowditch in his head. Beware\nof such an one, I say; your whales must be seen before they can be\nkilled; and this sunken-eyed young Platonist will tow you ten wakes\nround the world, and never make you one pint of sperm the richer. Nor\nare these monitions at all unneeded. For nowadays, the whale-fishery\nfurnishes an asylum for many romantic, melancholy, and absent-minded\nyoung men, disgusted with the carking cares of earth, and seeking\nsentiment in tar and blubber. Childe Harold not unfrequently perches\nhimself upon the mast-head of some luckless disappointed whale-ship, and\nin moody phrase ejaculates:--\n\n\"Roll on, thou deep and dark blue ocean, roll! Ten thousand\nblubber-hunters sweep over thee in vain.\"\n\nVery often do the captains of such ships take those absent-minded\nyoung philosophers to task, upbraiding them with not feeling sufficient\n\"interest\" in the voyage; half-hinting that they are so hopelessly lost\nto all honourable ambition, as that in their secret souls they would\nrather not see whales than otherwise. But all in vain; those young\nPlatonists have a notion that their vision is imperfect; they are\nshort-sighted; what use, then, to strain the visual nerve? They have\nleft their opera-glasses at home.\n\n\"Why, thou monkey,\" said a harpooneer to one of these lads, \"we've been\ncruising now hard upon three years, and thou hast not raised a whale\nyet. Whales are scarce as hen's teeth whenever thou art up here.\"\nPerhaps they were; or perhaps there might have been shoals of them in\nthe far horizon; but lulled into such an opium-like listlessness of\nvacant, unconscious reverie is this absent-minded youth by the blending\ncadence of waves with thoughts, that at last he loses his identity;\ntakes the mystic ocean at his feet for the visible image of that deep,\nblue, bottomless soul, pervading mankind and nature; and every\nstrange, half-seen, gliding, beautiful thing that eludes him; every\ndimly-discovered, uprising fin of some undiscernible form, seems to him\nthe embodiment of those elusive thoughts that only people the soul by\ncontinually flitting through it. In this enchanted mood, thy spirit ebbs\naway to whence it came; becomes diffused through time and space; like\nCrammer's(Thomas Cranmer) sprinkled Pantheistic ashes, forming at last a part of every\nshore the round globe over.\n\nThere is no life in thee, now, except that rocking life imparted by a\ngently rolling ship; by her, borrowed from the sea; by the sea, from\nthe inscrutable tides of God. But while this sleep, this dream is on ye,\nmove your foot or hand an inch; slip your hold at all; and your identity\ncomes back in horror. Over Descartian vortices you hover. And perhaps,\nat mid-day, in the fairest weather, with one half-throttled shriek you\ndrop through that transparent air into the summer sea, no more to rise\nfor ever. Heed it well, ye Pantheists!\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 36. The Quarter-Deck.\n\n\n(ENTER AHAB: THEN, ALL)\n\n\nIt was not a great while after the affair of the pipe, that one\nmorning shortly after breakfast, Ahab, as was his wont, ascended the\ncabin-gangway to the deck. There most sea-captains usually walk at that\nhour, as country gentlemen, after the same meal, take a few turns in the\ngarden.\n\nSoon his steady, ivory stride was heard, as to and fro he paced his old\nrounds, upon planks so familiar to his tread, that they were all over\ndented, like geological stones, with the peculiar mark of his walk. Did\nyou fixedly gaze, too, upon that ribbed and dented brow; there also,\nyou would see still stranger foot-prints--the foot-prints of his one\nunsleeping, ever-pacing thought.\n\nBut on the occasion in question, those dents looked deeper, even as\nhis nervous step that morning left a deeper mark. And, so full of his\nthought was Ahab, that at every uniform turn that he made, now at the\nmain-mast and now at the binnacle, you could almost see that thought\nturn in him as he turned, and pace in him as he paced; so completely\npossessing him, indeed, that it all but seemed the inward mould of every\nouter movement.\n\n\"D'ye mark him, Flask?\" whispered Stubb; \"the chick that's in him pecks\nthe shell. 'Twill soon be out.\"\n\nThe hours wore on;--Ahab now shut up within his cabin; anon, pacing the\ndeck, with the same intense bigotry of purpose in his aspect.\n\nIt drew near the close of day. Suddenly he came to a halt by the\nbulwarks, and inserting his bone leg into the auger-hole there, and with\none hand grasping a shroud, he ordered Starbuck to send everybody aft.\n\n\"Sir!\" said the mate, astonished at an order seldom or never given on\nship-board except in some extraordinary case.\n\n\"Send everybody aft,\" repeated Ahab. \"Mast-heads, there! come down!\"\n\nWhen the entire ship's company were assembled, and with curious and not\nwholly unapprehensive faces, were eyeing him, for he looked not unlike\nthe weather horizon when a storm is coming up, Ahab, after rapidly\nglancing over the bulwarks, and then darting his eyes among the crew,\nstarted from his standpoint; and as though not a soul were nigh him\nresumed his heavy turns upon the deck. With bent head and half-slouched\nhat he continued to pace, unmindful of the wondering whispering among\nthe men; till Stubb cautiously whispered to Flask, that Ahab must have\nsummoned them there for the purpose of witnessing a pedestrian feat. But\nthis did not last long. Vehemently pausing, he cried:--\n\n\"What do ye do when ye see a whale, men?\"\n\n\"Sing out for him!\" was the impulsive rejoinder from a score of clubbed\nvoices.\n\n\"Good!\" cried Ahab, with a wild approval in his tones; observing the\nhearty animation into which his unexpected question had so magnetically\nthrown them.\n\n\"And what do ye next, men?\"\n\n\"Lower away, and after him!\"\n\n\"And what tune is it ye pull to, men?\"\n\n\"A dead whale or a stove boat!\"\n\nMore and more strangely and fiercely glad and approving, grew the\ncountenance of the old man at every shout; while the mariners began\nto gaze curiously at each other, as if marvelling how it was that they\nthemselves became so excited at such seemingly purposeless questions.\n\nBut, they were all eagerness again, as Ahab, now half-revolving in his\npivot-hole, with one hand reaching high up a shroud, and tightly, almost\nconvulsively grasping it, addressed them thus:--\n\n\"All ye mast-headers have before now heard me give orders about a white\nwhale. Look ye! d'ye see this Spanish ounce of gold?\"--holding up a\nbroad bright coin to the sun--\"it is a sixteen dollar piece, men. D'ye\nsee it? Mr. Starbuck, hand me yon top-maul.\"\n\nWhile the mate was getting the hammer, Ahab, without speaking, was\nslowly rubbing the gold piece against the skirts of his jacket, as if\nto heighten its lustre, and without using any words was meanwhile\nlowly humming to himself, producing a sound so strangely muffled and\ninarticulate that it seemed the mechanical humming of the wheels of his\nvitality in him.\n\nReceiving the top-maul from Starbuck, he advanced towards the main-mast\nwith the hammer uplifted in one hand, exhibiting the gold with the\nother, and with a high raised voice exclaiming: \"Whosoever of ye\nraises me a white-headed whale with a wrinkled brow and a crooked jaw;\nwhosoever of ye raises me that white-headed whale, with three holes\npunctured in his starboard fluke--look ye, whosoever of ye raises me\nthat same white whale, he shall have this gold ounce, my boys!\"\n\n\"Huzza! huzza!\" cried the seamen, as with swinging tarpaulins they\nhailed the act of nailing the gold to the mast.\n\n\"It's a white whale, I say,\" resumed Ahab, as he threw down the topmaul:\n\"a white whale. Skin your eyes for him, men; look sharp for white water;\nif ye see but a bubble, sing out.\"\n\nAll this while Tashtego, Daggoo, and Queequeg had looked on with even\nmore intense interest and surprise than the rest, and at the mention\nof the wrinkled brow and crooked jaw they had started as if each was\nseparately touched by some specific recollection.\n\n\"Captain Ahab,\" said Tashtego, \"that white whale must be the same that\nsome call Moby Dick.\"\n\n\"Moby Dick?\" shouted Ahab. \"Do ye know the white whale then, Tash?\"\n\n\"Does he fan-tail a little curious, sir, before he goes down?\" said the\nGay-Header deliberately.\n\n\"And has he a curious spout, too,\" said Daggoo, \"very bushy, even for a\nparmacetty, and mighty quick, Captain Ahab?\"\n\n\"And he have one, two, three--oh! good many iron in him hide, too,\nCaptain,\" cried Queequeg disjointedly, \"all twiske-tee be-twisk, like\nhim--him--\" faltering hard for a word, and screwing his hand round and\nround as though uncorking a bottle--\"like him--him--\"\n\n\"Corkscrew!\" cried Ahab, \"aye, Queequeg, the harpoons lie all twisted\nand wrenched in him; aye, Daggoo, his spout is a big one, like a whole\nshock of wheat, and white as a pile of our Nantucket wool after the\ngreat annual sheep-shearing; aye, Tashtego, and he fan-tails like a\nsplit jib in a squall. Death and devils! men, it is Moby Dick ye have\nseen--Moby Dick--Moby Dick!\"\n\n\"Captain Ahab,\" said Starbuck, who, with Stubb and Flask, had thus far\nbeen eyeing his superior with increasing surprise, but at last seemed\nstruck with a thought which somewhat explained all the wonder. \"Captain\nAhab, I have heard of Moby Dick--but it was not Moby Dick that took off\nthy leg?\"\n\n\"Who told thee that?\" cried Ahab; then pausing, \"Aye, Starbuck; aye, my\nhearties all round; it was Moby Dick that dismasted me; Moby Dick that\nbrought me to this dead stump I stand on now. Aye, aye,\" he shouted with\na terrific, loud, animal sob, like that of a heart-stricken moose;\n\"Aye, aye! it was that accursed white whale that razed me; made a poor\npegging lubber of me for ever and a day!\" Then tossing both arms, with\nmeasureless imprecations he shouted out: \"Aye, aye! and I'll chase him\nround Good Hope, and round the Horn, and round the Norway Maelstrom, and\nround perdition's flames before I give him up. And this is what ye have\nshipped for, men! to chase that white whale on both sides of land, and\nover all sides of earth, till he spouts black blood and rolls fin out.\nWhat say ye, men, will ye splice hands on it, now? I think ye do look\nbrave.\"\n\n\"Aye, aye!\" shouted the harpooneers and seamen, running closer to the\nexcited old man: \"A sharp eye for the white whale; a sharp lance for\nMoby Dick!\"\n\n\"God bless ye,\" he seemed to half sob and half shout. \"God bless ye,\nmen. Steward! go draw the great measure of grog. But what's this long\nface about, Mr. Starbuck; wilt thou not chase the white whale? art not\ngame for Moby Dick?\"\n\n\"I am game for his crooked jaw, and for the jaws of Death too, Captain\nAhab, if it fairly comes in the way of the business we follow; but I\ncame here to hunt whales, not my commander's vengeance. How many barrels\nwill thy vengeance yield thee even if thou gettest it, Captain Ahab? it\nwill not fetch thee much in our Nantucket market.\"\n\n\"Nantucket market! Hoot! But come closer, Starbuck; thou requirest\na little lower layer. If money's to be the measurer, man, and the\naccountants have computed their great counting-house the globe, by\ngirdling it with guineas, one to every three parts of an inch; then, let\nme tell thee, that my vengeance will fetch a great premium HERE!\"\n\n\"He smites his chest,\" whispered Stubb, \"what's that for? methinks it\nrings most vast, but hollow.\"\n\n\"Vengeance on a dumb brute!\" cried Starbuck, \"that simply smote thee\nfrom blindest instinct! Madness! To be enraged with a dumb thing,\nCaptain Ahab, seems blasphemous.\"\n\n\"Hark ye yet again--the little lower layer. All visible objects, man,\nare but as pasteboard masks. But in each event--in the living act, the\nundoubted deed--there, some unknown but still reasoning thing puts forth\nthe mouldings of its features from behind the unreasoning mask. If man\nwill strike, strike through the mask! How can the prisoner reach outside\nexcept by thrusting through the wall? To me, the white whale is that\nwall, shoved near to me. Sometimes I think there's naught beyond. But\n'tis enough. He tasks me; he heaps me; I see in him outrageous strength,\nwith an inscrutable malice sinewing it. That inscrutable thing is\nchiefly what I hate; and be the white whale agent, or be the white whale\nprincipal, I will wreak that hate upon him. Talk not to me of blasphemy,\nman; I'd strike the sun if it insulted me. For could the sun do that,\nthen could I do the other; since there is ever a sort of fair play\nherein, jealousy presiding over all creations. But not my master, man,\nis even that fair play. Who's over me? Truth hath no confines. Take off\nthine eye! more intolerable than fiends' glarings is a doltish\nstare! So, so; thou reddenest and palest; my heat has melted thee to\nanger-glow. But look ye, Starbuck, what is said in heat, that thing\nunsays itself. There are men from whom warm words are small indignity. I\nmeant not to incense thee. Let it go. Look! see yonder Turkish cheeks of\nspotted tawn--living, breathing pictures painted by the sun. The Pagan\nleopards--the unrecking and unworshipping things, that live; and seek,\nand give no reasons for the torrid life they feel! The crew, man, the\ncrew! Are they not one and all with Ahab, in this matter of the whale?\nSee Stubb! he laughs! See yonder Chilian! he snorts to think of it.\nStand up amid the general hurricane, thy one tost sapling cannot,\nStarbuck! And what is it? Reckon it. 'Tis but to help strike a fin; no\nwondrous feat for Starbuck. What is it more? From this one poor hunt,\nthen, the best lance out of all Nantucket, surely he will not hang back,\nwhen every foremast-hand has clutched a whetstone? Ah! constrainings\nseize thee; I see! the billow lifts thee! Speak, but speak!--Aye, aye!\nthy silence, then, THAT voices thee. (ASIDE) Something shot from my\ndilated nostrils, he has inhaled it in his lungs. Starbuck now is mine;\ncannot oppose me now, without rebellion.\"\n\n\"God keep me!--keep us all!\" murmured Starbuck, lowly.\n\nBut in his joy at the enchanted, tacit acquiescence of the mate, Ahab\ndid not hear his foreboding invocation; nor yet the low laugh from the\nhold; nor yet the presaging vibrations of the winds in the cordage;\nnor yet the hollow flap of the sails against the masts, as for a moment\ntheir hearts sank in. For again Starbuck's downcast eyes lighted up with\nthe stubbornness of life; the subterranean laugh died away; the winds\nblew on; the sails filled out; the ship heaved and rolled as before. Ah,\nye admonitions and warnings! why stay ye not when ye come? But\nrather are ye predictions than warnings, ye shadows! Yet not so much\npredictions from without, as verifications of the foregoing things\nwithin. For with little external to constrain us, the innermost\nnecessities in our being, these still drive us on.\n\n\"The measure! the measure!\" cried Ahab.\n\nReceiving the brimming pewter, and turning to the harpooneers, he\nordered them to produce their weapons. Then ranging them before him near\nthe capstan, with their harpoons in their hands, while his three mates\nstood at his side with their lances, and the rest of the ship's company\nformed a circle round the group; he stood for an instant searchingly\neyeing every man of his crew. But those wild eyes met his, as the\nbloodshot eyes of the prairie wolves meet the eye of their leader, ere\nhe rushes on at their head in the trail of the bison; but, alas! only to\nfall into the hidden snare of the Indian.\n\n\"Drink and pass!\" he cried, handing the heavy charged flagon to the\nnearest seaman. \"The crew alone now drink. Round with it, round! Short\ndraughts--long swallows, men; 'tis hot as Satan's hoof. So, so; it\ngoes round excellently. It spiralizes in ye; forks out at the\nserpent-snapping eye. Well done; almost drained. That way it went, this\nway it comes. Hand it me--here's a hollow! Men, ye seem the years; so\nbrimming life is gulped and gone. Steward, refill!\n\n\"Attend now, my braves. I have mustered ye all round this capstan; and\nye mates, flank me with your lances; and ye harpooneers, stand there\nwith your irons; and ye, stout mariners, ring me in, that I may in some\nsort revive a noble custom of my fisherman fathers before me. O men, you\nwill yet see that--Ha! boy, come back? bad pennies come not sooner. Hand\nit me. Why, now, this pewter had run brimming again, were't not thou St.\nVitus' imp--away, thou ague!\n\n\"Advance, ye mates! Cross your lances full before me. Well done! Let\nme touch the axis.\" So saying, with extended arm, he grasped the\nthree level, radiating lances at their crossed centre; while so doing,\nsuddenly and nervously twitched them; meanwhile, glancing intently from\nStarbuck to Stubb; from Stubb to Flask. It seemed as though, by some\nnameless, interior volition, he would fain have shocked into them the\nsame fiery emotion accumulated within the Leyden jar of his own magnetic\nlife. The three mates quailed before his strong, sustained, and mystic\naspect. Stubb and Flask looked sideways from him; the honest eye of\nStarbuck fell downright.\n\n\"In vain!\" cried Ahab; \"but, maybe, 'tis well. For did ye three but\nonce take the full-forced shock, then mine own electric thing, THAT had\nperhaps expired from out me. Perchance, too, it would have dropped ye\ndead. Perchance ye need it not. Down lances! And now, ye mates, I do\nappoint ye three cupbearers to my three pagan kinsmen there--yon three\nmost honourable gentlemen and noblemen, my valiant harpooneers. Disdain\nthe task? What, when the great Pope washes the feet of beggars, using\nhis tiara for ewer? Oh, my sweet cardinals! your own condescension, THAT\nshall bend ye to it. I do not order ye; ye will it. Cut your seizings\nand draw the poles, ye harpooneers!\"\n\nSilently obeying the order, the three harpooneers now stood with the\ndetached iron part of their harpoons, some three feet long, held, barbs\nup, before him.\n\n\"Stab me not with that keen steel! Cant them; cant them over! know ye\nnot the goblet end? Turn up the socket! So, so; now, ye cup-bearers,\nadvance. The irons! take them; hold them while I fill!\" Forthwith,\nslowly going from one officer to the other, he brimmed the harpoon\nsockets with the fiery waters from the pewter.\n\n\"Now, three to three, ye stand. Commend the murderous chalices! Bestow\nthem, ye who are now made parties to this indissoluble league. Ha!\nStarbuck! but the deed is done! Yon ratifying sun now waits to sit upon\nit. Drink, ye harpooneers! drink and swear, ye men that man the deathful\nwhaleboat's bow--Death to Moby Dick! God hunt us all, if we do not hunt\nMoby Dick to his death!\" The long, barbed steel goblets were lifted;\nand to cries and maledictions against the white whale, the spirits were\nsimultaneously quaffed down with a hiss. Starbuck paled, and turned, and\nshivered. Once more, and finally, the replenished pewter went the rounds\namong the frantic crew; when, waving his free hand to them, they all\ndispersed; and Ahab retired within his cabin.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 37. Sunset.\n\n\nTHE CABIN; BY THE STERN WINDOWS; AHAB SITTING ALONE, AND GAZING OUT.\n\n\nI leave a white and turbid wake; pale waters, paler cheeks, where'er I\nsail. The envious billows sidelong swell to whelm my track; let them;\nbut first I pass.\n\nYonder, by ever-brimming goblet's rim, the warm waves blush like wine.\nThe gold brow plumbs the blue. The diver sun--slow dived from noon--goes\ndown; my soul mounts up! she wearies with her endless hill. Is, then,\nthe crown too heavy that I wear? this Iron Crown of Lombardy. Yet is\nit bright with many a gem; I the wearer, see not its far flashings; but\ndarkly feel that I wear that, that dazzlingly confounds. 'Tis iron--that\nI know--not gold. 'Tis split, too--that I feel; the jagged edge galls\nme so, my brain seems to beat against the solid metal; aye, steel skull,\nmine; the sort that needs no helmet in the most brain-battering fight!\n\nDry heat upon my brow? Oh! time was, when as the sunrise nobly spurred\nme, so the sunset soothed. No more. This lovely light, it lights not me;\nall loveliness is anguish to me, since I can ne'er enjoy. Gifted with\nthe high perception, I lack the low, enjoying power; damned, most subtly\nand most malignantly! damned in the midst of Paradise! Good night--good\nnight! (WAVING HIS HAND, HE MOVES FROM THE WINDOW.)\n\n'Twas not so hard a task. I thought to find one stubborn, at the least;\nbut my one cogged circle fits into all their various wheels, and they\nrevolve. Or, if you will, like so many ant-hills of powder, they all\nstand before me; and I their match. Oh, hard! that to fire others, the\nmatch itself must needs be wasting! What I've dared, I've willed; and\nwhat I've willed, I'll do! They think me mad--Starbuck does; but I'm\ndemoniac, I am madness maddened! That wild madness that's only calm\nto comprehend itself! The prophecy was that I should be dismembered;\nand--Aye! I lost this leg. I now prophesy that I will dismember my\ndismemberer. Now, then, be the prophet and the fulfiller one. That's\nmore than ye, ye great gods, ever were. I laugh and hoot at ye, ye\ncricket-players, ye pugilists, ye deaf Burkes and blinded Bendigoes!\nI will not say as schoolboys do to bullies--Take some one of your own\nsize; don't pommel ME! No, ye've knocked me down, and I am up again; but\nYE have run and hidden. Come forth from behind your cotton bags! I have\nno long gun to reach ye. Come, Ahab's compliments to ye; come and see\nif ye can swerve me. Swerve me? ye cannot swerve me, else ye swerve\nyourselves! man has ye there. Swerve me? The path to my fixed purpose is\nlaid with iron rails, whereon my soul is grooved to run. Over unsounded\ngorges, through the rifled hearts of mountains, under torrents' beds,\nunerringly I rush! Naught's an obstacle, naught's an angle to the iron\nway!\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 38. Dusk.\n\n\nBY THE MAINMAST; STARBUCK LEANING AGAINST IT.\n\n\nMy soul is more than matched; she's overmanned; and by a madman!\nInsufferable sting, that sanity should ground arms on such a field! But\nhe drilled deep down, and blasted all my reason out of me! I think I see\nhis impious end; but feel that I must help him to it. Will I, nill I,\nthe ineffable thing has tied me to him; tows me with a cable I have no\nknife to cut. Horrible old man! Who's over him, he cries;--aye, he would\nbe a democrat to all above; look, how he lords it over all below! Oh! I\nplainly see my miserable office,--to obey, rebelling; and worse yet,\nto hate with touch of pity! For in his eyes I read some lurid woe would\nshrivel me up, had I it. Yet is there hope. Time and tide flow wide.\nThe hated whale has the round watery world to swim in, as the small\ngold-fish has its glassy globe. His heaven-insulting purpose, God may\nwedge aside. I would up heart, were it not like lead. But my whole\nclock's run down; my heart the all-controlling weight, I have no key to\nlift again.\n\n\n[A BURST OF REVELRY FROM THE FORECASTLE.]\n\n\nOh, God! to sail with such a heathen crew that have small touch of human\nmothers in them! Whelped somewhere by the sharkish sea. The white whale\nis their demigorgon. Hark! the infernal orgies! that revelry is forward!\nmark the unfaltering silence aft! Methinks it pictures life. Foremost\nthrough the sparkling sea shoots on the gay, embattled, bantering\nbow, but only to drag dark Ahab after it, where he broods within his\nsternward cabin, builded over the dead water of the wake, and further\non, hunted by its wolfish gurglings. The long howl thrills me through!\nPeace! ye revellers, and set the watch! Oh, life! 'tis in an hour like\nthis, with soul beat down and held to knowledge,--as wild, untutored\nthings are forced to feed--Oh, life! 'tis now that I do feel the latent\nhorror in thee! but 'tis not me! that horror's out of me! and with the\nsoft feeling of the human in me, yet will I try to fight ye, ye grim,\nphantom futures! Stand by me, hold me, bind me, O ye blessed influences!\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 39. First Night Watch.\n\nFore-Top.\n\n(STUBB SOLUS, AND MENDING A BRACE.)\n\n\nHa! ha! ha! ha! hem! clear my throat!--I've been thinking over it\never since, and that ha, ha's the final consequence. Why so? Because a\nlaugh's the wisest, easiest answer to all that's queer; and come what\nwill, one comfort's always left--that unfailing comfort is, it's all\npredestinated. I heard not all his talk with Starbuck; but to my poor\neye Starbuck then looked something as I the other evening felt. Be sure\nthe old Mogul has fixed him, too. I twigged it, knew it; had had the\ngift, might readily have prophesied it--for when I clapped my eye upon\nhis skull I saw it. Well, Stubb, WISE Stubb--that's my title--well,\nStubb, what of it, Stubb? Here's a carcase. I know not all that may be\ncoming, but be it what it will, I'll go to it laughing. Such a waggish\nleering as lurks in all your horribles! I feel funny. Fa, la! lirra,\nskirra! What's my juicy little pear at home doing now? Crying its eyes\nout?--Giving a party to the last arrived harpooneers, I dare say, gay as\na frigate's pennant, and so am I--fa, la! lirra, skirra! Oh--\n\nWe'll drink to-night with hearts as light, To love, as gay and fleeting\nAs bubbles that swim, on the beaker's brim, And break on the lips while\nmeeting.\n\n\nA brave stave that--who calls? Mr. Starbuck? Aye, aye, sir--(ASIDE) he's\nmy superior, he has his too, if I'm not mistaken.--Aye, aye, sir, just\nthrough with this job--coming.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 40. Midnight, Forecastle.\n\nHARPOONEERS AND SAILORS.\n\n(FORESAIL RISES AND DISCOVERS THE WATCH STANDING, LOUNGING, LEANING, AND\nLYING IN VARIOUS ATTITUDES, ALL SINGING IN CHORUS.)\n\n     Farewell and adieu to you, Spanish ladies!\n     Farewell and adieu to you, ladies of Spain!\n     Our captain's commanded.--\n\n1ST NANTUCKET SAILOR. Oh, boys, don't be sentimental; it's bad for the\ndigestion! Take a tonic, follow me! (SINGS, AND ALL FOLLOW)\n\n    Our captain stood upon the deck,\n    A spy-glass in his hand,\n    A viewing of those gallant whales\n    That blew at every strand.\n    Oh, your tubs in your boats, my boys,\n    And by your braces stand,\n    And we'll have one of those fine whales,\n    Hand, boys, over hand!\n    So, be cheery, my lads! may your hearts never fail!\n    While the bold harpooner is striking the whale!\n\nMATE'S VOICE FROM THE QUARTER-DECK. Eight bells there, forward!\n\n2ND NANTUCKET SAILOR. Avast the chorus! Eight bells there! d'ye hear,\nbell-boy? Strike the bell eight, thou Pip! thou blackling! and let me\ncall the watch. I've the sort of mouth for that--the hogshead mouth.\nSo, so, (THRUSTS HIS HEAD DOWN THE SCUTTLE,) Star-bo-l-e-e-n-s, a-h-o-y!\nEight bells there below! Tumble up!\n\nDUTCH SAILOR. Grand snoozing to-night, maty; fat night for that. I\nmark this in our old Mogul's wine; it's quite as deadening to some as\nfilliping to others. We sing; they sleep--aye, lie down there, like\nground-tier butts. At 'em again! There, take this copper-pump, and hail\n'em through it. Tell 'em to avast dreaming of their lasses. Tell 'em\nit's the resurrection; they must kiss their last, and come to judgment.\nThat's the way--THAT'S it; thy throat ain't spoiled with eating\nAmsterdam butter.\n\nFRENCH SAILOR. Hist, boys! let's have a jig or two before we ride to\nanchor in Blanket Bay. What say ye? There comes the other watch. Stand\nby all legs! Pip! little Pip! hurrah with your tambourine!\n\nPIP. (SULKY AND SLEEPY) Don't know where it is.\n\nFRENCH SAILOR. Beat thy belly, then, and wag thy ears. Jig it, men,\nI say; merry's the word; hurrah! Damn me, won't you dance? Form, now,\nIndian-file, and gallop into the double-shuffle? Throw yourselves! Legs!\nlegs!\n\nICELAND SAILOR. I don't like your floor, maty; it's too springy to my\ntaste. I'm used to ice-floors. I'm sorry to throw cold water on the\nsubject; but excuse me.\n\nMALTESE SAILOR. Me too; where's your girls? Who but a fool would take\nhis left hand by his right, and say to himself, how d'ye do? Partners! I\nmust have partners!\n\nSICILIAN SAILOR. Aye; girls and a green!--then I'll hop with ye; yea,\nturn grasshopper!\n\nLONG-ISLAND SAILOR. Well, well, ye sulkies, there's plenty more of us.\nHoe corn when you may, say I. All legs go to harvest soon. Ah! here\ncomes the music; now for it!\n\nAZORE SAILOR. (ASCENDING, AND PITCHING THE TAMBOURINE UP THE SCUTTLE.)\nHere you are, Pip; and there's the windlass-bitts; up you mount! Now,\nboys! (THE HALF OF THEM DANCE TO THE TAMBOURINE; SOME GO BELOW; SOME\nSLEEP OR LIE AMONG THE COILS OF RIGGING. OATHS A-PLENTY.)\n\nAZORE SAILOR. (DANCING) Go it, Pip! Bang it, bell-boy! Rig it, dig it,\nstig it, quig it, bell-boy! Make fire-flies; break the jinglers!\n\nPIP. Jinglers, you say?--there goes another, dropped off; I pound it so.\n\nCHINA SAILOR. Rattle thy teeth, then, and pound away; make a pagoda of\nthyself.\n\n\nFRENCH SAILOR. Merry-mad! Hold up thy hoop, Pip, till I jump through it!\nSplit jibs! tear yourselves!\n\nTASHTEGO. (QUIETLY SMOKING) That's a white man; he calls that fun:\nhumph! I save my sweat.\n\nOLD MANX SAILOR. I wonder whether those jolly lads bethink them of what\nthey are dancing over. I'll dance over your grave, I will--that's\nthe bitterest threat of your night-women, that beat head-winds round\ncorners. O Christ! to think of the green navies and the green-skulled\ncrews! Well, well; belike the whole world's a ball, as you scholars have\nit; and so 'tis right to make one ballroom of it. Dance on, lads, you're\nyoung; I was once.\n\n3D NANTUCKET SAILOR. Spell oh!--whew! this is worse than pulling after\nwhales in a calm--give us a whiff, Tash.\n\n(THEY CEASE DANCING, AND GATHER IN CLUSTERS. MEANTIME THE SKY\nDARKENS--THE WIND RISES.)\n\nLASCAR SAILOR. By Brahma! boys, it'll be douse sail soon. The sky-born,\nhigh-tide Ganges turned to wind! Thou showest thy black brow, Seeva!\n\nMALTESE SAILOR. (RECLINING AND SHAKING HIS CAP.) It's the waves--the\nsnow's caps turn to jig it now. They'll shake their tassels soon. Now\nwould all the waves were women, then I'd go drown, and chassee with them\nevermore! There's naught so sweet on earth--heaven may not match\nit!--as those swift glances of warm, wild bosoms in the dance, when the\nover-arboring arms hide such ripe, bursting grapes.\n\nSICILIAN SAILOR. (RECLINING.) Tell me not of it! Hark ye, lad--fleet\ninterlacings of the limbs--lithe swayings--coyings--flutterings! lip!\nheart! hip! all graze: unceasing touch and go! not taste, observe ye,\nelse come satiety. Eh, Pagan? (NUDGING.)\n\nTAHITAN SAILOR. (RECLINING ON A MAT.) Hail, holy nakedness of our\ndancing girls!--the Heeva-Heeva! Ah! low veiled, high palmed Tahiti! I\nstill rest me on thy mat, but the soft soil has slid! I saw thee woven\nin the wood, my mat! green the first day I brought ye thence; now worn\nand wilted quite. Ah me!--not thou nor I can bear the change! How\nthen, if so be transplanted to yon sky? Hear I the roaring streams from\nPirohitee's peak of spears, when they leap down the crags and drown the\nvillages?--The blast! the blast! Up, spine, and meet it! (LEAPS TO HIS\nFEET.)\n\nPORTUGUESE SAILOR. How the sea rolls swashing 'gainst the side! Stand\nby for reefing, hearties! the winds are just crossing swords, pell-mell\nthey'll go lunging presently.\n\nDANISH SAILOR. Crack, crack, old ship! so long as thou crackest, thou\nholdest! Well done! The mate there holds ye to it stiffly. He's no more\nafraid than the isle fort at Cattegat, put there to fight the Baltic\nwith storm-lashed guns, on which the sea-salt cakes!\n\n4TH NANTUCKET SAILOR. He has his orders, mind ye that. I heard old\nAhab tell him he must always kill a squall, something as they burst a\nwaterspout with a pistol--fire your ship right into it!\n\nENGLISH SAILOR. Blood! but that old man's a grand old cove! We are the\nlads to hunt him up his whale!\n\nALL. Aye! aye!\n\nOLD MANX SAILOR. How the three pines shake! Pines are the hardest sort\nof tree to live when shifted to any other soil, and here there's none\nbut the crew's cursed clay. Steady, helmsman! steady. This is the sort\nof weather when brave hearts snap ashore, and keeled hulls split at sea.\nOur captain has his birthmark; look yonder, boys, there's another in the\nsky--lurid-like, ye see, all else pitch black.\n\nDAGGOO. What of that? Who's afraid of black's afraid of me! I'm quarried\nout of it!\n\nSPANISH SAILOR. (ASIDE.) He wants to bully, ah!--the old grudge makes\nme touchy (ADVANCING.) Aye, harpooneer, thy race is the undeniable dark\nside of mankind--devilish dark at that. No offence.\n\nDAGGOO (GRIMLY). None.\n\nST. JAGO'S SAILOR. That Spaniard's mad or drunk. But that can't be, or\nelse in his one case our old Mogul's fire-waters are somewhat long in\nworking.\n\n5TH NANTUCKET SAILOR. What's that I saw--lightning? Yes.\n\nSPANISH SAILOR. No; Daggoo showing his teeth.\n\nDAGGOO (SPRINGING). Swallow thine, mannikin! White skin, white liver!\n\nSPANISH SAILOR (MEETING HIM). Knife thee heartily! big frame, small\nspirit!\n\nALL. A row! a row! a row!\n\nTASHTEGO (WITH A WHIFF). A row a'low, and a row aloft--Gods and\nmen--both brawlers! Humph!\n\nBELFAST SAILOR. A row! arrah a row! The Virgin be blessed, a row! Plunge\nin with ye!\n\nENGLISH SAILOR. Fair play! Snatch the Spaniard's knife! A ring, a ring!\n\nOLD MANX SAILOR. Ready formed. There! the ringed horizon. In that ring\nCain struck Abel. Sweet work, right work! No? Why then, God, mad'st thou\nthe ring?\n\nMATE'S VOICE FROM THE QUARTER-DECK. Hands by the halyards! in\ntop-gallant sails! Stand by to reef topsails!\n\nALL. The squall! the squall! jump, my jollies! (THEY SCATTER.)\n\n\nPIP (SHRINKING UNDER THE WINDLASS). Jollies? Lord help such jollies!\nCrish, crash! there goes the jib-stay! Blang-whang! God! Duck lower,\nPip, here comes the royal yard! It's worse than being in the whirled\nwoods, the last day of the year! Who'd go climbing after chestnuts now?\nBut there they go, all cursing, and here I don't. Fine prospects to 'em;\nthey're on the road to heaven. Hold on hard! Jimmini, what a squall!\nBut those chaps there are worse yet--they are your white squalls, they.\nWhite squalls? white whale, shirr! shirr! Here have I heard all their\nchat just now, and the white whale--shirr! shirr!--but spoken of\nonce! and only this evening--it makes me jingle all over like my\ntambourine--that anaconda of an old man swore 'em in to hunt him! Oh,\nthou big white God aloft there somewhere in yon darkness, have mercy on\nthis small black boy down here; preserve him from all men that have no\nbowels to feel fear!\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 41. Moby Dick.\n\n\nI, Ishmael, was one of that crew; my shouts had gone up with the rest;\nmy oath had been welded with theirs; and stronger I shouted, and more\ndid I hammer and clinch my oath, because of the dread in my soul. A\nwild, mystical, sympathetical feeling was in me; Ahab's quenchless feud\nseemed mine. With greedy ears I learned the history of that murderous\nmonster against whom I and all the others had taken our oaths of\nviolence and revenge.\n\nFor some time past, though at intervals only, the unaccompanied,\nsecluded White Whale had haunted those uncivilized seas mostly\nfrequented by the Sperm Whale fishermen. But not all of them knew of his\nexistence; only a few of them, comparatively, had knowingly seen him;\nwhile the number who as yet had actually and knowingly given battle to\nhim, was small indeed. For, owing to the large number of whale-cruisers;\nthe disorderly way they were sprinkled over the entire watery\ncircumference, many of them adventurously pushing their quest along\nsolitary latitudes, so as seldom or never for a whole twelvemonth or\nmore on a stretch, to encounter a single news-telling sail of any sort;\nthe inordinate length of each separate voyage; the irregularity of the\ntimes of sailing from home; all these, with other circumstances, direct\nand indirect, long obstructed the spread through the whole world-wide\nwhaling-fleet of the special individualizing tidings concerning Moby\nDick. It was hardly to be doubted, that several vessels reported to have\nencountered, at such or such a time, or on such or such a meridian,\na Sperm Whale of uncommon magnitude and malignity, which whale, after\ndoing great mischief to his assailants, had completely escaped them; to\nsome minds it was not an unfair presumption, I say, that the whale in\nquestion must have been no other than Moby Dick. Yet as of late the\nSperm Whale fishery had been marked by various and not unfrequent\ninstances of great ferocity, cunning, and malice in the monster\nattacked; therefore it was, that those who by accident ignorantly gave\nbattle to Moby Dick; such hunters, perhaps, for the most part, were\ncontent to ascribe the peculiar terror he bred, more, as it were, to\nthe perils of the Sperm Whale fishery at large, than to the individual\ncause. In that way, mostly, the disastrous encounter between Ahab and\nthe whale had hitherto been popularly regarded.\n\nAnd as for those who, previously hearing of the White Whale, by chance\ncaught sight of him; in the beginning of the thing they had every one of\nthem, almost, as boldly and fearlessly lowered for him, as for any other\nwhale of that species. But at length, such calamities did ensue in these\nassaults--not restricted to sprained wrists and ankles, broken limbs, or\ndevouring amputations--but fatal to the last degree of fatality; those\nrepeated disastrous repulses, all accumulating and piling their terrors\nupon Moby Dick; those things had gone far to shake the fortitude of many\nbrave hunters, to whom the story of the White Whale had eventually come.\n\nNor did wild rumors of all sorts fail to exaggerate, and still the more\nhorrify the true histories of these deadly encounters. For not only do\nfabulous rumors naturally grow out of the very body of all surprising\nterrible events,--as the smitten tree gives birth to its fungi; but, in\nmaritime life, far more than in that of terra firma, wild rumors abound,\nwherever there is any adequate reality for them to cling to. And as the\nsea surpasses the land in this matter, so the whale fishery surpasses\nevery other sort of maritime life, in the wonderfulness and fearfulness\nof the rumors which sometimes circulate there. For not only are whalemen\nas a body unexempt from that ignorance and superstitiousness hereditary\nto all sailors; but of all sailors, they are by all odds the most\ndirectly brought into contact with whatever is appallingly astonishing\nin the sea; face to face they not only eye its greatest marvels, but,\nhand to jaw, give battle to them. Alone, in such remotest waters, that\nthough you sailed a thousand miles, and passed a thousand shores, you\nwould not come to any chiseled hearth-stone, or aught hospitable beneath\nthat part of the sun; in such latitudes and longitudes, pursuing too\nsuch a calling as he does, the whaleman is wrapped by influences all\ntending to make his fancy pregnant with many a mighty birth.\n\nNo wonder, then, that ever gathering volume from the mere transit over\nthe widest watery spaces, the outblown rumors of the White Whale did\nin the end incorporate with themselves all manner of morbid hints,\nand half-formed foetal suggestions of supernatural agencies, which\neventually invested Moby Dick with new terrors unborrowed from anything\nthat visibly appears. So that in many cases such a panic did he finally\nstrike, that few who by those rumors, at least, had heard of the White\nWhale, few of those hunters were willing to encounter the perils of his\njaw.\n\nBut there were still other and more vital practical influences at work.\nNot even at the present day has the original prestige of the Sperm\nWhale, as fearfully distinguished from all other species of the\nleviathan, died out of the minds of the whalemen as a body. There are\nthose this day among them, who, though intelligent and courageous\nenough in offering battle to the Greenland or Right whale, would\nperhaps--either from professional inexperience, or incompetency, or\ntimidity, decline a contest with the Sperm Whale; at any rate, there are\nplenty of whalemen, especially among those whaling nations not sailing\nunder the American flag, who have never hostilely encountered the Sperm\nWhale, but whose sole knowledge of the leviathan is restricted to\nthe ignoble monster primitively pursued in the North; seated on their\nhatches, these men will hearken with a childish fireside interest\nand awe, to the wild, strange tales of Southern whaling. Nor is the\npre-eminent tremendousness of the great Sperm Whale anywhere more\nfeelingly comprehended, than on board of those prows which stem him.\n\nAnd as if the now tested reality of his might had in former\nlegendary times thrown its shadow before it; we find some book\nnaturalists--Olassen and Povelson--declaring the Sperm Whale not only to\nbe a consternation to every other creature in the sea, but also to be so\nincredibly ferocious as continually to be athirst for human blood. Nor\neven down to so late a time as Cuvier's, were these or almost similar\nimpressions effaced. For in his Natural History, the Baron himself\naffirms that at sight of the Sperm Whale, all fish (sharks included) are\n\"struck with the most lively terrors,\" and \"often in the precipitancy of\ntheir flight dash themselves against the rocks with such violence as to\ncause instantaneous death.\" And however the general experiences in the\nfishery may amend such reports as these; yet in their full terribleness,\neven to the bloodthirsty item of Povelson, the superstitious belief in\nthem is, in some vicissitudes of their vocation, revived in the minds of\nthe hunters.\n\nSo that overawed by the rumors and portents concerning him, not a few of\nthe fishermen recalled, in reference to Moby Dick, the earlier days\nof the Sperm Whale fishery, when it was oftentimes hard to induce long\npractised Right whalemen to embark in the perils of this new and daring\nwarfare; such men protesting that although other leviathans might be\nhopefully pursued, yet to chase and point lance at such an apparition\nas the Sperm Whale was not for mortal man. That to attempt it, would\nbe inevitably to be torn into a quick eternity. On this head, there are\nsome remarkable documents that may be consulted.\n\nNevertheless, some there were, who even in the face of these things\nwere ready to give chase to Moby Dick; and a still greater number who,\nchancing only to hear of him distantly and vaguely, without the\nspecific details of any certain calamity, and without superstitious\naccompaniments, were sufficiently hardy not to flee from the battle if\noffered.\n\nOne of the wild suggestions referred to, as at last coming to be linked\nwith the White Whale in the minds of the superstitiously inclined,\nwas the unearthly conceit that Moby Dick was ubiquitous; that he had\nactually been encountered in opposite latitudes at one and the same\ninstant of time.\n\nNor, credulous as such minds must have been, was this conceit altogether\nwithout some faint show of superstitious probability. For as the secrets\nof the currents in the seas have never yet been divulged, even to\nthe most erudite research; so the hidden ways of the Sperm Whale\nwhen beneath the surface remain, in great part, unaccountable to his\npursuers; and from time to time have originated the most curious and\ncontradictory speculations regarding them, especially concerning the\nmystic modes whereby, after sounding to a great depth, he transports\nhimself with such vast swiftness to the most widely distant points.\n\nIt is a thing well known to both American and English whale-ships, and\nas well a thing placed upon authoritative record years ago by Scoresby,\nthat some whales have been captured far north in the Pacific, in whose\nbodies have been found the barbs of harpoons darted in the Greenland\nseas. Nor is it to be gainsaid, that in some of these instances it has\nbeen declared that the interval of time between the two assaults could\nnot have exceeded very many days. Hence, by inference, it has been\nbelieved by some whalemen, that the Nor' West Passage, so long a problem\nto man, was never a problem to the whale. So that here, in the real\nliving experience of living men, the prodigies related in old times of\nthe inland Strello mountain in Portugal (near whose top there was said\nto be a lake in which the wrecks of ships floated up to the surface);\nand that still more wonderful story of the Arethusa fountain near\nSyracuse (whose waters were believed to have come from the Holy Land\nby an underground passage); these fabulous narrations are almost fully\nequalled by the realities of the whalemen.\n\nForced into familiarity, then, with such prodigies as these; and knowing\nthat after repeated, intrepid assaults, the White Whale had escaped\nalive; it cannot be much matter of surprise that some whalemen should\ngo still further in their superstitions; declaring Moby Dick not only\nubiquitous, but immortal (for immortality is but ubiquity in time); that\nthough groves of spears should be planted in his flanks, he would still\nswim away unharmed; or if indeed he should ever be made to spout thick\nblood, such a sight would be but a ghastly deception; for again in\nunensanguined billows hundreds of leagues away, his unsullied jet would\nonce more be seen.\n\nBut even stripped of these supernatural surmisings, there was enough in\nthe earthly make and incontestable character of the monster to strike\nthe imagination with unwonted power. For, it was not so much his\nuncommon bulk that so much distinguished him from other sperm whales,\nbut, as was elsewhere thrown out--a peculiar snow-white wrinkled\nforehead, and a high, pyramidical white hump. These were his prominent\nfeatures; the tokens whereby, even in the limitless, uncharted seas, he\nrevealed his identity, at a long distance, to those who knew him.\n\nThe rest of his body was so streaked, and spotted, and marbled with\nthe same shrouded hue, that, in the end, he had gained his distinctive\nappellation of the White Whale; a name, indeed, literally justified by\nhis vivid aspect, when seen gliding at high noon through a dark blue\nsea, leaving a milky-way wake of creamy foam, all spangled with golden\ngleamings.\n\nNor was it his unwonted magnitude, nor his remarkable hue, nor yet his\ndeformed lower jaw, that so much invested the whale with natural terror,\nas that unexampled, intelligent malignity which, according to specific\naccounts, he had over and over again evinced in his assaults. More than\nall, his treacherous retreats struck more of dismay than perhaps aught\nelse. For, when swimming before his exulting pursuers, with every\napparent symptom of alarm, he had several times been known to turn\nround suddenly, and, bearing down upon them, either stave their boats to\nsplinters, or drive them back in consternation to their ship.\n\nAlready several fatalities had attended his chase. But though similar\ndisasters, however little bruited ashore, were by no means unusual\nin the fishery; yet, in most instances, such seemed the White Whale's\ninfernal aforethought of ferocity, that every dismembering or death\nthat he caused, was not wholly regarded as having been inflicted by an\nunintelligent agent.\n\nJudge, then, to what pitches of inflamed, distracted fury the minds of\nhis more desperate hunters were impelled, when amid the chips of chewed\nboats, and the sinking limbs of torn comrades, they swam out of the\nwhite curds of the whale's direful wrath into the serene, exasperating\nsunlight, that smiled on, as if at a birth or a bridal.\n\nHis three boats stove around him, and oars and men both whirling in the\neddies; one captain, seizing the line-knife from his broken prow, had\ndashed at the whale, as an Arkansas duellist at his foe, blindly seeking\nwith a six inch blade to reach the fathom-deep life of the whale.\nThat captain was Ahab. And then it was, that suddenly sweeping his\nsickle-shaped lower jaw beneath him, Moby Dick had reaped away Ahab's\nleg, as a mower a blade of grass in the field. No turbaned Turk, no\nhired Venetian or Malay, could have smote him with more seeming malice.\nSmall reason was there to doubt, then, that ever since that almost fatal\nencounter, Ahab had cherished a wild vindictiveness against the whale,\nall the more fell for that in his frantic morbidness he at last came\nto identify with him, not only all his bodily woes, but all his\nintellectual and spiritual exasperations. The White Whale swam before\nhim as the monomaniac incarnation of all those malicious agencies which\nsome deep men feel eating in them, till they are left living on with\nhalf a heart and half a lung. That intangible malignity which has been\nfrom the beginning; to whose dominion even the modern Christians ascribe\none-half of the worlds; which the ancient Ophites of the east reverenced\nin their statue devil;--Ahab did not fall down and worship it like them;\nbut deliriously transferring its idea to the abhorred white whale, he\npitted himself, all mutilated, against it. All that most maddens and\ntorments; all that stirs up the lees of things; all truth with malice\nin it; all that cracks the sinews and cakes the brain; all the subtle\ndemonisms of life and thought; all evil, to crazy Ahab, were visibly\npersonified, and made practically assailable in Moby Dick. He piled upon\nthe whale's white hump the sum of all the general rage and hate felt\nby his whole race from Adam down; and then, as if his chest had been a\nmortar, he burst his hot heart's shell upon it.\n\nIt is not probable that this monomania in him took its instant rise at\nthe precise time of his bodily dismemberment. Then, in darting at the\nmonster, knife in hand, he had but given loose to a sudden, passionate,\ncorporal animosity; and when he received the stroke that tore him, he\nprobably but felt the agonizing bodily laceration, but nothing more.\nYet, when by this collision forced to turn towards home, and for long\nmonths of days and weeks, Ahab and anguish lay stretched together in one\nhammock, rounding in mid winter that dreary, howling Patagonian Cape;\nthen it was, that his torn body and gashed soul bled into one another;\nand so interfusing, made him mad. That it was only then, on the homeward\nvoyage, after the encounter, that the final monomania seized him, seems\nall but certain from the fact that, at intervals during the passage,\nhe was a raving lunatic; and, though unlimbed of a leg, yet such vital\nstrength yet lurked in his Egyptian chest, and was moreover intensified\nby his delirium, that his mates were forced to lace him fast, even\nthere, as he sailed, raving in his hammock. In a strait-jacket, he swung\nto the mad rockings of the gales. And, when running into more sufferable\nlatitudes, the ship, with mild stun'sails spread, floated across the\ntranquil tropics, and, to all appearances, the old man's delirium seemed\nleft behind him with the Cape Horn swells, and he came forth from his\ndark den into the blessed light and air; even then, when he bore that\nfirm, collected front, however pale, and issued his calm orders once\nagain; and his mates thanked God the direful madness was now gone; even\nthen, Ahab, in his hidden self, raved on. Human madness is oftentimes a\ncunning and most feline thing. When you think it fled, it may have but\nbecome transfigured into some still subtler form. Ahab's full lunacy\nsubsided not, but deepeningly contracted; like the unabated Hudson,\nwhen that noble Northman flows narrowly, but unfathomably through the\nHighland gorge. But, as in his narrow-flowing monomania, not one jot of\nAhab's broad madness had been left behind; so in that broad madness, not\none jot of his great natural intellect had perished. That before living\nagent, now became the living instrument. If such a furious trope may\nstand, his special lunacy stormed his general sanity, and carried it,\nand turned all its concentred cannon upon its own mad mark; so that far\nfrom having lost his strength, Ahab, to that one end, did now possess a\nthousand fold more potency than ever he had sanely brought to bear upon\nany one reasonable object.\n\nThis is much; yet Ahab's larger, darker, deeper part remains unhinted.\nBut vain to popularize profundities, and all truth is profound. Winding\nfar down from within the very heart of this spiked Hotel de Cluny where\nwe here stand--however grand and wonderful, now quit it;--and take your\nway, ye nobler, sadder souls, to those vast Roman halls of Thermes;\nwhere far beneath the fantastic towers of man's upper earth, his root\nof grandeur, his whole awful essence sits in bearded state; an antique\nburied beneath antiquities, and throned on torsoes! So with a broken\nthrone, the great gods mock that captive king; so like a Caryatid, he\npatient sits, upholding on his frozen brow the piled entablatures of\nages. Wind ye down there, ye prouder, sadder souls! question that proud,\nsad king! A family likeness! aye, he did beget ye, ye young exiled\nroyalties; and from your grim sire only will the old State-secret come.\n\nNow, in his heart, Ahab had some glimpse of this, namely: all my means\nare sane, my motive and my object mad. Yet without power to kill, or\nchange, or shun the fact; he likewise knew that to mankind he did long\ndissemble; in some sort, did still. But that thing of his dissembling\nwas only subject to his perceptibility, not to his will determinate.\nNevertheless, so well did he succeed in that dissembling, that when\nwith ivory leg he stepped ashore at last, no Nantucketer thought him\notherwise than but naturally grieved, and that to the quick, with the\nterrible casualty which had overtaken him.\n\nThe report of his undeniable delirium at sea was likewise popularly\nascribed to a kindred cause. And so too, all the added moodiness which\nalways afterwards, to the very day of sailing in the Pequod on the\npresent voyage, sat brooding on his brow. Nor is it so very unlikely,\nthat far from distrusting his fitness for another whaling voyage, on\naccount of such dark symptoms, the calculating people of that prudent\nisle were inclined to harbor the conceit, that for those very reasons he\nwas all the better qualified and set on edge, for a pursuit so full\nof rage and wildness as the bloody hunt of whales. Gnawed within and\nscorched without, with the infixed, unrelenting fangs of some incurable\nidea; such an one, could he be found, would seem the very man to dart\nhis iron and lift his lance against the most appalling of all brutes.\nOr, if for any reason thought to be corporeally incapacitated for that,\nyet such an one would seem superlatively competent to cheer and howl on\nhis underlings to the attack. But be all this as it may, certain it is,\nthat with the mad secret of his unabated rage bolted up and keyed in\nhim, Ahab had purposely sailed upon the present voyage with the one only\nand all-engrossing object of hunting the White Whale. Had any one of his\nold acquaintances on shore but half dreamed of what was lurking in him\nthen, how soon would their aghast and righteous souls have wrenched the\nship from such a fiendish man! They were bent on profitable cruises, the\nprofit to be counted down in dollars from the mint. He was intent on an\naudacious, immitigable, and supernatural revenge.\n\nHere, then, was this grey-headed, ungodly old man, chasing with curses a\nJob's whale round the world, at the head of a crew, too, chiefly made\nup of mongrel renegades, and castaways, and cannibals--morally enfeebled\nalso, by the incompetence of mere unaided virtue or right-mindedness in\nStarbuck, the invulnerable jollity of indifference and recklessness in\nStubb, and the pervading mediocrity in Flask. Such a crew, so officered,\nseemed specially picked and packed by some infernal fatality to help him\nto his monomaniac revenge. How it was that they so aboundingly responded\nto the old man's ire--by what evil magic their souls were possessed,\nthat at times his hate seemed almost theirs; the White Whale as much\ntheir insufferable foe as his; how all this came to be--what the White\nWhale was to them, or how to their unconscious understandings, also, in\nsome dim, unsuspected way, he might have seemed the gliding great demon\nof the seas of life,--all this to explain, would be to dive deeper than\nIshmael can go. The subterranean miner that works in us all, how can one\ntell whither leads his shaft by the ever shifting, muffled sound of his\npick? Who does not feel the irresistible arm drag? What skiff in tow\nof a seventy-four can stand still? For one, I gave myself up to the\nabandonment of the time and the place; but while yet all a-rush to\nencounter the whale, could see naught in that brute but the deadliest\nill.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 42. The Whiteness of The Whale.\n\n\nWhat the white whale was to Ahab, has been hinted; what, at times, he\nwas to me, as yet remains unsaid.\n\nAside from those more obvious considerations touching Moby Dick, which\ncould not but occasionally awaken in any man's soul some alarm, there\nwas another thought, or rather vague, nameless horror concerning him,\nwhich at times by its intensity completely overpowered all the rest; and\nyet so mystical and well nigh ineffable was it, that I almost despair of\nputting it in a comprehensible form. It was the whiteness of the whale\nthat above all things appalled me. But how can I hope to explain myself\nhere; and yet, in some dim, random way, explain myself I must, else all\nthese chapters might be naught.\n\nThough in many natural objects, whiteness refiningly enhances beauty, as\nif imparting some special virtue of its own, as in marbles, japonicas,\nand pearls; and though various nations have in some way recognised a\ncertain royal preeminence in this hue; even the barbaric, grand old\nkings of Pegu placing the title \"Lord of the White Elephants\" above all\ntheir other magniloquent ascriptions of dominion; and the modern kings\nof Siam unfurling the same snow-white quadruped in the royal standard;\nand the Hanoverian flag bearing the one figure of a snow-white charger;\nand the great Austrian Empire, Caesarian, heir to overlording Rome,\nhaving for the imperial colour the same imperial hue; and though this\npre-eminence in it applies to the human race itself, giving the white\nman ideal mastership over every dusky tribe; and though, besides, all\nthis, whiteness has been even made significant of gladness, for among\nthe Romans a white stone marked a joyful day; and though in other mortal\nsympathies and symbolizings, this same hue is made the emblem of many\ntouching, noble things--the innocence of brides, the benignity of age;\nthough among the Red Men of America the giving of the white belt\nof wampum was the deepest pledge of honour; though in many climes,\nwhiteness typifies the majesty of Justice in the ermine of the Judge,\nand contributes to the daily state of kings and queens drawn by\nmilk-white steeds; though even in the higher mysteries of the most\naugust religions it has been made the symbol of the divine spotlessness\nand power; by the Persian fire worshippers, the white forked flame being\nheld the holiest on the altar; and in the Greek mythologies, Great Jove\nhimself being made incarnate in a snow-white bull; and though to the\nnoble Iroquois, the midwinter sacrifice of the sacred White Dog was\nby far the holiest festival of their theology, that spotless, faithful\ncreature being held the purest envoy they could send to the Great Spirit\nwith the annual tidings of their own fidelity; and though directly from\nthe Latin word for white, all Christian priests derive the name of\none part of their sacred vesture, the alb or tunic, worn beneath the\ncassock; and though among the holy pomps of the Romish faith, white is\nspecially employed in the celebration of the Passion of our Lord; though\nin the Vision of St. John, white robes are given to the redeemed, and\nthe four-and-twenty elders stand clothed in white before the great-white\nthrone, and the Holy One that sitteth there white like wool; yet for all\nthese accumulated associations, with whatever is sweet, and honourable,\nand sublime, there yet lurks an elusive something in the innermost idea\nof this hue, which strikes more of panic to the soul than that redness\nwhich affrights in blood.\n\nThis elusive quality it is, which causes the thought of whiteness, when\ndivorced from more kindly associations, and coupled with any object\nterrible in itself, to heighten that terror to the furthest bounds.\nWitness the white bear of the poles, and the white shark of the tropics;\nwhat but their smooth, flaky whiteness makes them the transcendent\nhorrors they are? That ghastly whiteness it is which imparts such an\nabhorrent mildness, even more loathsome than terrific, to the dumb\ngloating of their aspect. So that not the fierce-fanged tiger in his\nheraldic coat can so stagger courage as the white-shrouded bear or\nshark.*\n\n\n*With reference to the Polar bear, it may possibly be urged by him\nwho would fain go still deeper into this matter, that it is not\nthe whiteness, separately regarded, which heightens the intolerable\nhideousness of that brute; for, analysed, that heightened hideousness,\nit might be said, only rises from the circumstance, that the\nirresponsible ferociousness of the creature stands invested in the\nfleece of celestial innocence and love; and hence, by bringing together\ntwo such opposite emotions in our minds, the Polar bear frightens us\nwith so unnatural a contrast. But even assuming all this to be true;\nyet, were it not for the whiteness, you would not have that intensified\nterror.\n\nAs for the white shark, the white gliding ghostliness of repose in that\ncreature, when beheld in his ordinary moods, strangely tallies with the\nsame quality in the Polar quadruped. This peculiarity is most vividly\nhit by the French in the name they bestow upon that fish. The Romish\nmass for the dead begins with \"Requiem eternam\" (eternal rest), whence\nREQUIEM denominating the mass itself, and any other funeral music. Now,\nin allusion to the white, silent stillness of death in this shark, and\nthe mild deadliness of his habits, the French call him REQUIN.\n\n\nBethink thee of the albatross, whence come those clouds of spiritual\nwonderment and pale dread, in which that white phantom sails in all\nimaginations? Not Coleridge first threw that spell; but God's great,\nunflattering laureate, Nature.*\n\n\n*I remember the first albatross I ever saw. It was during a prolonged\ngale, in waters hard upon the Antarctic seas. From my forenoon watch\nbelow, I ascended to the overclouded deck; and there, dashed upon the\nmain hatches, I saw a regal, feathery thing of unspotted whiteness, and\nwith a hooked, Roman bill sublime. At intervals, it arched forth\nits vast archangel wings, as if to embrace some holy ark. Wondrous\nflutterings and throbbings shook it. Though bodily unharmed, it uttered\ncries, as some king's ghost in supernatural distress. Through its\ninexpressible, strange eyes, methought I peeped to secrets which took\nhold of God. As Abraham before the angels, I bowed myself; the white\nthing was so white, its wings so wide, and in those for ever exiled\nwaters, I had lost the miserable warping memories of traditions and of\ntowns. Long I gazed at that prodigy of plumage. I cannot tell, can only\nhint, the things that darted through me then. But at last I awoke; and\nturning, asked a sailor what bird was this. A goney, he replied. Goney!\nnever had heard that name before; is it conceivable that this glorious\nthing is utterly unknown to men ashore! never! But some time after, I\nlearned that goney was some seaman's name for albatross. So that by no\npossibility could Coleridge's wild Rhyme have had aught to do with those\nmystical impressions which were mine, when I saw that bird upon our\ndeck. For neither had I then read the Rhyme, nor knew the bird to be\nan albatross. Yet, in saying this, I do but indirectly burnish a little\nbrighter the noble merit of the poem and the poet.\n\nI assert, then, that in the wondrous bodily whiteness of the bird\nchiefly lurks the secret of the spell; a truth the more evinced in this,\nthat by a solecism of terms there are birds called grey albatrosses;\nand these I have frequently seen, but never with such emotions as when I\nbeheld the Antarctic fowl.\n\nBut how had the mystic thing been caught? Whisper it not, and I will\ntell; with a treacherous hook and line, as the fowl floated on the sea.\nAt last the Captain made a postman of it; tying a lettered, leathern\ntally round its neck, with the ship's time and place; and then letting\nit escape. But I doubt not, that leathern tally, meant for man, was\ntaken off in Heaven, when the white fowl flew to join the wing-folding,\nthe invoking, and adoring cherubim!\n\n\nMost famous in our Western annals and Indian traditions is that of\nthe White Steed of the Prairies; a magnificent milk-white charger,\nlarge-eyed, small-headed, bluff-chested, and with the dignity of a\nthousand monarchs in his lofty, overscorning carriage. He was the\nelected Xerxes of vast herds of wild horses, whose pastures in those\ndays were only fenced by the Rocky Mountains and the Alleghanies. At\ntheir flaming head he westward trooped it like that chosen star which\nevery evening leads on the hosts of light. The flashing cascade of his\nmane, the curving comet of his tail, invested him with housings more\nresplendent than gold and silver-beaters could have furnished him. A\nmost imperial and archangelical apparition of that unfallen, western\nworld, which to the eyes of the old trappers and hunters revived the\nglories of those primeval times when Adam walked majestic as a god,\nbluff-browed and fearless as this mighty steed. Whether marching amid\nhis aides and marshals in the van of countless cohorts that endlessly\nstreamed it over the plains, like an Ohio; or whether with his\ncircumambient subjects browsing all around at the horizon, the White\nSteed gallopingly reviewed them with warm nostrils reddening through his\ncool milkiness; in whatever aspect he presented himself, always to the\nbravest Indians he was the object of trembling reverence and awe. Nor\ncan it be questioned from what stands on legendary record of this noble\nhorse, that it was his spiritual whiteness chiefly, which so clothed him\nwith divineness; and that this divineness had that in it which, though\ncommanding worship, at the same time enforced a certain nameless terror.\n\nBut there are other instances where this whiteness loses all that\naccessory and strange glory which invests it in the White Steed and\nAlbatross.\n\nWhat is it that in the Albino man so peculiarly repels and often shocks\nthe eye, as that sometimes he is loathed by his own kith and kin! It\nis that whiteness which invests him, a thing expressed by the name\nhe bears. The Albino is as well made as other men--has no substantive\ndeformity--and yet this mere aspect of all-pervading whiteness makes him\nmore strangely hideous than the ugliest abortion. Why should this be so?\n\nNor, in quite other aspects, does Nature in her least palpable but\nnot the less malicious agencies, fail to enlist among her forces\nthis crowning attribute of the terrible. From its snowy aspect, the\ngauntleted ghost of the Southern Seas has been denominated the White\nSquall. Nor, in some historic instances, has the art of human malice\nomitted so potent an auxiliary. How wildly it heightens the effect of\nthat passage in Froissart, when, masked in the snowy symbol of their\nfaction, the desperate White Hoods of Ghent murder their bailiff in the\nmarket-place!\n\nNor, in some things, does the common, hereditary experience of all\nmankind fail to bear witness to the supernaturalism of this hue. It\ncannot well be doubted, that the one visible quality in the aspect of\nthe dead which most appals the gazer, is the marble pallor lingering\nthere; as if indeed that pallor were as much like the badge of\nconsternation in the other world, as of mortal trepidation here. And\nfrom that pallor of the dead, we borrow the expressive hue of the shroud\nin which we wrap them. Nor even in our superstitions do we fail to\nthrow the same snowy mantle round our phantoms; all ghosts rising in a\nmilk-white fog--Yea, while these terrors seize us, let us add, that even\nthe king of terrors, when personified by the evangelist, rides on his\npallid horse.\n\nTherefore, in his other moods, symbolize whatever grand or gracious\nthing he will by whiteness, no man can deny that in its profoundest\nidealized significance it calls up a peculiar apparition to the soul.\n\nBut though without dissent this point be fixed, how is mortal man to\naccount for it? To analyse it, would seem impossible. Can we, then,\nby the citation of some of those instances wherein this thing of\nwhiteness--though for the time either wholly or in great part stripped\nof all direct associations calculated to impart to it aught fearful,\nbut nevertheless, is found to exert over us the same sorcery, however\nmodified;--can we thus hope to light upon some chance clue to conduct us\nto the hidden cause we seek?\n\nLet us try. But in a matter like this, subtlety appeals to subtlety,\nand without imagination no man can follow another into these halls. And\nthough, doubtless, some at least of the imaginative impressions about\nto be presented may have been shared by most men, yet few perhaps were\nentirely conscious of them at the time, and therefore may not be able to\nrecall them now.\n\nWhy to the man of untutored ideality, who happens to be but loosely\nacquainted with the peculiar character of the day, does the bare mention\nof Whitsuntide marshal in the fancy such long, dreary, speechless\nprocessions of slow-pacing pilgrims, down-cast and hooded with\nnew-fallen snow? Or, to the unread, unsophisticated Protestant of the\nMiddle American States, why does the passing mention of a White Friar or\na White Nun, evoke such an eyeless statue in the soul?\n\nOr what is there apart from the traditions of dungeoned warriors and\nkings (which will not wholly account for it) that makes the White\nTower of London tell so much more strongly on the imagination of\nan untravelled American, than those other storied structures, its\nneighbors--the Byward Tower, or even the Bloody? And those sublimer\ntowers, the White Mountains of New Hampshire, whence, in peculiar moods,\ncomes that gigantic ghostliness over the soul at the bare mention of\nthat name, while the thought of Virginia's Blue Ridge is full of a soft,\ndewy, distant dreaminess? Or why, irrespective of all latitudes and\nlongitudes, does the name of the White Sea exert such a spectralness\nover the fancy, while that of the Yellow Sea lulls us with mortal\nthoughts of long lacquered mild afternoons on the waves, followed by\nthe gaudiest and yet sleepiest of sunsets? Or, to choose a wholly\nunsubstantial instance, purely addressed to the fancy, why, in reading\nthe old fairy tales of Central Europe, does \"the tall pale man\" of the\nHartz forests, whose changeless pallor unrustlingly glides through the\ngreen of the groves--why is this phantom more terrible than all the\nwhooping imps of the Blocksburg?\n\nNor is it, altogether, the remembrance of her cathedral-toppling\nearthquakes; nor the stampedoes of her frantic seas; nor the\ntearlessness of arid skies that never rain; nor the sight of her wide\nfield of leaning spires, wrenched cope-stones, and crosses all adroop\n(like canted yards of anchored fleets); and her suburban avenues of\nhouse-walls lying over upon each other, as a tossed pack of cards;--it\nis not these things alone which make tearless Lima, the strangest,\nsaddest city thou can'st see. For Lima has taken the white veil; and\nthere is a higher horror in this whiteness of her woe. Old as Pizarro,\nthis whiteness keeps her ruins for ever new; admits not the cheerful\ngreenness of complete decay; spreads over her broken ramparts the rigid\npallor of an apoplexy that fixes its own distortions.\n\nI know that, to the common apprehension, this phenomenon of whiteness\nis not confessed to be the prime agent in exaggerating the terror of\nobjects otherwise terrible; nor to the unimaginative mind is there aught\nof terror in those appearances whose awfulness to another mind almost\nsolely consists in this one phenomenon, especially when exhibited under\nany form at all approaching to muteness or universality. What I mean\nby these two statements may perhaps be respectively elucidated by the\nfollowing examples.\n\nFirst: The mariner, when drawing nigh the coasts of foreign lands, if by\nnight he hear the roar of breakers, starts to vigilance, and feels just\nenough of trepidation to sharpen all his faculties; but under precisely\nsimilar circumstances, let him be called from his hammock to view his\nship sailing through a midnight sea of milky whiteness--as if from\nencircling headlands shoals of combed white bears were swimming round\nhim, then he feels a silent, superstitious dread; the shrouded phantom\nof the whitened waters is horrible to him as a real ghost; in vain the\nlead assures him he is still off soundings; heart and helm they both go\ndown; he never rests till blue water is under him again. Yet where is\nthe mariner who will tell thee, \"Sir, it was not so much the fear of\nstriking hidden rocks, as the fear of that hideous whiteness that so\nstirred me?\"\n\nSecond: To the native Indian of Peru, the continual sight of the\nsnowhowdahed Andes conveys naught of dread, except, perhaps, in the\nmere fancying of the eternal frosted desolateness reigning at such vast\naltitudes, and the natural conceit of what a fearfulness it would be\nto lose oneself in such inhuman solitudes. Much the same is it with the\nbackwoodsman of the West, who with comparative indifference views an\nunbounded prairie sheeted with driven snow, no shadow of tree or twig\nto break the fixed trance of whiteness. Not so the sailor, beholding the\nscenery of the Antarctic seas; where at times, by some infernal trick\nof legerdemain in the powers of frost and air, he, shivering and half\nshipwrecked, instead of rainbows speaking hope and solace to his misery,\nviews what seems a boundless churchyard grinning upon him with its lean\nice monuments and splintered crosses.\n\nBut thou sayest, methinks that white-lead chapter about whiteness is but\na white flag hung out from a craven soul; thou surrenderest to a hypo,\nIshmael.\n\nTell me, why this strong young colt, foaled in some peaceful valley of\nVermont, far removed from all beasts of prey--why is it that upon the\nsunniest day, if you but shake a fresh buffalo robe behind him, so that\nhe cannot even see it, but only smells its wild animal muskiness--why\nwill he start, snort, and with bursting eyes paw the ground in phrensies\nof affright? There is no remembrance in him of any gorings of wild\ncreatures in his green northern home, so that the strange muskiness he\nsmells cannot recall to him anything associated with the experience of\nformer perils; for what knows he, this New England colt, of the black\nbisons of distant Oregon?\n\nNo; but here thou beholdest even in a dumb brute, the instinct of the\nknowledge of the demonism in the world. Though thousands of miles from\nOregon, still when he smells that savage musk, the rending, goring bison\nherds are as present as to the deserted wild foal of the prairies, which\nthis instant they may be trampling into dust.\n\nThus, then, the muffled rollings of a milky sea; the bleak rustlings\nof the festooned frosts of mountains; the desolate shiftings of the\nwindrowed snows of prairies; all these, to Ishmael, are as the shaking\nof that buffalo robe to the frightened colt!\n\nThough neither knows where lie the nameless things of which the mystic\nsign gives forth such hints; yet with me, as with the colt, somewhere\nthose things must exist. Though in many of its aspects this visible\nworld seems formed in love, the invisible spheres were formed in fright.\n\nBut not yet have we solved the incantation of this whiteness, and\nlearned why it appeals with such power to the soul; and more strange\nand far more portentous--why, as we have seen, it is at once the\nmost meaning symbol of spiritual things, nay, the very veil of the\nChristian's Deity; and yet should be as it is, the intensifying agent in\nthings the most appalling to mankind.\n\nIs it that by its indefiniteness it shadows forth the heartless voids\nand immensities of the universe, and thus stabs us from behind with the\nthought of annihilation, when beholding the white depths of the milky\nway? Or is it, that as in essence whiteness is not so much a colour as\nthe visible absence of colour; and at the same time the concrete of all\ncolours; is it for these reasons that there is such a dumb blankness,\nfull of meaning, in a wide landscape of snows--a colourless, all-colour\nof atheism from which we shrink? And when we consider that other theory\nof the natural philosophers, that all other earthly hues--every stately\nor lovely emblazoning--the sweet tinges of sunset skies and woods; yea,\nand the gilded velvets of butterflies, and the butterfly cheeks of\nyoung girls; all these are but subtile deceits, not actually inherent\nin substances, but only laid on from without; so that all deified Nature\nabsolutely paints like the harlot, whose allurements cover nothing but\nthe charnel-house within; and when we proceed further, and consider that\nthe mystical cosmetic which produces every one of her hues, the great\nprinciple of light, for ever remains white or colourless in itself, and\nif operating without medium upon matter, would touch all objects, even\ntulips and roses, with its own blank tinge--pondering all this, the\npalsied universe lies before us a leper; and like wilful travellers in\nLapland, who refuse to wear coloured and colouring glasses upon their\neyes, so the wretched infidel gazes himself blind at the monumental\nwhite shroud that wraps all the prospect around him. And of all these\nthings the Albino whale was the symbol. Wonder ye then at the fiery\nhunt?\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 43. Hark!\n\n\n\"HIST! Did you hear that noise, Cabaco?\"\n\nIt was the middle-watch; a fair moonlight; the seamen were standing in a\ncordon, extending from one of the fresh-water butts in the waist, to the\nscuttle-butt near the taffrail. In this manner, they passed the buckets\nto fill the scuttle-butt. Standing, for the most part, on the hallowed\nprecincts of the quarter-deck, they were careful not to speak or rustle\ntheir feet. From hand to hand, the buckets went in the deepest silence,\nonly broken by the occasional flap of a sail, and the steady hum of the\nunceasingly advancing keel.\n\nIt was in the midst of this repose, that Archy, one of the cordon, whose\npost was near the after-hatches, whispered to his neighbor, a Cholo, the\nwords above.\n\n\"Hist! did you hear that noise, Cabaco?\"\n\n\"Take the bucket, will ye, Archy? what noise d'ye mean?\"\n\n\"There it is again--under the hatches--don't you hear it--a cough--it\nsounded like a cough.\"\n\n\"Cough be damned! Pass along that return bucket.\"\n\n\"There again--there it is!--it sounds like two or three sleepers turning\nover, now!\"\n\n\"Caramba! have done, shipmate, will ye? It's the three soaked biscuits\nye eat for supper turning over inside of ye--nothing else. Look to the\nbucket!\"\n\n\"Say what ye will, shipmate; I've sharp ears.\"\n\n\"Aye, you are the chap, ain't ye, that heard the hum of the old\nQuakeress's knitting-needles fifty miles at sea from Nantucket; you're\nthe chap.\"\n\n\"Grin away; we'll see what turns up. Hark ye, Cabaco, there is somebody\ndown in the after-hold that has not yet been seen on deck; and I suspect\nour old Mogul knows something of it too. I heard Stubb tell Flask, one\nmorning watch, that there was something of that sort in the wind.\"\n\n\"Tish! the bucket!\"\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 44. The Chart.\n\n\nHad you followed Captain Ahab down into his cabin after the squall that\ntook place on the night succeeding that wild ratification of his purpose\nwith his crew, you would have seen him go to a locker in the transom,\nand bringing out a large wrinkled roll of yellowish sea charts, spread\nthem before him on his screwed-down table. Then seating himself before\nit, you would have seen him intently study the various lines and\nshadings which there met his eye; and with slow but steady pencil trace\nadditional courses over spaces that before were blank. At intervals, he\nwould refer to piles of old log-books beside him, wherein were set down\nthe seasons and places in which, on various former voyages of various\nships, sperm whales had been captured or seen.\n\nWhile thus employed, the heavy pewter lamp suspended in chains over his\nhead, continually rocked with the motion of the ship, and for ever threw\nshifting gleams and shadows of lines upon his wrinkled brow, till it\nalmost seemed that while he himself was marking out lines and courses\non the wrinkled charts, some invisible pencil was also tracing lines and\ncourses upon the deeply marked chart of his forehead.\n\nBut it was not this night in particular that, in the solitude of his\ncabin, Ahab thus pondered over his charts. Almost every night they were\nbrought out; almost every night some pencil marks were effaced, and\nothers were substituted. For with the charts of all four oceans before\nhim, Ahab was threading a maze of currents and eddies, with a view to\nthe more certain accomplishment of that monomaniac thought of his soul.\n\nNow, to any one not fully acquainted with the ways of the leviathans,\nit might seem an absurdly hopeless task thus to seek out one solitary\ncreature in the unhooped oceans of this planet. But not so did it\nseem to Ahab, who knew the sets of all tides and currents; and thereby\ncalculating the driftings of the sperm whale's food; and, also, calling\nto mind the regular, ascertained seasons for hunting him in particular\nlatitudes; could arrive at reasonable surmises, almost approaching to\ncertainties, concerning the timeliest day to be upon this or that ground\nin search of his prey.\n\nSo assured, indeed, is the fact concerning the periodicalness of the\nsperm whale's resorting to given waters, that many hunters believe that,\ncould he be closely observed and studied throughout the world; were the\nlogs for one voyage of the entire whale fleet carefully collated,\nthen the migrations of the sperm whale would be found to correspond in\ninvariability to those of the herring-shoals or the flights of swallows.\nOn this hint, attempts have been made to construct elaborate migratory\ncharts of the sperm whale.*\n\n     *Since the above was written, the statement is happily borne\n     out by an official circular, issued by Lieutenant Maury, of\n     the National Observatory, Washington, April 16th, 1851. By\n     that circular, it appears that precisely such a chart is in\n     course of completion; and portions of it are presented in\n     the circular. \"This chart divides the ocean into districts\n     of five degrees of latitude by five degrees of longitude;\n     perpendicularly through each of which districts are twelve\n     columns for the twelve months; and horizontally through each\n     of which districts are three lines; one to show the number\n     of days that have been spent in each month in every\n     district, and the two others to show the number of days in\n     which whales, sperm or right, have been seen.\"\n\nBesides, when making a passage from one feeding-ground to another, the\nsperm whales, guided by some infallible instinct--say, rather, secret\nintelligence from the Deity--mostly swim in VEINS, as they are called;\ncontinuing their way along a given ocean-line with such undeviating\nexactitude, that no ship ever sailed her course, by any chart, with\none tithe of such marvellous precision. Though, in these cases, the\ndirection taken by any one whale be straight as a surveyor's parallel,\nand though the line of advance be strictly confined to its own\nunavoidable, straight wake, yet the arbitrary VEIN in which at these\ntimes he is said to swim, generally embraces some few miles in width\n(more or less, as the vein is presumed to expand or contract); but\nnever exceeds the visual sweep from the whale-ship's mast-heads,\nwhen circumspectly gliding along this magic zone. The sum is, that at\nparticular seasons within that breadth and along that path, migrating\nwhales may with great confidence be looked for.\n\nAnd hence not only at substantiated times, upon well known separate\nfeeding-grounds, could Ahab hope to encounter his prey; but in crossing\nthe widest expanses of water between those grounds he could, by his\nart, so place and time himself on his way, as even then not to be wholly\nwithout prospect of a meeting.\n\nThere was a circumstance which at first sight seemed to entangle his\ndelirious but still methodical scheme. But not so in the reality,\nperhaps. Though the gregarious sperm whales have their regular seasons\nfor particular grounds, yet in general you cannot conclude that the\nherds which haunted such and such a latitude or longitude this year,\nsay, will turn out to be identically the same with those that were found\nthere the preceding season; though there are peculiar and unquestionable\ninstances where the contrary of this has proved true. In general, the\nsame remark, only within a less wide limit, applies to the solitaries\nand hermits among the matured, aged sperm whales. So that though Moby\nDick had in a former year been seen, for example, on what is called the\nSeychelle ground in the Indian ocean, or Volcano Bay on the Japanese\nCoast; yet it did not follow, that were the Pequod to visit either of\nthose spots at any subsequent corresponding season, she would infallibly\nencounter him there. So, too, with some other feeding grounds, where\nhe had at times revealed himself. But all these seemed only his casual\nstopping-places and ocean-inns, so to speak, not his places of prolonged\nabode. And where Ahab's chances of accomplishing his object have\nhitherto been spoken of, allusion has only been made to whatever\nway-side, antecedent, extra prospects were his, ere a particular\nset time or place were attained, when all possibilities would become\nprobabilities, and, as Ahab fondly thought, every possibility the next\nthing to a certainty. That particular set time and place were conjoined\nin the one technical phrase--the Season-on-the-Line. For there and then,\nfor several consecutive years, Moby Dick had been periodically descried,\nlingering in those waters for awhile, as the sun, in its annual round,\nloiters for a predicted interval in any one sign of the Zodiac. There\nit was, too, that most of the deadly encounters with the white whale had\ntaken place; there the waves were storied with his deeds; there also was\nthat tragic spot where the monomaniac old man had found the awful motive\nto his vengeance. But in the cautious comprehensiveness and unloitering\nvigilance with which Ahab threw his brooding soul into this unfaltering\nhunt, he would not permit himself to rest all his hopes upon the one\ncrowning fact above mentioned, however flattering it might be to those\nhopes; nor in the sleeplessness of his vow could he so tranquillize his\nunquiet heart as to postpone all intervening quest.\n\nNow, the Pequod had sailed from Nantucket at the very beginning of the\nSeason-on-the-Line. No possible endeavor then could enable her commander\nto make the great passage southwards, double Cape Horn, and then running\ndown sixty degrees of latitude arrive in the equatorial Pacific in time\nto cruise there. Therefore, he must wait for the next ensuing season.\nYet the premature hour of the Pequod's sailing had, perhaps, been\ncorrectly selected by Ahab, with a view to this very complexion of\nthings. Because, an interval of three hundred and sixty-five days\nand nights was before him; an interval which, instead of impatiently\nenduring ashore, he would spend in a miscellaneous hunt; if by chance\nthe White Whale, spending his vacation in seas far remote from his\nperiodical feeding-grounds, should turn up his wrinkled brow off the\nPersian Gulf, or in the Bengal Bay, or China Seas, or in any other\nwaters haunted by his race. So that Monsoons, Pampas, Nor'-Westers,\nHarmattans, Trades; any wind but the Levanter and Simoon, might\nblow Moby Dick into the devious zig-zag world-circle of the Pequod's\ncircumnavigating wake.\n\nBut granting all this; yet, regarded discreetly and coolly, seems it not\nbut a mad idea, this; that in the broad boundless ocean, one solitary\nwhale, even if encountered, should be thought capable of individual\nrecognition from his hunter, even as a white-bearded Mufti in the\nthronged thoroughfares of Constantinople? Yes. For the peculiar\nsnow-white brow of Moby Dick, and his snow-white hump, could not but\nbe unmistakable. And have I not tallied the whale, Ahab would mutter\nto himself, as after poring over his charts till long after midnight he\nwould throw himself back in reveries--tallied him, and shall he escape?\nHis broad fins are bored, and scalloped out like a lost sheep's ear! And\nhere, his mad mind would run on in a breathless race; till a weariness\nand faintness of pondering came over him; and in the open air of the\ndeck he would seek to recover his strength. Ah, God! what trances\nof torments does that man endure who is consumed with one unachieved\nrevengeful desire. He sleeps with clenched hands; and wakes with his own\nbloody nails in his palms.\n\nOften, when forced from his hammock by exhausting and intolerably vivid\ndreams of the night, which, resuming his own intense thoughts through\nthe day, carried them on amid a clashing of phrensies, and whirled them\nround and round and round in his blazing brain, till the very throbbing\nof his life-spot became insufferable anguish; and when, as was sometimes\nthe case, these spiritual throes in him heaved his being up from its\nbase, and a chasm seemed opening in him, from which forked flames and\nlightnings shot up, and accursed fiends beckoned him to leap down among\nthem; when this hell in himself yawned beneath him, a wild cry would be\nheard through the ship; and with glaring eyes Ahab would burst from his\nstate room, as though escaping from a bed that was on fire. Yet these,\nperhaps, instead of being the unsuppressable symptoms of some latent\nweakness, or fright at his own resolve, were but the plainest tokens\nof its intensity. For, at such times, crazy Ahab, the scheming,\nunappeasedly steadfast hunter of the white whale; this Ahab that had\ngone to his hammock, was not the agent that so caused him to burst from\nit in horror again. The latter was the eternal, living principle or\nsoul in him; and in sleep, being for the time dissociated from the\ncharacterizing mind, which at other times employed it for its outer\nvehicle or agent, it spontaneously sought escape from the scorching\ncontiguity of the frantic thing, of which, for the time, it was no\nlonger an integral. But as the mind does not exist unless leagued with\nthe soul, therefore it must have been that, in Ahab's case, yielding up\nall his thoughts and fancies to his one supreme purpose; that purpose,\nby its own sheer inveteracy of will, forced itself against gods and\ndevils into a kind of self-assumed, independent being of its own. Nay,\ncould grimly live and burn, while the common vitality to which it was\nconjoined, fled horror-stricken from the unbidden and unfathered birth.\nTherefore, the tormented spirit that glared out of bodily eyes, when\nwhat seemed Ahab rushed from his room, was for the time but a vacated\nthing, a formless somnambulistic being, a ray of living light, to be\nsure, but without an object to colour, and therefore a blankness in\nitself. God help thee, old man, thy thoughts have created a creature\nin thee; and he whose intense thinking thus makes him a Prometheus; a\nvulture feeds upon that heart for ever; that vulture the very creature\nhe creates.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 45. The Affidavit.\n\n\nSo far as what there may be of a narrative in this book; and, indeed, as\nindirectly touching one or two very interesting and curious particulars\nin the habits of sperm whales, the foregoing chapter, in its earlier\npart, is as important a one as will be found in this volume; but the\nleading matter of it requires to be still further and more familiarly\nenlarged upon, in order to be adequately understood, and moreover to\ntake away any incredulity which a profound ignorance of the entire\nsubject may induce in some minds, as to the natural verity of the main\npoints of this affair.\n\nI care not to perform this part of my task methodically; but shall\nbe content to produce the desired impression by separate citations of\nitems, practically or reliably known to me as a whaleman; and from these\ncitations, I take it--the conclusion aimed at will naturally follow of\nitself.\n\nFirst: I have personally known three instances where a whale, after\nreceiving a harpoon, has effected a complete escape; and, after an\ninterval (in one instance of three years), has been again struck by\nthe same hand, and slain; when the two irons, both marked by the same\nprivate cypher, have been taken from the body. In the instance where\nthree years intervened between the flinging of the two harpoons; and I\nthink it may have been something more than that; the man who darted\nthem happening, in the interval, to go in a trading ship on a voyage to\nAfrica, went ashore there, joined a discovery party, and penetrated far\ninto the interior, where he travelled for a period of nearly two years,\noften endangered by serpents, savages, tigers, poisonous miasmas,\nwith all the other common perils incident to wandering in the heart of\nunknown regions. Meanwhile, the whale he had struck must also have\nbeen on its travels; no doubt it had thrice circumnavigated the globe,\nbrushing with its flanks all the coasts of Africa; but to no purpose.\nThis man and this whale again came together, and the one vanquished the\nother. I say I, myself, have known three instances similar to this; that\nis in two of them I saw the whales struck; and, upon the second attack,\nsaw the two irons with the respective marks cut in them, afterwards\ntaken from the dead fish. In the three-year instance, it so fell out\nthat I was in the boat both times, first and last, and the last time\ndistinctly recognised a peculiar sort of huge mole under the whale's\neye, which I had observed there three years previous. I say three years,\nbut I am pretty sure it was more than that. Here are three instances,\nthen, which I personally know the truth of; but I have heard of many\nother instances from persons whose veracity in the matter there is no\ngood ground to impeach.\n\nSecondly: It is well known in the Sperm Whale Fishery, however ignorant\nthe world ashore may be of it, that there have been several memorable\nhistorical instances where a particular whale in the ocean has been at\ndistant times and places popularly cognisable. Why such a whale became\nthus marked was not altogether and originally owing to his bodily\npeculiarities as distinguished from other whales; for however peculiar\nin that respect any chance whale may be, they soon put an end to his\npeculiarities by killing him, and boiling him down into a peculiarly\nvaluable oil. No: the reason was this: that from the fatal experiences\nof the fishery there hung a terrible prestige of perilousness about\nsuch a whale as there did about Rinaldo Rinaldini, insomuch that\nmost fishermen were content to recognise him by merely touching their\ntarpaulins when he would be discovered lounging by them on the sea,\nwithout seeking to cultivate a more intimate acquaintance. Like some\npoor devils ashore that happen to know an irascible great man, they\nmake distant unobtrusive salutations to him in the street, lest if they\npursued the acquaintance further, they might receive a summary thump for\ntheir presumption.\n\nBut not only did each of these famous whales enjoy great individual\ncelebrity--Nay, you may call it an ocean-wide renown; not only was he\nfamous in life and now is immortal in forecastle stories after death,\nbut he was admitted into all the rights, privileges, and distinctions of\na name; had as much a name indeed as Cambyses or Caesar. Was it not so,\nO Timor Tom! thou famed leviathan, scarred like an iceberg, who so long\ndid'st lurk in the Oriental straits of that name, whose spout was oft\nseen from the palmy beach of Ombay? Was it not so, O New Zealand Jack!\nthou terror of all cruisers that crossed their wakes in the vicinity of\nthe Tattoo Land? Was it not so, O Morquan! King of Japan, whose lofty\njet they say at times assumed the semblance of a snow-white cross\nagainst the sky? Was it not so, O Don Miguel! thou Chilian whale, marked\nlike an old tortoise with mystic hieroglyphics upon the back! In plain\nprose, here are four whales as well known to the students of Cetacean\nHistory as Marius or Sylla to the classic scholar.\n\nBut this is not all. New Zealand Tom and Don Miguel, after at various\ntimes creating great havoc among the boats of different vessels, were\nfinally gone in quest of, systematically hunted out, chased and killed\nby valiant whaling captains, who heaved up their anchors with\nthat express object as much in view, as in setting out through the\nNarragansett Woods, Captain Butler of old had it in his mind to capture\nthat notorious murderous savage Annawon, the headmost warrior of the\nIndian King Philip.\n\nI do not know where I can find a better place than just here, to make\nmention of one or two other things, which to me seem important, as in\nprinted form establishing in all respects the reasonableness of the\nwhole story of the White Whale, more especially the catastrophe. For\nthis is one of those disheartening instances where truth requires full\nas much bolstering as error. So ignorant are most landsmen of some of\nthe plainest and most palpable wonders of the world, that without\nsome hints touching the plain facts, historical and otherwise, of the\nfishery, they might scout at Moby Dick as a monstrous fable, or still\nworse and more detestable, a hideous and intolerable allegory.\n\nFirst: Though most men have some vague flitting ideas of the general\nperils of the grand fishery, yet they have nothing like a fixed, vivid\nconception of those perils, and the frequency with which they recur.\nOne reason perhaps is, that not one in fifty of the actual disasters and\ndeaths by casualties in the fishery, ever finds a public record at home,\nhowever transient and immediately forgotten that record. Do you suppose\nthat that poor fellow there, who this moment perhaps caught by the\nwhale-line off the coast of New Guinea, is being carried down to the\nbottom of the sea by the sounding leviathan--do you suppose that that\npoor fellow's name will appear in the newspaper obituary you will read\nto-morrow at your breakfast? No: because the mails are very irregular\nbetween here and New Guinea. In fact, did you ever hear what might be\ncalled regular news direct or indirect from New Guinea? Yet I tell you\nthat upon one particular voyage which I made to the Pacific, among many\nothers we spoke thirty different ships, every one of which had had a\ndeath by a whale, some of them more than one, and three that had each\nlost a boat's crew. For God's sake, be economical with your lamps and\ncandles! not a gallon you burn, but at least one drop of man's blood was\nspilled for it.\n\nSecondly: People ashore have indeed some indefinite idea that a whale is\nan enormous creature of enormous power; but I have ever found that when\nnarrating to them some specific example of this two-fold enormousness,\nthey have significantly complimented me upon my facetiousness; when, I\ndeclare upon my soul, I had no more idea of being facetious than Moses,\nwhen he wrote the history of the plagues of Egypt.\n\nBut fortunately the special point I here seek can be established upon\ntestimony entirely independent of my own. That point is this: The Sperm\nWhale is in some cases sufficiently powerful, knowing, and judiciously\nmalicious, as with direct aforethought to stave in, utterly destroy, and\nsink a large ship; and what is more, the Sperm Whale HAS done it.\n\nFirst: In the year 1820 the ship Essex, Captain Pollard, of Nantucket,\nwas cruising in the Pacific Ocean. One day she saw spouts, lowered her\nboats, and gave chase to a shoal of sperm whales. Ere long, several of\nthe whales were wounded; when, suddenly, a very large whale escaping\nfrom the boats, issued from the shoal, and bore directly down upon the\nship. Dashing his forehead against her hull, he so stove her in, that in\nless than \"ten minutes\" she settled down and fell over. Not a surviving\nplank of her has been seen since. After the severest exposure, part of\nthe crew reached the land in their boats. Being returned home at last,\nCaptain Pollard once more sailed for the Pacific in command of another\nship, but the gods shipwrecked him again upon unknown rocks and\nbreakers; for the second time his ship was utterly lost, and forthwith\nforswearing the sea, he has never tempted it since. At this day Captain\nPollard is a resident of Nantucket. I have seen Owen Chace, who was\nchief mate of the Essex at the time of the tragedy; I have read his\nplain and faithful narrative; I have conversed with his son; and all\nthis within a few miles of the scene of the catastrophe.*\n\n\n*The following are extracts from Chace's narrative: \"Every fact seemed\nto warrant me in concluding that it was anything but chance which\ndirected his operations; he made two several attacks upon the ship, at\na short interval between them, both of which, according to their\ndirection, were calculated to do us the most injury, by being made\nahead, and thereby combining the speed of the two objects for the shock;\nto effect which, the exact manoeuvres which he made were necessary. His\naspect was most horrible, and such as indicated resentment and fury. He\ncame directly from the shoal which we had just before entered, and in\nwhich we had struck three of his companions, as if fired with revenge\nfor their sufferings.\" Again: \"At all events, the whole circumstances\ntaken together, all happening before my own eyes, and producing, at the\ntime, impressions in my mind of decided, calculating mischief, on the\npart of the whale (many of which impressions I cannot now recall),\ninduce me to be satisfied that I am correct in my opinion.\"\n\nHere are his reflections some time after quitting the ship, during\na black night in an open boat, when almost despairing of reaching any\nhospitable shore. \"The dark ocean and swelling waters were nothing; the\nfears of being swallowed up by some dreadful tempest, or dashed\nupon hidden rocks, with all the other ordinary subjects of fearful\ncontemplation, seemed scarcely entitled to a moment's thought; the\ndismal looking wreck, and THE HORRID ASPECT AND REVENGE OF THE WHALE,\nwholly engrossed my reflections, until day again made its appearance.\"\n\nIn another place--p. 45,--he speaks of \"THE MYSTERIOUS AND MORTAL ATTACK\nOF THE ANIMAL.\"\n\n\nSecondly: The ship Union, also of Nantucket, was in the year 1807\ntotally lost off the Azores by a similar onset, but the authentic\nparticulars of this catastrophe I have never chanced to encounter,\nthough from the whale hunters I have now and then heard casual allusions\nto it.\n\nThirdly: Some eighteen or twenty years ago Commodore J---, then\ncommanding an American sloop-of-war of the first class, happened to be\ndining with a party of whaling captains, on board a Nantucket ship in\nthe harbor of Oahu, Sandwich Islands. Conversation turning upon whales,\nthe Commodore was pleased to be sceptical touching the amazing strength\nascribed to them by the professional gentlemen present. He peremptorily\ndenied for example, that any whale could so smite his stout sloop-of-war\nas to cause her to leak so much as a thimbleful. Very good; but there\nis more coming. Some weeks after, the Commodore set sail in this\nimpregnable craft for Valparaiso. But he was stopped on the way by a\nportly sperm whale, that begged a few moments' confidential business\nwith him. That business consisted in fetching the Commodore's craft such\na thwack, that with all his pumps going he made straight for the nearest\nport to heave down and repair. I am not superstitious, but I consider\nthe Commodore's interview with that whale as providential. Was not Saul\nof Tarsus converted from unbelief by a similar fright? I tell you, the\nsperm whale will stand no nonsense.\n\nI will now refer you to Langsdorff's Voyages for a little circumstance\nin point, peculiarly interesting to the writer hereof. Langsdorff, you\nmust know by the way, was attached to the Russian Admiral Krusenstern's\nfamous Discovery Expedition in the beginning of the present century.\nCaptain Langsdorff thus begins his seventeenth chapter:\n\n\"By the thirteenth of May our ship was ready to sail, and the next day\nwe were out in the open sea, on our way to Ochotsh. The weather was very\nclear and fine, but so intolerably cold that we were obliged to keep on\nour fur clothing. For some days we had very little wind; it was not\ntill the nineteenth that a brisk gale from the northwest sprang up. An\nuncommon large whale, the body of which was larger than the ship itself,\nlay almost at the surface of the water, but was not perceived by any\none on board till the moment when the ship, which was in full sail,\nwas almost upon him, so that it was impossible to prevent its striking\nagainst him. We were thus placed in the most imminent danger, as this\ngigantic creature, setting up its back, raised the ship three feet at\nleast out of the water. The masts reeled, and the sails fell altogether,\nwhile we who were below all sprang instantly upon the deck, concluding\nthat we had struck upon some rock; instead of this we saw the monster\nsailing off with the utmost gravity and solemnity. Captain D'Wolf\napplied immediately to the pumps to examine whether or not the vessel\nhad received any damage from the shock, but we found that very happily\nit had escaped entirely uninjured.\"\n\nNow, the Captain D'Wolf here alluded to as commanding the ship in\nquestion, is a New Englander, who, after a long life of unusual\nadventures as a sea-captain, this day resides in the village of\nDorchester near Boston. I have the honour of being a nephew of his. I\nhave particularly questioned him concerning this passage in Langsdorff.\nHe substantiates every word. The ship, however, was by no means a large\none: a Russian craft built on the Siberian coast, and purchased by my\nuncle after bartering away the vessel in which he sailed from home.\n\nIn that up and down manly book of old-fashioned adventure, so full, too,\nof honest wonders--the voyage of Lionel Wafer, one of ancient Dampier's\nold chums--I found a little matter set down so like that just quoted\nfrom Langsdorff, that I cannot forbear inserting it here for a\ncorroborative example, if such be needed.\n\nLionel, it seems, was on his way to \"John Ferdinando,\" as he calls\nthe modern Juan Fernandes. \"In our way thither,\" he says, \"about four\no'clock in the morning, when we were about one hundred and fifty leagues\nfrom the Main of America, our ship felt a terrible shock, which put our\nmen in such consternation that they could hardly tell where they were\nor what to think; but every one began to prepare for death. And, indeed,\nthe shock was so sudden and violent, that we took it for granted the\nship had struck against a rock; but when the amazement was a little\nover, we cast the lead, and sounded, but found no ground..... The\nsuddenness of the shock made the guns leap in their carriages, and\nseveral of the men were shaken out of their hammocks. Captain Davis, who\nlay with his head on a gun, was thrown out of his cabin!\" Lionel then\ngoes on to impute the shock to an earthquake, and seems to substantiate\nthe imputation by stating that a great earthquake, somewhere about\nthat time, did actually do great mischief along the Spanish land. But\nI should not much wonder if, in the darkness of that early hour of the\nmorning, the shock was after all caused by an unseen whale vertically\nbumping the hull from beneath.\n\nI might proceed with several more examples, one way or another known to\nme, of the great power and malice at times of the sperm whale. In more\nthan one instance, he has been known, not only to chase the assailing\nboats back to their ships, but to pursue the ship itself, and long\nwithstand all the lances hurled at him from its decks. The English ship\nPusie Hall can tell a story on that head; and, as for his strength,\nlet me say, that there have been examples where the lines attached to a\nrunning sperm whale have, in a calm, been transferred to the ship, and\nsecured there; the whale towing her great hull through the water, as a\nhorse walks off with a cart. Again, it is very often observed that, if\nthe sperm whale, once struck, is allowed time to rally, he then acts,\nnot so often with blind rage, as with wilful, deliberate designs of\ndestruction to his pursuers; nor is it without conveying some eloquent\nindication of his character, that upon being attacked he will frequently\nopen his mouth, and retain it in that dread expansion for several\nconsecutive minutes. But I must be content with only one more and a\nconcluding illustration; a remarkable and most significant one, by which\nyou will not fail to see, that not only is the most marvellous event in\nthis book corroborated by plain facts of the present day, but that these\nmarvels (like all marvels) are mere repetitions of the ages; so that for\nthe millionth time we say amen with Solomon--Verily there is nothing new\nunder the sun.\n\nIn the sixth Christian century lived Procopius, a Christian magistrate\nof Constantinople, in the days when Justinian was Emperor and Belisarius\ngeneral. As many know, he wrote the history of his own times, a work\nevery way of uncommon value. By the best authorities, he has always been\nconsidered a most trustworthy and unexaggerating historian, except in\nsome one or two particulars, not at all affecting the matter presently\nto be mentioned.\n\nNow, in this history of his, Procopius mentions that, during the term\nof his prefecture at Constantinople, a great sea-monster was captured\nin the neighboring Propontis, or Sea of Marmora, after having destroyed\nvessels at intervals in those waters for a period of more than fifty\nyears. A fact thus set down in substantial history cannot easily be\ngainsaid. Nor is there any reason it should be. Of what precise species\nthis sea-monster was, is not mentioned. But as he destroyed ships, as\nwell as for other reasons, he must have been a whale; and I am strongly\ninclined to think a sperm whale. And I will tell you why. For a long\ntime I fancied that the sperm whale had been always unknown in the\nMediterranean and the deep waters connecting with it. Even now I am\ncertain that those seas are not, and perhaps never can be, in the\npresent constitution of things, a place for his habitual gregarious\nresort. But further investigations have recently proved to me, that in\nmodern times there have been isolated instances of the presence of the\nsperm whale in the Mediterranean. I am told, on good authority, that\non the Barbary coast, a Commodore Davis of the British navy found\nthe skeleton of a sperm whale. Now, as a vessel of war readily passes\nthrough the Dardanelles, hence a sperm whale could, by the same route,\npass out of the Mediterranean into the Propontis.\n\nIn the Propontis, as far as I can learn, none of that peculiar substance\ncalled BRIT is to be found, the aliment of the right whale. But I have\nevery reason to believe that the food of the sperm whale--squid or\ncuttle-fish--lurks at the bottom of that sea, because large creatures,\nbut by no means the largest of that sort, have been found at its\nsurface. If, then, you properly put these statements together, and\nreason upon them a bit, you will clearly perceive that, according to all\nhuman reasoning, Procopius's sea-monster, that for half a century stove\nthe ships of a Roman Emperor, must in all probability have been a sperm\nwhale.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 46. Surmises.\n\n\nThough, consumed with the hot fire of his purpose, Ahab in all his\nthoughts and actions ever had in view the ultimate capture of Moby Dick;\nthough he seemed ready to sacrifice all mortal interests to that one\npassion; nevertheless it may have been that he was by nature and long\nhabituation far too wedded to a fiery whaleman's ways, altogether to\nabandon the collateral prosecution of the voyage. Or at least if\nthis were otherwise, there were not wanting other motives much more\ninfluential with him. It would be refining too much, perhaps, even\nconsidering his monomania, to hint that his vindictiveness towards the\nWhite Whale might have possibly extended itself in some degree to all\nsperm whales, and that the more monsters he slew by so much the more he\nmultiplied the chances that each subsequently encountered whale would\nprove to be the hated one he hunted. But if such an hypothesis be indeed\nexceptionable, there were still additional considerations which, though\nnot so strictly according with the wildness of his ruling passion, yet\nwere by no means incapable of swaying him.\n\nTo accomplish his object Ahab must use tools; and of all tools used in\nthe shadow of the moon, men are most apt to get out of order. He knew,\nfor example, that however magnetic his ascendency in some respects was\nover Starbuck, yet that ascendency did not cover the complete spiritual\nman any more than mere corporeal superiority involves intellectual\nmastership; for to the purely spiritual, the intellectual but stand in a\nsort of corporeal relation. Starbuck's body and Starbuck's coerced will\nwere Ahab's, so long as Ahab kept his magnet at Starbuck's brain; still\nhe knew that for all this the chief mate, in his soul, abhorred his\ncaptain's quest, and could he, would joyfully disintegrate himself from\nit, or even frustrate it. It might be that a long interval would elapse\nere the White Whale was seen. During that long interval Starbuck\nwould ever be apt to fall into open relapses of rebellion against his\ncaptain's leadership, unless some ordinary, prudential, circumstantial\ninfluences were brought to bear upon him. Not only that, but the subtle\ninsanity of Ahab respecting Moby Dick was noways more significantly\nmanifested than in his superlative sense and shrewdness in foreseeing\nthat, for the present, the hunt should in some way be stripped of that\nstrange imaginative impiousness which naturally invested it; that\nthe full terror of the voyage must be kept withdrawn into the obscure\nbackground (for few men's courage is proof against protracted meditation\nunrelieved by action); that when they stood their long night watches,\nhis officers and men must have some nearer things to think of than Moby\nDick. For however eagerly and impetuously the savage crew had hailed the\nannouncement of his quest; yet all sailors of all sorts are more or less\ncapricious and unreliable--they live in the varying outer weather, and\nthey inhale its fickleness--and when retained for any object remote and\nblank in the pursuit, however promissory of life and passion in the\nend, it is above all things requisite that temporary interests and\nemployments should intervene and hold them healthily suspended for the\nfinal dash.\n\nNor was Ahab unmindful of another thing. In times of strong emotion\nmankind disdain all base considerations; but such times are evanescent.\nThe permanent constitutional condition of the manufactured man, thought\nAhab, is sordidness. Granting that the White Whale fully incites the\nhearts of this my savage crew, and playing round their savageness even\nbreeds a certain generous knight-errantism in them, still, while for the\nlove of it they give chase to Moby Dick, they must also have food\nfor their more common, daily appetites. For even the high lifted and\nchivalric Crusaders of old times were not content to traverse two\nthousand miles of land to fight for their holy sepulchre, without\ncommitting burglaries, picking pockets, and gaining other pious\nperquisites by the way. Had they been strictly held to their one final\nand romantic object--that final and romantic object, too many would have\nturned from in disgust. I will not strip these men, thought Ahab, of all\nhopes of cash--aye, cash. They may scorn cash now; but let some months\ngo by, and no perspective promise of it to them, and then this same\nquiescent cash all at once mutinying in them, this same cash would soon\ncashier Ahab.\n\nNor was there wanting still another precautionary motive more related\nto Ahab personally. Having impulsively, it is probable, and perhaps\nsomewhat prematurely revealed the prime but private purpose of the\nPequod's voyage, Ahab was now entirely conscious that, in so doing,\nhe had indirectly laid himself open to the unanswerable charge of\nusurpation; and with perfect impunity, both moral and legal, his crew\nif so disposed, and to that end competent, could refuse all further\nobedience to him, and even violently wrest from him the command. From\neven the barely hinted imputation of usurpation, and the possible\nconsequences of such a suppressed impression gaining ground, Ahab must\nof course have been most anxious to protect himself. That protection\ncould only consist in his own predominating brain and heart and hand,\nbacked by a heedful, closely calculating attention to every minute\natmospheric influence which it was possible for his crew to be subjected\nto.\n\nFor all these reasons then, and others perhaps too analytic to be\nverbally developed here, Ahab plainly saw that he must still in a good\ndegree continue true to the natural, nominal purpose of the Pequod's\nvoyage; observe all customary usages; and not only that, but force\nhimself to evince all his well known passionate interest in the general\npursuit of his profession.\n\nBe all this as it may, his voice was now often heard hailing the three\nmast-heads and admonishing them to keep a bright look-out, and not omit\nreporting even a porpoise. This vigilance was not long without reward.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 47. The Mat-Maker.\n\n\nIt was a cloudy, sultry afternoon; the seamen were lazily lounging\nabout the decks, or vacantly gazing over into the lead-coloured waters.\nQueequeg and I were mildly employed weaving what is called a sword-mat,\nfor an additional lashing to our boat. So still and subdued and yet\nsomehow preluding was all the scene, and such an incantation of reverie\nlurked in the air, that each silent sailor seemed resolved into his own\ninvisible self.\n\nI was the attendant or page of Queequeg, while busy at the mat. As I\nkept passing and repassing the filling or woof of marline between\nthe long yarns of the warp, using my own hand for the shuttle, and as\nQueequeg, standing sideways, ever and anon slid his heavy oaken sword\nbetween the threads, and idly looking off upon the water, carelessly and\nunthinkingly drove home every yarn: I say so strange a dreaminess did\nthere then reign all over the ship and all over the sea, only broken by\nthe intermitting dull sound of the sword, that it seemed as if this were\nthe Loom of Time, and I myself were a shuttle mechanically weaving\nand weaving away at the Fates. There lay the fixed threads of the warp\nsubject to but one single, ever returning, unchanging vibration, and\nthat vibration merely enough to admit of the crosswise interblending\nof other threads with its own. This warp seemed necessity; and here,\nthought I, with my own hand I ply my own shuttle and weave my own\ndestiny into these unalterable threads. Meantime, Queequeg's impulsive,\nindifferent sword, sometimes hitting the woof slantingly, or crookedly,\nor strongly, or weakly, as the case might be; and by this difference\nin the concluding blow producing a corresponding contrast in the final\naspect of the completed fabric; this savage's sword, thought I,\nwhich thus finally shapes and fashions both warp and woof; this\neasy, indifferent sword must be chance--aye, chance, free will, and\nnecessity--nowise incompatible--all interweavingly working together.\nThe straight warp of necessity, not to be swerved from its ultimate\ncourse--its every alternating vibration, indeed, only tending to that;\nfree will still free to ply her shuttle between given threads; and\nchance, though restrained in its play within the right lines of\nnecessity, and sideways in its motions directed by free will, though\nthus prescribed to by both, chance by turns rules either, and has the\nlast featuring blow at events.\n\n\nThus we were weaving and weaving away when I started at a sound so\nstrange, long drawn, and musically wild and unearthly, that the ball\nof free will dropped from my hand, and I stood gazing up at the clouds\nwhence that voice dropped like a wing. High aloft in the cross-trees was\nthat mad Gay-Header, Tashtego. His body was reaching eagerly forward,\nhis hand stretched out like a wand, and at brief sudden intervals he\ncontinued his cries. To be sure the same sound was that very moment\nperhaps being heard all over the seas, from hundreds of whalemen's\nlook-outs perched as high in the air; but from few of those lungs could\nthat accustomed old cry have derived such a marvellous cadence as from\nTashtego the Indian's.\n\nAs he stood hovering over you half suspended in air, so wildly and\neagerly peering towards the horizon, you would have thought him some\nprophet or seer beholding the shadows of Fate, and by those wild cries\nannouncing their coming.\n\n\"There she blows! there! there! there! she blows! she blows!\"\n\n\"Where-away?\"\n\n\"On the lee-beam, about two miles off! a school of them!\"\n\nInstantly all was commotion.\n\nThe Sperm Whale blows as a clock ticks, with the same undeviating and\nreliable uniformity. And thereby whalemen distinguish this fish from\nother tribes of his genus.\n\n\"There go flukes!\" was now the cry from Tashtego; and the whales\ndisappeared.\n\n\"Quick, steward!\" cried Ahab. \"Time! time!\"\n\nDough-Boy hurried below, glanced at the watch, and reported the exact\nminute to Ahab.\n\nThe ship was now kept away from the wind, and she went gently rolling\nbefore it. Tashtego reporting that the whales had gone down heading to\nleeward, we confidently looked to see them again directly in advance of\nour bows. For that singular craft at times evinced by the Sperm Whale\nwhen, sounding with his head in one direction, he nevertheless, while\nconcealed beneath the surface, mills round, and swiftly swims off in the\nopposite quarter--this deceitfulness of his could not now be in action;\nfor there was no reason to suppose that the fish seen by Tashtego had\nbeen in any way alarmed, or indeed knew at all of our vicinity. One of\nthe men selected for shipkeepers--that is, those not appointed to the\nboats, by this time relieved the Indian at the main-mast head. The\nsailors at the fore and mizzen had come down; the line tubs were fixed\nin their places; the cranes were thrust out; the mainyard was backed,\nand the three boats swung over the sea like three samphire baskets over\nhigh cliffs. Outside of the bulwarks their eager crews with one hand\nclung to the rail, while one foot was expectantly poised on the gunwale.\nSo look the long line of man-of-war's men about to throw themselves on\nboard an enemy's ship.\n\nBut at this critical instant a sudden exclamation was heard that took\nevery eye from the whale. With a start all glared at dark Ahab, who was\nsurrounded by five dusky phantoms that seemed fresh formed out of air.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 48. The First Lowering.\n\n\nThe phantoms, for so they then seemed, were flitting on the other side\nof the deck, and, with a noiseless celerity, were casting loose the\ntackles and bands of the boat which swung there. This boat had always\nbeen deemed one of the spare boats, though technically called the\ncaptain's, on account of its hanging from the starboard quarter. The\nfigure that now stood by its bows was tall and swart, with one white\ntooth evilly protruding from its steel-like lips. A rumpled Chinese\njacket of black cotton funereally invested him, with wide black trowsers\nof the same dark stuff. But strangely crowning this ebonness was a\nglistening white plaited turban, the living hair braided and coiled\nround and round upon his head. Less swart in aspect, the companions of\nthis figure were of that vivid, tiger-yellow complexion peculiar to\nsome of the aboriginal natives of the Manillas;--a race notorious for\na certain diabolism of subtilty, and by some honest white mariners\nsupposed to be the paid spies and secret confidential agents on the\nwater of the devil, their lord, whose counting-room they suppose to be\nelsewhere.\n\nWhile yet the wondering ship's company were gazing upon these strangers,\nAhab cried out to the white-turbaned old man at their head, \"All ready\nthere, Fedallah?\"\n\n\"Ready,\" was the half-hissed reply.\n\n\"Lower away then; d'ye hear?\" shouting across the deck. \"Lower away\nthere, I say.\"\n\nSuch was the thunder of his voice, that spite of their amazement the men\nsprang over the rail; the sheaves whirled round in the blocks; with a\nwallow, the three boats dropped into the sea; while, with a dexterous,\noff-handed daring, unknown in any other vocation, the sailors,\ngoat-like, leaped down the rolling ship's side into the tossed boats\nbelow.\n\nHardly had they pulled out from under the ship's lee, when a fourth\nkeel, coming from the windward side, pulled round under the stern, and\nshowed the five strangers rowing Ahab, who, standing erect in the stern,\nloudly hailed Starbuck, Stubb, and Flask, to spread themselves widely,\nso as to cover a large expanse of water. But with all their eyes again\nriveted upon the swart Fedallah and his crew, the inmates of the other\nboats obeyed not the command.\n\n\"Captain Ahab?--\" said Starbuck.\n\n\"Spread yourselves,\" cried Ahab; \"give way, all four boats. Thou, Flask,\npull out more to leeward!\"\n\n\"Aye, aye, sir,\" cheerily cried little King-Post, sweeping round\nhis great steering oar. \"Lay back!\" addressing his crew.\n\"There!--there!--there again! There she blows right ahead, boys!--lay\nback!\"\n\n\"Never heed yonder yellow boys, Archy.\"\n\n\"Oh, I don't mind'em, sir,\" said Archy; \"I knew it all before now.\nDidn't I hear 'em in the hold? And didn't I tell Cabaco here of it? What\nsay ye, Cabaco? They are stowaways, Mr. Flask.\"\n\n\"Pull, pull, my fine hearts-alive; pull, my children; pull, my little\nones,\" drawlingly and soothingly sighed Stubb to his crew, some of whom\nstill showed signs of uneasiness. \"Why don't you break your backbones,\nmy boys? What is it you stare at? Those chaps in yonder boat? Tut! They\nare only five more hands come to help us--never mind from where--the\nmore the merrier. Pull, then, do pull; never mind the brimstone--devils\nare good fellows enough. So, so; there you are now; that's the stroke\nfor a thousand pounds; that's the stroke to sweep the stakes! Hurrah\nfor the gold cup of sperm oil, my heroes! Three cheers, men--all hearts\nalive! Easy, easy; don't be in a hurry--don't be in a hurry. Why don't\nyou snap your oars, you rascals? Bite something, you dogs! So, so, so,\nthen:--softly, softly! That's it--that's it! long and strong. Give way\nthere, give way! The devil fetch ye, ye ragamuffin rapscallions; ye are\nall asleep. Stop snoring, ye sleepers, and pull. Pull, will ye? pull,\ncan't ye? pull, won't ye? Why in the name of gudgeons and ginger-cakes\ndon't ye pull?--pull and break something! pull, and start your eyes out!\nHere!\" whipping out the sharp knife from his girdle; \"every mother's son\nof ye draw his knife, and pull with the blade between his teeth. That's\nit--that's it. Now ye do something; that looks like it, my steel-bits.\nStart her--start her, my silver-spoons! Start her, marling-spikes!\"\n\nStubb's exordium to his crew is given here at large, because he had\nrather a peculiar way of talking to them in general, and especially in\ninculcating the religion of rowing. But you must not suppose from this\nspecimen of his sermonizings that he ever flew into downright passions\nwith his congregation. Not at all; and therein consisted his chief\npeculiarity. He would say the most terrific things to his crew, in a\ntone so strangely compounded of fun and fury, and the fury seemed so\ncalculated merely as a spice to the fun, that no oarsman could hear such\nqueer invocations without pulling for dear life, and yet pulling for\nthe mere joke of the thing. Besides he all the time looked so easy and\nindolent himself, so loungingly managed his steering-oar, and so broadly\ngaped--open-mouthed at times--that the mere sight of such a yawning\ncommander, by sheer force of contrast, acted like a charm upon the crew.\nThen again, Stubb was one of those odd sort of humorists, whose jollity\nis sometimes so curiously ambiguous, as to put all inferiors on their\nguard in the matter of obeying them.\n\nIn obedience to a sign from Ahab, Starbuck was now pulling obliquely\nacross Stubb's bow; and when for a minute or so the two boats were\npretty near to each other, Stubb hailed the mate.\n\n\"Mr. Starbuck! larboard boat there, ahoy! a word with ye, sir, if ye\nplease!\"\n\n\"Halloa!\" returned Starbuck, turning round not a single inch as he\nspoke; still earnestly but whisperingly urging his crew; his face set\nlike a flint from Stubb's.\n\n\"What think ye of those yellow boys, sir!\"\n\n\"Smuggled on board, somehow, before the ship sailed. (Strong, strong,\nboys!)\" in a whisper to his crew, then speaking out loud again: \"A sad\nbusiness, Mr. Stubb! (seethe her, seethe her, my lads!) but never mind,\nMr. Stubb, all for the best. Let all your crew pull strong, come what\nwill. (Spring, my men, spring!) There's hogsheads of sperm ahead, Mr.\nStubb, and that's what ye came for. (Pull, my boys!) Sperm, sperm's the\nplay! This at least is duty; duty and profit hand in hand.\"\n\n\"Aye, aye, I thought as much,\" soliloquized Stubb, when the boats\ndiverged, \"as soon as I clapt eye on 'em, I thought so. Aye, and that's\nwhat he went into the after hold for, so often, as Dough-Boy long\nsuspected. They were hidden down there. The White Whale's at the bottom\nof it. Well, well, so be it! Can't be helped! All right! Give way, men!\nIt ain't the White Whale to-day! Give way!\"\n\nNow the advent of these outlandish strangers at such a critical instant\nas the lowering of the boats from the deck, this had not unreasonably\nawakened a sort of superstitious amazement in some of the ship's\ncompany; but Archy's fancied discovery having some time previous got\nabroad among them, though indeed not credited then, this had in some\nsmall measure prepared them for the event. It took off the extreme edge\nof their wonder; and so what with all this and Stubb's confident way\nof accounting for their appearance, they were for the time freed from\nsuperstitious surmisings; though the affair still left abundant room for\nall manner of wild conjectures as to dark Ahab's precise agency in the\nmatter from the beginning. For me, I silently recalled the mysterious\nshadows I had seen creeping on board the Pequod during the dim Nantucket\ndawn, as well as the enigmatical hintings of the unaccountable Elijah.\n\nMeantime, Ahab, out of hearing of his officers, having sided the\nfurthest to windward, was still ranging ahead of the other boats; a\ncircumstance bespeaking how potent a crew was pulling him. Those tiger\nyellow creatures of his seemed all steel and whalebone; like five\ntrip-hammers they rose and fell with regular strokes of strength, which\nperiodically started the boat along the water like a horizontal burst\nboiler out of a Mississippi steamer. As for Fedallah, who was seen\npulling the harpooneer oar, he had thrown aside his black jacket, and\ndisplayed his naked chest with the whole part of his body above the\ngunwale, clearly cut against the alternating depressions of the watery\nhorizon; while at the other end of the boat Ahab, with one arm, like a\nfencer's, thrown half backward into the air, as if to counterbalance any\ntendency to trip; Ahab was seen steadily managing his steering oar as in\na thousand boat lowerings ere the White Whale had torn him. All at once\nthe outstretched arm gave a peculiar motion and then remained fixed,\nwhile the boat's five oars were seen simultaneously peaked. Boat and\ncrew sat motionless on the sea. Instantly the three spread boats in the\nrear paused on their way. The whales had irregularly settled bodily\ndown into the blue, thus giving no distantly discernible token of the\nmovement, though from his closer vicinity Ahab had observed it.\n\n\"Every man look out along his oars!\" cried Starbuck. \"Thou, Queequeg,\nstand up!\"\n\nNimbly springing up on the triangular raised box in the bow, the savage\nstood erect there, and with intensely eager eyes gazed off towards the\nspot where the chase had last been descried. Likewise upon the extreme\nstern of the boat where it was also triangularly platformed level with\nthe gunwale, Starbuck himself was seen coolly and adroitly balancing\nhimself to the jerking tossings of his chip of a craft, and silently\neyeing the vast blue eye of the sea.\n\nNot very far distant Flask's boat was also lying breathlessly still; its\ncommander recklessly standing upon the top of the loggerhead, a stout\nsort of post rooted in the keel, and rising some two feet above the\nlevel of the stern platform. It is used for catching turns with the\nwhale line. Its top is not more spacious than the palm of a man's hand,\nand standing upon such a base as that, Flask seemed perched at the\nmast-head of some ship which had sunk to all but her trucks. But little\nKing-Post was small and short, and at the same time little King-Post was\nfull of a large and tall ambition, so that this loggerhead stand-point\nof his did by no means satisfy King-Post.\n\n\"I can't see three seas off; tip us up an oar there, and let me on to\nthat.\"\n\nUpon this, Daggoo, with either hand upon the gunwale to steady his\nway, swiftly slid aft, and then erecting himself volunteered his lofty\nshoulders for a pedestal.\n\n\"Good a mast-head as any, sir. Will you mount?\"\n\n\"That I will, and thank ye very much, my fine fellow; only I wish you\nfifty feet taller.\"\n\nWhereupon planting his feet firmly against two opposite planks of the\nboat, the gigantic negro, stooping a little, presented his flat palm to\nFlask's foot, and then putting Flask's hand on his hearse-plumed head\nand bidding him spring as he himself should toss, with one dexterous\nfling landed the little man high and dry on his shoulders. And here was\nFlask now standing, Daggoo with one lifted arm furnishing him with a\nbreastband to lean against and steady himself by.\n\nAt any time it is a strange sight to the tyro to see with what wondrous\nhabitude of unconscious skill the whaleman will maintain an erect\nposture in his boat, even when pitched about by the most riotously\nperverse and cross-running seas. Still more strange to see him giddily\nperched upon the loggerhead itself, under such circumstances. But the\nsight of little Flask mounted upon gigantic Daggoo was yet more curious;\nfor sustaining himself with a cool, indifferent, easy, unthought of,\nbarbaric majesty, the noble negro to every roll of the sea harmoniously\nrolled his fine form. On his broad back, flaxen-haired Flask seemed\na snow-flake. The bearer looked nobler than the rider. Though truly\nvivacious, tumultuous, ostentatious little Flask would now and then\nstamp with impatience; but not one added heave did he thereby give to\nthe negro's lordly chest. So have I seen Passion and Vanity stamping the\nliving magnanimous earth, but the earth did not alter her tides and her\nseasons for that.\n\nMeanwhile Stubb, the third mate, betrayed no such far-gazing\nsolicitudes. The whales might have made one of their regular soundings,\nnot a temporary dive from mere fright; and if that were the case,\nStubb, as his wont in such cases, it seems, was resolved to solace the\nlanguishing interval with his pipe. He withdrew it from his hatband,\nwhere he always wore it aslant like a feather. He loaded it, and rammed\nhome the loading with his thumb-end; but hardly had he ignited his match\nacross the rough sandpaper of his hand, when Tashtego, his harpooneer,\nwhose eyes had been setting to windward like two fixed stars, suddenly\ndropped like light from his erect attitude to his seat, crying out in a\nquick phrensy of hurry, \"Down, down all, and give way!--there they are!\"\n\nTo a landsman, no whale, nor any sign of a herring, would have been\nvisible at that moment; nothing but a troubled bit of greenish white\nwater, and thin scattered puffs of vapour hovering over it, and\nsuffusingly blowing off to leeward, like the confused scud from white\nrolling billows. The air around suddenly vibrated and tingled, as it\nwere, like the air over intensely heated plates of iron. Beneath this\natmospheric waving and curling, and partially beneath a thin layer of\nwater, also, the whales were swimming. Seen in advance of all the other\nindications, the puffs of vapour they spouted, seemed their forerunning\ncouriers and detached flying outriders.\n\nAll four boats were now in keen pursuit of that one spot of troubled\nwater and air. But it bade fair to outstrip them; it flew on and on,\nas a mass of interblending bubbles borne down a rapid stream from the\nhills.\n\n\"Pull, pull, my good boys,\" said Starbuck, in the lowest possible but\nintensest concentrated whisper to his men; while the sharp fixed glance\nfrom his eyes darted straight ahead of the bow, almost seemed as two\nvisible needles in two unerring binnacle compasses. He did not say much\nto his crew, though, nor did his crew say anything to him. Only the\nsilence of the boat was at intervals startlingly pierced by one of his\npeculiar whispers, now harsh with command, now soft with entreaty.\n\nHow different the loud little King-Post. \"Sing out and say something,\nmy hearties. Roar and pull, my thunderbolts! Beach me, beach me on their\nblack backs, boys; only do that for me, and I'll sign over to you my\nMartha's Vineyard plantation, boys; including wife and children, boys.\nLay me on--lay me on! O Lord, Lord! but I shall go stark, staring mad!\nSee! see that white water!\" And so shouting, he pulled his hat from his\nhead, and stamped up and down on it; then picking it up, flirted it far\noff upon the sea; and finally fell to rearing and plunging in the boat's\nstern like a crazed colt from the prairie.\n\n\"Look at that chap now,\" philosophically drawled Stubb, who, with his\nunlighted short pipe, mechanically retained between his teeth, at a\nshort distance, followed after--\"He's got fits, that Flask has. Fits?\nyes, give him fits--that's the very word--pitch fits into 'em. Merrily,\nmerrily, hearts-alive. Pudding for supper, you know;--merry's the word.\nPull, babes--pull, sucklings--pull, all. But what the devil are you\nhurrying about? Softly, softly, and steadily, my men. Only pull, and\nkeep pulling; nothing more. Crack all your backbones, and bite your\nknives in two--that's all. Take it easy--why don't ye take it easy, I\nsay, and burst all your livers and lungs!\"\n\nBut what it was that inscrutable Ahab said to that tiger-yellow crew of\nhis--these were words best omitted here; for you live under the blessed\nlight of the evangelical land. Only the infidel sharks in the audacious\nseas may give ear to such words, when, with tornado brow, and eyes of\nred murder, and foam-glued lips, Ahab leaped after his prey.\n\nMeanwhile, all the boats tore on. The repeated specific allusions of\nFlask to \"that whale,\" as he called the fictitious monster which\nhe declared to be incessantly tantalizing his boat's bow with its\ntail--these allusions of his were at times so vivid and life-like, that\nthey would cause some one or two of his men to snatch a fearful look\nover the shoulder. But this was against all rule; for the oarsmen\nmust put out their eyes, and ram a skewer through their necks; usage\npronouncing that they must have no organs but ears, and no limbs but\narms, in these critical moments.\n\nIt was a sight full of quick wonder and awe! The vast swells of the\nomnipotent sea; the surging, hollow roar they made, as they rolled along\nthe eight gunwales, like gigantic bowls in a boundless bowling-green;\nthe brief suspended agony of the boat, as it would tip for an instant on\nthe knife-like edge of the sharper waves, that almost seemed threatening\nto cut it in two; the sudden profound dip into the watery glens and\nhollows; the keen spurrings and goadings to gain the top of the opposite\nhill; the headlong, sled-like slide down its other side;--all these,\nwith the cries of the headsmen and harpooneers, and the shuddering gasps\nof the oarsmen, with the wondrous sight of the ivory Pequod bearing\ndown upon her boats with outstretched sails, like a wild hen after her\nscreaming brood;--all this was thrilling.\n\nNot the raw recruit, marching from the bosom of his wife into the fever\nheat of his first battle; not the dead man's ghost encountering the\nfirst unknown phantom in the other world;--neither of these can feel\nstranger and stronger emotions than that man does, who for the first\ntime finds himself pulling into the charmed, churned circle of the\nhunted sperm whale.\n\nThe dancing white water made by the chase was now becoming more and more\nvisible, owing to the increasing darkness of the dun cloud-shadows\nflung upon the sea. The jets of vapour no longer blended, but tilted\neverywhere to right and left; the whales seemed separating their wakes.\nThe boats were pulled more apart; Starbuck giving chase to three whales\nrunning dead to leeward. Our sail was now set, and, with the still\nrising wind, we rushed along; the boat going with such madness through\nthe water, that the lee oars could scarcely be worked rapidly enough to\nescape being torn from the row-locks.\n\nSoon we were running through a suffusing wide veil of mist; neither ship\nnor boat to be seen.\n\n\"Give way, men,\" whispered Starbuck, drawing still further aft the sheet\nof his sail; \"there is time to kill a fish yet before the squall comes.\nThere's white water again!--close to! Spring!\"\n\nSoon after, two cries in quick succession on each side of us denoted\nthat the other boats had got fast; but hardly were they overheard, when\nwith a lightning-like hurtling whisper Starbuck said: \"Stand up!\" and\nQueequeg, harpoon in hand, sprang to his feet.\n\nThough not one of the oarsmen was then facing the life and death peril\nso close to them ahead, yet with their eyes on the intense countenance\nof the mate in the stern of the boat, they knew that the imminent\ninstant had come; they heard, too, an enormous wallowing sound as of\nfifty elephants stirring in their litter. Meanwhile the boat was still\nbooming through the mist, the waves curling and hissing around us like\nthe erected crests of enraged serpents.\n\n\"That's his hump. THERE, THERE, give it to him!\" whispered Starbuck.\n\nA short rushing sound leaped out of the boat; it was the darted iron of\nQueequeg. Then all in one welded commotion came an invisible push from\nastern, while forward the boat seemed striking on a ledge; the sail\ncollapsed and exploded; a gush of scalding vapour shot up near by;\nsomething rolled and tumbled like an earthquake beneath us. The whole\ncrew were half suffocated as they were tossed helter-skelter into the\nwhite curdling cream of the squall. Squall, whale, and harpoon had all\nblended together; and the whale, merely grazed by the iron, escaped.\n\nThough completely swamped, the boat was nearly unharmed. Swimming round\nit we picked up the floating oars, and lashing them across the gunwale,\ntumbled back to our places. There we sat up to our knees in the sea, the\nwater covering every rib and plank, so that to our downward gazing eyes\nthe suspended craft seemed a coral boat grown up to us from the bottom\nof the ocean.\n\nThe wind increased to a howl; the waves dashed their bucklers together;\nthe whole squall roared, forked, and crackled around us like a white\nfire upon the prairie, in which, unconsumed, we were burning; immortal\nin these jaws of death! In vain we hailed the other boats; as well roar\nto the live coals down the chimney of a flaming furnace as hail those\nboats in that storm. Meanwhile the driving scud, rack, and mist, grew\ndarker with the shadows of night; no sign of the ship could be seen.\nThe rising sea forbade all attempts to bale out the boat. The oars were\nuseless as propellers, performing now the office of life-preservers.\nSo, cutting the lashing of the waterproof match keg, after many failures\nStarbuck contrived to ignite the lamp in the lantern; then stretching\nit on a waif pole, handed it to Queequeg as the standard-bearer of this\nforlorn hope. There, then, he sat, holding up that imbecile candle in\nthe heart of that almighty forlornness. There, then, he sat, the sign\nand symbol of a man without faith, hopelessly holding up hope in the\nmidst of despair.\n\nWet, drenched through, and shivering cold, despairing of ship or boat,\nwe lifted up our eyes as the dawn came on. The mist still spread over\nthe sea, the empty lantern lay crushed in the bottom of the boat.\nSuddenly Queequeg started to his feet, hollowing his hand to his ear.\nWe all heard a faint creaking, as of ropes and yards hitherto muffled by\nthe storm. The sound came nearer and nearer; the thick mists were dimly\nparted by a huge, vague form. Affrighted, we all sprang into the sea as\nthe ship at last loomed into view, bearing right down upon us within a\ndistance of not much more than its length.\n\nFloating on the waves we saw the abandoned boat, as for one instant it\ntossed and gaped beneath the ship's bows like a chip at the base of a\ncataract; and then the vast hull rolled over it, and it was seen no\nmore till it came up weltering astern. Again we swam for it, were dashed\nagainst it by the seas, and were at last taken up and safely landed on\nboard. Ere the squall came close to, the other boats had cut loose from\ntheir fish and returned to the ship in good time. The ship had given us\nup, but was still cruising, if haply it might light upon some token of\nour perishing,--an oar or a lance pole.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 49. The Hyena.\n\n\nThere are certain queer times and occasions in this strange mixed affair\nwe call life when a man takes this whole universe for a vast practical\njoke, though the wit thereof he but dimly discerns, and more than\nsuspects that the joke is at nobody's expense but his own. However,\nnothing dispirits, and nothing seems worth while disputing. He bolts\ndown all events, all creeds, and beliefs, and persuasions, all hard\nthings visible and invisible, never mind how knobby; as an ostrich of\npotent digestion gobbles down bullets and gun flints. And as for small\ndifficulties and worryings, prospects of sudden disaster, peril of\nlife and limb; all these, and death itself, seem to him only sly,\ngood-natured hits, and jolly punches in the side bestowed by the unseen\nand unaccountable old joker. That odd sort of wayward mood I am speaking\nof, comes over a man only in some time of extreme tribulation; it comes\nin the very midst of his earnestness, so that what just before might\nhave seemed to him a thing most momentous, now seems but a part of the\ngeneral joke. There is nothing like the perils of whaling to breed this\nfree and easy sort of genial, desperado philosophy; and with it I now\nregarded this whole voyage of the Pequod, and the great White Whale its\nobject.\n\n\"Queequeg,\" said I, when they had dragged me, the last man, to the deck,\nand I was still shaking myself in my jacket to fling off the water;\n\"Queequeg, my fine friend, does this sort of thing often happen?\"\nWithout much emotion, though soaked through just like me, he gave me to\nunderstand that such things did often happen.\n\n\"Mr. Stubb,\" said I, turning to that worthy, who, buttoned up in his\noil-jacket, was now calmly smoking his pipe in the rain; \"Mr. Stubb, I\nthink I have heard you say that of all whalemen you ever met, our chief\nmate, Mr. Starbuck, is by far the most careful and prudent. I suppose\nthen, that going plump on a flying whale with your sail set in a foggy\nsquall is the height of a whaleman's discretion?\"\n\n\"Certain. I've lowered for whales from a leaking ship in a gale off Cape\nHorn.\"\n\n\"Mr. Flask,\" said I, turning to little King-Post, who was standing close\nby; \"you are experienced in these things, and I am not. Will you tell\nme whether it is an unalterable law in this fishery, Mr. Flask, for an\noarsman to break his own back pulling himself back-foremost into death's\njaws?\"\n\n\"Can't you twist that smaller?\" said Flask. \"Yes, that's the law.\nI should like to see a boat's crew backing water up to a whale face\nforemost. Ha, ha! the whale would give them squint for squint, mind\nthat!\"\n\nHere then, from three impartial witnesses, I had a deliberate statement\nof the entire case. Considering, therefore, that squalls and capsizings\nin the water and consequent bivouacks on the deep, were matters\nof common occurrence in this kind of life; considering that at the\nsuperlatively critical instant of going on to the whale I must resign my\nlife into the hands of him who steered the boat--oftentimes a fellow who\nat that very moment is in his impetuousness upon the point of scuttling\nthe craft with his own frantic stampings; considering that the\nparticular disaster to our own particular boat was chiefly to be imputed\nto Starbuck's driving on to his whale almost in the teeth of a squall,\nand considering that Starbuck, notwithstanding, was famous for his\ngreat heedfulness in the fishery; considering that I belonged to this\nuncommonly prudent Starbuck's boat; and finally considering in what a\ndevil's chase I was implicated, touching the White Whale: taking all\nthings together, I say, I thought I might as well go below and make a\nrough draft of my will. \"Queequeg,\" said I, \"come along, you shall be my\nlawyer, executor, and legatee.\"\n\nIt may seem strange that of all men sailors should be tinkering at their\nlast wills and testaments, but there are no people in the world more\nfond of that diversion. This was the fourth time in my nautical life\nthat I had done the same thing. After the ceremony was concluded upon\nthe present occasion, I felt all the easier; a stone was rolled away\nfrom my heart. Besides, all the days I should now live would be as good\nas the days that Lazarus lived after his resurrection; a supplementary\nclean gain of so many months or weeks as the case might be. I survived\nmyself; my death and burial were locked up in my chest. I looked\nround me tranquilly and contentedly, like a quiet ghost with a clean\nconscience sitting inside the bars of a snug family vault.\n\nNow then, thought I, unconsciously rolling up the sleeves of my frock,\nhere goes for a cool, collected dive at death and destruction, and the\ndevil fetch the hindmost.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 50. Ahab's Boat and Crew. Fedallah.\n\n\n\"Who would have thought it, Flask!\" cried Stubb; \"if I had but one leg\nyou would not catch me in a boat, unless maybe to stop the plug-hole\nwith my timber toe. Oh! he's a wonderful old man!\"\n\n\"I don't think it so strange, after all, on that account,\" said Flask.\n\"If his leg were off at the hip, now, it would be a different thing.\nThat would disable him; but he has one knee, and good part of the other\nleft, you know.\"\n\n\"I don't know that, my little man; I never yet saw him kneel.\"\n\n\nAmong whale-wise people it has often been argued whether, considering\nthe paramount importance of his life to the success of the voyage, it is\nright for a whaling captain to jeopardize that life in the active perils\nof the chase. So Tamerlane's soldiers often argued with tears in their\neyes, whether that invaluable life of his ought to be carried into the\nthickest of the fight.\n\nBut with Ahab the question assumed a modified aspect. Considering\nthat with two legs man is but a hobbling wight in all times of danger;\nconsidering that the pursuit of whales is always under great and\nextraordinary difficulties; that every individual moment, indeed, then\ncomprises a peril; under these circumstances is it wise for any\nmaimed man to enter a whale-boat in the hunt? As a general thing, the\njoint-owners of the Pequod must have plainly thought not.\n\nAhab well knew that although his friends at home would think little of\nhis entering a boat in certain comparatively harmless vicissitudes of\nthe chase, for the sake of being near the scene of action and giving\nhis orders in person, yet for Captain Ahab to have a boat actually\napportioned to him as a regular headsman in the hunt--above all for\nCaptain Ahab to be supplied with five extra men, as that same boat's\ncrew, he well knew that such generous conceits never entered the heads\nof the owners of the Pequod. Therefore he had not solicited a boat's\ncrew from them, nor had he in any way hinted his desires on that head.\nNevertheless he had taken private measures of his own touching all\nthat matter. Until Cabaco's published discovery, the sailors had little\nforeseen it, though to be sure when, after being a little while out\nof port, all hands had concluded the customary business of fitting the\nwhaleboats for service; when some time after this Ahab was now and then\nfound bestirring himself in the matter of making thole-pins with his\nown hands for what was thought to be one of the spare boats, and even\nsolicitously cutting the small wooden skewers, which when the line is\nrunning out are pinned over the groove in the bow: when all this was\nobserved in him, and particularly his solicitude in having an extra\ncoat of sheathing in the bottom of the boat, as if to make it better\nwithstand the pointed pressure of his ivory limb; and also the anxiety\nhe evinced in exactly shaping the thigh board, or clumsy cleat, as it is\nsometimes called, the horizontal piece in the boat's bow for bracing the\nknee against in darting or stabbing at the whale; when it was observed\nhow often he stood up in that boat with his solitary knee fixed in the\nsemi-circular depression in the cleat, and with the carpenter's chisel\ngouged out a little here and straightened it a little there; all these\nthings, I say, had awakened much interest and curiosity at the time. But\nalmost everybody supposed that this particular preparative heedfulness\nin Ahab must only be with a view to the ultimate chase of Moby Dick;\nfor he had already revealed his intention to hunt that mortal monster\nin person. But such a supposition did by no means involve the remotest\nsuspicion as to any boat's crew being assigned to that boat.\n\nNow, with the subordinate phantoms, what wonder remained soon waned\naway; for in a whaler wonders soon wane. Besides, now and then such\nunaccountable odds and ends of strange nations come up from the unknown\nnooks and ash-holes of the earth to man these floating outlaws of\nwhalers; and the ships themselves often pick up such queer castaway\ncreatures found tossing about the open sea on planks, bits of wreck,\noars, whaleboats, canoes, blown-off Japanese junks, and what not; that\nBeelzebub himself might climb up the side and step down into the cabin\nto chat with the captain, and it would not create any unsubduable\nexcitement in the forecastle.\n\nBut be all this as it may, certain it is that while the subordinate\nphantoms soon found their place among the crew, though still as it were\nsomehow distinct from them, yet that hair-turbaned Fedallah remained\na muffled mystery to the last. Whence he came in a mannerly world like\nthis, by what sort of unaccountable tie he soon evinced himself to be\nlinked with Ahab's peculiar fortunes; nay, so far as to have some sort\nof a half-hinted influence; Heaven knows, but it might have been even\nauthority over him; all this none knew. But one cannot sustain\nan indifferent air concerning Fedallah. He was such a creature as\ncivilized, domestic people in the temperate zone only see in their\ndreams, and that but dimly; but the like of whom now and then glide\namong the unchanging Asiatic communities, especially the Oriental isles\nto the east of the continent--those insulated, immemorial, unalterable\ncountries, which even in these modern days still preserve much of the\nghostly aboriginalness of earth's primal generations, when the memory of\nthe first man was a distinct recollection, and all men his descendants,\nunknowing whence he came, eyed each other as real phantoms, and asked of\nthe sun and the moon why they were created and to what end; when though,\naccording to Genesis, the angels indeed consorted with the daughters of\nmen, the devils also, add the uncanonical Rabbins, indulged in mundane\namours.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 51. The Spirit-Spout.\n\n\nDays, weeks passed, and under easy sail, the ivory Pequod had slowly\nswept across four several cruising-grounds; that off the Azores; off the\nCape de Verdes; on the Plate (so called), being off the mouth of the\nRio de la Plata; and the Carrol Ground, an unstaked, watery locality,\nsoutherly from St. Helena.\n\nIt was while gliding through these latter waters that one serene and\nmoonlight night, when all the waves rolled by like scrolls of silver;\nand, by their soft, suffusing seethings, made what seemed a silvery\nsilence, not a solitude; on such a silent night a silvery jet was seen\nfar in advance of the white bubbles at the bow. Lit up by the moon, it\nlooked celestial; seemed some plumed and glittering god uprising from\nthe sea. Fedallah first descried this jet. For of these moonlight\nnights, it was his wont to mount to the main-mast head, and stand a\nlook-out there, with the same precision as if it had been day. And yet,\nthough herds of whales were seen by night, not one whaleman in a hundred\nwould venture a lowering for them. You may think with what emotions,\nthen, the seamen beheld this old Oriental perched aloft at such unusual\nhours; his turban and the moon, companions in one sky. But when, after\nspending his uniform interval there for several successive nights\nwithout uttering a single sound; when, after all this silence, his\nunearthly voice was heard announcing that silvery, moon-lit jet, every\nreclining mariner started to his feet as if some winged spirit had\nlighted in the rigging, and hailed the mortal crew. \"There she blows!\"\nHad the trump of judgment blown, they could not have quivered more; yet\nstill they felt no terror; rather pleasure. For though it was a most\nunwonted hour, yet so impressive was the cry, and so deliriously\nexciting, that almost every soul on board instinctively desired a\nlowering.\n\nWalking the deck with quick, side-lunging strides, Ahab commanded the\nt'gallant sails and royals to be set, and every stunsail spread. The\nbest man in the ship must take the helm. Then, with every mast-head\nmanned, the piled-up craft rolled down before the wind. The strange,\nupheaving, lifting tendency of the taffrail breeze filling the hollows\nof so many sails, made the buoyant, hovering deck to feel like air\nbeneath the feet; while still she rushed along, as if two antagonistic\ninfluences were struggling in her--one to mount direct to heaven, the\nother to drive yawingly to some horizontal goal. And had you watched\nAhab's face that night, you would have thought that in him also two\ndifferent things were warring. While his one live leg made lively echoes\nalong the deck, every stroke of his dead limb sounded like a coffin-tap.\nOn life and death this old man walked. But though the ship so swiftly\nsped, and though from every eye, like arrows, the eager glances shot,\nyet the silvery jet was no more seen that night. Every sailor swore he\nsaw it once, but not a second time.\n\nThis midnight-spout had almost grown a forgotten thing, when, some days\nafter, lo! at the same silent hour, it was again announced: again it\nwas descried by all; but upon making sail to overtake it, once more it\ndisappeared as if it had never been. And so it served us night after\nnight, till no one heeded it but to wonder at it. Mysteriously\njetted into the clear moonlight, or starlight, as the case might be;\ndisappearing again for one whole day, or two days, or three; and somehow\nseeming at every distinct repetition to be advancing still further and\nfurther in our van, this solitary jet seemed for ever alluring us on.\n\nNor with the immemorial superstition of their race, and in accordance\nwith the preternaturalness, as it seemed, which in many things invested\nthe Pequod, were there wanting some of the seamen who swore that\nwhenever and wherever descried; at however remote times, or in however\nfar apart latitudes and longitudes, that unnearable spout was cast\nby one self-same whale; and that whale, Moby Dick. For a time, there\nreigned, too, a sense of peculiar dread at this flitting apparition,\nas if it were treacherously beckoning us on and on, in order that the\nmonster might turn round upon us, and rend us at last in the remotest\nand most savage seas.\n\nThese temporary apprehensions, so vague but so awful, derived a wondrous\npotency from the contrasting serenity of the weather, in which, beneath\nall its blue blandness, some thought there lurked a devilish charm, as\nfor days and days we voyaged along, through seas so wearily, lonesomely\nmild, that all space, in repugnance to our vengeful errand, seemed\nvacating itself of life before our urn-like prow.\n\nBut, at last, when turning to the eastward, the Cape winds began howling\naround us, and we rose and fell upon the long, troubled seas that are\nthere; when the ivory-tusked Pequod sharply bowed to the blast, and\ngored the dark waves in her madness, till, like showers of silver chips,\nthe foam-flakes flew over her bulwarks; then all this desolate vacuity\nof life went away, but gave place to sights more dismal than before.\n\nClose to our bows, strange forms in the water darted hither and thither\nbefore us; while thick in our rear flew the inscrutable sea-ravens. And\nevery morning, perched on our stays, rows of these birds were seen; and\nspite of our hootings, for a long time obstinately clung to the hemp,\nas though they deemed our ship some drifting, uninhabited craft; a thing\nappointed to desolation, and therefore fit roosting-place for their\nhomeless selves. And heaved and heaved, still unrestingly heaved the\nblack sea, as if its vast tides were a conscience; and the great mundane\nsoul were in anguish and remorse for the long sin and suffering it had\nbred.\n\nCape of Good Hope, do they call ye? Rather Cape Tormentoto, as called\nof yore; for long allured by the perfidious silences that before had\nattended us, we found ourselves launched into this tormented sea,\nwhere guilty beings transformed into those fowls and these fish, seemed\ncondemned to swim on everlastingly without any haven in store, or beat\nthat black air without any horizon. But calm, snow-white, and unvarying;\nstill directing its fountain of feathers to the sky; still beckoning us\non from before, the solitary jet would at times be descried.\n\nDuring all this blackness of the elements, Ahab, though assuming for the\ntime the almost continual command of the drenched and dangerous deck,\nmanifested the gloomiest reserve; and more seldom than ever addressed\nhis mates. In tempestuous times like these, after everything above and\naloft has been secured, nothing more can be done but passively to await\nthe issue of the gale. Then Captain and crew become practical fatalists.\nSo, with his ivory leg inserted into its accustomed hole, and with one\nhand firmly grasping a shroud, Ahab for hours and hours would stand\ngazing dead to windward, while an occasional squall of sleet or snow\nwould all but congeal his very eyelashes together. Meantime, the crew\ndriven from the forward part of the ship by the perilous seas that\nburstingly broke over its bows, stood in a line along the bulwarks in\nthe waist; and the better to guard against the leaping waves, each man\nhad slipped himself into a sort of bowline secured to the rail, in which\nhe swung as in a loosened belt. Few or no words were spoken; and the\nsilent ship, as if manned by painted sailors in wax, day after day tore\non through all the swift madness and gladness of the demoniac waves.\nBy night the same muteness of humanity before the shrieks of the\nocean prevailed; still in silence the men swung in the bowlines; still\nwordless Ahab stood up to the blast. Even when wearied nature seemed\ndemanding repose he would not seek that repose in his hammock. Never\ncould Starbuck forget the old man's aspect, when one night going down\ninto the cabin to mark how the barometer stood, he saw him with\nclosed eyes sitting straight in his floor-screwed chair; the rain\nand half-melted sleet of the storm from which he had some time before\nemerged, still slowly dripping from the unremoved hat and coat. On the\ntable beside him lay unrolled one of those charts of tides and currents\nwhich have previously been spoken of. His lantern swung from his tightly\nclenched hand. Though the body was erect, the head was thrown back so\nthat the closed eyes were pointed towards the needle of the tell-tale\nthat swung from a beam in the ceiling.*\n\n\n*The cabin-compass is called the tell-tale, because without going to the\ncompass at the helm, the Captain, while below, can inform himself of the\ncourse of the ship.\n\n\nTerrible old man! thought Starbuck with a shudder, sleeping in this\ngale, still thou steadfastly eyest thy purpose.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 52. The Albatross.\n\n\nSouth-eastward from the Cape, off the distant Crozetts, a good cruising\nground for Right Whalemen, a sail loomed ahead, the Goney (Albatross)\nby name. As she slowly drew nigh, from my lofty perch at the\nfore-mast-head, I had a good view of that sight so remarkable to a tyro\nin the far ocean fisheries--a whaler at sea, and long absent from home.\n\nAs if the waves had been fullers, this craft was bleached like the\nskeleton of a stranded walrus. All down her sides, this spectral\nappearance was traced with long channels of reddened rust, while all her\nspars and her rigging were like the thick branches of trees furred over\nwith hoar-frost. Only her lower sails were set. A wild sight it was to\nsee her long-bearded look-outs at those three mast-heads. They seemed\nclad in the skins of beasts, so torn and bepatched the raiment that had\nsurvived nearly four years of cruising. Standing in iron hoops nailed to\nthe mast, they swayed and swung over a fathomless sea; and though, when\nthe ship slowly glided close under our stern, we six men in the air\ncame so nigh to each other that we might almost have leaped from the\nmast-heads of one ship to those of the other; yet, those forlorn-looking\nfishermen, mildly eyeing us as they passed, said not one word to our own\nlook-outs, while the quarter-deck hail was being heard from below.\n\n\"Ship ahoy! Have ye seen the White Whale?\"\n\nBut as the strange captain, leaning over the pallid bulwarks, was in the\nact of putting his trumpet to his mouth, it somehow fell from his hand\ninto the sea; and the wind now rising amain, he in vain strove to make\nhimself heard without it. Meantime his ship was still increasing the\ndistance between. While in various silent ways the seamen of the Pequod\nwere evincing their observance of this ominous incident at the first\nmere mention of the White Whale's name to another ship, Ahab for a\nmoment paused; it almost seemed as though he would have lowered a boat\nto board the stranger, had not the threatening wind forbade. But taking\nadvantage of his windward position, he again seized his trumpet, and\nknowing by her aspect that the stranger vessel was a Nantucketer and\nshortly bound home, he loudly hailed--\"Ahoy there! This is the Pequod,\nbound round the world! Tell them to address all future letters to the\nPacific ocean! and this time three years, if I am not at home, tell them\nto address them to--\"\n\nAt that moment the two wakes were fairly crossed, and instantly, then,\nin accordance with their singular ways, shoals of small harmless fish,\nthat for some days before had been placidly swimming by our side, darted\naway with what seemed shuddering fins, and ranged themselves fore and\naft with the stranger's flanks. Though in the course of his continual\nvoyagings Ahab must often before have noticed a similar sight, yet, to\nany monomaniac man, the veriest trifles capriciously carry meanings.\n\n\"Swim away from me, do ye?\" murmured Ahab, gazing over into the water.\nThere seemed but little in the words, but the tone conveyed more of deep\nhelpless sadness than the insane old man had ever before evinced. But\nturning to the steersman, who thus far had been holding the ship in the\nwind to diminish her headway, he cried out in his old lion voice,--\"Up\nhelm! Keep her off round the world!\"\n\nRound the world! There is much in that sound to inspire proud feelings;\nbut whereto does all that circumnavigation conduct? Only through\nnumberless perils to the very point whence we started, where those that\nwe left behind secure, were all the time before us.\n\nWere this world an endless plain, and by sailing eastward we could for\never reach new distances, and discover sights more sweet and strange\nthan any Cyclades or Islands of King Solomon, then there were promise\nin the voyage. But in pursuit of those far mysteries we dream of, or in\ntormented chase of that demon phantom that, some time or other, swims\nbefore all human hearts; while chasing such over this round globe, they\neither lead us on in barren mazes or midway leave us whelmed.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 53. The Gam.\n\n\nThe ostensible reason why Ahab did not go on board of the whaler we had\nspoken was this: the wind and sea betokened storms. But even had\nthis not been the case, he would not after all, perhaps, have boarded\nher--judging by his subsequent conduct on similar occasions--if so it\nhad been that, by the process of hailing, he had obtained a negative\nanswer to the question he put. For, as it eventually turned out, he\ncared not to consort, even for five minutes, with any stranger captain,\nexcept he could contribute some of that information he so absorbingly\nsought. But all this might remain inadequately estimated, were not\nsomething said here of the peculiar usages of whaling-vessels when\nmeeting each other in foreign seas, and especially on a common\ncruising-ground.\n\nIf two strangers crossing the Pine Barrens in New York State, or the\nequally desolate Salisbury Plain in England; if casually encountering\neach other in such inhospitable wilds, these twain, for the life of\nthem, cannot well avoid a mutual salutation; and stopping for a moment\nto interchange the news; and, perhaps, sitting down for a while\nand resting in concert: then, how much more natural that upon the\nillimitable Pine Barrens and Salisbury Plains of the sea, two whaling\nvessels descrying each other at the ends of the earth--off lone\nFanning's Island, or the far away King's Mills; how much more natural,\nI say, that under such circumstances these ships should not only\ninterchange hails, but come into still closer, more friendly and\nsociable contact. And especially would this seem to be a matter of\ncourse, in the case of vessels owned in one seaport, and whose captains,\nofficers, and not a few of the men are personally known to each other;\nand consequently, have all sorts of dear domestic things to talk about.\n\nFor the long absent ship, the outward-bounder, perhaps, has letters on\nboard; at any rate, she will be sure to let her have some papers of a\ndate a year or two later than the last one on her blurred and thumb-worn\nfiles. And in return for that courtesy, the outward-bound ship would\nreceive the latest whaling intelligence from the cruising-ground to\nwhich she may be destined, a thing of the utmost importance to her. And\nin degree, all this will hold true concerning whaling vessels crossing\neach other's track on the cruising-ground itself, even though they\nare equally long absent from home. For one of them may have received a\ntransfer of letters from some third, and now far remote vessel; and\nsome of those letters may be for the people of the ship she now meets.\nBesides, they would exchange the whaling news, and have an agreeable\nchat. For not only would they meet with all the sympathies of sailors,\nbut likewise with all the peculiar congenialities arising from a common\npursuit and mutually shared privations and perils.\n\nNor would difference of country make any very essential difference;\nthat is, so long as both parties speak one language, as is the case\nwith Americans and English. Though, to be sure, from the small number of\nEnglish whalers, such meetings do not very often occur, and when they\ndo occur there is too apt to be a sort of shyness between them; for your\nEnglishman is rather reserved, and your Yankee, he does not fancy that\nsort of thing in anybody but himself. Besides, the English whalers\nsometimes affect a kind of metropolitan superiority over the American\nwhalers; regarding the long, lean Nantucketer, with his nondescript\nprovincialisms, as a sort of sea-peasant. But where this superiority\nin the English whalemen does really consist, it would be hard to say,\nseeing that the Yankees in one day, collectively, kill more whales than\nall the English, collectively, in ten years. But this is a harmless\nlittle foible in the English whale-hunters, which the Nantucketer does\nnot take much to heart; probably, because he knows that he has a few\nfoibles himself.\n\nSo, then, we see that of all ships separately sailing the sea, the\nwhalers have most reason to be sociable--and they are so. Whereas, some\nmerchant ships crossing each other's wake in the mid-Atlantic, will\noftentimes pass on without so much as a single word of recognition,\nmutually cutting each other on the high seas, like a brace of dandies in\nBroadway; and all the time indulging, perhaps, in finical criticism upon\neach other's rig. As for Men-of-War, when they chance to meet at sea,\nthey first go through such a string of silly bowings and scrapings, such\na ducking of ensigns, that there does not seem to be much right-down\nhearty good-will and brotherly love about it at all. As touching\nSlave-ships meeting, why, they are in such a prodigious hurry, they run\naway from each other as soon as possible. And as for Pirates, when they\nchance to cross each other's cross-bones, the first hail is--\"How many\nskulls?\"--the same way that whalers hail--\"How many barrels?\" And that\nquestion once answered, pirates straightway steer apart, for they are\ninfernal villains on both sides, and don't like to see overmuch of each\nother's villanous likenesses.\n\nBut look at the godly, honest, unostentatious, hospitable, sociable,\nfree-and-easy whaler! What does the whaler do when she meets another\nwhaler in any sort of decent weather? She has a \"GAM,\" a thing so\nutterly unknown to all other ships that they never heard of the name\neven; and if by chance they should hear of it, they only grin at it, and\nrepeat gamesome stuff about \"spouters\" and \"blubber-boilers,\" and such\nlike pretty exclamations. Why it is that all Merchant-seamen, and also\nall Pirates and Man-of-War's men, and Slave-ship sailors, cherish such\na scornful feeling towards Whale-ships; this is a question it would be\nhard to answer. Because, in the case of pirates, say, I should like to\nknow whether that profession of theirs has any peculiar glory about\nit. It sometimes ends in uncommon elevation, indeed; but only at the\ngallows. And besides, when a man is elevated in that odd fashion, he has\nno proper foundation for his superior altitude. Hence, I conclude,\nthat in boasting himself to be high lifted above a whaleman, in that\nassertion the pirate has no solid basis to stand on.\n\nBut what is a GAM? You might wear out your index-finger running up and\ndown the columns of dictionaries, and never find the word. Dr. Johnson\nnever attained to that erudition; Noah Webster's ark does not hold it.\nNevertheless, this same expressive word has now for many years been in\nconstant use among some fifteen thousand true born Yankees. Certainly,\nit needs a definition, and should be incorporated into the Lexicon. With\nthat view, let me learnedly define it.\n\nGAM. NOUN--A SOCIAL MEETING OF TWO (OR MORE) WHALESHIPS, GENERALLY ON A\nCRUISING-GROUND; WHEN, AFTER EXCHANGING HAILS, THEY EXCHANGE VISITS BY\nBOATS' CREWS; THE TWO CAPTAINS REMAINING, FOR THE TIME, ON BOARD OF ONE\nSHIP, AND THE TWO CHIEF MATES ON THE OTHER.\n\nThere is another little item about Gamming which must not be forgotten\nhere. All professions have their own little peculiarities of detail; so\nhas the whale fishery. In a pirate, man-of-war, or slave ship, when\nthe captain is rowed anywhere in his boat, he always sits in the stern\nsheets on a comfortable, sometimes cushioned seat there, and often\nsteers himself with a pretty little milliner's tiller decorated with\ngay cords and ribbons. But the whale-boat has no seat astern, no sofa of\nthat sort whatever, and no tiller at all. High times indeed, if whaling\ncaptains were wheeled about the water on castors like gouty old aldermen\nin patent chairs. And as for a tiller, the whale-boat never admits of\nany such effeminacy; and therefore as in gamming a complete boat's crew\nmust leave the ship, and hence as the boat steerer or harpooneer is of\nthe number, that subordinate is the steersman upon the occasion, and\nthe captain, having no place to sit in, is pulled off to his visit\nall standing like a pine tree. And often you will notice that being\nconscious of the eyes of the whole visible world resting on him from\nthe sides of the two ships, this standing captain is all alive to the\nimportance of sustaining his dignity by maintaining his legs. Nor is\nthis any very easy matter; for in his rear is the immense projecting\nsteering oar hitting him now and then in the small of his back, the\nafter-oar reciprocating by rapping his knees in front. He is thus\ncompletely wedged before and behind, and can only expand himself\nsideways by settling down on his stretched legs; but a sudden, violent\npitch of the boat will often go far to topple him, because length of\nfoundation is nothing without corresponding breadth. Merely make a\nspread angle of two poles, and you cannot stand them up. Then, again,\nit would never do in plain sight of the world's riveted eyes, it would\nnever do, I say, for this straddling captain to be seen steadying\nhimself the slightest particle by catching hold of anything with\nhis hands; indeed, as token of his entire, buoyant self-command, he\ngenerally carries his hands in his trowsers' pockets; but perhaps being\ngenerally very large, heavy hands, he carries them there for ballast.\nNevertheless there have occurred instances, well authenticated ones too,\nwhere the captain has been known for an uncommonly critical moment or\ntwo, in a sudden squall say--to seize hold of the nearest oarsman's\nhair, and hold on there like grim death.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 54. The Town-Ho's Story.\n\n\n(AS TOLD AT THE GOLDEN INN)\n\n\nThe Cape of Good Hope, and all the watery region round about there, is\nmuch like some noted four corners of a great highway, where you meet\nmore travellers than in any other part.\n\nIt was not very long after speaking the Goney that another\nhomeward-bound whaleman, the Town-Ho,* was encountered. She was manned\nalmost wholly by Polynesians. In the short gam that ensued she gave\nus strong news of Moby Dick. To some the general interest in the White\nWhale was now wildly heightened by a circumstance of the Town-Ho's\nstory, which seemed obscurely to involve with the whale a certain\nwondrous, inverted visitation of one of those so called judgments of God\nwhich at times are said to overtake some men. This latter circumstance,\nwith its own particular accompaniments, forming what may be called the\nsecret part of the tragedy about to be narrated, never reached the ears\nof Captain Ahab or his mates. For that secret part of the story was\nunknown to the captain of the Town-Ho himself. It was the private\nproperty of three confederate white seamen of that ship, one of whom, it\nseems, communicated it to Tashtego with Romish injunctions of secrecy,\nbut the following night Tashtego rambled in his sleep, and revealed\nso much of it in that way, that when he was wakened he could not well\nwithhold the rest. Nevertheless, so potent an influence did this thing\nhave on those seamen in the Pequod who came to the full knowledge of\nit, and by such a strange delicacy, to call it so, were they governed in\nthis matter, that they kept the secret among themselves so that it never\ntranspired abaft the Pequod's main-mast. Interweaving in its proper\nplace this darker thread with the story as publicly narrated on the\nship, the whole of this strange affair I now proceed to put on lasting\nrecord.\n\n\n*The ancient whale-cry upon first sighting a whale from the mast-head,\nstill used by whalemen in hunting the famous Gallipagos terrapin.\n\n\nFor my humor's sake, I shall preserve the style in which I once narrated\nit at Lima, to a lounging circle of my Spanish friends, one saint's eve,\nsmoking upon the thick-gilt tiled piazza of the Golden Inn. Of those\nfine cavaliers, the young Dons, Pedro and Sebastian, were on the closer\nterms with me; and hence the interluding questions they occasionally\nput, and which are duly answered at the time.\n\n\"Some two years prior to my first learning the events which I am about\nrehearsing to you, gentlemen, the Town-Ho, Sperm Whaler of Nantucket,\nwas cruising in your Pacific here, not very many days' sail eastward\nfrom the eaves of this good Golden Inn. She was somewhere to the\nnorthward of the Line. One morning upon handling the pumps, according to\ndaily usage, it was observed that she made more water in her hold than\ncommon. They supposed a sword-fish had stabbed her, gentlemen. But the\ncaptain, having some unusual reason for believing that rare good luck\nawaited him in those latitudes; and therefore being very averse to quit\nthem, and the leak not being then considered at all dangerous, though,\nindeed, they could not find it after searching the hold as low down\nas was possible in rather heavy weather, the ship still continued her\ncruisings, the mariners working at the pumps at wide and easy intervals;\nbut no good luck came; more days went by, and not only was the leak yet\nundiscovered, but it sensibly increased. So much so, that now taking\nsome alarm, the captain, making all sail, stood away for the nearest\nharbor among the islands, there to have his hull hove out and repaired.\n\n\"Though no small passage was before her, yet, if the commonest chance\nfavoured, he did not at all fear that his ship would founder by the way,\nbecause his pumps were of the best, and being periodically relieved at\nthem, those six-and-thirty men of his could easily keep the ship free;\nnever mind if the leak should double on her. In truth, well nigh the\nwhole of this passage being attended by very prosperous breezes, the\nTown-Ho had all but certainly arrived in perfect safety at her port\nwithout the occurrence of the least fatality, had it not been for the\nbrutal overbearing of Radney, the mate, a Vineyarder, and the bitterly\nprovoked vengeance of Steelkilt, a Lakeman and desperado from Buffalo.\n\n\"'Lakeman!--Buffalo! Pray, what is a Lakeman, and where is Buffalo?'\nsaid Don Sebastian, rising in his swinging mat of grass.\n\n\"On the eastern shore of our Lake Erie, Don; but--I crave your\ncourtesy--may be, you shall soon hear further of all that. Now,\ngentlemen, in square-sail brigs and three-masted ships, well-nigh as\nlarge and stout as any that ever sailed out of your old Callao to far\nManilla; this Lakeman, in the land-locked heart of our America, had yet\nbeen nurtured by all those agrarian freebooting impressions popularly\nconnected with the open ocean. For in their interflowing aggregate,\nthose grand fresh-water seas of ours,--Erie, and Ontario, and Huron, and\nSuperior, and Michigan,--possess an ocean-like expansiveness, with many\nof the ocean's noblest traits; with many of its rimmed varieties of\nraces and of climes. They contain round archipelagoes of romantic isles,\neven as the Polynesian waters do; in large part, are shored by two great\ncontrasting nations, as the Atlantic is; they furnish long maritime\napproaches to our numerous territorial colonies from the East, dotted\nall round their banks; here and there are frowned upon by batteries,\nand by the goat-like craggy guns of lofty Mackinaw; they have heard the\nfleet thunderings of naval victories; at intervals, they yield their\nbeaches to wild barbarians, whose red painted faces flash from out\ntheir peltry wigwams; for leagues and leagues are flanked by ancient\nand unentered forests, where the gaunt pines stand like serried lines\nof kings in Gothic genealogies; those same woods harboring wild Afric\nbeasts of prey, and silken creatures whose exported furs give robes\nto Tartar Emperors; they mirror the paved capitals of Buffalo and\nCleveland, as well as Winnebago villages; they float alike the\nfull-rigged merchant ship, the armed cruiser of the State, the steamer,\nand the beech canoe; they are swept by Borean and dismasting blasts as\ndireful as any that lash the salted wave; they know what shipwrecks are,\nfor out of sight of land, however inland, they have drowned full many\na midnight ship with all its shrieking crew. Thus, gentlemen, though\nan inlander, Steelkilt was wild-ocean born, and wild-ocean nurtured;\nas much of an audacious mariner as any. And for Radney, though in his\ninfancy he may have laid him down on the lone Nantucket beach, to nurse\nat his maternal sea; though in after life he had long followed our\naustere Atlantic and your contemplative Pacific; yet was he quite as\nvengeful and full of social quarrel as the backwoods seaman, fresh\nfrom the latitudes of buck-horn handled bowie-knives. Yet was this\nNantucketer a man with some good-hearted traits; and this Lakeman, a\nmariner, who though a sort of devil indeed, might yet by inflexible\nfirmness, only tempered by that common decency of human recognition\nwhich is the meanest slave's right; thus treated, this Steelkilt had\nlong been retained harmless and docile. At all events, he had proved\nso thus far; but Radney was doomed and made mad, and Steelkilt--but,\ngentlemen, you shall hear.\n\n\"It was not more than a day or two at the furthest after pointing\nher prow for her island haven, that the Town-Ho's leak seemed again\nincreasing, but only so as to require an hour or more at the pumps\nevery day. You must know that in a settled and civilized ocean like our\nAtlantic, for example, some skippers think little of pumping their whole\nway across it; though of a still, sleepy night, should the officer of\nthe deck happen to forget his duty in that respect, the probability\nwould be that he and his shipmates would never again remember it, on\naccount of all hands gently subsiding to the bottom. Nor in the\nsolitary and savage seas far from you to the westward, gentlemen, is it\naltogether unusual for ships to keep clanging at their pump-handles in\nfull chorus even for a voyage of considerable length; that is, if it lie\nalong a tolerably accessible coast, or if any other reasonable retreat\nis afforded them. It is only when a leaky vessel is in some very out of\nthe way part of those waters, some really landless latitude, that her\ncaptain begins to feel a little anxious.\n\n\"Much this way had it been with the Town-Ho; so when her leak was found\ngaining once more, there was in truth some small concern manifested by\nseveral of her company; especially by Radney the mate. He commanded\nthe upper sails to be well hoisted, sheeted home anew, and every way\nexpanded to the breeze. Now this Radney, I suppose, was as little of a\ncoward, and as little inclined to any sort of nervous apprehensiveness\ntouching his own person as any fearless, unthinking creature on land or\non sea that you can conveniently imagine, gentlemen. Therefore when\nhe betrayed this solicitude about the safety of the ship, some of the\nseamen declared that it was only on account of his being a part owner in\nher. So when they were working that evening at the pumps, there was on\nthis head no small gamesomeness slily going on among them, as they stood\nwith their feet continually overflowed by the rippling clear water;\nclear as any mountain spring, gentlemen--that bubbling from the pumps\nran across the deck, and poured itself out in steady spouts at the lee\nscupper-holes.\n\n\"Now, as you well know, it is not seldom the case in this conventional\nworld of ours--watery or otherwise; that when a person placed in command\nover his fellow-men finds one of them to be very significantly his\nsuperior in general pride of manhood, straightway against that man he\nconceives an unconquerable dislike and bitterness; and if he have a\nchance he will pull down and pulverize that subaltern's tower, and\nmake a little heap of dust of it. Be this conceit of mine as it may,\ngentlemen, at all events Steelkilt was a tall and noble animal with a\nhead like a Roman, and a flowing golden beard like the tasseled housings\nof your last viceroy's snorting charger; and a brain, and a heart, and\na soul in him, gentlemen, which had made Steelkilt Charlemagne, had he\nbeen born son to Charlemagne's father. But Radney, the mate, was ugly\nas a mule; yet as hardy, as stubborn, as malicious. He did not love\nSteelkilt, and Steelkilt knew it.\n\n\"Espying the mate drawing near as he was toiling at the pump with the\nrest, the Lakeman affected not to notice him, but unawed, went on with\nhis gay banterings.\n\n\"'Aye, aye, my merry lads, it's a lively leak this; hold a cannikin, one\nof ye, and let's have a taste. By the Lord, it's worth bottling! I tell\nye what, men, old Rad's investment must go for it! he had best cut away\nhis part of the hull and tow it home. The fact is, boys, that sword-fish\nonly began the job; he's come back again with a gang of ship-carpenters,\nsaw-fish, and file-fish, and what not; and the whole posse of 'em\nare now hard at work cutting and slashing at the bottom; making\nimprovements, I suppose. If old Rad were here now, I'd tell him to jump\noverboard and scatter 'em. They're playing the devil with his estate, I\ncan tell him. But he's a simple old soul,--Rad, and a beauty too. Boys,\nthey say the rest of his property is invested in looking-glasses. I\nwonder if he'd give a poor devil like me the model of his nose.'\n\n\"'Damn your eyes! what's that pump stopping for?' roared Radney,\npretending not to have heard the sailors' talk. 'Thunder away at it!'\n\n\"'Aye, aye, sir,' said Steelkilt, merry as a cricket. 'Lively, boys,\nlively, now!' And with that the pump clanged like fifty fire-engines;\nthe men tossed their hats off to it, and ere long that peculiar gasping\nof the lungs was heard which denotes the fullest tension of life's\nutmost energies.\n\n\"Quitting the pump at last, with the rest of his band, the Lakeman went\nforward all panting, and sat himself down on the windlass; his face\nfiery red, his eyes bloodshot, and wiping the profuse sweat from his\nbrow. Now what cozening fiend it was, gentlemen, that possessed Radney\nto meddle with such a man in that corporeally exasperated state, I know\nnot; but so it happened. Intolerably striding along the deck, the mate\ncommanded him to get a broom and sweep down the planks, and also a\nshovel, and remove some offensive matters consequent upon allowing a pig\nto run at large.\n\n\"Now, gentlemen, sweeping a ship's deck at sea is a piece of household\nwork which in all times but raging gales is regularly attended to every\nevening; it has been known to be done in the case of ships actually\nfoundering at the time. Such, gentlemen, is the inflexibility of\nsea-usages and the instinctive love of neatness in seamen; some of whom\nwould not willingly drown without first washing their faces. But in all\nvessels this broom business is the prescriptive province of the boys,\nif boys there be aboard. Besides, it was the stronger men in the Town-Ho\nthat had been divided into gangs, taking turns at the pumps; and being\nthe most athletic seaman of them all, Steelkilt had been regularly\nassigned captain of one of the gangs; consequently he should have\nbeen freed from any trivial business not connected with truly nautical\nduties, such being the case with his comrades. I mention all these\nparticulars so that you may understand exactly how this affair stood\nbetween the two men.\n\n\"But there was more than this: the order about the shovel was almost as\nplainly meant to sting and insult Steelkilt, as though Radney had spat\nin his face. Any man who has gone sailor in a whale-ship will\nunderstand this; and all this and doubtless much more, the Lakeman fully\ncomprehended when the mate uttered his command. But as he sat still for\na moment, and as he steadfastly looked into the mate's malignant eye and\nperceived the stacks of powder-casks heaped up in him and the slow-match\nsilently burning along towards them; as he instinctively saw all\nthis, that strange forbearance and unwillingness to stir up the deeper\npassionateness in any already ireful being--a repugnance most felt, when\nfelt at all, by really valiant men even when aggrieved--this nameless\nphantom feeling, gentlemen, stole over Steelkilt.\n\n\"Therefore, in his ordinary tone, only a little broken by the bodily\nexhaustion he was temporarily in, he answered him saying that sweeping\nthe deck was not his business, and he would not do it. And then, without\nat all alluding to the shovel, he pointed to three lads as the customary\nsweepers; who, not being billeted at the pumps, had done little or\nnothing all day. To this, Radney replied with an oath, in a most\ndomineering and outrageous manner unconditionally reiterating his\ncommand; meanwhile advancing upon the still seated Lakeman, with an\nuplifted cooper's club hammer which he had snatched from a cask near by.\n\n\"Heated and irritated as he was by his spasmodic toil at the pumps, for\nall his first nameless feeling of forbearance the sweating Steelkilt\ncould but ill brook this bearing in the mate; but somehow still\nsmothering the conflagration within him, without speaking he remained\ndoggedly rooted to his seat, till at last the incensed Radney shook the\nhammer within a few inches of his face, furiously commanding him to do\nhis bidding.\n\n\"Steelkilt rose, and slowly retreating round the windlass, steadily\nfollowed by the mate with his menacing hammer, deliberately repeated his\nintention not to obey. Seeing, however, that his forbearance had not\nthe slightest effect, by an awful and unspeakable intimation with his\ntwisted hand he warned off the foolish and infatuated man; but it was to\nno purpose. And in this way the two went once slowly round the windlass;\nwhen, resolved at last no longer to retreat, bethinking him that he had\nnow forborne as much as comported with his humor, the Lakeman paused on\nthe hatches and thus spoke to the officer:\n\n\"'Mr. Radney, I will not obey you. Take that hammer away, or look to\nyourself.' But the predestinated mate coming still closer to him, where\nthe Lakeman stood fixed, now shook the heavy hammer within an inch of\nhis teeth; meanwhile repeating a string of insufferable maledictions.\nRetreating not the thousandth part of an inch; stabbing him in the eye\nwith the unflinching poniard of his glance, Steelkilt, clenching\nhis right hand behind him and creepingly drawing it back, told his\npersecutor that if the hammer but grazed his cheek he (Steelkilt) would\nmurder him. But, gentlemen, the fool had been branded for the slaughter\nby the gods. Immediately the hammer touched the cheek; the next instant\nthe lower jaw of the mate was stove in his head; he fell on the hatch\nspouting blood like a whale.\n\n\"Ere the cry could go aft Steelkilt was shaking one of the backstays\nleading far aloft to where two of his comrades were standing their\nmastheads. They were both Canallers.\n\n\"'Canallers!' cried Don Pedro. 'We have seen many whale-ships in our\nharbours, but never heard of your Canallers. Pardon: who and what are\nthey?'\n\n\"'Canallers, Don, are the boatmen belonging to our grand Erie Canal. You\nmust have heard of it.'\n\n\"'Nay, Senor; hereabouts in this dull, warm, most lazy, and hereditary\nland, we know but little of your vigorous North.'\n\n\"'Aye? Well then, Don, refill my cup. Your chicha's very fine; and\nere proceeding further I will tell ye what our Canallers are; for such\ninformation may throw side-light upon my story.'\n\n\"For three hundred and sixty miles, gentlemen, through the entire\nbreadth of the state of New York; through numerous populous cities and\nmost thriving villages; through long, dismal, uninhabited swamps, and\naffluent, cultivated fields, unrivalled for fertility; by billiard-room\nand bar-room; through the holy-of-holies of great forests; on Roman\narches over Indian rivers; through sun and shade; by happy hearts or\nbroken; through all the wide contrasting scenery of those noble Mohawk\ncounties; and especially, by rows of snow-white chapels, whose spires\nstand almost like milestones, flows one continual stream of Venetianly\ncorrupt and often lawless life. There's your true Ashantee, gentlemen;\nthere howl your pagans; where you ever find them, next door to you;\nunder the long-flung shadow, and the snug patronising lee of churches.\nFor by some curious fatality, as it is often noted of your metropolitan\nfreebooters that they ever encamp around the halls of justice, so\nsinners, gentlemen, most abound in holiest vicinities.\n\n\"'Is that a friar passing?' said Don Pedro, looking downwards into the\ncrowded plazza, with humorous concern.\n\n\"'Well for our northern friend, Dame Isabella's Inquisition wanes in\nLima,' laughed Don Sebastian. 'Proceed, Senor.'\n\n\"'A moment! Pardon!' cried another of the company. 'In the name of all\nus Limeese, I but desire to express to you, sir sailor, that we have by\nno means overlooked your delicacy in not substituting present Lima\nfor distant Venice in your corrupt comparison. Oh! do not bow and look\nsurprised; you know the proverb all along this coast--\"Corrupt as\nLima.\" It but bears out your saying, too; churches more plentiful than\nbilliard-tables, and for ever open--and \"Corrupt as Lima.\" So, too,\nVenice; I have been there; the holy city of the blessed evangelist, St.\nMark!--St. Dominic, purge it! Your cup! Thanks: here I refill; now, you\npour out again.'\n\n\"Freely depicted in his own vocation, gentlemen, the Canaller would make\na fine dramatic hero, so abundantly and picturesquely wicked is he. Like\nMark Antony, for days and days along his green-turfed, flowery Nile,\nhe indolently floats, openly toying with his red-cheeked Cleopatra,\nripening his apricot thigh upon the sunny deck. But ashore, all this\neffeminacy is dashed. The brigandish guise which the Canaller so proudly\nsports; his slouched and gaily-ribboned hat betoken his grand features.\nA terror to the smiling innocence of the villages through which he\nfloats; his swart visage and bold swagger are not unshunned in cities.\nOnce a vagabond on his own canal, I have received good turns from one of\nthese Canallers; I thank him heartily; would fain be not ungrateful;\nbut it is often one of the prime redeeming qualities of your man of\nviolence, that at times he has as stiff an arm to back a poor stranger\nin a strait, as to plunder a wealthy one. In sum, gentlemen, what the\nwildness of this canal life is, is emphatically evinced by this; that\nour wild whale-fishery contains so many of its most finished graduates,\nand that scarce any race of mankind, except Sydney men, are so much\ndistrusted by our whaling captains. Nor does it at all diminish the\ncuriousness of this matter, that to many thousands of our rural boys and\nyoung men born along its line, the probationary life of the Grand Canal\nfurnishes the sole transition between quietly reaping in a Christian\ncorn-field, and recklessly ploughing the waters of the most barbaric\nseas.\n\n\"'I see! I see!' impetuously exclaimed Don Pedro, spilling his chicha\nupon his silvery ruffles. 'No need to travel! The world's one Lima. I\nhad thought, now, that at your temperate North the generations were cold\nand holy as the hills.--But the story.'\n\n\"I left off, gentlemen, where the Lakeman shook the backstay. Hardly\nhad he done so, when he was surrounded by the three junior mates and the\nfour harpooneers, who all crowded him to the deck. But sliding down the\nropes like baleful comets, the two Canallers rushed into the uproar, and\nsought to drag their man out of it towards the forecastle. Others of the\nsailors joined with them in this attempt, and a twisted turmoil ensued;\nwhile standing out of harm's way, the valiant captain danced up and down\nwith a whale-pike, calling upon his officers to manhandle that atrocious\nscoundrel, and smoke him along to the quarter-deck. At intervals, he ran\nclose up to the revolving border of the confusion, and prying into\nthe heart of it with his pike, sought to prick out the object of his\nresentment. But Steelkilt and his desperadoes were too much for them\nall; they succeeded in gaining the forecastle deck, where, hastily\nslewing about three or four large casks in a line with the windlass,\nthese sea-Parisians entrenched themselves behind the barricade.\n\n\"'Come out of that, ye pirates!' roared the captain, now menacing them\nwith a pistol in each hand, just brought to him by the steward. 'Come\nout of that, ye cut-throats!'\n\n\"Steelkilt leaped on the barricade, and striding up and down there,\ndefied the worst the pistols could do; but gave the captain to\nunderstand distinctly, that his (Steelkilt's) death would be the signal\nfor a murderous mutiny on the part of all hands. Fearing in his heart\nlest this might prove but too true, the captain a little desisted, but\nstill commanded the insurgents instantly to return to their duty.\n\n\"'Will you promise not to touch us, if we do?' demanded their\nringleader.\n\n\"'Turn to! turn to!--I make no promise;--to your duty! Do you want to\nsink the ship, by knocking off at a time like this? Turn to!' and he\nonce more raised a pistol.\n\n\"'Sink the ship?' cried Steelkilt. 'Aye, let her sink. Not a man of us\nturns to, unless you swear not to raise a rope-yarn against us. What say\nye, men?' turning to his comrades. A fierce cheer was their response.\n\n\"The Lakeman now patrolled the barricade, all the while keeping his eye\non the Captain, and jerking out such sentences as these:--'It's not our\nfault; we didn't want it; I told him to take his hammer away; it was\nboy's business; he might have known me before this; I told him not to\nprick the buffalo; I believe I have broken a finger here against his\ncursed jaw; ain't those mincing knives down in the forecastle there,\nmen? look to those handspikes, my hearties. Captain, by God, look to\nyourself; say the word; don't be a fool; forget it all; we are ready\nto turn to; treat us decently, and we're your men; but we won't be\nflogged.'\n\n\"'Turn to! I make no promises, turn to, I say!'\n\n\"'Look ye, now,' cried the Lakeman, flinging out his arm towards him,\n'there are a few of us here (and I am one of them) who have shipped\nfor the cruise, d'ye see; now as you well know, sir, we can claim our\ndischarge as soon as the anchor is down; so we don't want a row; it's\nnot our interest; we want to be peaceable; we are ready to work, but we\nwon't be flogged.'\n\n\"'Turn to!' roared the Captain.\n\n\"Steelkilt glanced round him a moment, and then said:--'I tell you what\nit is now, Captain, rather than kill ye, and be hung for such a shabby\nrascal, we won't lift a hand against ye unless ye attack us; but till\nyou say the word about not flogging us, we don't do a hand's turn.'\n\n\"'Down into the forecastle then, down with ye, I'll keep ye there till\nye're sick of it. Down ye go.'\n\n\"'Shall we?' cried the ringleader to his men. Most of them were against\nit; but at length, in obedience to Steelkilt, they preceded him down\ninto their dark den, growlingly disappearing, like bears into a cave.\n\n\"As the Lakeman's bare head was just level with the planks, the Captain\nand his posse leaped the barricade, and rapidly drawing over the slide\nof the scuttle, planted their group of hands upon it, and loudly called\nfor the steward to bring the heavy brass padlock belonging to the\ncompanionway.\n\n\"Then opening the slide a little, the Captain whispered something\ndown the crack, closed it, and turned the key upon them--ten in\nnumber--leaving on deck some twenty or more, who thus far had remained\nneutral.\n\n\"All night a wide-awake watch was kept by all the officers, forward and\naft, especially about the forecastle scuttle and fore hatchway; at which\nlast place it was feared the insurgents might emerge, after breaking\nthrough the bulkhead below. But the hours of darkness passed in peace;\nthe men who still remained at their duty toiling hard at the pumps,\nwhose clinking and clanking at intervals through the dreary night\ndismally resounded through the ship.\n\n\"At sunrise the Captain went forward, and knocking on the deck, summoned\nthe prisoners to work; but with a yell they refused. Water was then\nlowered down to them, and a couple of handfuls of biscuit were tossed\nafter it; when again turning the key upon them and pocketing it, the\nCaptain returned to the quarter-deck. Twice every day for three days\nthis was repeated; but on the fourth morning a confused wrangling, and\nthen a scuffling was heard, as the customary summons was delivered; and\nsuddenly four men burst up from the forecastle, saying they were ready\nto turn to. The fetid closeness of the air, and a famishing diet, united\nperhaps to some fears of ultimate retribution, had constrained them to\nsurrender at discretion. Emboldened by this, the Captain reiterated his\ndemand to the rest, but Steelkilt shouted up to him a terrific hint to\nstop his babbling and betake himself where he belonged. On the fifth\nmorning three others of the mutineers bolted up into the air from the\ndesperate arms below that sought to restrain them. Only three were left.\n\n\"'Better turn to, now?' said the Captain with a heartless jeer.\n\n\"'Shut us up again, will ye!' cried Steelkilt.\n\n\"'Oh certainly,' said the Captain, and the key clicked.\n\n\"It was at this point, gentlemen, that enraged by the defection of seven\nof his former associates, and stung by the mocking voice that had last\nhailed him, and maddened by his long entombment in a place as black as\nthe bowels of despair; it was then that Steelkilt proposed to the two\nCanallers, thus far apparently of one mind with him, to burst out of\ntheir hole at the next summoning of the garrison; and armed with their\nkeen mincing knives (long, crescentic, heavy implements with a handle\nat each end) run amuck from the bowsprit to the taffrail; and if by any\ndevilishness of desperation possible, seize the ship. For himself, he\nwould do this, he said, whether they joined him or not. That was the\nlast night he should spend in that den. But the scheme met with no\nopposition on the part of the other two; they swore they were ready for\nthat, or for any other mad thing, for anything in short but a surrender.\nAnd what was more, they each insisted upon being the first man on deck,\nwhen the time to make the rush should come. But to this their leader as\nfiercely objected, reserving that priority for himself; particularly as\nhis two comrades would not yield, the one to the other, in the matter;\nand both of them could not be first, for the ladder would but admit one\nman at a time. And here, gentlemen, the foul play of these miscreants\nmust come out.\n\n\"Upon hearing the frantic project of their leader, each in his own\nseparate soul had suddenly lighted, it would seem, upon the same piece\nof treachery, namely: to be foremost in breaking out, in order to be\nthe first of the three, though the last of the ten, to surrender; and\nthereby secure whatever small chance of pardon such conduct might merit.\nBut when Steelkilt made known his determination still to lead them to\nthe last, they in some way, by some subtle chemistry of villany, mixed\ntheir before secret treacheries together; and when their leader\nfell into a doze, verbally opened their souls to each other in three\nsentences; and bound the sleeper with cords, and gagged him with cords;\nand shrieked out for the Captain at midnight.\n\n\"Thinking murder at hand, and smelling in the dark for the blood, he and\nall his armed mates and harpooneers rushed for the forecastle. In a\nfew minutes the scuttle was opened, and, bound hand and foot, the still\nstruggling ringleader was shoved up into the air by his perfidious\nallies, who at once claimed the honour of securing a man who had been\nfully ripe for murder. But all these were collared, and dragged along\nthe deck like dead cattle; and, side by side, were seized up into the\nmizzen rigging, like three quarters of meat, and there they hung till\nmorning. 'Damn ye,' cried the Captain, pacing to and fro before them,\n'the vultures would not touch ye, ye villains!'\n\n\"At sunrise he summoned all hands; and separating those who had rebelled\nfrom those who had taken no part in the mutiny, he told the former that\nhe had a good mind to flog them all round--thought, upon the whole,\nhe would do so--he ought to--justice demanded it; but for the present,\nconsidering their timely surrender, he would let them go with a\nreprimand, which he accordingly administered in the vernacular.\n\n\"'But as for you, ye carrion rogues,' turning to the three men in the\nrigging--'for you, I mean to mince ye up for the try-pots;' and,\nseizing a rope, he applied it with all his might to the backs of the\ntwo traitors, till they yelled no more, but lifelessly hung their heads\nsideways, as the two crucified thieves are drawn.\n\n\"'My wrist is sprained with ye!' he cried, at last; 'but there is still\nrope enough left for you, my fine bantam, that wouldn't give up. Take\nthat gag from his mouth, and let us hear what he can say for himself.'\n\n\"For a moment the exhausted mutineer made a tremulous motion of his\ncramped jaws, and then painfully twisting round his head, said in a sort\nof hiss, 'What I say is this--and mind it well--if you flog me, I murder\nyou!'\n\n\"'Say ye so? then see how ye frighten me'--and the Captain drew off with\nthe rope to strike.\n\n\"'Best not,' hissed the Lakeman.\n\n\"'But I must,'--and the rope was once more drawn back for the stroke.\n\n\"Steelkilt here hissed out something, inaudible to all but the Captain;\nwho, to the amazement of all hands, started back, paced the deck rapidly\ntwo or three times, and then suddenly throwing down his rope, said, 'I\nwon't do it--let him go--cut him down: d'ye hear?'\n\n\"But as the junior mates were hurrying to execute the order, a pale man,\nwith a bandaged head, arrested them--Radney the chief mate. Ever since\nthe blow, he had lain in his berth; but that morning, hearing the tumult\non the deck, he had crept out, and thus far had watched the whole\nscene. Such was the state of his mouth, that he could hardly speak;\nbut mumbling something about his being willing and able to do what the\ncaptain dared not attempt, he snatched the rope and advanced to his\npinioned foe.\n\n\"'You are a coward!' hissed the Lakeman.\n\n\"'So I am, but take that.' The mate was in the very act of striking,\nwhen another hiss stayed his uplifted arm. He paused: and then pausing\nno more, made good his word, spite of Steelkilt's threat, whatever that\nmight have been. The three men were then cut down, all hands were turned\nto, and, sullenly worked by the moody seamen, the iron pumps clanged as\nbefore.\n\n\"Just after dark that day, when one watch had retired below, a clamor\nwas heard in the forecastle; and the two trembling traitors running up,\nbesieged the cabin door, saying they durst not consort with the crew.\nEntreaties, cuffs, and kicks could not drive them back, so at their own\ninstance they were put down in the ship's run for salvation. Still, no\nsign of mutiny reappeared among the rest. On the contrary, it seemed,\nthat mainly at Steelkilt's instigation, they had resolved to maintain\nthe strictest peacefulness, obey all orders to the last, and, when the\nship reached port, desert her in a body. But in order to insure the\nspeediest end to the voyage, they all agreed to another thing--namely,\nnot to sing out for whales, in case any should be discovered. For,\nspite of her leak, and spite of all her other perils, the Town-Ho still\nmaintained her mast-heads, and her captain was just as willing to\nlower for a fish that moment, as on the day his craft first struck the\ncruising ground; and Radney the mate was quite as ready to change his\nberth for a boat, and with his bandaged mouth seek to gag in death the\nvital jaw of the whale.\n\n\"But though the Lakeman had induced the seamen to adopt this sort of\npassiveness in their conduct, he kept his own counsel (at least till all\nwas over) concerning his own proper and private revenge upon the man who\nhad stung him in the ventricles of his heart. He was in Radney the chief\nmate's watch; and as if the infatuated man sought to run more than\nhalf way to meet his doom, after the scene at the rigging, he insisted,\nagainst the express counsel of the captain, upon resuming the head\nof his watch at night. Upon this, and one or two other circumstances,\nSteelkilt systematically built the plan of his revenge.\n\n\"During the night, Radney had an unseamanlike way of sitting on the\nbulwarks of the quarter-deck, and leaning his arm upon the gunwale of\nthe boat which was hoisted up there, a little above the ship's side.\nIn this attitude, it was well known, he sometimes dozed. There was a\nconsiderable vacancy between the boat and the ship, and down between\nthis was the sea. Steelkilt calculated his time, and found that his next\ntrick at the helm would come round at two o'clock, in the morning of the\nthird day from that in which he had been betrayed. At his leisure,\nhe employed the interval in braiding something very carefully in his\nwatches below.\n\n\"'What are you making there?' said a shipmate.\n\n\"'What do you think? what does it look like?'\n\n\"'Like a lanyard for your bag; but it's an odd one, seems to me.'\n\n\"'Yes, rather oddish,' said the Lakeman, holding it at arm's length\nbefore him; 'but I think it will answer. Shipmate, I haven't enough\ntwine,--have you any?'\n\n\"But there was none in the forecastle.\n\n\"'Then I must get some from old Rad;' and he rose to go aft.\n\n\"'You don't mean to go a begging to HIM!' said a sailor.\n\n\"'Why not? Do you think he won't do me a turn, when it's to help himself\nin the end, shipmate?' and going to the mate, he looked at him\nquietly, and asked him for some twine to mend his hammock. It was given\nhim--neither twine nor lanyard were seen again; but the next night\nan iron ball, closely netted, partly rolled from the pocket of the\nLakeman's monkey jacket, as he was tucking the coat into his hammock for\na pillow. Twenty-four hours after, his trick at the silent helm--nigh\nto the man who was apt to doze over the grave always ready dug to\nthe seaman's hand--that fatal hour was then to come; and in the\nfore-ordaining soul of Steelkilt, the mate was already stark and\nstretched as a corpse, with his forehead crushed in.\n\n\"But, gentlemen, a fool saved the would-be murderer from the bloody\ndeed he had planned. Yet complete revenge he had, and without being the\navenger. For by a mysterious fatality, Heaven itself seemed to step in\nto take out of his hands into its own the damning thing he would have\ndone.\n\n\"It was just between daybreak and sunrise of the morning of the second\nday, when they were washing down the decks, that a stupid Teneriffe man,\ndrawing water in the main-chains, all at once shouted out, 'There she\nrolls! there she rolls!' Jesu, what a whale! It was Moby Dick.\n\n\"'Moby Dick!' cried Don Sebastian; 'St. Dominic! Sir sailor, but do\nwhales have christenings? Whom call you Moby Dick?'\n\n\"'A very white, and famous, and most deadly immortal monster, Don;--but\nthat would be too long a story.'\n\n\"'How? how?' cried all the young Spaniards, crowding.\n\n\"'Nay, Dons, Dons--nay, nay! I cannot rehearse that now. Let me get more\ninto the air, Sirs.'\n\n\"'The chicha! the chicha!' cried Don Pedro; 'our vigorous friend looks\nfaint;--fill up his empty glass!'\n\n\"No need, gentlemen; one moment, and I proceed.--Now, gentlemen,\nso suddenly perceiving the snowy whale within fifty yards of the\nship--forgetful of the compact among the crew--in the excitement of the\nmoment, the Teneriffe man had instinctively and involuntarily lifted\nhis voice for the monster, though for some little time past it had been\nplainly beheld from the three sullen mast-heads. All was now a phrensy.\n'The White Whale--the White Whale!' was the cry from captain, mates,\nand harpooneers, who, undeterred by fearful rumours, were all anxious\nto capture so famous and precious a fish; while the dogged crew eyed\naskance, and with curses, the appalling beauty of the vast milky mass,\nthat lit up by a horizontal spangling sun, shifted and glistened like\na living opal in the blue morning sea. Gentlemen, a strange fatality\npervades the whole career of these events, as if verily mapped out\nbefore the world itself was charted. The mutineer was the bowsman of the\nmate, and when fast to a fish, it was his duty to sit next him, while\nRadney stood up with his lance in the prow, and haul in or slacken\nthe line, at the word of command. Moreover, when the four boats were\nlowered, the mate's got the start; and none howled more fiercely with\ndelight than did Steelkilt, as he strained at his oar. After a stiff\npull, their harpooneer got fast, and, spear in hand, Radney sprang to\nthe bow. He was always a furious man, it seems, in a boat. And now his\nbandaged cry was, to beach him on the whale's topmost back. Nothing\nloath, his bowsman hauled him up and up, through a blinding foam that\nblent two whitenesses together; till of a sudden the boat struck as\nagainst a sunken ledge, and keeling over, spilled out the standing mate.\nThat instant, as he fell on the whale's slippery back, the boat righted,\nand was dashed aside by the swell, while Radney was tossed over into the\nsea, on the other flank of the whale. He struck out through the spray,\nand, for an instant, was dimly seen through that veil, wildly seeking to\nremove himself from the eye of Moby Dick. But the whale rushed round\nin a sudden maelstrom; seized the swimmer between his jaws; and rearing\nhigh up with him, plunged headlong again, and went down.\n\n\"Meantime, at the first tap of the boat's bottom, the Lakeman had\nslackened the line, so as to drop astern from the whirlpool; calmly\nlooking on, he thought his own thoughts. But a sudden, terrific,\ndownward jerking of the boat, quickly brought his knife to the line. He\ncut it; and the whale was free. But, at some distance, Moby Dick rose\nagain, with some tatters of Radney's red woollen shirt, caught in the\nteeth that had destroyed him. All four boats gave chase again; but the\nwhale eluded them, and finally wholly disappeared.\n\n\"In good time, the Town-Ho reached her port--a savage, solitary\nplace--where no civilized creature resided. There, headed by the\nLakeman, all but five or six of the foremastmen deliberately deserted\namong the palms; eventually, as it turned out, seizing a large double\nwar-canoe of the savages, and setting sail for some other harbor.\n\n\"The ship's company being reduced to but a handful, the captain called\nupon the Islanders to assist him in the laborious business of heaving\ndown the ship to stop the leak. But to such unresting vigilance over\ntheir dangerous allies was this small band of whites necessitated, both\nby night and by day, and so extreme was the hard work they underwent,\nthat upon the vessel being ready again for sea, they were in such a\nweakened condition that the captain durst not put off with them in so\nheavy a vessel. After taking counsel with his officers, he anchored the\nship as far off shore as possible; loaded and ran out his two cannon\nfrom the bows; stacked his muskets on the poop; and warning the\nIslanders not to approach the ship at their peril, took one man with\nhim, and setting the sail of his best whale-boat, steered straight\nbefore the wind for Tahiti, five hundred miles distant, to procure a\nreinforcement to his crew.\n\n\"On the fourth day of the sail, a large canoe was descried, which seemed\nto have touched at a low isle of corals. He steered away from it; but\nthe savage craft bore down on him; and soon the voice of Steelkilt\nhailed him to heave to, or he would run him under water. The captain\npresented a pistol. With one foot on each prow of the yoked war-canoes,\nthe Lakeman laughed him to scorn; assuring him that if the pistol so\nmuch as clicked in the lock, he would bury him in bubbles and foam.\n\n\"'What do you want of me?' cried the captain.\n\n\"'Where are you bound? and for what are you bound?' demanded Steelkilt;\n'no lies.'\n\n\"'I am bound to Tahiti for more men.'\n\n\"'Very good. Let me board you a moment--I come in peace.' With that he\nleaped from the canoe, swam to the boat; and climbing the gunwale, stood\nface to face with the captain.\n\n\"'Cross your arms, sir; throw back your head. Now, repeat after me.\nAs soon as Steelkilt leaves me, I swear to beach this boat on yonder\nisland, and remain there six days. If I do not, may lightning strike\nme!'\n\n\"'A pretty scholar,' laughed the Lakeman. 'Adios, Senor!' and leaping\ninto the sea, he swam back to his comrades.\n\n\"Watching the boat till it was fairly beached, and drawn up to the\nroots of the cocoa-nut trees, Steelkilt made sail again, and in due time\narrived at Tahiti, his own place of destination. There, luck befriended\nhim; two ships were about to sail for France, and were providentially\nin want of precisely that number of men which the sailor headed. They\nembarked; and so for ever got the start of their former captain, had he\nbeen at all minded to work them legal retribution.\n\n\"Some ten days after the French ships sailed, the whale-boat arrived,\nand the captain was forced to enlist some of the more civilized\nTahitians, who had been somewhat used to the sea. Chartering a small\nnative schooner, he returned with them to his vessel; and finding all\nright there, again resumed his cruisings.\n\n\"Where Steelkilt now is, gentlemen, none know; but upon the island of\nNantucket, the widow of Radney still turns to the sea which refuses\nto give up its dead; still in dreams sees the awful white whale that\ndestroyed him.\n\n\"'Are you through?' said Don Sebastian, quietly.\n\n\"'I am, Don.'\n\n\"'Then I entreat you, tell me if to the best of your own convictions,\nthis your story is in substance really true? It is so passing wonderful!\nDid you get it from an unquestionable source? Bear with me if I seem to\npress.'\n\n\"'Also bear with all of us, sir sailor; for we all join in Don\nSebastian's suit,' cried the company, with exceeding interest.\n\n\"'Is there a copy of the Holy Evangelists in the Golden Inn, gentlemen?'\n\n\"'Nay,' said Don Sebastian; 'but I know a worthy priest near by, who\nwill quickly procure one for me. I go for it; but are you well advised?\nthis may grow too serious.'\n\n\"'Will you be so good as to bring the priest also, Don?'\n\n\"'Though there are no Auto-da-Fe's in Lima now,' said one of the company\nto another; 'I fear our sailor friend runs risk of the archiepiscopacy.\nLet us withdraw more out of the moonlight. I see no need of this.'\n\n\"'Excuse me for running after you, Don Sebastian; but may I also beg\nthat you will be particular in procuring the largest sized Evangelists\nyou can.'\n\n\"'This is the priest, he brings you the Evangelists,' said Don Sebastian,\ngravely, returning with a tall and solemn figure.\n\n\"'Let me remove my hat. Now, venerable priest, further into the light,\nand hold the Holy Book before me that I may touch it.\n\n\"'So help me Heaven, and on my honour the story I have told ye,\ngentlemen, is in substance and its great items, true. I know it to be\ntrue; it happened on this ball; I trod the ship; I knew the crew; I have\nseen and talked with Steelkilt since the death of Radney.'\"\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 55. Of the Monstrous Pictures of Whales.\n\n\nI shall ere long paint to you as well as one can without canvas,\nsomething like the true form of the whale as he actually appears to the\neye of the whaleman when in his own absolute body the whale is moored\nalongside the whale-ship so that he can be fairly stepped upon there.\nIt may be worth while, therefore, previously to advert to those\ncurious imaginary portraits of him which even down to the present day\nconfidently challenge the faith of the landsman. It is time to set the\nworld right in this matter, by proving such pictures of the whale all\nwrong.\n\nIt may be that the primal source of all those pictorial delusions will\nbe found among the oldest Hindoo, Egyptian, and Grecian sculptures. For\never since those inventive but unscrupulous times when on the marble\npanellings of temples, the pedestals of statues, and on shields,\nmedallions, cups, and coins, the dolphin was drawn in scales of\nchain-armor like Saladin's, and a helmeted head like St. George's; ever\nsince then has something of the same sort of license prevailed, not\nonly in most popular pictures of the whale, but in many scientific\npresentations of him.\n\nNow, by all odds, the most ancient extant portrait anyways purporting to\nbe the whale's, is to be found in the famous cavern-pagoda of Elephanta,\nin India. The Brahmins maintain that in the almost endless sculptures of\nthat immemorial pagoda, all the trades and pursuits, every conceivable\navocation of man, were prefigured ages before any of them actually came\ninto being. No wonder then, that in some sort our noble profession of\nwhaling should have been there shadowed forth. The Hindoo whale\nreferred to, occurs in a separate department of the wall, depicting the\nincarnation of Vishnu in the form of leviathan, learnedly known as the\nMatse Avatar. But though this sculpture is half man and half whale, so\nas only to give the tail of the latter, yet that small section of him is\nall wrong. It looks more like the tapering tail of an anaconda, than the\nbroad palms of the true whale's majestic flukes.\n\nBut go to the old Galleries, and look now at a great Christian painter's\nportrait of this fish; for he succeeds no better than the antediluvian\nHindoo. It is Guido's picture of Perseus rescuing Andromeda from the\nsea-monster or whale. Where did Guido get the model of such a strange\ncreature as that? Nor does Hogarth, in painting the same scene in his\nown \"Perseus Descending,\" make out one whit better. The huge corpulence\nof that Hogarthian monster undulates on the surface, scarcely drawing\none inch of water. It has a sort of howdah on its back, and its\ndistended tusked mouth into which the billows are rolling, might be\ntaken for the Traitors' Gate leading from the Thames by water into the\nTower. Then, there are the Prodromus whales of old Scotch Sibbald, and\nJonah's whale, as depicted in the prints of old Bibles and the cuts of\nold primers. What shall be said of these? As for the book-binder's whale\nwinding like a vine-stalk round the stock of a descending anchor--as\nstamped and gilded on the backs and title-pages of many books both\nold and new--that is a very picturesque but purely fabulous creature,\nimitated, I take it, from the like figures on antique vases.\nThough universally denominated a dolphin, I nevertheless call this\nbook-binder's fish an attempt at a whale; because it was so intended\nwhen the device was first introduced. It was introduced by an old\nItalian publisher somewhere about the 15th century, during the Revival\nof Learning; and in those days, and even down to a comparatively\nlate period, dolphins were popularly supposed to be a species of the\nLeviathan.\n\nIn the vignettes and other embellishments of some ancient books you will\nat times meet with very curious touches at the whale, where all manner\nof spouts, jets d'eau, hot springs and cold, Saratoga and Baden-Baden,\ncome bubbling up from his unexhausted brain. In the title-page of the\noriginal edition of the \"Advancement of Learning\" you will find some\ncurious whales.\n\nBut quitting all these unprofessional attempts, let us glance at those\npictures of leviathan purporting to be sober, scientific delineations,\nby those who know. In old Harris's collection of voyages there are some\nplates of whales extracted from a Dutch book of voyages, A.D. 1671,\nentitled \"A Whaling Voyage to Spitzbergen in the ship Jonas in the\nWhale, Peter Peterson of Friesland, master.\" In one of those plates the\nwhales, like great rafts of logs, are represented lying among ice-isles,\nwith white bears running over their living backs. In another plate, the\nprodigious blunder is made of representing the whale with perpendicular\nflukes.\n\nThen again, there is an imposing quarto, written by one Captain Colnett,\na Post Captain in the English navy, entitled \"A Voyage round Cape Horn\ninto the South Seas, for the purpose of extending the Spermaceti Whale\nFisheries.\" In this book is an outline purporting to be a \"Picture of\na Physeter or Spermaceti whale, drawn by scale from one killed on the\ncoast of Mexico, August, 1793, and hoisted on deck.\" I doubt not the\ncaptain had this veracious picture taken for the benefit of his marines.\nTo mention but one thing about it, let me say that it has an eye which\napplied, according to the accompanying scale, to a full grown sperm\nwhale, would make the eye of that whale a bow-window some five feet\nlong. Ah, my gallant captain, why did ye not give us Jonah looking out\nof that eye!\n\nNor are the most conscientious compilations of Natural History for\nthe benefit of the young and tender, free from the same heinousness of\nmistake. Look at that popular work \"Goldsmith's Animated Nature.\" In the\nabridged London edition of 1807, there are plates of an alleged \"whale\"\nand a \"narwhale.\" I do not wish to seem inelegant, but this unsightly\nwhale looks much like an amputated sow; and, as for the narwhale, one\nglimpse at it is enough to amaze one, that in this nineteenth century\nsuch a hippogriff could be palmed for genuine upon any intelligent\npublic of schoolboys.\n\nThen, again, in 1825, Bernard Germain, Count de Lacepede, a great\nnaturalist, published a scientific systemized whale book, wherein are\nseveral pictures of the different species of the Leviathan. All these\nare not only incorrect, but the picture of the Mysticetus or Greenland\nwhale (that is to say, the Right whale), even Scoresby, a long\nexperienced man as touching that species, declares not to have its\ncounterpart in nature.\n\nBut the placing of the cap-sheaf to all this blundering business was\nreserved for the scientific Frederick Cuvier, brother to the famous\nBaron. In 1836, he published a Natural History of Whales, in which he\ngives what he calls a picture of the Sperm Whale. Before showing that\npicture to any Nantucketer, you had best provide for your summary\nretreat from Nantucket. In a word, Frederick Cuvier's Sperm Whale is not\na Sperm Whale, but a squash. Of course, he never had the benefit of\na whaling voyage (such men seldom have), but whence he derived that\npicture, who can tell? Perhaps he got it as his scientific predecessor\nin the same field, Desmarest, got one of his authentic abortions; that\nis, from a Chinese drawing. And what sort of lively lads with the pencil\nthose Chinese are, many queer cups and saucers inform us.\n\nAs for the sign-painters' whales seen in the streets hanging over the\nshops of oil-dealers, what shall be said of them? They are generally\nRichard III. whales, with dromedary humps, and very savage; breakfasting\non three or four sailor tarts, that is whaleboats full of mariners:\ntheir deformities floundering in seas of blood and blue paint.\n\nBut these manifold mistakes in depicting the whale are not so very\nsurprising after all. Consider! Most of the scientific drawings have\nbeen taken from the stranded fish; and these are about as correct as a\ndrawing of a wrecked ship, with broken back, would correctly represent\nthe noble animal itself in all its undashed pride of hull and spars.\nThough elephants have stood for their full-lengths, the living Leviathan\nhas never yet fairly floated himself for his portrait. The living whale,\nin his full majesty and significance, is only to be seen at sea in\nunfathomable waters; and afloat the vast bulk of him is out of sight,\nlike a launched line-of-battle ship; and out of that element it is a\nthing eternally impossible for mortal man to hoist him bodily into the\nair, so as to preserve all his mighty swells and undulations. And, not\nto speak of the highly presumable difference of contour between a young\nsucking whale and a full-grown Platonian Leviathan; yet, even in the\ncase of one of those young sucking whales hoisted to a ship's deck, such\nis then the outlandish, eel-like, limbered, varying shape of him, that\nhis precise expression the devil himself could not catch.\n\nBut it may be fancied, that from the naked skeleton of the stranded\nwhale, accurate hints may be derived touching his true form. Not at all.\nFor it is one of the more curious things about this Leviathan, that\nhis skeleton gives very little idea of his general shape. Though Jeremy\nBentham's skeleton, which hangs for candelabra in the library of one of\nhis executors, correctly conveys the idea of a burly-browed utilitarian\nold gentleman, with all Jeremy's other leading personal characteristics;\nyet nothing of this kind could be inferred from any leviathan's\narticulated bones. In fact, as the great Hunter says, the mere skeleton\nof the whale bears the same relation to the fully invested and padded\nanimal as the insect does to the chrysalis that so roundingly envelopes\nit. This peculiarity is strikingly evinced in the head, as in some\npart of this book will be incidentally shown. It is also very curiously\ndisplayed in the side fin, the bones of which almost exactly answer to\nthe bones of the human hand, minus only the thumb. This fin has four\nregular bone-fingers, the index, middle, ring, and little finger. But\nall these are permanently lodged in their fleshy covering, as the human\nfingers in an artificial covering. \"However recklessly the whale may\nsometimes serve us,\" said humorous Stubb one day, \"he can never be truly\nsaid to handle us without mittens.\"\n\nFor all these reasons, then, any way you may look at it, you must needs\nconclude that the great Leviathan is that one creature in the world\nwhich must remain unpainted to the last. True, one portrait may hit\nthe mark much nearer than another, but none can hit it with any very\nconsiderable degree of exactness. So there is no earthly way of finding\nout precisely what the whale really looks like. And the only mode in\nwhich you can derive even a tolerable idea of his living contour, is\nby going a whaling yourself; but by so doing, you run no small risk of\nbeing eternally stove and sunk by him. Wherefore, it seems to me you had\nbest not be too fastidious in your curiosity touching this Leviathan.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 56. Of the Less Erroneous Pictures of Whales, and the True\nPictures of Whaling Scenes.\n\n\nIn connexion with the monstrous pictures of whales, I am strongly\ntempted here to enter upon those still more monstrous stories of\nthem which are to be found in certain books, both ancient and modern,\nespecially in Pliny, Purchas, Hackluyt, Harris, Cuvier, etc. But I pass\nthat matter by.\n\nI know of only four published outlines of the great Sperm Whale;\nColnett's, Huggins's, Frederick Cuvier's, and Beale's. In the previous\nchapter Colnett and Cuvier have been referred to. Huggins's is far\nbetter than theirs; but, by great odds, Beale's is the best. All Beale's\ndrawings of this whale are good, excepting the middle figure in the\npicture of three whales in various attitudes, capping his second\nchapter. His frontispiece, boats attacking Sperm Whales, though no\ndoubt calculated to excite the civil scepticism of some parlor men, is\nadmirably correct and life-like in its general effect. Some of the Sperm\nWhale drawings in J. Ross Browne are pretty correct in contour; but they\nare wretchedly engraved. That is not his fault though.\n\nOf the Right Whale, the best outline pictures are in Scoresby; but they\nare drawn on too small a scale to convey a desirable impression. He has\nbut one picture of whaling scenes, and this is a sad deficiency, because\nit is by such pictures only, when at all well done, that you can derive\nanything like a truthful idea of the living whale as seen by his living\nhunters.\n\nBut, taken for all in all, by far the finest, though in some details\nnot the most correct, presentations of whales and whaling scenes to\nbe anywhere found, are two large French engravings, well executed,\nand taken from paintings by one Garnery. Respectively, they represent\nattacks on the Sperm and Right Whale. In the first engraving a noble\nSperm Whale is depicted in full majesty of might, just risen beneath\nthe boat from the profundities of the ocean, and bearing high in the air\nupon his back the terrific wreck of the stoven planks. The prow of\nthe boat is partially unbroken, and is drawn just balancing upon\nthe monster's spine; and standing in that prow, for that one single\nincomputable flash of time, you behold an oarsman, half shrouded by the\nincensed boiling spout of the whale, and in the act of leaping, as if\nfrom a precipice. The action of the whole thing is wonderfully good and\ntrue. The half-emptied line-tub floats on the whitened sea; the wooden\npoles of the spilled harpoons obliquely bob in it; the heads of the\nswimming crew are scattered about the whale in contrasting expressions\nof affright; while in the black stormy distance the ship is bearing down\nupon the scene. Serious fault might be found with the anatomical details\nof this whale, but let that pass; since, for the life of me, I could not\ndraw so good a one.\n\nIn the second engraving, the boat is in the act of drawing alongside\nthe barnacled flank of a large running Right Whale, that rolls his black\nweedy bulk in the sea like some mossy rock-slide from the Patagonian\ncliffs. His jets are erect, full, and black like soot; so that from so\nabounding a smoke in the chimney, you would think there must be a brave\nsupper cooking in the great bowels below. Sea fowls are pecking at the\nsmall crabs, shell-fish, and other sea candies and maccaroni, which the\nRight Whale sometimes carries on his pestilent back. And all the while\nthe thick-lipped leviathan is rushing through the deep, leaving tons of\ntumultuous white curds in his wake, and causing the slight boat to rock\nin the swells like a skiff caught nigh the paddle-wheels of an ocean\nsteamer. Thus, the foreground is all raging commotion; but behind, in\nadmirable artistic contrast, is the glassy level of a sea becalmed, the\ndrooping unstarched sails of the powerless ship, and the inert mass of\na dead whale, a conquered fortress, with the flag of capture lazily\nhanging from the whale-pole inserted into his spout-hole.\n\nWho Garnery the painter is, or was, I know not. But my life for it he\nwas either practically conversant with his subject, or else marvellously\ntutored by some experienced whaleman. The French are the lads for\npainting action. Go and gaze upon all the paintings of Europe, and\nwhere will you find such a gallery of living and breathing commotion\non canvas, as in that triumphal hall at Versailles; where the beholder\nfights his way, pell-mell, through the consecutive great battles of\nFrance; where every sword seems a flash of the Northern Lights, and the\nsuccessive armed kings and Emperors dash by, like a charge of crowned\ncentaurs? Not wholly unworthy of a place in that gallery, are these sea\nbattle-pieces of Garnery.\n\nThe natural aptitude of the French for seizing the picturesqueness of\nthings seems to be peculiarly evinced in what paintings and engravings\nthey have of their whaling scenes. With not one tenth of England's\nexperience in the fishery, and not the thousandth part of that of the\nAmericans, they have nevertheless furnished both nations with the only\nfinished sketches at all capable of conveying the real spirit of\nthe whale hunt. For the most part, the English and American whale\ndraughtsmen seem entirely content with presenting the mechanical outline\nof things, such as the vacant profile of the whale; which, so far as\npicturesqueness of effect is concerned, is about tantamount to sketching\nthe profile of a pyramid. Even Scoresby, the justly renowned Right\nwhaleman, after giving us a stiff full length of the Greenland whale,\nand three or four delicate miniatures of narwhales and porpoises, treats\nus to a series of classical engravings of boat hooks, chopping knives,\nand grapnels; and with the microscopic diligence of a Leuwenhoeck\nsubmits to the inspection of a shivering world ninety-six fac-similes of\nmagnified Arctic snow crystals. I mean no disparagement to the excellent\nvoyager (I honour him for a veteran), but in so important a matter it\nwas certainly an oversight not to have procured for every crystal a\nsworn affidavit taken before a Greenland Justice of the Peace.\n\nIn addition to those fine engravings from Garnery, there are two other\nFrench engravings worthy of note, by some one who subscribes himself\n\"H. Durand.\" One of them, though not precisely adapted to our present\npurpose, nevertheless deserves mention on other accounts. It is a quiet\nnoon-scene among the isles of the Pacific; a French whaler anchored,\ninshore, in a calm, and lazily taking water on board; the loosened sails\nof the ship, and the long leaves of the palms in the background, both\ndrooping together in the breezeless air. The effect is very fine, when\nconsidered with reference to its presenting the hardy fishermen under\none of their few aspects of oriental repose. The other engraving is\nquite a different affair: the ship hove-to upon the open sea, and in the\nvery heart of the Leviathanic life, with a Right Whale alongside; the\nvessel (in the act of cutting-in) hove over to the monster as if to a\nquay; and a boat, hurriedly pushing off from this scene of activity, is\nabout giving chase to whales in the distance. The harpoons and lances\nlie levelled for use; three oarsmen are just setting the mast in its\nhole; while from a sudden roll of the sea, the little craft stands\nhalf-erect out of the water, like a rearing horse. From the ship, the\nsmoke of the torments of the boiling whale is going up like the smoke\nover a village of smithies; and to windward, a black cloud, rising up\nwith earnest of squalls and rains, seems to quicken the activity of the\nexcited seamen.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 57. Of Whales in Paint; in Teeth; in Wood; in Sheet-Iron; in\nStone; in Mountains; in Stars.\n\n\nOn Tower-hill, as you go down to the London docks, you may have seen a\ncrippled beggar (or KEDGER, as the sailors say) holding a painted board\nbefore him, representing the tragic scene in which he lost his leg.\nThere are three whales and three boats; and one of the boats (presumed\nto contain the missing leg in all its original integrity) is being\ncrunched by the jaws of the foremost whale. Any time these ten years,\nthey tell me, has that man held up that picture, and exhibited that\nstump to an incredulous world. But the time of his justification has\nnow come. His three whales are as good whales as were ever published in\nWapping, at any rate; and his stump as unquestionable a stump as any you\nwill find in the western clearings. But, though for ever mounted on\nthat stump, never a stump-speech does the poor whaleman make; but, with\ndowncast eyes, stands ruefully contemplating his own amputation.\n\nThroughout the Pacific, and also in Nantucket, and New Bedford, and\nSag Harbor, you will come across lively sketches of whales and\nwhaling-scenes, graven by the fishermen themselves on Sperm Whale-teeth,\nor ladies' busks wrought out of the Right Whale-bone, and other\nlike skrimshander articles, as the whalemen call the numerous little\ningenious contrivances they elaborately carve out of the rough material,\nin their hours of ocean leisure. Some of them have little boxes\nof dentistical-looking implements, specially intended for the\nskrimshandering business. But, in general, they toil with their\njack-knives alone; and, with that almost omnipotent tool of the sailor,\nthey will turn you out anything you please, in the way of a mariner's\nfancy.\n\nLong exile from Christendom and civilization inevitably restores a man\nto that condition in which God placed him, i.e. what is called savagery.\nYour true whale-hunter is as much a savage as an Iroquois. I myself am a\nsavage, owning no allegiance but to the King of the Cannibals; and ready\nat any moment to rebel against him.\n\nNow, one of the peculiar characteristics of the savage in his domestic\nhours, is his wonderful patience of industry. An ancient Hawaiian\nwar-club or spear-paddle, in its full multiplicity and elaboration of\ncarving, is as great a trophy of human perseverance as a Latin lexicon.\nFor, with but a bit of broken sea-shell or a shark's tooth, that\nmiraculous intricacy of wooden net-work has been achieved; and it has\ncost steady years of steady application.\n\nAs with the Hawaiian savage, so with the white sailor-savage. With the\nsame marvellous patience, and with the same single shark's tooth, of\nhis one poor jack-knife, he will carve you a bit of bone sculpture, not\nquite as workmanlike, but as close packed in its maziness of design,\nas the Greek savage, Achilles's shield; and full of barbaric spirit\nand suggestiveness, as the prints of that fine old Dutch savage, Albert\nDurer.\n\nWooden whales, or whales cut in profile out of the small dark slabs of\nthe noble South Sea war-wood, are frequently met with in the forecastles\nof American whalers. Some of them are done with much accuracy.\n\nAt some old gable-roofed country houses you will see brass whales hung\nby the tail for knockers to the road-side door. When the porter is\nsleepy, the anvil-headed whale would be best. But these knocking\nwhales are seldom remarkable as faithful essays. On the spires of some\nold-fashioned churches you will see sheet-iron whales placed there for\nweather-cocks; but they are so elevated, and besides that are to all\nintents and purposes so labelled with \"HANDS OFF!\" you cannot examine\nthem closely enough to decide upon their merit.\n\nIn bony, ribby regions of the earth, where at the base of high broken\ncliffs masses of rock lie strewn in fantastic groupings upon the\nplain, you will often discover images as of the petrified forms of the\nLeviathan partly merged in grass, which of a windy day breaks against\nthem in a surf of green surges.\n\nThen, again, in mountainous countries where the traveller is continually\ngirdled by amphitheatrical heights; here and there from some lucky\npoint of view you will catch passing glimpses of the profiles of\nwhales defined along the undulating ridges. But you must be a thorough\nwhaleman, to see these sights; and not only that, but if you wish\nto return to such a sight again, you must be sure and take the exact\nintersecting latitude and longitude of your first stand-point, else\nso chance-like are such observations of the hills, that your precise,\nprevious stand-point would require a laborious re-discovery; like the\nSoloma Islands, which still remain incognita, though once high-ruffed\nMendanna trod them and old Figuera chronicled them.\n\nNor when expandingly lifted by your subject, can you fail to trace out\ngreat whales in the starry heavens, and boats in pursuit of them; as\nwhen long filled with thoughts of war the Eastern nations saw armies\nlocked in battle among the clouds. Thus at the North have I chased\nLeviathan round and round the Pole with the revolutions of the bright\npoints that first defined him to me. And beneath the effulgent Antarctic\nskies I have boarded the Argo-Navis, and joined the chase against the\nstarry Cetus far beyond the utmost stretch of Hydrus and the Flying\nFish.\n\nWith a frigate's anchors for my bridle-bitts and fasces of harpoons for\nspurs, would I could mount that whale and leap the topmost skies, to\nsee whether the fabled heavens with all their countless tents really lie\nencamped beyond my mortal sight!\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 58. Brit.\n\n\nSteering north-eastward from the Crozetts, we fell in with vast meadows\nof brit, the minute, yellow substance, upon which the Right Whale\nlargely feeds. For leagues and leagues it undulated round us, so that we\nseemed to be sailing through boundless fields of ripe and golden wheat.\n\nOn the second day, numbers of Right Whales were seen, who, secure from\nthe attack of a Sperm Whaler like the Pequod, with open jaws sluggishly\nswam through the brit, which, adhering to the fringing fibres of that\nwondrous Venetian blind in their mouths, was in that manner separated\nfrom the water that escaped at the lip.\n\nAs morning mowers, who side by side slowly and seethingly advance\ntheir scythes through the long wet grass of marshy meads; even so these\nmonsters swam, making a strange, grassy, cutting sound; and leaving\nbehind them endless swaths of blue upon the yellow sea.*\n\n\n*That part of the sea known among whalemen as the \"Brazil Banks\" does\nnot bear that name as the Banks of Newfoundland do, because of there\nbeing shallows and soundings there, but because of this remarkable\nmeadow-like appearance, caused by the vast drifts of brit continually\nfloating in those latitudes, where the Right Whale is often chased.\n\n\nBut it was only the sound they made as they parted the brit which at all\nreminded one of mowers. Seen from the mast-heads, especially when they\npaused and were stationary for a while, their vast black forms looked\nmore like lifeless masses of rock than anything else. And as in the\ngreat hunting countries of India, the stranger at a distance will\nsometimes pass on the plains recumbent elephants without knowing them\nto be such, taking them for bare, blackened elevations of the soil; even\nso, often, with him, who for the first time beholds this species of the\nleviathans of the sea. And even when recognised at last, their immense\nmagnitude renders it very hard really to believe that such bulky masses\nof overgrowth can possibly be instinct, in all parts, with the same sort\nof life that lives in a dog or a horse.\n\nIndeed, in other respects, you can hardly regard any creatures of the\ndeep with the same feelings that you do those of the shore. For though\nsome old naturalists have maintained that all creatures of the land are\nof their kind in the sea; and though taking a broad general view of\nthe thing, this may very well be; yet coming to specialties, where, for\nexample, does the ocean furnish any fish that in disposition answers to\nthe sagacious kindness of the dog? The accursed shark alone can in any\ngeneric respect be said to bear comparative analogy to him.\n\nBut though, to landsmen in general, the native inhabitants of the\nseas have ever been regarded with emotions unspeakably unsocial and\nrepelling; though we know the sea to be an everlasting terra incognita,\nso that Columbus sailed over numberless unknown worlds to discover his\none superficial western one; though, by vast odds, the most terrific\nof all mortal disasters have immemorially and indiscriminately befallen\ntens and hundreds of thousands of those who have gone upon the waters;\nthough but a moment's consideration will teach, that however baby man\nmay brag of his science and skill, and however much, in a flattering\nfuture, that science and skill may augment; yet for ever and for ever,\nto the crack of doom, the sea will insult and murder him, and pulverize\nthe stateliest, stiffest frigate he can make; nevertheless, by the\ncontinual repetition of these very impressions, man has lost that sense\nof the full awfulness of the sea which aboriginally belongs to it.\n\nThe first boat we read of, floated on an ocean, that with Portuguese\nvengeance had whelmed a whole world without leaving so much as a widow.\nThat same ocean rolls now; that same ocean destroyed the wrecked ships\nof last year. Yea, foolish mortals, Noah's flood is not yet subsided;\ntwo thirds of the fair world it yet covers.\n\nWherein differ the sea and the land, that a miracle upon one is not a\nmiracle upon the other? Preternatural terrors rested upon the Hebrews,\nwhen under the feet of Korah and his company the live ground opened\nand swallowed them up for ever; yet not a modern sun ever sets, but in\nprecisely the same manner the live sea swallows up ships and crews.\n\nBut not only is the sea such a foe to man who is an alien to it, but it\nis also a fiend to its own off-spring; worse than the Persian host who\nmurdered his own guests; sparing not the creatures which itself hath\nspawned. Like a savage tigress that tossing in the jungle overlays her\nown cubs, so the sea dashes even the mightiest whales against the rocks,\nand leaves them there side by side with the split wrecks of ships. No\nmercy, no power but its own controls it. Panting and snorting like a mad\nbattle steed that has lost its rider, the masterless ocean overruns the\nglobe.\n\nConsider the subtleness of the sea; how its most dreaded creatures glide\nunder water, unapparent for the most part, and treacherously hidden\nbeneath the loveliest tints of azure. Consider also the devilish\nbrilliance and beauty of many of its most remorseless tribes, as the\ndainty embellished shape of many species of sharks. Consider, once more,\nthe universal cannibalism of the sea; all whose creatures prey upon each\nother, carrying on eternal war since the world began.\n\nConsider all this; and then turn to this green, gentle, and most docile\nearth; consider them both, the sea and the land; and do you not find a\nstrange analogy to something in yourself? For as this appalling ocean\nsurrounds the verdant land, so in the soul of man there lies one insular\nTahiti, full of peace and joy, but encompassed by all the horrors of the\nhalf known life. God keep thee! Push not off from that isle, thou canst\nnever return!\n\n\nCHAPTER 59. Squid.\n\n\nSlowly wading through the meadows of brit, the Pequod still held on her\nway north-eastward towards the island of Java; a gentle air impelling\nher keel, so that in the surrounding serenity her three tall tapering\nmasts mildly waved to that languid breeze, as three mild palms on a\nplain. And still, at wide intervals in the silvery night, the lonely,\nalluring jet would be seen.\n\nBut one transparent blue morning, when a stillness almost preternatural\nspread over the sea, however unattended with any stagnant calm; when\nthe long burnished sun-glade on the waters seemed a golden finger laid\nacross them, enjoining some secrecy; when the slippered waves whispered\ntogether as they softly ran on; in this profound hush of the visible\nsphere a strange spectre was seen by Daggoo from the main-mast-head.\n\nIn the distance, a great white mass lazily rose, and rising higher and\nhigher, and disentangling itself from the azure, at last gleamed before\nour prow like a snow-slide, new slid from the hills. Thus glistening\nfor a moment, as slowly it subsided, and sank. Then once more arose,\nand silently gleamed. It seemed not a whale; and yet is this Moby Dick?\nthought Daggoo. Again the phantom went down, but on re-appearing once\nmore, with a stiletto-like cry that startled every man from his nod, the\nnegro yelled out--\"There! there again! there she breaches! right ahead!\nThe White Whale, the White Whale!\"\n\nUpon this, the seamen rushed to the yard-arms, as in swarming-time the\nbees rush to the boughs. Bare-headed in the sultry sun, Ahab stood on\nthe bowsprit, and with one hand pushed far behind in readiness to wave\nhis orders to the helmsman, cast his eager glance in the direction\nindicated aloft by the outstretched motionless arm of Daggoo.\n\nWhether the flitting attendance of the one still and solitary jet had\ngradually worked upon Ahab, so that he was now prepared to connect the\nideas of mildness and repose with the first sight of the particular\nwhale he pursued; however this was, or whether his eagerness betrayed\nhim; whichever way it might have been, no sooner did he distinctly\nperceive the white mass, than with a quick intensity he instantly gave\norders for lowering.\n\nThe four boats were soon on the water; Ahab's in advance, and all\nswiftly pulling towards their prey. Soon it went down, and while, with\noars suspended, we were awaiting its reappearance, lo! in the same\nspot where it sank, once more it slowly rose. Almost forgetting for\nthe moment all thoughts of Moby Dick, we now gazed at the most wondrous\nphenomenon which the secret seas have hitherto revealed to mankind.\nA vast pulpy mass, furlongs in length and breadth, of a glancing\ncream-colour, lay floating on the water, innumerable long arms radiating\nfrom its centre, and curling and twisting like a nest of anacondas, as\nif blindly to clutch at any hapless object within reach. No perceptible\nface or front did it have; no conceivable token of either sensation or\ninstinct; but undulated there on the billows, an unearthly, formless,\nchance-like apparition of life.\n\nAs with a low sucking sound it slowly disappeared again, Starbuck still\ngazing at the agitated waters where it had sunk, with a wild voice\nexclaimed--\"Almost rather had I seen Moby Dick and fought him, than to\nhave seen thee, thou white ghost!\"\n\n\"What was it, Sir?\" said Flask.\n\n\"The great live squid, which, they say, few whale-ships ever beheld, and\nreturned to their ports to tell of it.\"\n\nBut Ahab said nothing; turning his boat, he sailed back to the vessel;\nthe rest as silently following.\n\nWhatever superstitions the sperm whalemen in general have connected with\nthe sight of this object, certain it is, that a glimpse of it being\nso very unusual, that circumstance has gone far to invest it with\nportentousness. So rarely is it beheld, that though one and all of them\ndeclare it to be the largest animated thing in the ocean, yet very few\nof them have any but the most vague ideas concerning its true nature and\nform; notwithstanding, they believe it to furnish to the sperm whale\nhis only food. For though other species of whales find their food above\nwater, and may be seen by man in the act of feeding, the spermaceti\nwhale obtains his whole food in unknown zones below the surface; and\nonly by inference is it that any one can tell of what, precisely, that\nfood consists. At times, when closely pursued, he will disgorge what\nare supposed to be the detached arms of the squid; some of them thus\nexhibited exceeding twenty and thirty feet in length. They fancy that\nthe monster to which these arms belonged ordinarily clings by them to\nthe bed of the ocean; and that the sperm whale, unlike other species, is\nsupplied with teeth in order to attack and tear it.\n\nThere seems some ground to imagine that the great Kraken of Bishop\nPontoppodan may ultimately resolve itself into Squid. The manner in\nwhich the Bishop describes it, as alternately rising and sinking, with\nsome other particulars he narrates, in all this the two correspond.\nBut much abatement is necessary with respect to the incredible bulk he\nassigns it.\n\nBy some naturalists who have vaguely heard rumors of the mysterious\ncreature, here spoken of, it is included among the class of cuttle-fish,\nto which, indeed, in certain external respects it would seem to belong,\nbut only as the Anak of the tribe.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 60. The Line.\n\n\nWith reference to the whaling scene shortly to be described, as well as\nfor the better understanding of all similar scenes elsewhere presented,\nI have here to speak of the magical, sometimes horrible whale-line.\n\nThe line originally used in the fishery was of the best hemp, slightly\nvapoured with tar, not impregnated with it, as in the case of ordinary\nropes; for while tar, as ordinarily used, makes the hemp more pliable to\nthe rope-maker, and also renders the rope itself more convenient to the\nsailor for common ship use; yet, not only would the ordinary quantity\ntoo much stiffen the whale-line for the close coiling to which it must\nbe subjected; but as most seamen are beginning to learn, tar in general\nby no means adds to the rope's durability or strength, however much it\nmay give it compactness and gloss.\n\nOf late years the Manilla rope has in the American fishery almost\nentirely superseded hemp as a material for whale-lines; for, though not\nso durable as hemp, it is stronger, and far more soft and elastic; and\nI will add (since there is an aesthetics in all things), is much more\nhandsome and becoming to the boat, than hemp. Hemp is a dusky, dark\nfellow, a sort of Indian; but Manilla is as a golden-haired Circassian\nto behold.\n\nThe whale-line is only two-thirds of an inch in thickness. At first\nsight, you would not think it so strong as it really is. By experiment\nits one and fifty yarns will each suspend a weight of one hundred and\ntwenty pounds; so that the whole rope will bear a strain nearly equal\nto three tons. In length, the common sperm whale-line measures something\nover two hundred fathoms. Towards the stern of the boat it is spirally\ncoiled away in the tub, not like the worm-pipe of a still though, but so\nas to form one round, cheese-shaped mass of densely bedded \"sheaves,\" or\nlayers of concentric spiralizations, without any hollow but the \"heart,\"\nor minute vertical tube formed at the axis of the cheese. As the least\ntangle or kink in the coiling would, in running out, infallibly take\nsomebody's arm, leg, or entire body off, the utmost precaution is used\nin stowing the line in its tub. Some harpooneers will consume almost an\nentire morning in this business, carrying the line high aloft and then\nreeving it downwards through a block towards the tub, so as in the act\nof coiling to free it from all possible wrinkles and twists.\n\nIn the English boats two tubs are used instead of one; the same line\nbeing continuously coiled in both tubs. There is some advantage in this;\nbecause these twin-tubs being so small they fit more readily into the\nboat, and do not strain it so much; whereas, the American tub, nearly\nthree feet in diameter and of proportionate depth, makes a rather bulky\nfreight for a craft whose planks are but one half-inch in thickness; for\nthe bottom of the whale-boat is like critical ice, which will bear up\na considerable distributed weight, but not very much of a concentrated\none. When the painted canvas cover is clapped on the American line-tub,\nthe boat looks as if it were pulling off with a prodigious great\nwedding-cake to present to the whales.\n\nBoth ends of the line are exposed; the lower end terminating in an\neye-splice or loop coming up from the bottom against the side of the\ntub, and hanging over its edge completely disengaged from everything.\nThis arrangement of the lower end is necessary on two accounts. First:\nIn order to facilitate the fastening to it of an additional line from a\nneighboring boat, in case the stricken whale should sound so deep as\nto threaten to carry off the entire line originally attached to the\nharpoon. In these instances, the whale of course is shifted like a mug\nof ale, as it were, from the one boat to the other; though the\nfirst boat always hovers at hand to assist its consort. Second: This\narrangement is indispensable for common safety's sake; for were the\nlower end of the line in any way attached to the boat, and were the\nwhale then to run the line out to the end almost in a single, smoking\nminute as he sometimes does, he would not stop there, for the doomed\nboat would infallibly be dragged down after him into the profundity of\nthe sea; and in that case no town-crier would ever find her again.\n\nBefore lowering the boat for the chase, the upper end of the line is\ntaken aft from the tub, and passing round the loggerhead there, is again\ncarried forward the entire length of the boat, resting crosswise upon\nthe loom or handle of every man's oar, so that it jogs against his wrist\nin rowing; and also passing between the men, as they alternately sit at\nthe opposite gunwales, to the leaded chocks or grooves in the extreme\npointed prow of the boat, where a wooden pin or skewer the size of a\ncommon quill, prevents it from slipping out. From the chocks it hangs\nin a slight festoon over the bows, and is then passed inside the boat\nagain; and some ten or twenty fathoms (called box-line) being coiled\nupon the box in the bows, it continues its way to the gunwale still a\nlittle further aft, and is then attached to the short-warp--the rope\nwhich is immediately connected with the harpoon; but previous to that\nconnexion, the short-warp goes through sundry mystifications too tedious\nto detail.\n\nThus the whale-line folds the whole boat in its complicated coils,\ntwisting and writhing around it in almost every direction. All the\noarsmen are involved in its perilous contortions; so that to the timid\neye of the landsman, they seem as Indian jugglers, with the deadliest\nsnakes sportively festooning their limbs. Nor can any son of mortal\nwoman, for the first time, seat himself amid those hempen intricacies,\nand while straining his utmost at the oar, bethink him that at any\nunknown instant the harpoon may be darted, and all these horrible\ncontortions be put in play like ringed lightnings; he cannot be thus\ncircumstanced without a shudder that makes the very marrow in his bones\nto quiver in him like a shaken jelly. Yet habit--strange thing! what\ncannot habit accomplish?--Gayer sallies, more merry mirth, better jokes,\nand brighter repartees, you never heard over your mahogany, than you\nwill hear over the half-inch white cedar of the whale-boat, when thus\nhung in hangman's nooses; and, like the six burghers of Calais before\nKing Edward, the six men composing the crew pull into the jaws of death,\nwith a halter around every neck, as you may say.\n\nPerhaps a very little thought will now enable you to account for\nthose repeated whaling disasters--some few of which are casually\nchronicled--of this man or that man being taken out of the boat by the\nline, and lost. For, when the line is darting out, to be seated then in\nthe boat, is like being seated in the midst of the manifold whizzings\nof a steam-engine in full play, when every flying beam, and shaft, and\nwheel, is grazing you. It is worse; for you cannot sit motionless in the\nheart of these perils, because the boat is rocking like a cradle, and\nyou are pitched one way and the other, without the slightest warning;\nand only by a certain self-adjusting buoyancy and simultaneousness of\nvolition and action, can you escape being made a Mazeppa of, and run\naway with where the all-seeing sun himself could never pierce you out.\n\nAgain: as the profound calm which only apparently precedes and\nprophesies of the storm, is perhaps more awful than the storm itself;\nfor, indeed, the calm is but the wrapper and envelope of the storm; and\ncontains it in itself, as the seemingly harmless rifle holds the fatal\npowder, and the ball, and the explosion; so the graceful repose of the\nline, as it silently serpentines about the oarsmen before being brought\ninto actual play--this is a thing which carries more of true terror than\nany other aspect of this dangerous affair. But why say more? All men\nlive enveloped in whale-lines. All are born with halters round their\nnecks; but it is only when caught in the swift, sudden turn of death,\nthat mortals realize the silent, subtle, ever-present perils of life.\nAnd if you be a philosopher, though seated in the whale-boat, you would\nnot at heart feel one whit more of terror, than though seated before\nyour evening fire with a poker, and not a harpoon, by your side.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 61. Stubb Kills a Whale.\n\n\nIf to Starbuck the apparition of the Squid was a thing of portents, to\nQueequeg it was quite a different object.\n\n\"When you see him 'quid,\" said the savage, honing his harpoon in the bow\nof his hoisted boat, \"then you quick see him 'parm whale.\"\n\nThe next day was exceedingly still and sultry, and with nothing special\nto engage them, the Pequod's crew could hardly resist the spell of sleep\ninduced by such a vacant sea. For this part of the Indian Ocean through\nwhich we then were voyaging is not what whalemen call a lively ground;\nthat is, it affords fewer glimpses of porpoises, dolphins, flying-fish,\nand other vivacious denizens of more stirring waters, than those off the\nRio de la Plata, or the in-shore ground off Peru.\n\nIt was my turn to stand at the foremast-head; and with my shoulders\nleaning against the slackened royal shrouds, to and fro I idly swayed in\nwhat seemed an enchanted air. No resolution could withstand it; in that\ndreamy mood losing all consciousness, at last my soul went out of my\nbody; though my body still continued to sway as a pendulum will, long\nafter the power which first moved it is withdrawn.\n\nEre forgetfulness altogether came over me, I had noticed that the seamen\nat the main and mizzen-mast-heads were already drowsy. So that at last\nall three of us lifelessly swung from the spars, and for every swing\nthat we made there was a nod from below from the slumbering helmsman.\nThe waves, too, nodded their indolent crests; and across the wide trance\nof the sea, east nodded to west, and the sun over all.\n\nSuddenly bubbles seemed bursting beneath my closed eyes; like vices my\nhands grasped the shrouds; some invisible, gracious agency preserved me;\nwith a shock I came back to life. And lo! close under our lee, not forty\nfathoms off, a gigantic Sperm Whale lay rolling in the water like the\ncapsized hull of a frigate, his broad, glossy back, of an Ethiopian hue,\nglistening in the sun's rays like a mirror. But lazily undulating in\nthe trough of the sea, and ever and anon tranquilly spouting his vapoury\njet, the whale looked like a portly burgher smoking his pipe of a warm\nafternoon. But that pipe, poor whale, was thy last. As if struck by some\nenchanter's wand, the sleepy ship and every sleeper in it all at once\nstarted into wakefulness; and more than a score of voices from all parts\nof the vessel, simultaneously with the three notes from aloft, shouted\nforth the accustomed cry, as the great fish slowly and regularly spouted\nthe sparkling brine into the air.\n\n\"Clear away the boats! Luff!\" cried Ahab. And obeying his own order, he\ndashed the helm down before the helmsman could handle the spokes.\n\nThe sudden exclamations of the crew must have alarmed the whale; and ere\nthe boats were down, majestically turning, he swam away to the leeward,\nbut with such a steady tranquillity, and making so few ripples as he\nswam, that thinking after all he might not as yet be alarmed, Ahab gave\norders that not an oar should be used, and no man must speak but in\nwhispers. So seated like Ontario Indians on the gunwales of the boats,\nwe swiftly but silently paddled along; the calm not admitting of the\nnoiseless sails being set. Presently, as we thus glided in chase, the\nmonster perpendicularly flitted his tail forty feet into the air, and\nthen sank out of sight like a tower swallowed up.\n\n\"There go flukes!\" was the cry, an announcement immediately followed by\nStubb's producing his match and igniting his pipe, for now a respite was\ngranted. After the full interval of his sounding had elapsed, the whale\nrose again, and being now in advance of the smoker's boat, and much\nnearer to it than to any of the others, Stubb counted upon the honour\nof the capture. It was obvious, now, that the whale had at length become\naware of his pursuers. All silence of cautiousness was therefore no\nlonger of use. Paddles were dropped, and oars came loudly into play. And\nstill puffing at his pipe, Stubb cheered on his crew to the assault.\n\nYes, a mighty change had come over the fish. All alive to his jeopardy,\nhe was going \"head out\"; that part obliquely projecting from the mad\nyeast which he brewed.*\n\n\n*It will be seen in some other place of what a very light substance\nthe entire interior of the sperm whale's enormous head consists. Though\napparently the most massive, it is by far the most buoyant part about\nhim. So that with ease he elevates it in the air, and invariably does\nso when going at his utmost speed. Besides, such is the breadth of the\nupper part of the front of his head, and such the tapering cut-water\nformation of the lower part, that by obliquely elevating his head, he\nthereby may be said to transform himself from a bluff-bowed sluggish\ngalliot into a sharppointed New York pilot-boat.\n\n\n\"Start her, start her, my men! Don't hurry yourselves; take plenty of\ntime--but start her; start her like thunder-claps, that's all,\" cried\nStubb, spluttering out the smoke as he spoke. \"Start her, now; give 'em\nthe long and strong stroke, Tashtego. Start her, Tash, my boy--start\nher, all; but keep cool, keep cool--cucumbers is the word--easy,\neasy--only start her like grim death and grinning devils, and raise the\nburied dead perpendicular out of their graves, boys--that's all. Start\nher!\"\n\n\"Woo-hoo! Wa-hee!\" screamed the Gay-Header in reply, raising some\nold war-whoop to the skies; as every oarsman in the strained boat\ninvoluntarily bounced forward with the one tremendous leading stroke\nwhich the eager Indian gave.\n\nBut his wild screams were answered by others quite as wild. \"Kee-hee!\nKee-hee!\" yelled Daggoo, straining forwards and backwards on his seat,\nlike a pacing tiger in his cage.\n\n\"Ka-la! Koo-loo!\" howled Queequeg, as if smacking his lips over a\nmouthful of Grenadier's steak. And thus with oars and yells the keels\ncut the sea. Meanwhile, Stubb retaining his place in the van, still\nencouraged his men to the onset, all the while puffing the smoke from\nhis mouth. Like desperadoes they tugged and they strained, till the\nwelcome cry was heard--\"Stand up, Tashtego!--give it to him!\" The\nharpoon was hurled. \"Stern all!\" The oarsmen backed water; the same\nmoment something went hot and hissing along every one of their wrists.\nIt was the magical line. An instant before, Stubb had swiftly caught two\nadditional turns with it round the loggerhead, whence, by reason of its\nincreased rapid circlings, a hempen blue smoke now jetted up and mingled\nwith the steady fumes from his pipe. As the line passed round and\nround the loggerhead; so also, just before reaching that point, it\nblisteringly passed through and through both of Stubb's hands, from\nwhich the hand-cloths, or squares of quilted canvas sometimes worn at\nthese times, had accidentally dropped. It was like holding an enemy's\nsharp two-edged sword by the blade, and that enemy all the time striving\nto wrest it out of your clutch.\n\n\"Wet the line! wet the line!\" cried Stubb to the tub oarsman (him seated\nby the tub) who, snatching off his hat, dashed sea-water into it.* More\nturns were taken, so that the line began holding its place. The boat now\nflew through the boiling water like a shark all fins. Stubb and Tashtego\nhere changed places--stem for stern--a staggering business truly in that\nrocking commotion.\n\n\n*Partly to show the indispensableness of this act, it may here be\nstated, that, in the old Dutch fishery, a mop was used to dash the\nrunning line with water; in many other ships, a wooden piggin, or\nbailer, is set apart for that purpose. Your hat, however, is the most\nconvenient.\n\n\nFrom the vibrating line extending the entire length of the upper part of\nthe boat, and from its now being more tight than a harpstring, you would\nhave thought the craft had two keels--one cleaving the water, the other\nthe air--as the boat churned on through both opposing elements at once.\nA continual cascade played at the bows; a ceaseless whirling eddy in\nher wake; and, at the slightest motion from within, even but of a little\nfinger, the vibrating, cracking craft canted over her spasmodic gunwale\ninto the sea. Thus they rushed; each man with might and main clinging\nto his seat, to prevent being tossed to the foam; and the tall form of\nTashtego at the steering oar crouching almost double, in order to bring\ndown his centre of gravity. Whole Atlantics and Pacifics seemed passed\nas they shot on their way, till at length the whale somewhat slackened\nhis flight.\n\n\"Haul in--haul in!\" cried Stubb to the bowsman! and, facing round\ntowards the whale, all hands began pulling the boat up to him, while yet\nthe boat was being towed on. Soon ranging up by his flank, Stubb, firmly\nplanting his knee in the clumsy cleat, darted dart after dart into the\nflying fish; at the word of command, the boat alternately sterning\nout of the way of the whale's horrible wallow, and then ranging up for\nanother fling.\n\nThe red tide now poured from all sides of the monster like brooks down a\nhill. His tormented body rolled not in brine but in blood, which bubbled\nand seethed for furlongs behind in their wake. The slanting sun playing\nupon this crimson pond in the sea, sent back its reflection into every\nface, so that they all glowed to each other like red men. And all\nthe while, jet after jet of white smoke was agonizingly shot from the\nspiracle of the whale, and vehement puff after puff from the mouth of\nthe excited headsman; as at every dart, hauling in upon his crooked\nlance (by the line attached to it), Stubb straightened it again and\nagain, by a few rapid blows against the gunwale, then again and again\nsent it into the whale.\n\n\"Pull up--pull up!\" he now cried to the bowsman, as the waning whale\nrelaxed in his wrath. \"Pull up!--close to!\" and the boat ranged along\nthe fish's flank. When reaching far over the bow, Stubb slowly churned\nhis long sharp lance into the fish, and kept it there, carefully\nchurning and churning, as if cautiously seeking to feel after some gold\nwatch that the whale might have swallowed, and which he was fearful of\nbreaking ere he could hook it out. But that gold watch he sought was the\ninnermost life of the fish. And now it is struck; for, starting from\nhis trance into that unspeakable thing called his \"flurry,\" the monster\nhorribly wallowed in his blood, overwrapped himself in impenetrable,\nmad, boiling spray, so that the imperilled craft, instantly dropping\nastern, had much ado blindly to struggle out from that phrensied\ntwilight into the clear air of the day.\n\nAnd now abating in his flurry, the whale once more rolled out into view;\nsurging from side to side; spasmodically dilating and contracting his\nspout-hole, with sharp, cracking, agonized respirations. At last, gush\nafter gush of clotted red gore, as if it had been the purple lees of red\nwine, shot into the frighted air; and falling back again, ran dripping\ndown his motionless flanks into the sea. His heart had burst!\n\n\"He's dead, Mr. Stubb,\" said Daggoo.\n\n\"Yes; both pipes smoked out!\" and withdrawing his own from his mouth,\nStubb scattered the dead ashes over the water; and, for a moment, stood\nthoughtfully eyeing the vast corpse he had made.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 62. The Dart.\n\n\nA word concerning an incident in the last chapter.\n\nAccording to the invariable usage of the fishery, the whale-boat pushes\noff from the ship, with the headsman or whale-killer as temporary\nsteersman, and the harpooneer or whale-fastener pulling the foremost\noar, the one known as the harpooneer-oar. Now it needs a strong, nervous\narm to strike the first iron into the fish; for often, in what is called\na long dart, the heavy implement has to be flung to the distance of\ntwenty or thirty feet. But however prolonged and exhausting the chase,\nthe harpooneer is expected to pull his oar meanwhile to the uttermost;\nindeed, he is expected to set an example of superhuman activity to the\nrest, not only by incredible rowing, but by repeated loud and intrepid\nexclamations; and what it is to keep shouting at the top of one's\ncompass, while all the other muscles are strained and half started--what\nthat is none know but those who have tried it. For one, I cannot bawl\nvery heartily and work very recklessly at one and the same time. In this\nstraining, bawling state, then, with his back to the fish, all at once\nthe exhausted harpooneer hears the exciting cry--\"Stand up, and give it\nto him!\" He now has to drop and secure his oar, turn round on his\ncentre half way, seize his harpoon from the crotch, and with what little\nstrength may remain, he essays to pitch it somehow into the whale. No\nwonder, taking the whole fleet of whalemen in a body, that out of fifty\nfair chances for a dart, not five are successful; no wonder that so many\nhapless harpooneers are madly cursed and disrated; no wonder that some\nof them actually burst their blood-vessels in the boat; no wonder that\nsome sperm whalemen are absent four years with four barrels; no wonder\nthat to many ship owners, whaling is but a losing concern; for it is the\nharpooneer that makes the voyage, and if you take the breath out of his\nbody how can you expect to find it there when most wanted!\n\nAgain, if the dart be successful, then at the second critical instant,\nthat is, when the whale starts to run, the boatheader and harpooneer\nlikewise start to running fore and aft, to the imminent jeopardy of\nthemselves and every one else. It is then they change places; and\nthe headsman, the chief officer of the little craft, takes his proper\nstation in the bows of the boat.\n\nNow, I care not who maintains the contrary, but all this is both foolish\nand unnecessary. The headsman should stay in the bows from first to\nlast; he should both dart the harpoon and the lance, and no rowing\nwhatever should be expected of him, except under circumstances obvious\nto any fisherman. I know that this would sometimes involve a slight loss\nof speed in the chase; but long experience in various whalemen of more\nthan one nation has convinced me that in the vast majority of failures\nin the fishery, it has not by any means been so much the speed of the\nwhale as the before described exhaustion of the harpooneer that has\ncaused them.\n\nTo insure the greatest efficiency in the dart, the harpooneers of this\nworld must start to their feet from out of idleness, and not from out of\ntoil.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 63. The Crotch.\n\n\nOut of the trunk, the branches grow; out of them, the twigs. So, in\nproductive subjects, grow the chapters.\n\nThe crotch alluded to on a previous page deserves independent mention.\nIt is a notched stick of a peculiar form, some two feet in length, which\nis perpendicularly inserted into the starboard gunwale near the bow,\nfor the purpose of furnishing a rest for the wooden extremity of the\nharpoon, whose other naked, barbed end slopingly projects from the prow.\nThereby the weapon is instantly at hand to its hurler, who snatches it\nup as readily from its rest as a backwoodsman swings his rifle from\nthe wall. It is customary to have two harpoons reposing in the crotch,\nrespectively called the first and second irons.\n\nBut these two harpoons, each by its own cord, are both connected with\nthe line; the object being this: to dart them both, if possible, one\ninstantly after the other into the same whale; so that if, in the coming\ndrag, one should draw out, the other may still retain a hold. It is a\ndoubling of the chances. But it very often happens that owing to the\ninstantaneous, violent, convulsive running of the whale upon receiving\nthe first iron, it becomes impossible for the harpooneer, however\nlightning-like in his movements, to pitch the second iron into him.\nNevertheless, as the second iron is already connected with the line,\nand the line is running, hence that weapon must, at all events, be\nanticipatingly tossed out of the boat, somehow and somewhere; else the\nmost terrible jeopardy would involve all hands. Tumbled into the water,\nit accordingly is in such cases; the spare coils of box line (mentioned\nin a preceding chapter) making this feat, in most instances, prudently\npracticable. But this critical act is not always unattended with the\nsaddest and most fatal casualties.\n\nFurthermore: you must know that when the second iron is thrown\noverboard, it thenceforth becomes a dangling, sharp-edged terror,\nskittishly curvetting about both boat and whale, entangling the lines,\nor cutting them, and making a prodigious sensation in all directions.\nNor, in general, is it possible to secure it again until the whale is\nfairly captured and a corpse.\n\nConsider, now, how it must be in the case of four boats all engaging\none unusually strong, active, and knowing whale; when owing to these\nqualities in him, as well as to the thousand concurring accidents of\nsuch an audacious enterprise, eight or ten loose second irons may be\nsimultaneously dangling about him. For, of course, each boat is supplied\nwith several harpoons to bend on to the line should the first one\nbe ineffectually darted without recovery. All these particulars are\nfaithfully narrated here, as they will not fail to elucidate several\nmost important, however intricate passages, in scenes hereafter to be\npainted.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 64. Stubb's Supper.\n\n\nStubb's whale had been killed some distance from the ship. It was\na calm; so, forming a tandem of three boats, we commenced the slow\nbusiness of towing the trophy to the Pequod. And now, as we eighteen men\nwith our thirty-six arms, and one hundred and eighty thumbs and fingers,\nslowly toiled hour after hour upon that inert, sluggish corpse in the\nsea; and it seemed hardly to budge at all, except at long intervals;\ngood evidence was hereby furnished of the enormousness of the mass we\nmoved. For, upon the great canal of Hang-Ho, or whatever they call\nit, in China, four or five laborers on the foot-path will draw a bulky\nfreighted junk at the rate of a mile an hour; but this grand argosy we\ntowed heavily forged along, as if laden with pig-lead in bulk.\n\nDarkness came on; but three lights up and down in the Pequod's\nmain-rigging dimly guided our way; till drawing nearer we saw Ahab\ndropping one of several more lanterns over the bulwarks. Vacantly eyeing\nthe heaving whale for a moment, he issued the usual orders for securing\nit for the night, and then handing his lantern to a seaman, went his way\ninto the cabin, and did not come forward again until morning.\n\nThough, in overseeing the pursuit of this whale, Captain Ahab had\nevinced his customary activity, to call it so; yet now that the creature\nwas dead, some vague dissatisfaction, or impatience, or despair, seemed\nworking in him; as if the sight of that dead body reminded him that\nMoby Dick was yet to be slain; and though a thousand other whales were\nbrought to his ship, all that would not one jot advance his grand,\nmonomaniac object. Very soon you would have thought from the sound on\nthe Pequod's decks, that all hands were preparing to cast anchor in\nthe deep; for heavy chains are being dragged along the deck, and thrust\nrattling out of the port-holes. But by those clanking links, the vast\ncorpse itself, not the ship, is to be moored. Tied by the head to the\nstern, and by the tail to the bows, the whale now lies with its black\nhull close to the vessel's and seen through the darkness of the night,\nwhich obscured the spars and rigging aloft, the two--ship and whale,\nseemed yoked together like colossal bullocks, whereof one reclines while\nthe other remains standing.*\n\n\n*A little item may as well be related here. The strongest and most\nreliable hold which the ship has upon the whale when moored alongside,\nis by the flukes or tail; and as from its greater density that part\nis relatively heavier than any other (excepting the side-fins), its\nflexibility even in death, causes it to sink low beneath the surface; so\nthat with the hand you cannot get at it from the boat, in order to\nput the chain round it. But this difficulty is ingeniously overcome: a\nsmall, strong line is prepared with a wooden float at its outer end, and\na weight in its middle, while the other end is secured to the ship. By\nadroit management the wooden float is made to rise on the other side\nof the mass, so that now having girdled the whale, the chain is readily\nmade to follow suit; and being slipped along the body, is at last locked\nfast round the smallest part of the tail, at the point of junction with\nits broad flukes or lobes.\n\n\nIf moody Ahab was now all quiescence, at least so far as could be known\non deck, Stubb, his second mate, flushed with conquest, betrayed an\nunusual but still good-natured excitement. Such an unwonted bustle was\nhe in that the staid Starbuck, his official superior, quietly resigned\nto him for the time the sole management of affairs. One small, helping\ncause of all this liveliness in Stubb, was soon made strangely manifest.\nStubb was a high liver; he was somewhat intemperately fond of the whale\nas a flavorish thing to his palate.\n\n\"A steak, a steak, ere I sleep! You, Daggoo! overboard you go, and cut\nme one from his small!\"\n\nHere be it known, that though these wild fishermen do not, as a general\nthing, and according to the great military maxim, make the enemy defray\nthe current expenses of the war (at least before realizing the proceeds\nof the voyage), yet now and then you find some of these Nantucketers\nwho have a genuine relish for that particular part of the Sperm Whale\ndesignated by Stubb; comprising the tapering extremity of the body.\n\nAbout midnight that steak was cut and cooked; and lighted by two\nlanterns of sperm oil, Stubb stoutly stood up to his spermaceti supper\nat the capstan-head, as if that capstan were a sideboard. Nor was Stubb\nthe only banqueter on whale's flesh that night. Mingling their mumblings\nwith his own mastications, thousands on thousands of sharks, swarming\nround the dead leviathan, smackingly feasted on its fatness. The few\nsleepers below in their bunks were often startled by the sharp slapping\nof their tails against the hull, within a few inches of the sleepers'\nhearts. Peering over the side you could just see them (as before you\nheard them) wallowing in the sullen, black waters, and turning over on\ntheir backs as they scooped out huge globular pieces of the whale of the\nbigness of a human head. This particular feat of the shark seems all\nbut miraculous. How at such an apparently unassailable surface, they\ncontrive to gouge out such symmetrical mouthfuls, remains a part of the\nuniversal problem of all things. The mark they thus leave on the whale,\nmay best be likened to the hollow made by a carpenter in countersinking\nfor a screw.\n\nThough amid all the smoking horror and diabolism of a sea-fight, sharks\nwill be seen longingly gazing up to the ship's decks, like hungry dogs\nround a table where red meat is being carved, ready to bolt down\nevery killed man that is tossed to them; and though, while the valiant\nbutchers over the deck-table are thus cannibally carving each other's\nlive meat with carving-knives all gilded and tasselled, the sharks,\nalso, with their jewel-hilted mouths, are quarrelsomely carving away\nunder the table at the dead meat; and though, were you to turn the whole\naffair upside down, it would still be pretty much the same thing, that\nis to say, a shocking sharkish business enough for all parties; and\nthough sharks also are the invariable outriders of all slave ships\ncrossing the Atlantic, systematically trotting alongside, to be handy in\ncase a parcel is to be carried anywhere, or a dead slave to be decently\nburied; and though one or two other like instances might be set down,\ntouching the set terms, places, and occasions, when sharks do most\nsocially congregate, and most hilariously feast; yet is there no\nconceivable time or occasion when you will find them in such countless\nnumbers, and in gayer or more jovial spirits, than around a dead sperm\nwhale, moored by night to a whaleship at sea. If you have never\nseen that sight, then suspend your decision about the propriety of\ndevil-worship, and the expediency of conciliating the devil.\n\nBut, as yet, Stubb heeded not the mumblings of the banquet that was\ngoing on so nigh him, no more than the sharks heeded the smacking of his\nown epicurean lips.\n\n\"Cook, cook!--where's that old Fleece?\" he cried at length, widening\nhis legs still further, as if to form a more secure base for his supper;\nand, at the same time darting his fork into the dish, as if stabbing\nwith his lance; \"cook, you cook!--sail this way, cook!\"\n\nThe old black, not in any very high glee at having been previously\nroused from his warm hammock at a most unseasonable hour, came shambling\nalong from his galley, for, like many old blacks, there was something\nthe matter with his knee-pans, which he did not keep well scoured like\nhis other pans; this old Fleece, as they called him, came shuffling and\nlimping along, assisting his step with his tongs, which, after a clumsy\nfashion, were made of straightened iron hoops; this old Ebony floundered\nalong, and in obedience to the word of command, came to a dead stop on\nthe opposite side of Stubb's sideboard; when, with both hands folded\nbefore him, and resting on his two-legged cane, he bowed his arched back\nstill further over, at the same time sideways inclining his head, so as\nto bring his best ear into play.\n\n\"Cook,\" said Stubb, rapidly lifting a rather reddish morsel to his\nmouth, \"don't you think this steak is rather overdone? You've been\nbeating this steak too much, cook; it's too tender. Don't I always say\nthat to be good, a whale-steak must be tough? There are those sharks\nnow over the side, don't you see they prefer it tough and rare? What a\nshindy they are kicking up! Cook, go and talk to 'em; tell 'em they are\nwelcome to help themselves civilly, and in moderation, but they must\nkeep quiet. Blast me, if I can hear my own voice. Away, cook, and\ndeliver my message. Here, take this lantern,\" snatching one from his\nsideboard; \"now then, go and preach to 'em!\"\n\nSullenly taking the offered lantern, old Fleece limped across the deck\nto the bulwarks; and then, with one hand dropping his light low over the\nsea, so as to get a good view of his congregation, with the other hand\nhe solemnly flourished his tongs, and leaning far over the side in a\nmumbling voice began addressing the sharks, while Stubb, softly crawling\nbehind, overheard all that was said.\n\n\"Fellow-critters: I'se ordered here to say dat you must stop dat dam\nnoise dare. You hear? Stop dat dam smackin' ob de lips! Massa Stubb say\ndat you can fill your dam bellies up to de hatchings, but by Gor! you\nmust stop dat dam racket!\"\n\n\"Cook,\" here interposed Stubb, accompanying the word with a sudden slap\non the shoulder,--\"Cook! why, damn your eyes, you mustn't swear that way\nwhen you're preaching. That's no way to convert sinners, cook!\"\n\n\"Who dat? Den preach to him yourself,\" sullenly turning to go.\n\n\"No, cook; go on, go on.\"\n\n\"Well, den, Belubed fellow-critters:\"--\n\n\"Right!\" exclaimed Stubb, approvingly, \"coax 'em to it; try that,\" and\nFleece continued.\n\n\"Do you is all sharks, and by natur wery woracious, yet I zay to you,\nfellow-critters, dat dat woraciousness--'top dat dam slappin' ob de\ntail! How you tink to hear, spose you keep up such a dam slappin' and\nbitin' dare?\"\n\n\"Cook,\" cried Stubb, collaring him, \"I won't have that swearing. Talk to\n'em gentlemanly.\"\n\nOnce more the sermon proceeded.\n\n\"Your woraciousness, fellow-critters, I don't blame ye so much for; dat\nis natur, and can't be helped; but to gobern dat wicked natur, dat is de\npint. You is sharks, sartin; but if you gobern de shark in you, why den\nyou be angel; for all angel is not'ing more dan de shark well goberned.\nNow, look here, bred'ren, just try wonst to be cibil, a helping\nyourselbs from dat whale. Don't be tearin' de blubber out your\nneighbour's mout, I say. Is not one shark dood right as toder to dat\nwhale? And, by Gor, none on you has de right to dat whale; dat whale\nbelong to some one else. I know some o' you has berry brig mout, brigger\ndan oders; but den de brig mouts sometimes has de small bellies; so dat\nde brigness of de mout is not to swaller wid, but to bit off de blubber\nfor de small fry ob sharks, dat can't get into de scrouge to help\ndemselves.\"\n\n\"Well done, old Fleece!\" cried Stubb, \"that's Christianity; go on.\"\n\n\"No use goin' on; de dam willains will keep a scougin' and slappin' each\noder, Massa Stubb; dey don't hear one word; no use a-preaching to\nsuch dam g'uttons as you call 'em, till dare bellies is full, and dare\nbellies is bottomless; and when dey do get 'em full, dey wont hear you\nden; for den dey sink in the sea, go fast to sleep on de coral, and\ncan't hear noting at all, no more, for eber and eber.\"\n\n\"Upon my soul, I am about of the same opinion; so give the benediction,\nFleece, and I'll away to my supper.\"\n\nUpon this, Fleece, holding both hands over the fishy mob, raised his\nshrill voice, and cried--\n\n\"Cussed fellow-critters! Kick up de damndest row as ever you can; fill\nyour dam bellies 'till dey bust--and den die.\"\n\n\"Now, cook,\" said Stubb, resuming his supper at the capstan; \"stand\njust where you stood before, there, over against me, and pay particular\nattention.\"\n\n\"All 'dention,\" said Fleece, again stooping over upon his tongs in the\ndesired position.\n\n\"Well,\" said Stubb, helping himself freely meanwhile; \"I shall now go\nback to the subject of this steak. In the first place, how old are you,\ncook?\"\n\n\"What dat do wid de 'teak,\" said the old black, testily.\n\n\"Silence! How old are you, cook?\"\n\n\"'Bout ninety, dey say,\" he gloomily muttered.\n\n\"And you have lived in this world hard upon one hundred years, cook,\nand don't know yet how to cook a whale-steak?\" rapidly bolting another\nmouthful at the last word, so that morsel seemed a continuation of the\nquestion. \"Where were you born, cook?\"\n\n\"'Hind de hatchway, in ferry-boat, goin' ober de Roanoke.\"\n\n\"Born in a ferry-boat! That's queer, too. But I want to know what\ncountry you were born in, cook!\"\n\n\"Didn't I say de Roanoke country?\" he cried sharply.\n\n\"No, you didn't, cook; but I'll tell you what I'm coming to, cook.\nYou must go home and be born over again; you don't know how to cook a\nwhale-steak yet.\"\n\n\"Bress my soul, if I cook noder one,\" he growled, angrily, turning round\nto depart.\n\n\"Come back here, cook;--here, hand me those tongs;--now take that bit of\nsteak there, and tell me if you think that steak cooked as it should be?\nTake it, I say\"--holding the tongs towards him--\"take it, and taste it.\"\n\nFaintly smacking his withered lips over it for a moment, the old negro\nmuttered, \"Best cooked 'teak I eber taste; joosy, berry joosy.\"\n\n\"Cook,\" said Stubb, squaring himself once more; \"do you belong to the\nchurch?\"\n\n\"Passed one once in Cape-Down,\" said the old man sullenly.\n\n\"And you have once in your life passed a holy church in Cape-Town, where\nyou doubtless overheard a holy parson addressing his hearers as his\nbeloved fellow-creatures, have you, cook! And yet you come here, and\ntell me such a dreadful lie as you did just now, eh?\" said Stubb. \"Where\ndo you expect to go to, cook?\"\n\n\"Go to bed berry soon,\" he mumbled, half-turning as he spoke.\n\n\"Avast! heave to! I mean when you die, cook. It's an awful question. Now\nwhat's your answer?\"\n\n\"When dis old brack man dies,\" said the negro slowly, changing his whole\nair and demeanor, \"he hisself won't go nowhere; but some bressed angel\nwill come and fetch him.\"\n\n\"Fetch him? How? In a coach and four, as they fetched Elijah? And fetch\nhim where?\"\n\n\"Up dere,\" said Fleece, holding his tongs straight over his head, and\nkeeping it there very solemnly.\n\n\"So, then, you expect to go up into our main-top, do you, cook, when you\nare dead? But don't you know the higher you climb, the colder it gets?\nMain-top, eh?\"\n\n\"Didn't say dat t'all,\" said Fleece, again in the sulks.\n\n\"You said up there, didn't you? and now look yourself, and see where\nyour tongs are pointing. But, perhaps you expect to get into heaven by\ncrawling through the lubber's hole, cook; but, no, no, cook, you don't\nget there, except you go the regular way, round by the rigging. It's a\nticklish business, but must be done, or else it's no go. But none of\nus are in heaven yet. Drop your tongs, cook, and hear my orders. Do ye\nhear? Hold your hat in one hand, and clap t'other a'top of your heart,\nwhen I'm giving my orders, cook. What! that your heart, there?--that's\nyour gizzard! Aloft! aloft!--that's it--now you have it. Hold it there\nnow, and pay attention.\"\n\n\"All 'dention,\" said the old black, with both hands placed as desired,\nvainly wriggling his grizzled head, as if to get both ears in front at\none and the same time.\n\n\"Well then, cook, you see this whale-steak of yours was so very bad,\nthat I have put it out of sight as soon as possible; you see that, don't\nyou? Well, for the future, when you cook another whale-steak for my\nprivate table here, the capstan, I'll tell you what to do so as not to\nspoil it by overdoing. Hold the steak in one hand, and show a live coal\nto it with the other; that done, dish it; d'ye hear? And now to-morrow,\ncook, when we are cutting in the fish, be sure you stand by to get\nthe tips of his fins; have them put in pickle. As for the ends of the\nflukes, have them soused, cook. There, now ye may go.\"\n\nBut Fleece had hardly got three paces off, when he was recalled.\n\n\"Cook, give me cutlets for supper to-morrow night in the mid-watch.\nD'ye hear? away you sail, then.--Halloa! stop! make a bow before you\ngo.--Avast heaving again! Whale-balls for breakfast--don't forget.\"\n\n\"Wish, by gor! whale eat him, 'stead of him eat whale. I'm bressed if\nhe ain't more of shark dan Massa Shark hisself,\" muttered the old man,\nlimping away; with which sage ejaculation he went to his hammock.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 65. The Whale as a Dish.\n\n\nThat mortal man should feed upon the creature that feeds his lamp, and,\nlike Stubb, eat him by his own light, as you may say; this seems so\noutlandish a thing that one must needs go a little into the history and\nphilosophy of it.\n\nIt is upon record, that three centuries ago the tongue of the Right\nWhale was esteemed a great delicacy in France, and commanded large\nprices there. Also, that in Henry VIIIth's time, a certain cook of the\ncourt obtained a handsome reward for inventing an admirable sauce to be\neaten with barbacued porpoises, which, you remember, are a species of\nwhale. Porpoises, indeed, are to this day considered fine eating. The\nmeat is made into balls about the size of billiard balls, and being well\nseasoned and spiced might be taken for turtle-balls or veal balls.\nThe old monks of Dunfermline were very fond of them. They had a great\nporpoise grant from the crown.\n\nThe fact is, that among his hunters at least, the whale would by all\nhands be considered a noble dish, were there not so much of him; but\nwhen you come to sit down before a meat-pie nearly one hundred feet\nlong, it takes away your appetite. Only the most unprejudiced of men\nlike Stubb, nowadays partake of cooked whales; but the Esquimaux are not\nso fastidious. We all know how they live upon whales, and have rare\nold vintages of prime old train oil. Zogranda, one of their most famous\ndoctors, recommends strips of blubber for infants, as being exceedingly\njuicy and nourishing. And this reminds me that certain Englishmen, who\nlong ago were accidentally left in Greenland by a whaling vessel--that\nthese men actually lived for several months on the mouldy scraps of\nwhales which had been left ashore after trying out the blubber. Among\nthe Dutch whalemen these scraps are called \"fritters\"; which, indeed,\nthey greatly resemble, being brown and crisp, and smelling something\nlike old Amsterdam housewives' dough-nuts or oly-cooks, when fresh. They\nhave such an eatable look that the most self-denying stranger can hardly\nkeep his hands off.\n\nBut what further depreciates the whale as a civilized dish, is his\nexceeding richness. He is the great prize ox of the sea, too fat to be\ndelicately good. Look at his hump, which would be as fine eating as\nthe buffalo's (which is esteemed a rare dish), were it not such a solid\npyramid of fat. But the spermaceti itself, how bland and creamy that\nis; like the transparent, half-jellied, white meat of a cocoanut in the\nthird month of its growth, yet far too rich to supply a substitute for\nbutter. Nevertheless, many whalemen have a method of absorbing it into\nsome other substance, and then partaking of it. In the long try\nwatches of the night it is a common thing for the seamen to dip their\nship-biscuit into the huge oil-pots and let them fry there awhile. Many\na good supper have I thus made.\n\nIn the case of a small Sperm Whale the brains are accounted a fine dish.\nThe casket of the skull is broken into with an axe, and the two plump,\nwhitish lobes being withdrawn (precisely resembling two large puddings),\nthey are then mixed with flour, and cooked into a most delectable mess,\nin flavor somewhat resembling calves' head, which is quite a dish among\nsome epicures; and every one knows that some young bucks among the\nepicures, by continually dining upon calves' brains, by and by get to\nhave a little brains of their own, so as to be able to tell a\ncalf's head from their own heads; which, indeed, requires uncommon\ndiscrimination. And that is the reason why a young buck with an\nintelligent looking calf's head before him, is somehow one of the\nsaddest sights you can see. The head looks a sort of reproachfully at\nhim, with an \"Et tu Brute!\" expression.\n\nIt is not, perhaps, entirely because the whale is so excessively\nunctuous that landsmen seem to regard the eating of him with abhorrence;\nthat appears to result, in some way, from the consideration before\nmentioned: i.e. that a man should eat a newly murdered thing of the sea,\nand eat it too by its own light. But no doubt the first man that ever\nmurdered an ox was regarded as a murderer; perhaps he was hung; and if\nhe had been put on his trial by oxen, he certainly would have been; and\nhe certainly deserved it if any murderer does. Go to the meat-market\nof a Saturday night and see the crowds of live bipeds staring up at the\nlong rows of dead quadrupeds. Does not that sight take a tooth out of\nthe cannibal's jaw? Cannibals? who is not a cannibal? I tell you it will\nbe more tolerable for the Fejee that salted down a lean missionary in\nhis cellar against a coming famine; it will be more tolerable for that\nprovident Fejee, I say, in the day of judgment, than for thee, civilized\nand enlightened gourmand, who nailest geese to the ground and feastest\non their bloated livers in thy pate-de-foie-gras.\n\nBut Stubb, he eats the whale by its own light, does he? and that is\nadding insult to injury, is it? Look at your knife-handle, there, my\ncivilized and enlightened gourmand dining off that roast beef, what is\nthat handle made of?--what but the bones of the brother of the very ox\nyou are eating? And what do you pick your teeth with, after devouring\nthat fat goose? With a feather of the same fowl. And with what quill did\nthe Secretary of the Society for the Suppression of Cruelty to Ganders\nformally indite his circulars? It is only within the last month or two\nthat that society passed a resolution to patronise nothing but steel\npens.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 66. The Shark Massacre.\n\n\nWhen in the Southern Fishery, a captured Sperm Whale, after long and\nweary toil, is brought alongside late at night, it is not, as a general\nthing at least, customary to proceed at once to the business of cutting\nhim in. For that business is an exceedingly laborious one; is not very\nsoon completed; and requires all hands to set about it. Therefore, the\ncommon usage is to take in all sail; lash the helm a'lee; and then send\nevery one below to his hammock till daylight, with the reservation that,\nuntil that time, anchor-watches shall be kept; that is, two and two for\nan hour, each couple, the crew in rotation shall mount the deck to see\nthat all goes well.\n\nBut sometimes, especially upon the Line in the Pacific, this plan will\nnot answer at all; because such incalculable hosts of sharks gather\nround the moored carcase, that were he left so for six hours, say, on a\nstretch, little more than the skeleton would be visible by morning.\nIn most other parts of the ocean, however, where these fish do not so\nlargely abound, their wondrous voracity can be at times considerably\ndiminished, by vigorously stirring them up with sharp whaling-spades,\na procedure notwithstanding, which, in some instances, only seems to\ntickle them into still greater activity. But it was not thus in the\npresent case with the Pequod's sharks; though, to be sure, any man\nunaccustomed to such sights, to have looked over her side that night,\nwould have almost thought the whole round sea was one huge cheese, and\nthose sharks the maggots in it.\n\nNevertheless, upon Stubb setting the anchor-watch after his supper was\nconcluded; and when, accordingly, Queequeg and a forecastle seaman\ncame on deck, no small excitement was created among the sharks; for\nimmediately suspending the cutting stages over the side, and lowering\nthree lanterns, so that they cast long gleams of light over the turbid\nsea, these two mariners, darting their long whaling-spades, kept up an\nincessant murdering of the sharks,* by striking the keen steel deep\ninto their skulls, seemingly their only vital part. But in the foamy\nconfusion of their mixed and struggling hosts, the marksmen could not\nalways hit their mark; and this brought about new revelations of the\nincredible ferocity of the foe. They viciously snapped, not only at each\nother's disembowelments, but like flexible bows, bent round, and bit\ntheir own; till those entrails seemed swallowed over and over again by\nthe same mouth, to be oppositely voided by the gaping wound. Nor was\nthis all. It was unsafe to meddle with the corpses and ghosts of these\ncreatures. A sort of generic or Pantheistic vitality seemed to lurk in\ntheir very joints and bones, after what might be called the individual\nlife had departed. Killed and hoisted on deck for the sake of his skin,\none of these sharks almost took poor Queequeg's hand off, when he tried\nto shut down the dead lid of his murderous jaw.\n\n\n*The whaling-spade used for cutting-in is made of the very best steel;\nis about the bigness of a man's spread hand; and in general shape,\ncorresponds to the garden implement after which it is named; only its\nsides are perfectly flat, and its upper end considerably narrower than\nthe lower. This weapon is always kept as sharp as possible; and when\nbeing used is occasionally honed, just like a razor. In its socket, a\nstiff pole, from twenty to thirty feet long, is inserted for a handle.\n\n\n\"Queequeg no care what god made him shark,\" said the savage, agonizingly\nlifting his hand up and down; \"wedder Fejee god or Nantucket god; but de\ngod wat made shark must be one dam Ingin.\"\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 67. Cutting In.\n\n\nIt was a Saturday night, and such a Sabbath as followed! Ex officio\nprofessors of Sabbath breaking are all whalemen. The ivory Pequod was\nturned into what seemed a shamble; every sailor a butcher. You would\nhave thought we were offering up ten thousand red oxen to the sea gods.\n\nIn the first place, the enormous cutting tackles, among other ponderous\nthings comprising a cluster of blocks generally painted green, and which\nno single man can possibly lift--this vast bunch of grapes was swayed up\nto the main-top and firmly lashed to the lower mast-head, the strongest\npoint anywhere above a ship's deck. The end of the hawser-like rope\nwinding through these intricacies, was then conducted to the windlass,\nand the huge lower block of the tackles was swung over the whale; to\nthis block the great blubber hook, weighing some one hundred pounds, was\nattached. And now suspended in stages over the side, Starbuck and Stubb,\nthe mates, armed with their long spades, began cutting a hole in the\nbody for the insertion of the hook just above the nearest of the two\nside-fins. This done, a broad, semicircular line is cut round the hole,\nthe hook is inserted, and the main body of the crew striking up a wild\nchorus, now commence heaving in one dense crowd at the windlass. When\ninstantly, the entire ship careens over on her side; every bolt in\nher starts like the nail-heads of an old house in frosty weather; she\ntrembles, quivers, and nods her frighted mast-heads to the sky. More\nand more she leans over to the whale, while every gasping heave of the\nwindlass is answered by a helping heave from the billows; till at last,\na swift, startling snap is heard; with a great swash the ship rolls\nupwards and backwards from the whale, and the triumphant tackle rises\ninto sight dragging after it the disengaged semicircular end of the\nfirst strip of blubber. Now as the blubber envelopes the whale precisely\nas the rind does an orange, so is it stripped off from the body\nprecisely as an orange is sometimes stripped by spiralizing it. For the\nstrain constantly kept up by the windlass continually keeps the whale\nrolling over and over in the water, and as the blubber in one strip\nuniformly peels off along the line called the \"scarf,\" simultaneously\ncut by the spades of Starbuck and Stubb, the mates; and just as fast as\nit is thus peeled off, and indeed by that very act itself, it is all the\ntime being hoisted higher and higher aloft till its upper end grazes the\nmain-top; the men at the windlass then cease heaving, and for a moment\nor two the prodigious blood-dripping mass sways to and fro as if let\ndown from the sky, and every one present must take good heed to dodge\nit when it swings, else it may box his ears and pitch him headlong\noverboard.\n\nOne of the attending harpooneers now advances with a long, keen weapon\ncalled a boarding-sword, and watching his chance he dexterously slices\nout a considerable hole in the lower part of the swaying mass. Into this\nhole, the end of the second alternating great tackle is then hooked\nso as to retain a hold upon the blubber, in order to prepare for what\nfollows. Whereupon, this accomplished swordsman, warning all hands to\nstand off, once more makes a scientific dash at the mass, and with a few\nsidelong, desperate, lunging slicings, severs it completely in twain;\nso that while the short lower part is still fast, the long upper strip,\ncalled a blanket-piece, swings clear, and is all ready for lowering.\nThe heavers forward now resume their song, and while the one tackle is\npeeling and hoisting a second strip from the whale, the other is slowly\nslackened away, and down goes the first strip through the main hatchway\nright beneath, into an unfurnished parlor called the blubber-room. Into\nthis twilight apartment sundry nimble hands keep coiling away the long\nblanket-piece as if it were a great live mass of plaited serpents.\nAnd thus the work proceeds; the two tackles hoisting and lowering\nsimultaneously; both whale and windlass heaving, the heavers singing,\nthe blubber-room gentlemen coiling, the mates scarfing, the ship\nstraining, and all hands swearing occasionally, by way of assuaging the\ngeneral friction.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 68. The Blanket.\n\n\nI have given no small attention to that not unvexed subject, the skin of\nthe whale. I have had controversies about it with experienced whalemen\nafloat, and learned naturalists ashore. My original opinion remains\nunchanged; but it is only an opinion.\n\nThe question is, what and where is the skin of the whale? Already you\nknow what his blubber is. That blubber is something of the consistence\nof firm, close-grained beef, but tougher, more elastic and compact, and\nranges from eight or ten to twelve and fifteen inches in thickness.\n\nNow, however preposterous it may at first seem to talk of any creature's\nskin as being of that sort of consistence and thickness, yet in point\nof fact these are no arguments against such a presumption; because you\ncannot raise any other dense enveloping layer from the whale's body but\nthat same blubber; and the outermost enveloping layer of any animal, if\nreasonably dense, what can that be but the skin? True, from the unmarred\ndead body of the whale, you may scrape off with your hand an infinitely\nthin, transparent substance, somewhat resembling the thinnest shreds\nof isinglass, only it is almost as flexible and soft as satin; that is,\nprevious to being dried, when it not only contracts and thickens, but\nbecomes rather hard and brittle. I have several such dried bits, which\nI use for marks in my whale-books. It is transparent, as I said before;\nand being laid upon the printed page, I have sometimes pleased myself\nwith fancying it exerted a magnifying influence. At any rate, it is\npleasant to read about whales through their own spectacles, as you may\nsay. But what I am driving at here is this. That same infinitely thin,\nisinglass substance, which, I admit, invests the entire body of the\nwhale, is not so much to be regarded as the skin of the creature, as\nthe skin of the skin, so to speak; for it were simply ridiculous to say,\nthat the proper skin of the tremendous whale is thinner and more tender\nthan the skin of a new-born child. But no more of this.\n\nAssuming the blubber to be the skin of the whale; then, when this skin,\nas in the case of a very large Sperm Whale, will yield the bulk of one\nhundred barrels of oil; and, when it is considered that, in quantity, or\nrather weight, that oil, in its expressed state, is only three fourths,\nand not the entire substance of the coat; some idea may hence be had\nof the enormousness of that animated mass, a mere part of whose mere\nintegument yields such a lake of liquid as that. Reckoning ten barrels\nto the ton, you have ten tons for the net weight of only three quarters\nof the stuff of the whale's skin.\n\nIn life, the visible surface of the Sperm Whale is not the least among\nthe many marvels he presents. Almost invariably it is all over obliquely\ncrossed and re-crossed with numberless straight marks in thick array,\nsomething like those in the finest Italian line engravings. But these\nmarks do not seem to be impressed upon the isinglass substance above\nmentioned, but seem to be seen through it, as if they were engraved\nupon the body itself. Nor is this all. In some instances, to the quick,\nobservant eye, those linear marks, as in a veritable engraving, but\nafford the ground for far other delineations. These are hieroglyphical;\nthat is, if you call those mysterious cyphers on the walls of pyramids\nhieroglyphics, then that is the proper word to use in the present\nconnexion. By my retentive memory of the hieroglyphics upon one Sperm\nWhale in particular, I was much struck with a plate representing the old\nIndian characters chiselled on the famous hieroglyphic palisades on\nthe banks of the Upper Mississippi. Like those mystic rocks, too, the\nmystic-marked whale remains undecipherable. This allusion to the Indian\nrocks reminds me of another thing. Besides all the other phenomena which\nthe exterior of the Sperm Whale presents, he not seldom displays the\nback, and more especially his flanks, effaced in great part of the\nregular linear appearance, by reason of numerous rude scratches,\naltogether of an irregular, random aspect. I should say that those New\nEngland rocks on the sea-coast, which Agassiz imagines to bear the marks\nof violent scraping contact with vast floating icebergs--I should say,\nthat those rocks must not a little resemble the Sperm Whale in this\nparticular. It also seems to me that such scratches in the whale are\nprobably made by hostile contact with other whales; for I have most\nremarked them in the large, full-grown bulls of the species.\n\nA word or two more concerning this matter of the skin or blubber of\nthe whale. It has already been said, that it is stript from him in long\npieces, called blanket-pieces. Like most sea-terms, this one is very\nhappy and significant. For the whale is indeed wrapt up in his blubber\nas in a real blanket or counterpane; or, still better, an Indian poncho\nslipt over his head, and skirting his extremity. It is by reason of this\ncosy blanketing of his body, that the whale is enabled to keep himself\ncomfortable in all weathers, in all seas, times, and tides. What would\nbecome of a Greenland whale, say, in those shuddering, icy seas of the\nNorth, if unsupplied with his cosy surtout? True, other fish are\nfound exceedingly brisk in those Hyperborean waters; but these, be it\nobserved, are your cold-blooded, lungless fish, whose very bellies\nare refrigerators; creatures, that warm themselves under the lee of\nan iceberg, as a traveller in winter would bask before an inn fire;\nwhereas, like man, the whale has lungs and warm blood. Freeze his blood,\nand he dies. How wonderful is it then--except after explanation--that\nthis great monster, to whom corporeal warmth is as indispensable as it\nis to man; how wonderful that he should be found at home, immersed\nto his lips for life in those Arctic waters! where, when seamen fall\noverboard, they are sometimes found, months afterwards, perpendicularly\nfrozen into the hearts of fields of ice, as a fly is found glued\nin amber. But more surprising is it to know, as has been proved by\nexperiment, that the blood of a Polar whale is warmer than that of a\nBorneo negro in summer.\n\nIt does seem to me, that herein we see the rare virtue of a strong\nindividual vitality, and the rare virtue of thick walls, and the rare\nvirtue of interior spaciousness. Oh, man! admire and model thyself after\nthe whale! Do thou, too, remain warm among ice. Do thou, too, live in\nthis world without being of it. Be cool at the equator; keep thy blood\nfluid at the Pole. Like the great dome of St. Peter's, and like the\ngreat whale, retain, O man! in all seasons a temperature of thine own.\n\nBut how easy and how hopeless to teach these fine things! Of erections,\nhow few are domed like St. Peter's! of creatures, how few vast as the\nwhale!\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 69. The Funeral.\n\n\nHaul in the chains! Let the carcase go astern!\n\nThe vast tackles have now done their duty. The peeled white body of the\nbeheaded whale flashes like a marble sepulchre; though changed in hue,\nit has not perceptibly lost anything in bulk. It is still colossal.\nSlowly it floats more and more away, the water round it torn and\nsplashed by the insatiate sharks, and the air above vexed with rapacious\nflights of screaming fowls, whose beaks are like so many insulting\nponiards in the whale. The vast white headless phantom floats further\nand further from the ship, and every rod that it so floats, what seem\nsquare roods of sharks and cubic roods of fowls, augment the murderous\ndin. For hours and hours from the almost stationary ship that hideous\nsight is seen. Beneath the unclouded and mild azure sky, upon the fair\nface of the pleasant sea, wafted by the joyous breezes, that great mass\nof death floats on and on, till lost in infinite perspectives.\n\nThere's a most doleful and most mocking funeral! The sea-vultures all in\npious mourning, the air-sharks all punctiliously in black or speckled.\nIn life but few of them would have helped the whale, I ween, if\nperadventure he had needed it; but upon the banquet of his funeral they\nmost piously do pounce. Oh, horrible vultureism of earth! from which not\nthe mightiest whale is free.\n\nNor is this the end. Desecrated as the body is, a vengeful ghost\nsurvives and hovers over it to scare. Espied by some timid man-of-war or\nblundering discovery-vessel from afar, when the distance obscuring the\nswarming fowls, nevertheless still shows the white mass floating in\nthe sun, and the white spray heaving high against it; straightway the\nwhale's unharming corpse, with trembling fingers is set down in the\nlog--SHOALS, ROCKS, AND BREAKERS HEREABOUTS: BEWARE! And for years\nafterwards, perhaps, ships shun the place; leaping over it as silly\nsheep leap over a vacuum, because their leader originally leaped there\nwhen a stick was held. There's your law of precedents; there's your\nutility of traditions; there's the story of your obstinate survival of\nold beliefs never bottomed on the earth, and now not even hovering in\nthe air! There's orthodoxy!\n\nThus, while in life the great whale's body may have been a real terror\nto his foes, in his death his ghost becomes a powerless panic to a\nworld.\n\nAre you a believer in ghosts, my friend? There are other ghosts than\nthe Cock-Lane one, and far deeper men than Doctor Johnson who believe in\nthem.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 70. The Sphynx.\n\n\nIt should not have been omitted that previous to completely stripping\nthe body of the leviathan, he was beheaded. Now, the beheading of the\nSperm Whale is a scientific anatomical feat, upon which experienced\nwhale surgeons very much pride themselves: and not without reason.\n\nConsider that the whale has nothing that can properly be called a neck;\non the contrary, where his head and body seem to join, there, in that\nvery place, is the thickest part of him. Remember, also, that the\nsurgeon must operate from above, some eight or ten feet intervening\nbetween him and his subject, and that subject almost hidden in a\ndiscoloured, rolling, and oftentimes tumultuous and bursting sea. Bear\nin mind, too, that under these untoward circumstances he has to cut many\nfeet deep in the flesh; and in that subterraneous manner, without so\nmuch as getting one single peep into the ever-contracting gash thus\nmade, he must skilfully steer clear of all adjacent, interdicted parts,\nand exactly divide the spine at a critical point hard by its insertion\ninto the skull. Do you not marvel, then, at Stubb's boast, that he\ndemanded but ten minutes to behead a sperm whale?\n\nWhen first severed, the head is dropped astern and held there by a cable\ntill the body is stripped. That done, if it belong to a small whale\nit is hoisted on deck to be deliberately disposed of. But, with a full\ngrown leviathan this is impossible; for the sperm whale's head embraces\nnearly one third of his entire bulk, and completely to suspend such a\nburden as that, even by the immense tackles of a whaler, this were as\nvain a thing as to attempt weighing a Dutch barn in jewellers' scales.\n\nThe Pequod's whale being decapitated and the body stripped, the head was\nhoisted against the ship's side--about half way out of the sea, so that\nit might yet in great part be buoyed up by its native element. And there\nwith the strained craft steeply leaning over to it, by reason of the\nenormous downward drag from the lower mast-head, and every yard-arm\non that side projecting like a crane over the waves; there, that\nblood-dripping head hung to the Pequod's waist like the giant\nHolofernes's from the girdle of Judith.\n\nWhen this last task was accomplished it was noon, and the seamen went\nbelow to their dinner. Silence reigned over the before tumultuous but\nnow deserted deck. An intense copper calm, like a universal yellow\nlotus, was more and more unfolding its noiseless measureless leaves upon\nthe sea.\n\nA short space elapsed, and up into this noiselessness came Ahab alone\nfrom his cabin. Taking a few turns on the quarter-deck, he paused to\ngaze over the side, then slowly getting into the main-chains he\ntook Stubb's long spade--still remaining there after the whale's\nDecapitation--and striking it into the lower part of the half-suspended\nmass, placed its other end crutch-wise under one arm, and so stood\nleaning over with eyes attentively fixed on this head.\n\nIt was a black and hooded head; and hanging there in the midst of so\nintense a calm, it seemed the Sphynx's in the desert. \"Speak, thou vast\nand venerable head,\" muttered Ahab, \"which, though ungarnished with a\nbeard, yet here and there lookest hoary with mosses; speak, mighty head,\nand tell us the secret thing that is in thee. Of all divers, thou hast\ndived the deepest. That head upon which the upper sun now gleams, has\nmoved amid this world's foundations. Where unrecorded names and navies\nrust, and untold hopes and anchors rot; where in her murderous hold this\nfrigate earth is ballasted with bones of millions of the drowned; there,\nin that awful water-land, there was thy most familiar home. Thou hast\nbeen where bell or diver never went; hast slept by many a sailor's side,\nwhere sleepless mothers would give their lives to lay them down. Thou\nsaw'st the locked lovers when leaping from their flaming ship; heart\nto heart they sank beneath the exulting wave; true to each other, when\nheaven seemed false to them. Thou saw'st the murdered mate when tossed\nby pirates from the midnight deck; for hours he fell into the deeper\nmidnight of the insatiate maw; and his murderers still sailed on\nunharmed--while swift lightnings shivered the neighboring ship that\nwould have borne a righteous husband to outstretched, longing arms. O\nhead! thou hast seen enough to split the planets and make an infidel of\nAbraham, and not one syllable is thine!\"\n\n\"Sail ho!\" cried a triumphant voice from the main-mast-head.\n\n\"Aye? Well, now, that's cheering,\" cried Ahab, suddenly erecting\nhimself, while whole thunder-clouds swept aside from his brow.\n\"That lively cry upon this deadly calm might almost convert a better\nman.--Where away?\"\n\n\"Three points on the starboard bow, sir, and bringing down her breeze to\nus!\n\n\"Better and better, man. Would now St. Paul would come along that way,\nand to my breezelessness bring his breeze! O Nature, and O soul of man!\nhow far beyond all utterance are your linked analogies! not the smallest\natom stirs or lives on matter, but has its cunning duplicate in mind.\"\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 71. The Jeroboam's Story.\n\n\nHand in hand, ship and breeze blew on; but the breeze came faster than\nthe ship, and soon the Pequod began to rock.\n\nBy and by, through the glass the stranger's boats and manned mast-heads\nproved her a whale-ship. But as she was so far to windward, and shooting\nby, apparently making a passage to some other ground, the Pequod could\nnot hope to reach her. So the signal was set to see what response would\nbe made.\n\nHere be it said, that like the vessels of military marines, the ships of\nthe American Whale Fleet have each a private signal; all which signals\nbeing collected in a book with the names of the respective vessels\nattached, every captain is provided with it. Thereby, the whale\ncommanders are enabled to recognise each other upon the ocean, even at\nconsiderable distances and with no small facility.\n\nThe Pequod's signal was at last responded to by the stranger's setting\nher own; which proved the ship to be the Jeroboam of Nantucket. Squaring\nher yards, she bore down, ranged abeam under the Pequod's lee, and\nlowered a boat; it soon drew nigh; but, as the side-ladder was being\nrigged by Starbuck's order to accommodate the visiting captain, the\nstranger in question waved his hand from his boat's stern in token\nof that proceeding being entirely unnecessary. It turned out that\nthe Jeroboam had a malignant epidemic on board, and that Mayhew, her\ncaptain, was fearful of infecting the Pequod's company. For, though\nhimself and boat's crew remained untainted, and though his ship was half\na rifle-shot off, and an incorruptible sea and air rolling and flowing\nbetween; yet conscientiously adhering to the timid quarantine of the\nland, he peremptorily refused to come into direct contact with the\nPequod.\n\nBut this did by no means prevent all communications. Preserving an\ninterval of some few yards between itself and the ship, the Jeroboam's\nboat by the occasional use of its oars contrived to keep parallel to the\nPequod, as she heavily forged through the sea (for by this time it blew\nvery fresh), with her main-topsail aback; though, indeed, at times by\nthe sudden onset of a large rolling wave, the boat would be pushed some\nway ahead; but would be soon skilfully brought to her proper bearings\nagain. Subject to this, and other the like interruptions now and then, a\nconversation was sustained between the two parties; but at intervals not\nwithout still another interruption of a very different sort.\n\nPulling an oar in the Jeroboam's boat, was a man of a singular\nappearance, even in that wild whaling life where individual notabilities\nmake up all totalities. He was a small, short, youngish man, sprinkled\nall over his face with freckles, and wearing redundant yellow hair. A\nlong-skirted, cabalistically-cut coat of a faded walnut tinge enveloped\nhim; the overlapping sleeves of which were rolled up on his wrists. A\ndeep, settled, fanatic delirium was in his eyes.\n\nSo soon as this figure had been first descried, Stubb had\nexclaimed--\"That's he! that's he!--the long-togged scaramouch the\nTown-Ho's company told us of!\" Stubb here alluded to a strange story\ntold of the Jeroboam, and a certain man among her crew, some time\nprevious when the Pequod spoke the Town-Ho. According to this account\nand what was subsequently learned, it seemed that the scaramouch in\nquestion had gained a wonderful ascendency over almost everybody in the\nJeroboam. His story was this:\n\nHe had been originally nurtured among the crazy society of Neskyeuna\nShakers, where he had been a great prophet; in their cracked, secret\nmeetings having several times descended from heaven by the way of a\ntrap-door, announcing the speedy opening of the seventh vial, which he\ncarried in his vest-pocket; but, which, instead of containing gunpowder,\nwas supposed to be charged with laudanum. A strange, apostolic whim\nhaving seized him, he had left Neskyeuna for Nantucket, where, with\nthat cunning peculiar to craziness, he assumed a steady, common-sense\nexterior, and offered himself as a green-hand candidate for the\nJeroboam's whaling voyage. They engaged him; but straightway upon\nthe ship's getting out of sight of land, his insanity broke out in a\nfreshet. He announced himself as the archangel Gabriel, and commanded\nthe captain to jump overboard. He published his manifesto, whereby\nhe set himself forth as the deliverer of the isles of the sea and\nvicar-general of all Oceanica. The unflinching earnestness with which he\ndeclared these things;--the dark, daring play of his sleepless, excited\nimagination, and all the preternatural terrors of real delirium, united\nto invest this Gabriel in the minds of the majority of the ignorant\ncrew, with an atmosphere of sacredness. Moreover, they were afraid of\nhim. As such a man, however, was not of much practical use in the ship,\nespecially as he refused to work except when he pleased, the incredulous\ncaptain would fain have been rid of him; but apprised that that\nindividual's intention was to land him in the first convenient port, the\narchangel forthwith opened all his seals and vials--devoting the ship\nand all hands to unconditional perdition, in case this intention was\ncarried out. So strongly did he work upon his disciples among the crew,\nthat at last in a body they went to the captain and told him if Gabriel\nwas sent from the ship, not a man of them would remain. He was therefore\nforced to relinquish his plan. Nor would they permit Gabriel to be any\nway maltreated, say or do what he would; so that it came to pass that\nGabriel had the complete freedom of the ship. The consequence of all\nthis was, that the archangel cared little or nothing for the captain and\nmates; and since the epidemic had broken out, he carried a higher hand\nthan ever; declaring that the plague, as he called it, was at his sole\ncommand; nor should it be stayed but according to his good pleasure.\nThe sailors, mostly poor devils, cringed, and some of them fawned before\nhim; in obedience to his instructions, sometimes rendering him personal\nhomage, as to a god. Such things may seem incredible; but, however\nwondrous, they are true. Nor is the history of fanatics half so striking\nin respect to the measureless self-deception of the fanatic himself, as\nhis measureless power of deceiving and bedevilling so many others. But\nit is time to return to the Pequod.\n\n\"I fear not thy epidemic, man,\" said Ahab from the bulwarks, to Captain\nMayhew, who stood in the boat's stern; \"come on board.\"\n\nBut now Gabriel started to his feet.\n\n\"Think, think of the fevers, yellow and bilious! Beware of the horrible\nplague!\"\n\n\"Gabriel! Gabriel!\" cried Captain Mayhew; \"thou must either--\" But\nthat instant a headlong wave shot the boat far ahead, and its seethings\ndrowned all speech.\n\n\"Hast thou seen the White Whale?\" demanded Ahab, when the boat drifted\nback.\n\n\"Think, think of thy whale-boat, stoven and sunk! Beware of the horrible\ntail!\"\n\n\"I tell thee again, Gabriel, that--\" But again the boat tore ahead as if\ndragged by fiends. Nothing was said for some moments, while a succession\nof riotous waves rolled by, which by one of those occasional caprices\nof the seas were tumbling, not heaving it. Meantime, the hoisted sperm\nwhale's head jogged about very violently, and Gabriel was seen eyeing\nit with rather more apprehensiveness than his archangel nature seemed to\nwarrant.\n\nWhen this interlude was over, Captain Mayhew began a dark story\nconcerning Moby Dick; not, however, without frequent interruptions from\nGabriel, whenever his name was mentioned, and the crazy sea that seemed\nleagued with him.\n\nIt seemed that the Jeroboam had not long left home, when upon speaking\na whale-ship, her people were reliably apprised of the existence of Moby\nDick, and the havoc he had made. Greedily sucking in this intelligence,\nGabriel solemnly warned the captain against attacking the White\nWhale, in case the monster should be seen; in his gibbering insanity,\npronouncing the White Whale to be no less a being than the Shaker God\nincarnated; the Shakers receiving the Bible. But when, some year or two\nafterwards, Moby Dick was fairly sighted from the mast-heads, Macey, the\nchief mate, burned with ardour to encounter him; and the captain himself\nbeing not unwilling to let him have the opportunity, despite all\nthe archangel's denunciations and forewarnings, Macey succeeded in\npersuading five men to man his boat. With them he pushed off; and, after\nmuch weary pulling, and many perilous, unsuccessful onsets, he at last\nsucceeded in getting one iron fast. Meantime, Gabriel, ascending to\nthe main-royal mast-head, was tossing one arm in frantic gestures, and\nhurling forth prophecies of speedy doom to the sacrilegious assailants\nof his divinity. Now, while Macey, the mate, was standing up in his\nboat's bow, and with all the reckless energy of his tribe was venting\nhis wild exclamations upon the whale, and essaying to get a fair chance\nfor his poised lance, lo! a broad white shadow rose from the sea; by its\nquick, fanning motion, temporarily taking the breath out of the bodies\nof the oarsmen. Next instant, the luckless mate, so full of furious\nlife, was smitten bodily into the air, and making a long arc in his\ndescent, fell into the sea at the distance of about fifty yards. Not a\nchip of the boat was harmed, nor a hair of any oarsman's head; but the\nmate for ever sank.\n\nIt is well to parenthesize here, that of the fatal accidents in the\nSperm-Whale Fishery, this kind is perhaps almost as frequent as any.\nSometimes, nothing is injured but the man who is thus annihilated;\noftener the boat's bow is knocked off, or the thigh-board, in which the\nheadsman stands, is torn from its place and accompanies the body. But\nstrangest of all is the circumstance, that in more instances than one,\nwhen the body has been recovered, not a single mark of violence is\ndiscernible; the man being stark dead.\n\nThe whole calamity, with the falling form of Macey, was plainly descried\nfrom the ship. Raising a piercing shriek--\"The vial! the vial!\" Gabriel\ncalled off the terror-stricken crew from the further hunting of the\nwhale. This terrible event clothed the archangel with added influence;\nbecause his credulous disciples believed that he had specifically\nfore-announced it, instead of only making a general prophecy, which any\none might have done, and so have chanced to hit one of many marks in the\nwide margin allowed. He became a nameless terror to the ship.\n\nMayhew having concluded his narration, Ahab put such questions to\nhim, that the stranger captain could not forbear inquiring whether he\nintended to hunt the White Whale, if opportunity should offer. To which\nAhab answered--\"Aye.\" Straightway, then, Gabriel once more started\nto his feet, glaring upon the old man, and vehemently exclaimed, with\ndownward pointed finger--\"Think, think of the blasphemer--dead, and down\nthere!--beware of the blasphemer's end!\"\n\nAhab stolidly turned aside; then said to Mayhew, \"Captain, I have\njust bethought me of my letter-bag; there is a letter for one of thy\nofficers, if I mistake not. Starbuck, look over the bag.\"\n\nEvery whale-ship takes out a goodly number of letters for various ships,\nwhose delivery to the persons to whom they may be addressed, depends\nupon the mere chance of encountering them in the four oceans. Thus,\nmost letters never reach their mark; and many are only received after\nattaining an age of two or three years or more.\n\nSoon Starbuck returned with a letter in his hand. It was sorely tumbled,\ndamp, and covered with a dull, spotted, green mould, in consequence\nof being kept in a dark locker of the cabin. Of such a letter, Death\nhimself might well have been the post-boy.\n\n\"Can'st not read it?\" cried Ahab. \"Give it me, man. Aye, aye, it's but\na dim scrawl;--what's this?\" As he was studying it out, Starbuck took a\nlong cutting-spade pole, and with his knife slightly split the end, to\ninsert the letter there, and in that way, hand it to the boat, without\nits coming any closer to the ship.\n\nMeantime, Ahab holding the letter, muttered, \"Mr. Har--yes, Mr.\nHarry--(a woman's pinny hand,--the man's wife, I'll wager)--Aye--Mr.\nHarry Macey, Ship Jeroboam;--why it's Macey, and he's dead!\"\n\n\"Poor fellow! poor fellow! and from his wife,\" sighed Mayhew; \"but let\nme have it.\"\n\n\"Nay, keep it thyself,\" cried Gabriel to Ahab; \"thou art soon going that\nway.\"\n\n\"Curses throttle thee!\" yelled Ahab. \"Captain Mayhew, stand by now to\nreceive it\"; and taking the fatal missive from Starbuck's hands, he\ncaught it in the slit of the pole, and reached it over towards the boat.\nBut as he did so, the oarsmen expectantly desisted from rowing; the boat\ndrifted a little towards the ship's stern; so that, as if by magic, the\nletter suddenly ranged along with Gabriel's eager hand. He clutched it\nin an instant, seized the boat-knife, and impaling the letter on it,\nsent it thus loaded back into the ship. It fell at Ahab's feet. Then\nGabriel shrieked out to his comrades to give way with their oars, and in\nthat manner the mutinous boat rapidly shot away from the Pequod.\n\nAs, after this interlude, the seamen resumed their work upon the jacket\nof the whale, many strange things were hinted in reference to this wild\naffair.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 72. The Monkey-Rope.\n\n\nIn the tumultuous business of cutting-in and attending to a whale, there\nis much running backwards and forwards among the crew. Now hands are\nwanted here, and then again hands are wanted there. There is no staying\nin any one place; for at one and the same time everything has to be done\neverywhere. It is much the same with him who endeavors the description\nof the scene. We must now retrace our way a little. It was mentioned\nthat upon first breaking ground in the whale's back, the blubber-hook\nwas inserted into the original hole there cut by the spades of the\nmates. But how did so clumsy and weighty a mass as that same hook\nget fixed in that hole? It was inserted there by my particular friend\nQueequeg, whose duty it was, as harpooneer, to descend upon the\nmonster's back for the special purpose referred to. But in very many\ncases, circumstances require that the harpooneer shall remain on the\nwhale till the whole flensing or stripping operation is concluded. The\nwhale, be it observed, lies almost entirely submerged, excepting the\nimmediate parts operated upon. So down there, some ten feet below the\nlevel of the deck, the poor harpooneer flounders about, half on the\nwhale and half in the water, as the vast mass revolves like a tread-mill\nbeneath him. On the occasion in question, Queequeg figured in the\nHighland costume--a shirt and socks--in which to my eyes, at least,\nhe appeared to uncommon advantage; and no one had a better chance to\nobserve him, as will presently be seen.\n\nBeing the savage's bowsman, that is, the person who pulled the bow-oar\nin his boat (the second one from forward), it was my cheerful duty to\nattend upon him while taking that hard-scrabble scramble upon the dead\nwhale's back. You have seen Italian organ-boys holding a dancing-ape by\na long cord. Just so, from the ship's steep side, did I hold Queequeg\ndown there in the sea, by what is technically called in the fishery\na monkey-rope, attached to a strong strip of canvas belted round his\nwaist.\n\nIt was a humorously perilous business for both of us. For, before we\nproceed further, it must be said that the monkey-rope was fast at\nboth ends; fast to Queequeg's broad canvas belt, and fast to my narrow\nleather one. So that for better or for worse, we two, for the time, were\nwedded; and should poor Queequeg sink to rise no more, then both usage\nand honour demanded, that instead of cutting the cord, it should drag\nme down in his wake. So, then, an elongated Siamese ligature united us.\nQueequeg was my own inseparable twin brother; nor could I any way get\nrid of the dangerous liabilities which the hempen bond entailed.\n\nSo strongly and metaphysically did I conceive of my situation then, that\nwhile earnestly watching his motions, I seemed distinctly to perceive\nthat my own individuality was now merged in a joint stock company of\ntwo; that my free will had received a mortal wound; and that another's\nmistake or misfortune might plunge innocent me into unmerited disaster\nand death. Therefore, I saw that here was a sort of interregnum in\nProvidence; for its even-handed equity never could have so gross an\ninjustice. And yet still further pondering--while I jerked him now\nand then from between the whale and ship, which would threaten to jam\nhim--still further pondering, I say, I saw that this situation of mine\nwas the precise situation of every mortal that breathes; only, in most\ncases, he, one way or other, has this Siamese connexion with a plurality\nof other mortals. If your banker breaks, you snap; if your apothecary by\nmistake sends you poison in your pills, you die. True, you may say\nthat, by exceeding caution, you may possibly escape these and the\nmultitudinous other evil chances of life. But handle Queequeg's\nmonkey-rope heedfully as I would, sometimes he jerked it so, that I came\nvery near sliding overboard. Nor could I possibly forget that, do what I\nwould, I only had the management of one end of it.*\n\n\n*The monkey-rope is found in all whalers; but it was only in the Pequod\nthat the monkey and his holder were ever tied together. This improvement\nupon the original usage was introduced by no less a man than Stubb,\nin order to afford the imperilled harpooneer the strongest possible\nguarantee for the faithfulness and vigilance of his monkey-rope holder.\n\n\nI have hinted that I would often jerk poor Queequeg from between the\nwhale and the ship--where he would occasionally fall, from the incessant\nrolling and swaying of both. But this was not the only jamming jeopardy\nhe was exposed to. Unappalled by the massacre made upon them during the\nnight, the sharks now freshly and more keenly allured by the before pent\nblood which began to flow from the carcass--the rabid creatures swarmed\nround it like bees in a beehive.\n\nAnd right in among those sharks was Queequeg; who often pushed them\naside with his floundering feet. A thing altogether incredible were\nit not that attracted by such prey as a dead whale, the otherwise\nmiscellaneously carnivorous shark will seldom touch a man.\n\nNevertheless, it may well be believed that since they have such a\nravenous finger in the pie, it is deemed but wise to look sharp to them.\nAccordingly, besides the monkey-rope, with which I now and then jerked\nthe poor fellow from too close a vicinity to the maw of what seemed\na peculiarly ferocious shark--he was provided with still another\nprotection. Suspended over the side in one of the stages, Tashtego\nand Daggoo continually flourished over his head a couple of keen\nwhale-spades, wherewith they slaughtered as many sharks as they could\nreach. This procedure of theirs, to be sure, was very disinterested and\nbenevolent of them. They meant Queequeg's best happiness, I admit; but\nin their hasty zeal to befriend him, and from the circumstance that both\nhe and the sharks were at times half hidden by the blood-muddled water,\nthose indiscreet spades of theirs would come nearer amputating a leg\nthan a tail. But poor Queequeg, I suppose, straining and gasping there\nwith that great iron hook--poor Queequeg, I suppose, only prayed to his\nYojo, and gave up his life into the hands of his gods.\n\nWell, well, my dear comrade and twin-brother, thought I, as I drew in\nand then slacked off the rope to every swell of the sea--what matters\nit, after all? Are you not the precious image of each and all of us men\nin this whaling world? That unsounded ocean you gasp in, is Life; those\nsharks, your foes; those spades, your friends; and what between sharks\nand spades you are in a sad pickle and peril, poor lad.\n\nBut courage! there is good cheer in store for you, Queequeg. For now, as\nwith blue lips and blood-shot eyes the exhausted savage at last climbs\nup the chains and stands all dripping and involuntarily trembling over\nthe side; the steward advances, and with a benevolent, consolatory\nglance hands him--what? Some hot Cognac? No! hands him, ye gods! hands\nhim a cup of tepid ginger and water!\n\n\"Ginger? Do I smell ginger?\" suspiciously asked Stubb, coming near.\n\"Yes, this must be ginger,\" peering into the as yet untasted cup. Then\nstanding as if incredulous for a while, he calmly walked towards the\nastonished steward slowly saying, \"Ginger? ginger? and will you have\nthe goodness to tell me, Mr. Dough-Boy, where lies the virtue of ginger?\nGinger! is ginger the sort of fuel you use, Dough-boy, to kindle a fire\nin this shivering cannibal? Ginger!--what the devil is ginger?\nSea-coal? firewood?--lucifer matches?--tinder?--gunpowder?--what the\ndevil is ginger, I say, that you offer this cup to our poor Queequeg\nhere.\"\n\n\"There is some sneaking Temperance Society movement about this\nbusiness,\" he suddenly added, now approaching Starbuck, who had just\ncome from forward. \"Will you look at that kannakin, sir; smell of it,\nif you please.\" Then watching the mate's countenance, he added, \"The\nsteward, Mr. Starbuck, had the face to offer that calomel and jalap\nto Queequeg, there, this instant off the whale. Is the steward an\napothecary, sir? and may I ask whether this is the sort of bitters by\nwhich he blows back the life into a half-drowned man?\"\n\n\"I trust not,\" said Starbuck, \"it is poor stuff enough.\"\n\n\"Aye, aye, steward,\" cried Stubb, \"we'll teach you to drug a\nharpooneer; none of your apothecary's medicine here; you want to poison\nus, do ye? You have got out insurances on our lives and want to murder\nus all, and pocket the proceeds, do ye?\"\n\n\"It was not me,\" cried Dough-Boy, \"it was Aunt Charity that brought the\nginger on board; and bade me never give the harpooneers any spirits, but\nonly this ginger-jub--so she called it.\"\n\n\"Ginger-jub! you gingerly rascal! take that! and run along with ye\nto the lockers, and get something better. I hope I do no wrong, Mr.\nStarbuck. It is the captain's orders--grog for the harpooneer on a\nwhale.\"\n\n\"Enough,\" replied Starbuck, \"only don't hit him again, but--\"\n\n\"Oh, I never hurt when I hit, except when I hit a whale or something of\nthat sort; and this fellow's a weazel. What were you about saying, sir?\"\n\n\"Only this: go down with him, and get what thou wantest thyself.\"\n\nWhen Stubb reappeared, he came with a dark flask in one hand, and a sort\nof tea-caddy in the other. The first contained strong spirits, and was\nhanded to Queequeg; the second was Aunt Charity's gift, and that was\nfreely given to the waves.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 73. Stubb and Flask Kill a Right Whale; and Then Have a Talk\nOver Him.\n\n\nIt must be borne in mind that all this time we have a Sperm Whale's\nprodigious head hanging to the Pequod's side. But we must let it\ncontinue hanging there a while till we can get a chance to attend to it.\nFor the present other matters press, and the best we can do now for the\nhead, is to pray heaven the tackles may hold.\n\nNow, during the past night and forenoon, the Pequod had gradually\ndrifted into a sea, which, by its occasional patches of yellow brit,\ngave unusual tokens of the vicinity of Right Whales, a species of the\nLeviathan that but few supposed to be at this particular time lurking\nanywhere near. And though all hands commonly disdained the capture of\nthose inferior creatures; and though the Pequod was not commissioned to\ncruise for them at all, and though she had passed numbers of them near\nthe Crozetts without lowering a boat; yet now that a Sperm Whale\nhad been brought alongside and beheaded, to the surprise of all, the\nannouncement was made that a Right Whale should be captured that day, if\nopportunity offered.\n\nNor was this long wanting. Tall spouts were seen to leeward; and two\nboats, Stubb's and Flask's, were detached in pursuit. Pulling further\nand further away, they at last became almost invisible to the men at\nthe mast-head. But suddenly in the distance, they saw a great heap of\ntumultuous white water, and soon after news came from aloft that one or\nboth the boats must be fast. An interval passed and the boats were in\nplain sight, in the act of being dragged right towards the ship by the\ntowing whale. So close did the monster come to the hull, that at\nfirst it seemed as if he meant it malice; but suddenly going down in a\nmaelstrom, within three rods of the planks, he wholly disappeared from\nview, as if diving under the keel. \"Cut, cut!\" was the cry from the\nship to the boats, which, for one instant, seemed on the point of being\nbrought with a deadly dash against the vessel's side. But having plenty\nof line yet in the tubs, and the whale not sounding very rapidly, they\npaid out abundance of rope, and at the same time pulled with all their\nmight so as to get ahead of the ship. For a few minutes the struggle was\nintensely critical; for while they still slacked out the tightened line\nin one direction, and still plied their oars in another, the contending\nstrain threatened to take them under. But it was only a few feet advance\nthey sought to gain. And they stuck to it till they did gain it; when\ninstantly, a swift tremor was felt running like lightning along the\nkeel, as the strained line, scraping beneath the ship, suddenly rose\nto view under her bows, snapping and quivering; and so flinging off its\ndrippings, that the drops fell like bits of broken glass on the water,\nwhile the whale beyond also rose to sight, and once more the boats were\nfree to fly. But the fagged whale abated his speed, and blindly altering\nhis course, went round the stern of the ship towing the two boats after\nhim, so that they performed a complete circuit.\n\nMeantime, they hauled more and more upon their lines, till close\nflanking him on both sides, Stubb answered Flask with lance for\nlance; and thus round and round the Pequod the battle went, while the\nmultitudes of sharks that had before swum round the Sperm Whale's body,\nrushed to the fresh blood that was spilled, thirstily drinking at every\nnew gash, as the eager Israelites did at the new bursting fountains that\npoured from the smitten rock.\n\nAt last his spout grew thick, and with a frightful roll and vomit, he\nturned upon his back a corpse.\n\nWhile the two headsmen were engaged in making fast cords to his flukes,\nand in other ways getting the mass in readiness for towing, some\nconversation ensued between them.\n\n\"I wonder what the old man wants with this lump of foul lard,\" said\nStubb, not without some disgust at the thought of having to do with so\nignoble a leviathan.\n\n\"Wants with it?\" said Flask, coiling some spare line in the boat's bow,\n\"did you never hear that the ship which but once has a Sperm Whale's\nhead hoisted on her starboard side, and at the same time a Right Whale's\non the larboard; did you never hear, Stubb, that that ship can never\nafterwards capsize?\"\n\n\"Why not?\n\n\"I don't know, but I heard that gamboge ghost of a Fedallah saying so,\nand he seems to know all about ships' charms. But I sometimes think\nhe'll charm the ship to no good at last. I don't half like that chap,\nStubb. Did you ever notice how that tusk of his is a sort of carved into\na snake's head, Stubb?\"\n\n\"Sink him! I never look at him at all; but if ever I get a chance of a\ndark night, and he standing hard by the bulwarks, and no one by; look\ndown there, Flask\"--pointing into the sea with a peculiar motion of\nboth hands--\"Aye, will I! Flask, I take that Fedallah to be the devil in\ndisguise. Do you believe that cock and bull story about his having been\nstowed away on board ship? He's the devil, I say. The reason why you\ndon't see his tail, is because he tucks it up out of sight; he carries\nit coiled away in his pocket, I guess. Blast him! now that I think of\nit, he's always wanting oakum to stuff into the toes of his boots.\"\n\n\"He sleeps in his boots, don't he? He hasn't got any hammock; but I've\nseen him lay of nights in a coil of rigging.\"\n\n\"No doubt, and it's because of his cursed tail; he coils it down, do ye\nsee, in the eye of the rigging.\"\n\n\"What's the old man have so much to do with him for?\"\n\n\"Striking up a swap or a bargain, I suppose.\"\n\n\"Bargain?--about what?\"\n\n\"Why, do ye see, the old man is hard bent after that White Whale, and\nthe devil there is trying to come round him, and get him to swap away\nhis silver watch, or his soul, or something of that sort, and then he'll\nsurrender Moby Dick.\"\n\n\"Pooh! Stubb, you are skylarking; how can Fedallah do that?\"\n\n\"I don't know, Flask, but the devil is a curious chap, and a wicked\none, I tell ye. Why, they say as how he went a sauntering into the\nold flag-ship once, switching his tail about devilish easy and\ngentlemanlike, and inquiring if the old governor was at home. Well, he\nwas at home, and asked the devil what he wanted. The devil, switching\nhis hoofs, up and says, 'I want John.' 'What for?' says the old\ngovernor. 'What business is that of yours,' says the devil, getting\nmad,--'I want to use him.' 'Take him,' says the governor--and by the\nLord, Flask, if the devil didn't give John the Asiatic cholera before\nhe got through with him, I'll eat this whale in one mouthful. But look\nsharp--ain't you all ready there? Well, then, pull ahead, and let's get\nthe whale alongside.\"\n\n\"I think I remember some such story as you were telling,\" said Flask,\nwhen at last the two boats were slowly advancing with their burden\ntowards the ship, \"but I can't remember where.\"\n\n\"Three Spaniards? Adventures of those three bloody-minded soladoes? Did\nye read it there, Flask? I guess ye did?\"\n\n\"No: never saw such a book; heard of it, though. But now, tell me,\nStubb, do you suppose that that devil you was speaking of just now, was\nthe same you say is now on board the Pequod?\"\n\n\"Am I the same man that helped kill this whale? Doesn't the devil live\nfor ever; who ever heard that the devil was dead? Did you ever see\nany parson a wearing mourning for the devil? And if the devil has a\nlatch-key to get into the admiral's cabin, don't you suppose he can\ncrawl into a porthole? Tell me that, Mr. Flask?\"\n\n\"How old do you suppose Fedallah is, Stubb?\"\n\n\"Do you see that mainmast there?\" pointing to the ship; \"well, that's\nthe figure one; now take all the hoops in the Pequod's hold, and string\nalong in a row with that mast, for oughts, do you see; well, that\nwouldn't begin to be Fedallah's age. Nor all the coopers in creation\ncouldn't show hoops enough to make oughts enough.\"\n\n\"But see here, Stubb, I thought you a little boasted just now, that you\nmeant to give Fedallah a sea-toss, if you got a good chance. Now, if\nhe's so old as all those hoops of yours come to, and if he is going\nto live for ever, what good will it do to pitch him overboard--tell me\nthat?\n\n\"Give him a good ducking, anyhow.\"\n\n\"But he'd crawl back.\"\n\n\"Duck him again; and keep ducking him.\"\n\n\"Suppose he should take it into his head to duck you, though--yes, and\ndrown you--what then?\"\n\n\"I should like to see him try it; I'd give him such a pair of black eyes\nthat he wouldn't dare to show his face in the admiral's cabin again for\na long while, let alone down in the orlop there, where he lives, and\nhereabouts on the upper decks where he sneaks so much. Damn the devil,\nFlask; so you suppose I'm afraid of the devil? Who's afraid of\nhim, except the old governor who daresn't catch him and put him in\ndouble-darbies, as he deserves, but lets him go about kidnapping\npeople; aye, and signed a bond with him, that all the people the devil\nkidnapped, he'd roast for him? There's a governor!\"\n\n\"Do you suppose Fedallah wants to kidnap Captain Ahab?\"\n\n\"Do I suppose it? You'll know it before long, Flask. But I am going now\nto keep a sharp look-out on him; and if I see anything very suspicious\ngoing on, I'll just take him by the nape of his neck, and say--Look\nhere, Beelzebub, you don't do it; and if he makes any fuss, by the Lord\nI'll make a grab into his pocket for his tail, take it to the capstan,\nand give him such a wrenching and heaving, that his tail will come short\noff at the stump--do you see; and then, I rather guess when he finds\nhimself docked in that queer fashion, he'll sneak off without the poor\nsatisfaction of feeling his tail between his legs.\"\n\n\"And what will you do with the tail, Stubb?\"\n\n\"Do with it? Sell it for an ox whip when we get home;--what else?\"\n\n\"Now, do you mean what you say, and have been saying all along, Stubb?\"\n\n\"Mean or not mean, here we are at the ship.\"\n\nThe boats were here hailed, to tow the whale on the larboard side, where\nfluke chains and other necessaries were already prepared for securing\nhim.\n\n\"Didn't I tell you so?\" said Flask; \"yes, you'll soon see this right\nwhale's head hoisted up opposite that parmacetti's.\"\n\nIn good time, Flask's saying proved true. As before, the Pequod steeply\nleaned over towards the sperm whale's head, now, by the counterpoise of\nboth heads, she regained her even keel; though sorely strained, you may\nwell believe. So, when on one side you hoist in Locke's head, you go\nover that way; but now, on the other side, hoist in Kant's and you come\nback again; but in very poor plight. Thus, some minds for ever keep\ntrimming boat. Oh, ye foolish! throw all these thunder-heads overboard,\nand then you will float light and right.\n\nIn disposing of the body of a right whale, when brought alongside the\nship, the same preliminary proceedings commonly take place as in the\ncase of a sperm whale; only, in the latter instance, the head is cut off\nwhole, but in the former the lips and tongue are separately removed and\nhoisted on deck, with all the well known black bone attached to what is\ncalled the crown-piece. But nothing like this, in the present case,\nhad been done. The carcases of both whales had dropped astern; and\nthe head-laden ship not a little resembled a mule carrying a pair of\noverburdening panniers.\n\nMeantime, Fedallah was calmly eyeing the right whale's head, and ever\nand anon glancing from the deep wrinkles there to the lines in his own\nhand. And Ahab chanced so to stand, that the Parsee occupied his shadow;\nwhile, if the Parsee's shadow was there at all it seemed only to\nblend with, and lengthen Ahab's. As the crew toiled on, Laplandish\nspeculations were bandied among them, concerning all these passing\nthings.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 74. The Sperm Whale's Head--Contrasted View.\n\n\nHere, now, are two great whales, laying their heads together; let us\njoin them, and lay together our own.\n\nOf the grand order of folio leviathans, the Sperm Whale and the Right\nWhale are by far the most noteworthy. They are the only whales regularly\nhunted by man. To the Nantucketer, they present the two extremes of all\nthe known varieties of the whale. As the external difference between\nthem is mainly observable in their heads; and as a head of each is this\nmoment hanging from the Pequod's side; and as we may freely go from one\nto the other, by merely stepping across the deck:--where, I should like\nto know, will you obtain a better chance to study practical cetology\nthan here?\n\nIn the first place, you are struck by the general contrast between these\nheads. Both are massive enough in all conscience; but there is a certain\nmathematical symmetry in the Sperm Whale's which the Right Whale's sadly\nlacks. There is more character in the Sperm Whale's head. As you behold\nit, you involuntarily yield the immense superiority to him, in point\nof pervading dignity. In the present instance, too, this dignity is\nheightened by the pepper and salt colour of his head at the summit,\ngiving token of advanced age and large experience. In short, he is what\nthe fishermen technically call a \"grey-headed whale.\"\n\nLet us now note what is least dissimilar in these heads--namely, the two\nmost important organs, the eye and the ear. Far back on the side of\nthe head, and low down, near the angle of either whale's jaw, if you\nnarrowly search, you will at last see a lashless eye, which you would\nfancy to be a young colt's eye; so out of all proportion is it to the\nmagnitude of the head.\n\nNow, from this peculiar sideway position of the whale's eyes, it is\nplain that he can never see an object which is exactly ahead, no more\nthan he can one exactly astern. In a word, the position of the whale's\neyes corresponds to that of a man's ears; and you may fancy, for\nyourself, how it would fare with you, did you sideways survey objects\nthrough your ears. You would find that you could only command some\nthirty degrees of vision in advance of the straight side-line of sight;\nand about thirty more behind it. If your bitterest foe were walking\nstraight towards you, with dagger uplifted in broad day, you would not\nbe able to see him, any more than if he were stealing upon you from\nbehind. In a word, you would have two backs, so to speak; but, at the\nsame time, also, two fronts (side fronts): for what is it that makes the\nfront of a man--what, indeed, but his eyes?\n\nMoreover, while in most other animals that I can now think of, the eyes\nare so planted as imperceptibly to blend their visual power, so as to\nproduce one picture and not two to the brain; the peculiar position of\nthe whale's eyes, effectually divided as they are by many cubic feet of\nsolid head, which towers between them like a great mountain separating\ntwo lakes in valleys; this, of course, must wholly separate the\nimpressions which each independent organ imparts. The whale, therefore,\nmust see one distinct picture on this side, and another distinct\npicture on that side; while all between must be profound darkness and\nnothingness to him. Man may, in effect, be said to look out on the world\nfrom a sentry-box with two joined sashes for his window. But with the\nwhale, these two sashes are separately inserted, making two distinct\nwindows, but sadly impairing the view. This peculiarity of the whale's\neyes is a thing always to be borne in mind in the fishery; and to be\nremembered by the reader in some subsequent scenes.\n\nA curious and most puzzling question might be started concerning this\nvisual matter as touching the Leviathan. But I must be content with a\nhint. So long as a man's eyes are open in the light, the act of seeing\nis involuntary; that is, he cannot then help mechanically seeing\nwhatever objects are before him. Nevertheless, any one's experience\nwill teach him, that though he can take in an undiscriminating sweep of\nthings at one glance, it is quite impossible for him, attentively,\nand completely, to examine any two things--however large or however\nsmall--at one and the same instant of time; never mind if they lie side\nby side and touch each other. But if you now come to separate these two\nobjects, and surround each by a circle of profound darkness; then, in\norder to see one of them, in such a manner as to bring your mind to\nbear on it, the other will be utterly excluded from your contemporary\nconsciousness. How is it, then, with the whale? True, both his eyes,\nin themselves, must simultaneously act; but is his brain so much more\ncomprehensive, combining, and subtle than man's, that he can at the same\nmoment of time attentively examine two distinct prospects, one on one\nside of him, and the other in an exactly opposite direction? If he\ncan, then is it as marvellous a thing in him, as if a man were able\nsimultaneously to go through the demonstrations of two distinct problems\nin Euclid. Nor, strictly investigated, is there any incongruity in this\ncomparison.\n\nIt may be but an idle whim, but it has always seemed to me, that the\nextraordinary vacillations of movement displayed by some whales when\nbeset by three or four boats; the timidity and liability to queer\nfrights, so common to such whales; I think that all this indirectly\nproceeds from the helpless perplexity of volition, in which their\ndivided and diametrically opposite powers of vision must involve them.\n\nBut the ear of the whale is full as curious as the eye. If you are an\nentire stranger to their race, you might hunt over these two heads\nfor hours, and never discover that organ. The ear has no external leaf\nwhatever; and into the hole itself you can hardly insert a quill, so\nwondrously minute is it. It is lodged a little behind the eye. With\nrespect to their ears, this important difference is to be observed\nbetween the sperm whale and the right. While the ear of the former has\nan external opening, that of the latter is entirely and evenly covered\nover with a membrane, so as to be quite imperceptible from without.\n\nIs it not curious, that so vast a being as the whale should see the\nworld through so small an eye, and hear the thunder through an ear which\nis smaller than a hare's? But if his eyes were broad as the lens of\nHerschel's great telescope; and his ears capacious as the porches of\ncathedrals; would that make him any longer of sight, or sharper of\nhearing? Not at all.--Why then do you try to \"enlarge\" your mind?\nSubtilize it.\n\nLet us now with whatever levers and steam-engines we have at hand, cant\nover the sperm whale's head, that it may lie bottom up; then, ascending\nby a ladder to the summit, have a peep down the mouth; and were it not\nthat the body is now completely separated from it, with a lantern we\nmight descend into the great Kentucky Mammoth Cave of his stomach. But\nlet us hold on here by this tooth, and look about us where we are. What\na really beautiful and chaste-looking mouth! from floor to ceiling,\nlined, or rather papered with a glistening white membrane, glossy as\nbridal satins.\n\nBut come out now, and look at this portentous lower jaw, which seems\nlike the long narrow lid of an immense snuff-box, with the hinge at one\nend, instead of one side. If you pry it up, so as to get it overhead,\nand expose its rows of teeth, it seems a terrific portcullis; and such,\nalas! it proves to many a poor wight in the fishery, upon whom these\nspikes fall with impaling force. But far more terrible is it to behold,\nwhen fathoms down in the sea, you see some sulky whale, floating there\nsuspended, with his prodigious jaw, some fifteen feet long, hanging\nstraight down at right-angles with his body, for all the world like a\nship's jib-boom. This whale is not dead; he is only dispirited; out of\nsorts, perhaps; hypochondriac; and so supine, that the hinges of his\njaw have relaxed, leaving him there in that ungainly sort of plight, a\nreproach to all his tribe, who must, no doubt, imprecate lock-jaws upon\nhim.\n\nIn most cases this lower jaw--being easily unhinged by a practised\nartist--is disengaged and hoisted on deck for the purpose of extracting\nthe ivory teeth, and furnishing a supply of that hard white whalebone\nwith which the fishermen fashion all sorts of curious articles,\nincluding canes, umbrella-stocks, and handles to riding-whips.\n\nWith a long, weary hoist the jaw is dragged on board, as if it were an\nanchor; and when the proper time comes--some few days after the other\nwork--Queequeg, Daggoo, and Tashtego, being all accomplished dentists,\nare set to drawing teeth. With a keen cutting-spade, Queequeg lances\nthe gums; then the jaw is lashed down to ringbolts, and a tackle being\nrigged from aloft, they drag out these teeth, as Michigan oxen drag\nstumps of old oaks out of wild wood lands. There are generally forty-two\nteeth in all; in old whales, much worn down, but undecayed; nor filled\nafter our artificial fashion. The jaw is afterwards sawn into slabs, and\npiled away like joists for building houses.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 75. The Right Whale's Head--Contrasted View.\n\n\nCrossing the deck, let us now have a good long look at the Right Whale's\nhead.\n\nAs in general shape the noble Sperm Whale's head may be compared to a\nRoman war-chariot (especially in front, where it is so broadly rounded);\nso, at a broad view, the Right Whale's head bears a rather inelegant\nresemblance to a gigantic galliot-toed shoe. Two hundred years ago an\nold Dutch voyager likened its shape to that of a shoemaker's last. And\nin this same last or shoe, that old woman of the nursery tale, with\nthe swarming brood, might very comfortably be lodged, she and all her\nprogeny.\n\nBut as you come nearer to this great head it begins to assume different\naspects, according to your point of view. If you stand on its summit and\nlook at these two F-shaped spoutholes, you would take the whole head\nfor an enormous bass-viol, and these spiracles, the apertures in its\nsounding-board. Then, again, if you fix your eye upon this strange,\ncrested, comb-like incrustation on the top of the mass--this green,\nbarnacled thing, which the Greenlanders call the \"crown,\" and the\nSouthern fishers the \"bonnet\" of the Right Whale; fixing your eyes\nsolely on this, you would take the head for the trunk of some huge oak,\nwith a bird's nest in its crotch. At any rate, when you watch those live\ncrabs that nestle here on this bonnet, such an idea will be almost\nsure to occur to you; unless, indeed, your fancy has been fixed by the\ntechnical term \"crown\" also bestowed upon it; in which case you will\ntake great interest in thinking how this mighty monster is actually a\ndiademed king of the sea, whose green crown has been put together for\nhim in this marvellous manner. But if this whale be a king, he is a very\nsulky looking fellow to grace a diadem. Look at that hanging lower lip!\nwhat a huge sulk and pout is there! a sulk and pout, by carpenter's\nmeasurement, about twenty feet long and five feet deep; a sulk and pout\nthat will yield you some 500 gallons of oil and more.\n\nA great pity, now, that this unfortunate whale should be hare-lipped.\nThe fissure is about a foot across. Probably the mother during an\nimportant interval was sailing down the Peruvian coast, when earthquakes\ncaused the beach to gape. Over this lip, as over a slippery threshold,\nwe now slide into the mouth. Upon my word were I at Mackinaw, I should\ntake this to be the inside of an Indian wigwam. Good Lord! is this the\nroad that Jonah went? The roof is about twelve feet high, and runs to a\npretty sharp angle, as if there were a regular ridge-pole there; while\nthese ribbed, arched, hairy sides, present us with those wondrous, half\nvertical, scimetar-shaped slats of whalebone, say three hundred on a\nside, which depending from the upper part of the head or crown\nbone, form those Venetian blinds which have elsewhere been cursorily\nmentioned. The edges of these bones are fringed with hairy fibres,\nthrough which the Right Whale strains the water, and in whose\nintricacies he retains the small fish, when openmouthed he goes through\nthe seas of brit in feeding time. In the central blinds of bone, as they\nstand in their natural order, there are certain curious marks, curves,\nhollows, and ridges, whereby some whalemen calculate the creature's age,\nas the age of an oak by its circular rings. Though the certainty of this\ncriterion is far from demonstrable, yet it has the savor of analogical\nprobability. At any rate, if we yield to it, we must grant a far greater\nage to the Right Whale than at first glance will seem reasonable.\n\nIn old times, there seem to have prevailed the most curious fancies\nconcerning these blinds. One voyager in Purchas calls them the wondrous\n\"whiskers\" inside of the whale's mouth;* another, \"hogs' bristles\"; a\nthird old gentleman in Hackluyt uses the following elegant language:\n\"There are about two hundred and fifty fins growing on each side of his\nupper CHOP, which arch over his tongue on each side of his mouth.\"\n\n\n*This reminds us that the Right Whale really has a sort of whisker, or\nrather a moustache, consisting of a few scattered white hairs on the\nupper part of the outer end of the lower jaw. Sometimes these\ntufts impart a rather brigandish expression to his otherwise solemn\ncountenance.\n\n\nAs every one knows, these same \"hogs' bristles,\" \"fins,\" \"whiskers,\"\n\"blinds,\" or whatever you please, furnish to the ladies their busks and\nother stiffening contrivances. But in this particular, the demand has\nlong been on the decline. It was in Queen Anne's time that the bone was\nin its glory, the farthingale being then all the fashion. And as those\nancient dames moved about gaily, though in the jaws of the whale, as\nyou may say; even so, in a shower, with the like thoughtlessness, do we\nnowadays fly under the same jaws for protection; the umbrella being a\ntent spread over the same bone.\n\nBut now forget all about blinds and whiskers for a moment, and, standing\nin the Right Whale's mouth, look around you afresh. Seeing all these\ncolonnades of bone so methodically ranged about, would you not think\nyou were inside of the great Haarlem organ, and gazing upon its\nthousand pipes? For a carpet to the organ we have a rug of the softest\nTurkey--the tongue, which is glued, as it were, to the floor of the\nmouth. It is very fat and tender, and apt to tear in pieces in hoisting\nit on deck. This particular tongue now before us; at a passing glance I\nshould say it was a six-barreler; that is, it will yield you about that\namount of oil.\n\nEre this, you must have plainly seen the truth of what I started\nwith--that the Sperm Whale and the Right Whale have almost entirely\ndifferent heads. To sum up, then: in the Right Whale's there is no great\nwell of sperm; no ivory teeth at all; no long, slender mandible of a\nlower jaw, like the Sperm Whale's. Nor in the Sperm Whale are there any\nof those blinds of bone; no huge lower lip; and scarcely anything of a\ntongue. Again, the Right Whale has two external spout-holes, the Sperm\nWhale only one.\n\nLook your last, now, on these venerable hooded heads, while they yet lie\ntogether; for one will soon sink, unrecorded, in the sea; the other will\nnot be very long in following.\n\nCan you catch the expression of the Sperm Whale's there? It is the same\nhe died with, only some of the longer wrinkles in the forehead seem\nnow faded away. I think his broad brow to be full of a prairie-like\nplacidity, born of a speculative indifference as to death. But mark the\nother head's expression. See that amazing lower lip, pressed by accident\nagainst the vessel's side, so as firmly to embrace the jaw. Does not\nthis whole head seem to speak of an enormous practical resolution in\nfacing death? This Right Whale I take to have been a Stoic; the Sperm\nWhale, a Platonian, who might have taken up Spinoza in his latter years.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 76. The Battering-Ram.\n\n\nEre quitting, for the nonce, the Sperm Whale's head, I would have\nyou, as a sensible physiologist, simply--particularly remark its front\naspect, in all its compacted collectedness. I would have you investigate\nit now with the sole view of forming to yourself some unexaggerated,\nintelligent estimate of whatever battering-ram power may be lodged\nthere. Here is a vital point; for you must either satisfactorily settle\nthis matter with yourself, or for ever remain an infidel as to one of\nthe most appalling, but not the less true events, perhaps anywhere to be\nfound in all recorded history.\n\nYou observe that in the ordinary swimming position of the Sperm Whale,\nthe front of his head presents an almost wholly vertical plane to the\nwater; you observe that the lower part of that front slopes considerably\nbackwards, so as to furnish more of a retreat for the long socket which\nreceives the boom-like lower jaw; you observe that the mouth is entirely\nunder the head, much in the same way, indeed, as though your own mouth\nwere entirely under your chin. Moreover you observe that the whale has\nno external nose; and that what nose he has--his spout hole--is on the\ntop of his head; you observe that his eyes and ears are at the sides\nof his head, nearly one third of his entire length from the front.\nWherefore, you must now have perceived that the front of the Sperm\nWhale's head is a dead, blind wall, without a single organ or tender\nprominence of any sort whatsoever. Furthermore, you are now to consider\nthat only in the extreme, lower, backward sloping part of the front of\nthe head, is there the slightest vestige of bone; and not till you\nget near twenty feet from the forehead do you come to the full cranial\ndevelopment. So that this whole enormous boneless mass is as one wad.\nFinally, though, as will soon be revealed, its contents partly comprise\nthe most delicate oil; yet, you are now to be apprised of the nature of\nthe substance which so impregnably invests all that apparent effeminacy.\nIn some previous place I have described to you how the blubber wraps the\nbody of the whale, as the rind wraps an orange. Just so with the head;\nbut with this difference: about the head this envelope, though not so\nthick, is of a boneless toughness, inestimable by any man who has not\nhandled it. The severest pointed harpoon, the sharpest lance darted by\nthe strongest human arm, impotently rebounds from it. It is as though\nthe forehead of the Sperm Whale were paved with horses' hoofs. I do not\nthink that any sensation lurks in it.\n\nBethink yourself also of another thing. When two large, loaded Indiamen\nchance to crowd and crush towards each other in the docks, what do the\nsailors do? They do not suspend between them, at the point of coming\ncontact, any merely hard substance, like iron or wood. No, they hold\nthere a large, round wad of tow and cork, enveloped in the thickest\nand toughest of ox-hide. That bravely and uninjured takes the jam which\nwould have snapped all their oaken handspikes and iron crow-bars. By\nitself this sufficiently illustrates the obvious fact I drive at. But\nsupplementary to this, it has hypothetically occurred to me, that\nas ordinary fish possess what is called a swimming bladder in them,\ncapable, at will, of distension or contraction; and as the Sperm Whale,\nas far as I know, has no such provision in him; considering, too,\nthe otherwise inexplicable manner in which he now depresses his head\naltogether beneath the surface, and anon swims with it high elevated out\nof the water; considering the unobstructed elasticity of its envelope;\nconsidering the unique interior of his head; it has hypothetically\noccurred to me, I say, that those mystical lung-celled honeycombs there\nmay possibly have some hitherto unknown and unsuspected connexion with\nthe outer air, so as to be susceptible to atmospheric distension and\ncontraction. If this be so, fancy the irresistibleness of that might, to\nwhich the most impalpable and destructive of all elements contributes.\n\nNow, mark. Unerringly impelling this dead, impregnable, uninjurable\nwall, and this most buoyant thing within; there swims behind it all a\nmass of tremendous life, only to be adequately estimated as piled wood\nis--by the cord; and all obedient to one volition, as the smallest\ninsect. So that when I shall hereafter detail to you all the\nspecialities and concentrations of potency everywhere lurking in this\nexpansive monster; when I shall show you some of his more inconsiderable\nbraining feats; I trust you will have renounced all ignorant\nincredulity, and be ready to abide by this; that though the Sperm Whale\nstove a passage through the Isthmus of Darien, and mixed the Atlantic\nwith the Pacific, you would not elevate one hair of your eye-brow. For\nunless you own the whale, you are but a provincial and sentimentalist\nin Truth. But clear Truth is a thing for salamander giants only to\nencounter; how small the chances for the provincials then? What befell\nthe weakling youth lifting the dread goddess's veil at Lais?\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 77. The Great Heidelburgh Tun.\n\n\nNow comes the Baling of the Case. But to comprehend it aright, you must\nknow something of the curious internal structure of the thing operated\nupon.\n\nRegarding the Sperm Whale's head as a solid oblong, you may, on an\ninclined plane, sideways divide it into two quoins,* whereof the lower\nis the bony structure, forming the cranium and jaws, and the upper an\nunctuous mass wholly free from bones; its broad forward end forming the\nexpanded vertical apparent forehead of the whale. At the middle of the\nforehead horizontally subdivide this upper quoin, and then you have two\nalmost equal parts, which before were naturally divided by an internal\nwall of a thick tendinous substance.\n\n\n*Quoin is not a Euclidean term. It belongs to the pure nautical\nmathematics. I know not that it has been defined before. A quoin is a\nsolid which differs from a wedge in having its sharp end formed by the\nsteep inclination of one side, instead of the mutual tapering of both\nsides.\n\n\nThe lower subdivided part, called the junk, is one immense honeycomb\nof oil, formed by the crossing and recrossing, into ten thousand\ninfiltrated cells, of tough elastic white fibres throughout its whole\nextent. The upper part, known as the Case, may be regarded as the great\nHeidelburgh Tun of the Sperm Whale. And as that famous great tierce is\nmystically carved in front, so the whale's vast plaited forehead forms\ninnumerable strange devices for the emblematical adornment of his\nwondrous tun. Moreover, as that of Heidelburgh was always replenished\nwith the most excellent of the wines of the Rhenish valleys, so the tun\nof the whale contains by far the most precious of all his oily vintages;\nnamely, the highly-prized spermaceti, in its absolutely pure, limpid,\nand odoriferous state. Nor is this precious substance found unalloyed\nin any other part of the creature. Though in life it remains perfectly\nfluid, yet, upon exposure to the air, after death, it soon begins to\nconcrete; sending forth beautiful crystalline shoots, as when the\nfirst thin delicate ice is just forming in water. A large whale's\ncase generally yields about five hundred gallons of sperm, though from\nunavoidable circumstances, considerable of it is spilled, leaks, and\ndribbles away, or is otherwise irrevocably lost in the ticklish business\nof securing what you can.\n\nI know not with what fine and costly material the Heidelburgh Tun\nwas coated within, but in superlative richness that coating could not\npossibly have compared with the silken pearl-coloured membrane, like the\nlining of a fine pelisse, forming the inner surface of the Sperm Whale's\ncase.\n\nIt will have been seen that the Heidelburgh Tun of the Sperm Whale\nembraces the entire length of the entire top of the head; and since--as\nhas been elsewhere set forth--the head embraces one third of the whole\nlength of the creature, then setting that length down at eighty feet for\na good sized whale, you have more than twenty-six feet for the depth\nof the tun, when it is lengthwise hoisted up and down against a ship's\nside.\n\nAs in decapitating the whale, the operator's instrument is brought close\nto the spot where an entrance is subsequently forced into the spermaceti\nmagazine; he has, therefore, to be uncommonly heedful, lest a careless,\nuntimely stroke should invade the sanctuary and wastingly let out its\ninvaluable contents. It is this decapitated end of the head, also, which\nis at last elevated out of the water, and retained in that position by\nthe enormous cutting tackles, whose hempen combinations, on one side,\nmake quite a wilderness of ropes in that quarter.\n\nThus much being said, attend now, I pray you, to that marvellous and--in\nthis particular instance--almost fatal operation whereby the Sperm\nWhale's great Heidelburgh Tun is tapped.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 78. Cistern and Buckets.\n\n\nNimble as a cat, Tashtego mounts aloft; and without altering his erect\nposture, runs straight out upon the overhanging mainyard-arm, to the\npart where it exactly projects over the hoisted Tun. He has carried\nwith him a light tackle called a whip, consisting of only two parts,\ntravelling through a single-sheaved block. Securing this block, so that\nit hangs down from the yard-arm, he swings one end of the rope, till it\nis caught and firmly held by a hand on deck. Then, hand-over-hand, down\nthe other part, the Indian drops through the air, till dexterously he\nlands on the summit of the head. There--still high elevated above the\nrest of the company, to whom he vivaciously cries--he seems some Turkish\nMuezzin calling the good people to prayers from the top of a tower. A\nshort-handled sharp spade being sent up to him, he diligently searches\nfor the proper place to begin breaking into the Tun. In this business\nhe proceeds very heedfully, like a treasure-hunter in some old house,\nsounding the walls to find where the gold is masoned in. By the time\nthis cautious search is over, a stout iron-bound bucket, precisely like\na well-bucket, has been attached to one end of the whip; while the other\nend, being stretched across the deck, is there held by two or three\nalert hands. These last now hoist the bucket within grasp of the Indian,\nto whom another person has reached up a very long pole. Inserting this\npole into the bucket, Tashtego downward guides the bucket into the Tun,\ntill it entirely disappears; then giving the word to the seamen at the\nwhip, up comes the bucket again, all bubbling like a dairy-maid's pail\nof new milk. Carefully lowered from its height, the full-freighted\nvessel is caught by an appointed hand, and quickly emptied into a large\ntub. Then remounting aloft, it again goes through the same round until\nthe deep cistern will yield no more. Towards the end, Tashtego has to\nram his long pole harder and harder, and deeper and deeper into the Tun,\nuntil some twenty feet of the pole have gone down.\n\nNow, the people of the Pequod had been baling some time in this way;\nseveral tubs had been filled with the fragrant sperm; when all at once a\nqueer accident happened. Whether it was that Tashtego, that wild Indian,\nwas so heedless and reckless as to let go for a moment his one-handed\nhold on the great cabled tackles suspending the head; or whether the\nplace where he stood was so treacherous and oozy; or whether the Evil\nOne himself would have it to fall out so, without stating his particular\nreasons; how it was exactly, there is no telling now; but, on a sudden,\nas the eightieth or ninetieth bucket came suckingly up--my God! poor\nTashtego--like the twin reciprocating bucket in a veritable well,\ndropped head-foremost down into this great Tun of Heidelburgh, and with\na horrible oily gurgling, went clean out of sight!\n\n\"Man overboard!\" cried Daggoo, who amid the general consternation first\ncame to his senses. \"Swing the bucket this way!\" and putting one foot\ninto it, so as the better to secure his slippery hand-hold on the whip\nitself, the hoisters ran him high up to the top of the head, almost\nbefore Tashtego could have reached its interior bottom. Meantime,\nthere was a terrible tumult. Looking over the side, they saw the before\nlifeless head throbbing and heaving just below the surface of the sea,\nas if that moment seized with some momentous idea; whereas it was only\nthe poor Indian unconsciously revealing by those struggles the perilous\ndepth to which he had sunk.\n\nAt this instant, while Daggoo, on the summit of the head, was clearing\nthe whip--which had somehow got foul of the great cutting tackles--a\nsharp cracking noise was heard; and to the unspeakable horror of all,\none of the two enormous hooks suspending the head tore out, and with\na vast vibration the enormous mass sideways swung, till the drunk ship\nreeled and shook as if smitten by an iceberg. The one remaining hook,\nupon which the entire strain now depended, seemed every instant to be\non the point of giving way; an event still more likely from the violent\nmotions of the head.\n\n\"Come down, come down!\" yelled the seamen to Daggoo, but with one hand\nholding on to the heavy tackles, so that if the head should drop, he\nwould still remain suspended; the negro having cleared the foul line,\nrammed down the bucket into the now collapsed well, meaning that the\nburied harpooneer should grasp it, and so be hoisted out.\n\n\"In heaven's name, man,\" cried Stubb, \"are you ramming home a cartridge\nthere?--Avast! How will that help him; jamming that iron-bound bucket on\ntop of his head? Avast, will ye!\"\n\n\"Stand clear of the tackle!\" cried a voice like the bursting of a\nrocket.\n\nAlmost in the same instant, with a thunder-boom, the enormous mass\ndropped into the sea, like Niagara's Table-Rock into the whirlpool; the\nsuddenly relieved hull rolled away from it, to far down her glittering\ncopper; and all caught their breath, as half swinging--now over the\nsailors' heads, and now over the water--Daggoo, through a thick mist of\nspray, was dimly beheld clinging to the pendulous tackles, while poor,\nburied-alive Tashtego was sinking utterly down to the bottom of the sea!\nBut hardly had the blinding vapour cleared away, when a naked figure\nwith a boarding-sword in his hand, was for one swift moment seen\nhovering over the bulwarks. The next, a loud splash announced that my\nbrave Queequeg had dived to the rescue. One packed rush was made to the\nside, and every eye counted every ripple, as moment followed moment, and\nno sign of either the sinker or the diver could be seen. Some hands now\njumped into a boat alongside, and pushed a little off from the ship.\n\n\"Ha! ha!\" cried Daggoo, all at once, from his now quiet, swinging perch\noverhead; and looking further off from the side, we saw an arm thrust\nupright from the blue waves; a sight strange to see, as an arm thrust\nforth from the grass over a grave.\n\n\"Both! both!--it is both!\"--cried Daggoo again with a joyful shout; and\nsoon after, Queequeg was seen boldly striking out with one hand, and\nwith the other clutching the long hair of the Indian. Drawn into the\nwaiting boat, they were quickly brought to the deck; but Tashtego was\nlong in coming to, and Queequeg did not look very brisk.\n\nNow, how had this noble rescue been accomplished? Why, diving after\nthe slowly descending head, Queequeg with his keen sword had made\nside lunges near its bottom, so as to scuttle a large hole there; then\ndropping his sword, had thrust his long arm far inwards and upwards,\nand so hauled out poor Tash by the head. He averred, that upon first\nthrusting in for him, a leg was presented; but well knowing that that\nwas not as it ought to be, and might occasion great trouble;--he had\nthrust back the leg, and by a dexterous heave and toss, had wrought a\nsomerset upon the Indian; so that with the next trial, he came forth in\nthe good old way--head foremost. As for the great head itself, that was\ndoing as well as could be expected.\n\nAnd thus, through the courage and great skill in obstetrics of Queequeg,\nthe deliverance, or rather, delivery of Tashtego, was successfully\naccomplished, in the teeth, too, of the most untoward and apparently\nhopeless impediments; which is a lesson by no means to be forgotten.\nMidwifery should be taught in the same course with fencing and boxing,\nriding and rowing.\n\nI know that this queer adventure of the Gay-Header's will be sure to\nseem incredible to some landsmen, though they themselves may have either\nseen or heard of some one's falling into a cistern ashore; an accident\nwhich not seldom happens, and with much less reason too than the\nIndian's, considering the exceeding slipperiness of the curb of the\nSperm Whale's well.\n\nBut, peradventure, it may be sagaciously urged, how is this? We thought\nthe tissued, infiltrated head of the Sperm Whale, was the lightest and\nmost corky part about him; and yet thou makest it sink in an element of\na far greater specific gravity than itself. We have thee there. Not at\nall, but I have ye; for at the time poor Tash fell in, the case had been\nnearly emptied of its lighter contents, leaving little but the dense\ntendinous wall of the well--a double welded, hammered substance, as I\nhave before said, much heavier than the sea water, and a lump of which\nsinks in it like lead almost. But the tendency to rapid sinking in this\nsubstance was in the present instance materially counteracted by the\nother parts of the head remaining undetached from it, so that it sank\nvery slowly and deliberately indeed, affording Queequeg a fair chance\nfor performing his agile obstetrics on the run, as you may say. Yes, it\nwas a running delivery, so it was.\n\nNow, had Tashtego perished in that head, it had been a very precious\nperishing; smothered in the very whitest and daintiest of fragrant\nspermaceti; coffined, hearsed, and tombed in the secret inner chamber\nand sanctum sanctorum of the whale. Only one sweeter end can readily be\nrecalled--the delicious death of an Ohio honey-hunter, who seeking honey\nin the crotch of a hollow tree, found such exceeding store of it, that\nleaning too far over, it sucked him in, so that he died embalmed.\nHow many, think ye, have likewise fallen into Plato's honey head, and\nsweetly perished there?\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 79. The Prairie.\n\n\nTo scan the lines of his face, or feel the bumps on the head of this\nLeviathan; this is a thing which no Physiognomist or Phrenologist has as\nyet undertaken. Such an enterprise would seem almost as hopeful as for\nLavater to have scrutinized the wrinkles on the Rock of Gibraltar,\nor for Gall to have mounted a ladder and manipulated the Dome of the\nPantheon. Still, in that famous work of his, Lavater not only treats\nof the various faces of men, but also attentively studies the faces\nof horses, birds, serpents, and fish; and dwells in detail upon the\nmodifications of expression discernible therein. Nor have Gall and\nhis disciple Spurzheim failed to throw out some hints touching the\nphrenological characteristics of other beings than man. Therefore,\nthough I am but ill qualified for a pioneer, in the application of these\ntwo semi-sciences to the whale, I will do my endeavor. I try all things;\nI achieve what I can.\n\nPhysiognomically regarded, the Sperm Whale is an anomalous creature.\nHe has no proper nose. And since the nose is the central and most\nconspicuous of the features; and since it perhaps most modifies and\nfinally controls their combined expression; hence it would seem that its\nentire absence, as an external appendage, must very largely affect\nthe countenance of the whale. For as in landscape gardening, a spire,\ncupola, monument, or tower of some sort, is deemed almost indispensable\nto the completion of the scene; so no face can be physiognomically in\nkeeping without the elevated open-work belfry of the nose. Dash the nose\nfrom Phidias's marble Jove, and what a sorry remainder! Nevertheless,\nLeviathan is of so mighty a magnitude, all his proportions are so\nstately, that the same deficiency which in the sculptured Jove were\nhideous, in him is no blemish at all. Nay, it is an added grandeur. A\nnose to the whale would have been impertinent. As on your physiognomical\nvoyage you sail round his vast head in your jolly-boat, your noble\nconceptions of him are never insulted by the reflection that he has a\nnose to be pulled. A pestilent conceit, which so often will insist upon\nobtruding even when beholding the mightiest royal beadle on his throne.\n\nIn some particulars, perhaps the most imposing physiognomical view to\nbe had of the Sperm Whale, is that of the full front of his head. This\naspect is sublime.\n\nIn thought, a fine human brow is like the East when troubled with the\nmorning. In the repose of the pasture, the curled brow of the bull has a\ntouch of the grand in it. Pushing heavy cannon up mountain defiles, the\nelephant's brow is majestic. Human or animal, the mystical brow is as\nthat great golden seal affixed by the German Emperors to their decrees.\nIt signifies--\"God: done this day by my hand.\" But in most creatures,\nnay in man himself, very often the brow is but a mere strip of alpine\nland lying along the snow line. Few are the foreheads which like\nShakespeare's or Melancthon's rise so high, and descend so low, that the\neyes themselves seem clear, eternal, tideless mountain lakes; and all\nabove them in the forehead's wrinkles, you seem to track the antlered\nthoughts descending there to drink, as the Highland hunters track the\nsnow prints of the deer. But in the great Sperm Whale, this high and\nmighty god-like dignity inherent in the brow is so immensely amplified,\nthat gazing on it, in that full front view, you feel the Deity and the\ndread powers more forcibly than in beholding any other object in living\nnature. For you see no one point precisely; not one distinct feature is\nrevealed; no nose, eyes, ears, or mouth; no face; he has none, proper;\nnothing but that one broad firmament of a forehead, pleated with\nriddles; dumbly lowering with the doom of boats, and ships, and men.\nNor, in profile, does this wondrous brow diminish; though that way\nviewed its grandeur does not domineer upon you so. In profile, you\nplainly perceive that horizontal, semi-crescentic depression in the\nforehead's middle, which, in man, is Lavater's mark of genius.\n\nBut how? Genius in the Sperm Whale? Has the Sperm Whale ever written\na book, spoken a speech? No, his great genius is declared in his\ndoing nothing particular to prove it. It is moreover declared in his\npyramidical silence. And this reminds me that had the great Sperm Whale\nbeen known to the young Orient World, he would have been deified by\ntheir child-magian thoughts. They deified the crocodile of the Nile,\nbecause the crocodile is tongueless; and the Sperm Whale has no\ntongue, or at least it is so exceedingly small, as to be incapable of\nprotrusion. If hereafter any highly cultured, poetical nation shall lure\nback to their birth-right, the merry May-day gods of old; and livingly\nenthrone them again in the now egotistical sky; in the now unhaunted\nhill; then be sure, exalted to Jove's high seat, the great Sperm Whale\nshall lord it.\n\nChampollion deciphered the wrinkled granite hieroglyphics. But there is\nno Champollion to decipher the Egypt of every man's and every being's\nface. Physiognomy, like every other human science, is but a passing\nfable. If then, Sir William Jones, who read in thirty languages, could\nnot read the simplest peasant's face in its profounder and more subtle\nmeanings, how may unlettered Ishmael hope to read the awful Chaldee of\nthe Sperm Whale's brow? I but put that brow before you. Read it if you\ncan.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 80. The Nut.\n\n\nIf the Sperm Whale be physiognomically a Sphinx, to the phrenologist his\nbrain seems that geometrical circle which it is impossible to square.\n\nIn the full-grown creature the skull will measure at least twenty feet\nin length. Unhinge the lower jaw, and the side view of this skull is as\nthe side of a moderately inclined plane resting throughout on a level\nbase. But in life--as we have elsewhere seen--this inclined plane is\nangularly filled up, and almost squared by the enormous superincumbent\nmass of the junk and sperm. At the high end the skull forms a crater to\nbed that part of the mass; while under the long floor of this crater--in\nanother cavity seldom exceeding ten inches in length and as many in\ndepth--reposes the mere handful of this monster's brain. The brain is at\nleast twenty feet from his apparent forehead in life; it is hidden\naway behind its vast outworks, like the innermost citadel within the\namplified fortifications of Quebec. So like a choice casket is it\nsecreted in him, that I have known some whalemen who peremptorily deny\nthat the Sperm Whale has any other brain than that palpable semblance\nof one formed by the cubic-yards of his sperm magazine. Lying in strange\nfolds, courses, and convolutions, to their apprehensions, it seems more\nin keeping with the idea of his general might to regard that mystic part\nof him as the seat of his intelligence.\n\nIt is plain, then, that phrenologically the head of this Leviathan, in\nthe creature's living intact state, is an entire delusion. As for his\ntrue brain, you can then see no indications of it, nor feel any. The\nwhale, like all things that are mighty, wears a false brow to the common\nworld.\n\nIf you unload his skull of its spermy heaps and then take a rear view\nof its rear end, which is the high end, you will be struck by its\nresemblance to the human skull, beheld in the same situation, and from\nthe same point of view. Indeed, place this reversed skull (scaled down\nto the human magnitude) among a plate of men's skulls, and you would\ninvoluntarily confound it with them; and remarking the depressions on\none part of its summit, in phrenological phrase you would say--This\nman had no self-esteem, and no veneration. And by those negations,\nconsidered along with the affirmative fact of his prodigious bulk and\npower, you can best form to yourself the truest, though not the most\nexhilarating conception of what the most exalted potency is.\n\nBut if from the comparative dimensions of the whale's proper brain, you\ndeem it incapable of being adequately charted, then I have another idea\nfor you. If you attentively regard almost any quadruped's spine,\nyou will be struck with the resemblance of its vertebrae to a strung\nnecklace of dwarfed skulls, all bearing rudimental resemblance to the\nskull proper. It is a German conceit, that the vertebrae are absolutely\nundeveloped skulls. But the curious external resemblance, I take it\nthe Germans were not the first men to perceive. A foreign friend once\npointed it out to me, in the skeleton of a foe he had slain, and with\nthe vertebrae of which he was inlaying, in a sort of basso-relievo, the\nbeaked prow of his canoe. Now, I consider that the phrenologists have\nomitted an important thing in not pushing their investigations from the\ncerebellum through the spinal canal. For I believe that much of a man's\ncharacter will be found betokened in his backbone. I would rather feel\nyour spine than your skull, whoever you are. A thin joist of a spine\nnever yet upheld a full and noble soul. I rejoice in my spine, as in the\nfirm audacious staff of that flag which I fling half out to the world.\n\nApply this spinal branch of phrenology to the Sperm Whale. His cranial\ncavity is continuous with the first neck-vertebra; and in that vertebra\nthe bottom of the spinal canal will measure ten inches across, being\neight in height, and of a triangular figure with the base downwards. As\nit passes through the remaining vertebrae the canal tapers in size, but\nfor a considerable distance remains of large capacity. Now, of course,\nthis canal is filled with much the same strangely fibrous substance--the\nspinal cord--as the brain; and directly communicates with the brain.\nAnd what is still more, for many feet after emerging from the brain's\ncavity, the spinal cord remains of an undecreasing girth, almost\nequal to that of the brain. Under all these circumstances, would it be\nunreasonable to survey and map out the whale's spine phrenologically?\nFor, viewed in this light, the wonderful comparative smallness of his\nbrain proper is more than compensated by the wonderful comparative\nmagnitude of his spinal cord.\n\nBut leaving this hint to operate as it may with the phrenologists, I\nwould merely assume the spinal theory for a moment, in reference to the\nSperm Whale's hump. This august hump, if I mistake not, rises over one\nof the larger vertebrae, and is, therefore, in some sort, the outer\nconvex mould of it. From its relative situation then, I should call this\nhigh hump the organ of firmness or indomitableness in the Sperm Whale.\nAnd that the great monster is indomitable, you will yet have reason to\nknow.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 81. The Pequod Meets The Virgin.\n\n\nThe predestinated day arrived, and we duly met the ship Jungfrau, Derick\nDe Deer, master, of Bremen.\n\nAt one time the greatest whaling people in the world, the Dutch and\nGermans are now among the least; but here and there at very wide\nintervals of latitude and longitude, you still occasionally meet with\ntheir flag in the Pacific.\n\nFor some reason, the Jungfrau seemed quite eager to pay her respects.\nWhile yet some distance from the Pequod, she rounded to, and dropping a\nboat, her captain was impelled towards us, impatiently standing in the\nbows instead of the stern.\n\n\"What has he in his hand there?\" cried Starbuck, pointing to something\nwavingly held by the German. \"Impossible!--a lamp-feeder!\"\n\n\"Not that,\" said Stubb, \"no, no, it's a coffee-pot, Mr. Starbuck; he's\ncoming off to make us our coffee, is the Yarman; don't you see that big\ntin can there alongside of him?--that's his boiling water. Oh! he's all\nright, is the Yarman.\"\n\n\"Go along with you,\" cried Flask, \"it's a lamp-feeder and an oil-can.\nHe's out of oil, and has come a-begging.\"\n\nHowever curious it may seem for an oil-ship to be borrowing oil on the\nwhale-ground, and however much it may invertedly contradict the old\nproverb about carrying coals to Newcastle, yet sometimes such a thing\nreally happens; and in the present case Captain Derick De Deer did\nindubitably conduct a lamp-feeder as Flask did declare.\n\nAs he mounted the deck, Ahab abruptly accosted him, without at all\nheeding what he had in his hand; but in his broken lingo, the German\nsoon evinced his complete ignorance of the White Whale; immediately\nturning the conversation to his lamp-feeder and oil can, with some\nremarks touching his having to turn into his hammock at night in\nprofound darkness--his last drop of Bremen oil being gone, and not a\nsingle flying-fish yet captured to supply the deficiency; concluding\nby hinting that his ship was indeed what in the Fishery is technically\ncalled a CLEAN one (that is, an empty one), well deserving the name of\nJungfrau or the Virgin.\n\nHis necessities supplied, Derick departed; but he had not gained his\nship's side, when whales were almost simultaneously raised from the\nmast-heads of both vessels; and so eager for the chase was Derick, that\nwithout pausing to put his oil-can and lamp-feeder aboard, he slewed\nround his boat and made after the leviathan lamp-feeders.\n\nNow, the game having risen to leeward, he and the other three German\nboats that soon followed him, had considerably the start of the Pequod's\nkeels. There were eight whales, an average pod. Aware of their danger,\nthey were going all abreast with great speed straight before the wind,\nrubbing their flanks as closely as so many spans of horses in harness.\nThey left a great, wide wake, as though continually unrolling a great\nwide parchment upon the sea.\n\nFull in this rapid wake, and many fathoms in the rear, swam a huge,\nhumped old bull, which by his comparatively slow progress, as well as\nby the unusual yellowish incrustations overgrowing him, seemed afflicted\nwith the jaundice, or some other infirmity. Whether this whale belonged\nto the pod in advance, seemed questionable; for it is not customary for\nsuch venerable leviathans to be at all social. Nevertheless, he stuck\nto their wake, though indeed their back water must have retarded him,\nbecause the white-bone or swell at his broad muzzle was a dashed one,\nlike the swell formed when two hostile currents meet. His spout was\nshort, slow, and laborious; coming forth with a choking sort of gush,\nand spending itself in torn shreds, followed by strange subterranean\ncommotions in him, which seemed to have egress at his other buried\nextremity, causing the waters behind him to upbubble.\n\n\"Who's got some paregoric?\" said Stubb, \"he has the stomach-ache, I'm\nafraid. Lord, think of having half an acre of stomach-ache! Adverse\nwinds are holding mad Christmas in him, boys. It's the first foul wind\nI ever knew to blow from astern; but look, did ever whale yaw so before?\nit must be, he's lost his tiller.\"\n\nAs an overladen Indiaman bearing down the Hindostan coast with a deck\nload of frightened horses, careens, buries, rolls, and wallows on her\nway; so did this old whale heave his aged bulk, and now and then partly\nturning over on his cumbrous rib-ends, expose the cause of his devious\nwake in the unnatural stump of his starboard fin. Whether he had lost\nthat fin in battle, or had been born without it, it were hard to say.\n\n\"Only wait a bit, old chap, and I'll give ye a sling for that wounded\narm,\" cried cruel Flask, pointing to the whale-line near him.\n\n\"Mind he don't sling thee with it,\" cried Starbuck. \"Give way, or the\nGerman will have him.\"\n\nWith one intent all the combined rival boats were pointed for this\none fish, because not only was he the largest, and therefore the most\nvaluable whale, but he was nearest to them, and the other whales were\ngoing with such great velocity, moreover, as almost to defy pursuit\nfor the time. At this juncture the Pequod's keels had shot by the three\nGerman boats last lowered; but from the great start he had had, Derick's\nboat still led the chase, though every moment neared by his foreign\nrivals. The only thing they feared, was, that from being already so\nnigh to his mark, he would be enabled to dart his iron before they\ncould completely overtake and pass him. As for Derick, he seemed quite\nconfident that this would be the case, and occasionally with a deriding\ngesture shook his lamp-feeder at the other boats.\n\n\"The ungracious and ungrateful dog!\" cried Starbuck; \"he mocks and dares\nme with the very poor-box I filled for him not five minutes ago!\"--then\nin his old intense whisper--\"Give way, greyhounds! Dog to it!\"\n\n\"I tell ye what it is, men\"--cried Stubb to his crew--\"it's against\nmy religion to get mad; but I'd like to eat that villainous\nYarman--Pull--won't ye? Are ye going to let that rascal beat ye? Do\nye love brandy? A hogshead of brandy, then, to the best man. Come,\nwhy don't some of ye burst a blood-vessel? Who's that been dropping an\nanchor overboard--we don't budge an inch--we're becalmed. Halloo, here's\ngrass growing in the boat's bottom--and by the Lord, the mast there's\nbudding. This won't do, boys. Look at that Yarman! The short and long of\nit is, men, will ye spit fire or not?\"\n\n\"Oh! see the suds he makes!\" cried Flask, dancing up and down--\"What\na hump--Oh, DO pile on the beef--lays like a log! Oh! my lads, DO\nspring--slap-jacks and quahogs for supper, you know, my lads--baked\nclams and muffins--oh, DO, DO, spring,--he's a hundred barreller--don't\nlose him now--don't oh, DON'T!--see that Yarman--Oh, won't ye pull for\nyour duff, my lads--such a sog! such a sogger! Don't ye love sperm?\nThere goes three thousand dollars, men!--a bank!--a whole bank! The bank\nof England!--Oh, DO, DO, DO!--What's that Yarman about now?\"\n\nAt this moment Derick was in the act of pitching his lamp-feeder at the\nadvancing boats, and also his oil-can; perhaps with the double view\nof retarding his rivals' way, and at the same time economically\naccelerating his own by the momentary impetus of the backward toss.\n\n\"The unmannerly Dutch dogger!\" cried Stubb. \"Pull now, men, like fifty\nthousand line-of-battle-ship loads of red-haired devils. What d'ye say,\nTashtego; are you the man to snap your spine in two-and-twenty pieces\nfor the honour of old Gayhead? What d'ye say?\"\n\n\"I say, pull like god-dam,\"--cried the Indian.\n\nFiercely, but evenly incited by the taunts of the German, the Pequod's\nthree boats now began ranging almost abreast; and, so disposed,\nmomentarily neared him. In that fine, loose, chivalrous attitude of\nthe headsman when drawing near to his prey, the three mates stood up\nproudly, occasionally backing the after oarsman with an exhilarating cry\nof, \"There she slides, now! Hurrah for the white-ash breeze! Down with\nthe Yarman! Sail over him!\"\n\nBut so decided an original start had Derick had, that spite of all\ntheir gallantry, he would have proved the victor in this race, had not\na righteous judgment descended upon him in a crab which caught the blade\nof his midship oarsman. While this clumsy lubber was striving to free\nhis white-ash, and while, in consequence, Derick's boat was nigh to\ncapsizing, and he thundering away at his men in a mighty rage;--that was\na good time for Starbuck, Stubb, and Flask. With a shout, they took a\nmortal start forwards, and slantingly ranged up on the German's quarter.\nAn instant more, and all four boats were diagonically in the whale's\nimmediate wake, while stretching from them, on both sides, was the\nfoaming swell that he made.\n\nIt was a terrific, most pitiable, and maddening sight. The whale was\nnow going head out, and sending his spout before him in a continual\ntormented jet; while his one poor fin beat his side in an agony of\nfright. Now to this hand, now to that, he yawed in his faltering flight,\nand still at every billow that he broke, he spasmodically sank in the\nsea, or sideways rolled towards the sky his one beating fin. So have I\nseen a bird with clipped wing making affrighted broken circles in the\nair, vainly striving to escape the piratical hawks. But the bird has a\nvoice, and with plaintive cries will make known her fear; but the fear\nof this vast dumb brute of the sea, was chained up and enchanted in him;\nhe had no voice, save that choking respiration through his spiracle,\nand this made the sight of him unspeakably pitiable; while still, in his\namazing bulk, portcullis jaw, and omnipotent tail, there was enough to\nappal the stoutest man who so pitied.\n\nSeeing now that but a very few moments more would give the Pequod's\nboats the advantage, and rather than be thus foiled of his game, Derick\nchose to hazard what to him must have seemed a most unusually long dart,\nere the last chance would for ever escape.\n\nBut no sooner did his harpooneer stand up for the stroke, than all three\ntigers--Queequeg, Tashtego, Daggoo--instinctively sprang to their feet,\nand standing in a diagonal row, simultaneously pointed their barbs; and\ndarted over the head of the German harpooneer, their three Nantucket\nirons entered the whale. Blinding vapours of foam and white-fire! The\nthree boats, in the first fury of the whale's headlong rush, bumped\nthe German's aside with such force, that both Derick and his baffled\nharpooneer were spilled out, and sailed over by the three flying keels.\n\n\"Don't be afraid, my butter-boxes,\" cried Stubb, casting a passing\nglance upon them as he shot by; \"ye'll be picked up presently--all\nright--I saw some sharks astern--St. Bernard's dogs, you know--relieve\ndistressed travellers. Hurrah! this is the way to sail now. Every keel a\nsunbeam! Hurrah!--Here we go like three tin kettles at the tail of a mad\ncougar! This puts me in mind of fastening to an elephant in a tilbury on\na plain--makes the wheel-spokes fly, boys, when you fasten to him that\nway; and there's danger of being pitched out too, when you strike a\nhill. Hurrah! this is the way a fellow feels when he's going to Davy\nJones--all a rush down an endless inclined plane! Hurrah! this whale\ncarries the everlasting mail!\"\n\nBut the monster's run was a brief one. Giving a sudden gasp, he\ntumultuously sounded. With a grating rush, the three lines flew round\nthe loggerheads with such a force as to gouge deep grooves in them;\nwhile so fearful were the harpooneers that this rapid sounding would\nsoon exhaust the lines, that using all their dexterous might, they\ncaught repeated smoking turns with the rope to hold on; till at\nlast--owing to the perpendicular strain from the lead-lined chocks of\nthe boats, whence the three ropes went straight down into the blue--the\ngunwales of the bows were almost even with the water, while the three\nsterns tilted high in the air. And the whale soon ceasing to sound,\nfor some time they remained in that attitude, fearful of expending more\nline, though the position was a little ticklish. But though boats have\nbeen taken down and lost in this way, yet it is this \"holding on,\" as it\nis called; this hooking up by the sharp barbs of his live flesh from\nthe back; this it is that often torments the Leviathan into soon rising\nagain to meet the sharp lance of his foes. Yet not to speak of the peril\nof the thing, it is to be doubted whether this course is always the\nbest; for it is but reasonable to presume, that the longer the stricken\nwhale stays under water, the more he is exhausted. Because, owing to the\nenormous surface of him--in a full grown sperm whale something less than\n2000 square feet--the pressure of the water is immense. We all know\nwhat an astonishing atmospheric weight we ourselves stand up under; even\nhere, above-ground, in the air; how vast, then, the burden of a whale,\nbearing on his back a column of two hundred fathoms of ocean! It must at\nleast equal the weight of fifty atmospheres. One whaleman has estimated\nit at the weight of twenty line-of-battle ships, with all their guns,\nand stores, and men on board.\n\nAs the three boats lay there on that gently rolling sea, gazing down\ninto its eternal blue noon; and as not a single groan or cry of any\nsort, nay, not so much as a ripple or a bubble came up from its depths;\nwhat landsman would have thought, that beneath all that silence and\nplacidity, the utmost monster of the seas was writhing and wrenching in\nagony! Not eight inches of perpendicular rope were visible at the bows.\nSeems it credible that by three such thin threads the great Leviathan\nwas suspended like the big weight to an eight day clock. Suspended? and\nto what? To three bits of board. Is this the creature of whom it was\nonce so triumphantly said--\"Canst thou fill his skin with barbed irons?\nor his head with fish-spears? The sword of him that layeth at him cannot\nhold, the spear, the dart, nor the habergeon: he esteemeth iron as\nstraw; the arrow cannot make him flee; darts are counted as stubble;\nhe laugheth at the shaking of a spear!\" This the creature? this he? Oh!\nthat unfulfilments should follow the prophets. For with the strength\nof a thousand thighs in his tail, Leviathan had run his head under the\nmountains of the sea, to hide him from the Pequod's fish-spears!\n\nIn that sloping afternoon sunlight, the shadows that the three boats\nsent down beneath the surface, must have been long enough and broad\nenough to shade half Xerxes' army. Who can tell how appalling to the\nwounded whale must have been such huge phantoms flitting over his head!\n\n\"Stand by, men; he stirs,\" cried Starbuck, as the three lines suddenly\nvibrated in the water, distinctly conducting upwards to them, as by\nmagnetic wires, the life and death throbs of the whale, so that every\noarsman felt them in his seat. The next moment, relieved in great part\nfrom the downward strain at the bows, the boats gave a sudden bounce\nupwards, as a small icefield will, when a dense herd of white bears are\nscared from it into the sea.\n\n\"Haul in! Haul in!\" cried Starbuck again; \"he's rising.\"\n\nThe lines, of which, hardly an instant before, not one hand's breadth\ncould have been gained, were now in long quick coils flung back all\ndripping into the boats, and soon the whale broke water within two\nship's lengths of the hunters.\n\nHis motions plainly denoted his extreme exhaustion. In most land animals\nthere are certain valves or flood-gates in many of their veins, whereby\nwhen wounded, the blood is in some degree at least instantly shut off in\ncertain directions. Not so with the whale; one of whose peculiarities\nit is to have an entire non-valvular structure of the blood-vessels, so\nthat when pierced even by so small a point as a harpoon, a deadly\ndrain is at once begun upon his whole arterial system; and when this is\nheightened by the extraordinary pressure of water at a great distance\nbelow the surface, his life may be said to pour from him in incessant\nstreams. Yet so vast is the quantity of blood in him, and so distant\nand numerous its interior fountains, that he will keep thus bleeding and\nbleeding for a considerable period; even as in a drought a river will\nflow, whose source is in the well-springs of far-off and undiscernible\nhills. Even now, when the boats pulled upon this whale, and perilously\ndrew over his swaying flukes, and the lances were darted into him,\nthey were followed by steady jets from the new made wound, which kept\ncontinually playing, while the natural spout-hole in his head was only\nat intervals, however rapid, sending its affrighted moisture into the\nair. From this last vent no blood yet came, because no vital part of him\nhad thus far been struck. His life, as they significantly call it, was\nuntouched.\n\nAs the boats now more closely surrounded him, the whole upper part of\nhis form, with much of it that is ordinarily submerged, was plainly\nrevealed. His eyes, or rather the places where his eyes had been, were\nbeheld. As strange misgrown masses gather in the knot-holes of the\nnoblest oaks when prostrate, so from the points which the whale's eyes\nhad once occupied, now protruded blind bulbs, horribly pitiable to see.\nBut pity there was none. For all his old age, and his one arm, and his\nblind eyes, he must die the death and be murdered, in order to light the\ngay bridals and other merry-makings of men, and also to illuminate the\nsolemn churches that preach unconditional inoffensiveness by all to all.\nStill rolling in his blood, at last he partially disclosed a strangely\ndiscoloured bunch or protuberance, the size of a bushel, low down on the\nflank.\n\n\"A nice spot,\" cried Flask; \"just let me prick him there once.\"\n\n\"Avast!\" cried Starbuck, \"there's no need of that!\"\n\nBut humane Starbuck was too late. At the instant of the dart an\nulcerous jet shot from this cruel wound, and goaded by it into more than\nsufferable anguish, the whale now spouting thick blood, with swift fury\nblindly darted at the craft, bespattering them and their glorying crews\nall over with showers of gore, capsizing Flask's boat and marring the\nbows. It was his death stroke. For, by this time, so spent was he by\nloss of blood, that he helplessly rolled away from the wreck he had\nmade; lay panting on his side, impotently flapped with his stumped fin,\nthen over and over slowly revolved like a waning world; turned up\nthe white secrets of his belly; lay like a log, and died. It was most\npiteous, that last expiring spout. As when by unseen hands the water\nis gradually drawn off from some mighty fountain, and with half-stifled\nmelancholy gurglings the spray-column lowers and lowers to the\nground--so the last long dying spout of the whale.\n\nSoon, while the crews were awaiting the arrival of the ship, the body\nshowed symptoms of sinking with all its treasures unrifled. Immediately,\nby Starbuck's orders, lines were secured to it at different points, so\nthat ere long every boat was a buoy; the sunken whale being suspended a\nfew inches beneath them by the cords. By very heedful management, when\nthe ship drew nigh, the whale was transferred to her side, and was\nstrongly secured there by the stiffest fluke-chains, for it was plain\nthat unless artificially upheld, the body would at once sink to the\nbottom.\n\nIt so chanced that almost upon first cutting into him with the spade,\nthe entire length of a corroded harpoon was found imbedded in his flesh,\non the lower part of the bunch before described. But as the stumps of\nharpoons are frequently found in the dead bodies of captured whales,\nwith the flesh perfectly healed around them, and no prominence of any\nkind to denote their place; therefore, there must needs have been\nsome other unknown reason in the present case fully to account for\nthe ulceration alluded to. But still more curious was the fact of a\nlance-head of stone being found in him, not far from the buried iron,\nthe flesh perfectly firm about it. Who had darted that stone lance? And\nwhen? It might have been darted by some Nor' West Indian long before\nAmerica was discovered.\n\nWhat other marvels might have been rummaged out of this monstrous\ncabinet there is no telling. But a sudden stop was put to further\ndiscoveries, by the ship's being unprecedentedly dragged over sideways\nto the sea, owing to the body's immensely increasing tendency to sink.\nHowever, Starbuck, who had the ordering of affairs, hung on to it to the\nlast; hung on to it so resolutely, indeed, that when at length the ship\nwould have been capsized, if still persisting in locking arms with the\nbody; then, when the command was given to break clear from it, such was\nthe immovable strain upon the timber-heads to which the fluke-chains and\ncables were fastened, that it was impossible to cast them off. Meantime\neverything in the Pequod was aslant. To cross to the other side of the\ndeck was like walking up the steep gabled roof of a house. The ship\ngroaned and gasped. Many of the ivory inlayings of her bulwarks and\ncabins were started from their places, by the unnatural dislocation.\nIn vain handspikes and crows were brought to bear upon the immovable\nfluke-chains, to pry them adrift from the timberheads; and so low\nhad the whale now settled that the submerged ends could not be at all\napproached, while every moment whole tons of ponderosity seemed added to\nthe sinking bulk, and the ship seemed on the point of going over.\n\n\"Hold on, hold on, won't ye?\" cried Stubb to the body, \"don't be in such\na devil of a hurry to sink! By thunder, men, we must do something or go\nfor it. No use prying there; avast, I say with your handspikes, and run\none of ye for a prayer book and a pen-knife, and cut the big chains.\"\n\n\"Knife? Aye, aye,\" cried Queequeg, and seizing the carpenter's heavy\nhatchet, he leaned out of a porthole, and steel to iron, began slashing\nat the largest fluke-chains. But a few strokes, full of sparks, were\ngiven, when the exceeding strain effected the rest. With a terrific\nsnap, every fastening went adrift; the ship righted, the carcase sank.\n\nNow, this occasional inevitable sinking of the recently killed Sperm\nWhale is a very curious thing; nor has any fisherman yet adequately\naccounted for it. Usually the dead Sperm Whale floats with great\nbuoyancy, with its side or belly considerably elevated above the\nsurface. If the only whales that thus sank were old, meagre, and\nbroken-hearted creatures, their pads of lard diminished and all their\nbones heavy and rheumatic; then you might with some reason assert that\nthis sinking is caused by an uncommon specific gravity in the fish so\nsinking, consequent upon this absence of buoyant matter in him. But it\nis not so. For young whales, in the highest health, and swelling with\nnoble aspirations, prematurely cut off in the warm flush and May of\nlife, with all their panting lard about them; even these brawny, buoyant\nheroes do sometimes sink.\n\nBe it said, however, that the Sperm Whale is far less liable to this\naccident than any other species. Where one of that sort go down, twenty\nRight Whales do. This difference in the species is no doubt imputable in\nno small degree to the greater quantity of bone in the Right Whale;\nhis Venetian blinds alone sometimes weighing more than a ton; from this\nincumbrance the Sperm Whale is wholly free. But there are instances\nwhere, after the lapse of many hours or several days, the sunken whale\nagain rises, more buoyant than in life. But the reason of this\nis obvious. Gases are generated in him; he swells to a prodigious\nmagnitude; becomes a sort of animal balloon. A line-of-battle ship could\nhardly keep him under then. In the Shore Whaling, on soundings, among\nthe Bays of New Zealand, when a Right Whale gives token of sinking, they\nfasten buoys to him, with plenty of rope; so that when the body has gone\ndown, they know where to look for it when it shall have ascended again.\n\nIt was not long after the sinking of the body that a cry was heard from\nthe Pequod's mast-heads, announcing that the Jungfrau was again lowering\nher boats; though the only spout in sight was that of a Fin-Back,\nbelonging to the species of uncapturable whales, because of its\nincredible power of swimming. Nevertheless, the Fin-Back's spout is so\nsimilar to the Sperm Whale's, that by unskilful fishermen it is often\nmistaken for it. And consequently Derick and all his host were now in\nvaliant chase of this unnearable brute. The Virgin crowding all sail,\nmade after her four young keels, and thus they all disappeared far to\nleeward, still in bold, hopeful chase.\n\nOh! many are the Fin-Backs, and many are the Dericks, my friend.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 82. The Honour and Glory of Whaling.\n\n\nThere are some enterprises in which a careful disorderliness is the true\nmethod.\n\nThe more I dive into this matter of whaling, and push my researches up\nto the very spring-head of it so much the more am I impressed with its\ngreat honourableness and antiquity; and especially when I find so many\ngreat demi-gods and heroes, prophets of all sorts, who one way or other\nhave shed distinction upon it, I am transported with the reflection\nthat I myself belong, though but subordinately, to so emblazoned a\nfraternity.\n\nThe gallant Perseus, a son of Jupiter, was the first whaleman; and\nto the eternal honour of our calling be it said, that the first whale\nattacked by our brotherhood was not killed with any sordid intent. Those\nwere the knightly days of our profession, when we only bore arms to\nsuccor the distressed, and not to fill men's lamp-feeders. Every one\nknows the fine story of Perseus and Andromeda; how the lovely Andromeda,\nthe daughter of a king, was tied to a rock on the sea-coast, and as\nLeviathan was in the very act of carrying her off, Perseus, the prince\nof whalemen, intrepidly advancing, harpooned the monster, and delivered\nand married the maid. It was an admirable artistic exploit, rarely\nachieved by the best harpooneers of the present day; inasmuch as this\nLeviathan was slain at the very first dart. And let no man doubt this\nArkite story; for in the ancient Joppa, now Jaffa, on the Syrian coast,\nin one of the Pagan temples, there stood for many ages the vast skeleton\nof a whale, which the city's legends and all the inhabitants asserted to\nbe the identical bones of the monster that Perseus slew. When the Romans\ntook Joppa, the same skeleton was carried to Italy in triumph. What\nseems most singular and suggestively important in this story, is this:\nit was from Joppa that Jonah set sail.\n\nAkin to the adventure of Perseus and Andromeda--indeed, by some supposed\nto be indirectly derived from it--is that famous story of St. George and\nthe Dragon; which dragon I maintain to have been a whale; for in many\nold chronicles whales and dragons are strangely jumbled together, and\noften stand for each other. \"Thou art as a lion of the waters, and as a\ndragon of the sea,\" saith Ezekiel; hereby, plainly meaning a whale;\nin truth, some versions of the Bible use that word itself. Besides, it\nwould much subtract from the glory of the exploit had St. George but\nencountered a crawling reptile of the land, instead of doing battle\nwith the great monster of the deep. Any man may kill a snake, but only a\nPerseus, a St. George, a Coffin, have the heart in them to march boldly\nup to a whale.\n\nLet not the modern paintings of this scene mislead us; for though\nthe creature encountered by that valiant whaleman of old is vaguely\nrepresented of a griffin-like shape, and though the battle is depicted\non land and the saint on horseback, yet considering the great ignorance\nof those times, when the true form of the whale was unknown to artists;\nand considering that as in Perseus' case, St. George's whale might have\ncrawled up out of the sea on the beach; and considering that the animal\nridden by St. George might have been only a large seal, or sea-horse;\nbearing all this in mind, it will not appear altogether incompatible\nwith the sacred legend and the ancientest draughts of the scene, to\nhold this so-called dragon no other than the great Leviathan himself. In\nfact, placed before the strict and piercing truth, this whole story will\nfare like that fish, flesh, and fowl idol of the Philistines, Dagon by\nname; who being planted before the ark of Israel, his horse's head and\nboth the palms of his hands fell off from him, and only the stump or\nfishy part of him remained. Thus, then, one of our own noble stamp, even\na whaleman, is the tutelary guardian of England; and by good rights, we\nharpooneers of Nantucket should be enrolled in the most noble order\nof St. George. And therefore, let not the knights of that honourable\ncompany (none of whom, I venture to say, have ever had to do with a\nwhale like their great patron), let them never eye a Nantucketer with\ndisdain, since even in our woollen frocks and tarred trowsers we are\nmuch better entitled to St. George's decoration than they.\n\nWhether to admit Hercules among us or not, concerning this I long\nremained dubious: for though according to the Greek mythologies, that\nantique Crockett and Kit Carson--that brawny doer of rejoicing good\ndeeds, was swallowed down and thrown up by a whale; still, whether\nthat strictly makes a whaleman of him, that might be mooted. It nowhere\nappears that he ever actually harpooned his fish, unless, indeed,\nfrom the inside. Nevertheless, he may be deemed a sort of involuntary\nwhaleman; at any rate the whale caught him, if he did not the whale. I\nclaim him for one of our clan.\n\nBut, by the best contradictory authorities, this Grecian story of\nHercules and the whale is considered to be derived from the still more\nancient Hebrew story of Jonah and the whale; and vice versa; certainly\nthey are very similar. If I claim the demigod then, why not the prophet?\n\nNor do heroes, saints, demigods, and prophets alone comprise the whole\nroll of our order. Our grand master is still to be named; for like royal\nkings of old times, we find the head waters of our fraternity in nothing\nshort of the great gods themselves. That wondrous oriental story is now\nto be rehearsed from the Shaster, which gives us the dread Vishnoo, one\nof the three persons in the godhead of the Hindoos; gives us this divine\nVishnoo himself for our Lord;--Vishnoo, who, by the first of his ten\nearthly incarnations, has for ever set apart and sanctified the whale.\nWhen Brahma, or the God of Gods, saith the Shaster, resolved to recreate\nthe world after one of its periodical dissolutions, he gave birth to\nVishnoo, to preside over the work; but the Vedas, or mystical books,\nwhose perusal would seem to have been indispensable to Vishnoo before\nbeginning the creation, and which therefore must have contained\nsomething in the shape of practical hints to young architects, these\nVedas were lying at the bottom of the waters; so Vishnoo became\nincarnate in a whale, and sounding down in him to the uttermost depths,\nrescued the sacred volumes. Was not this Vishnoo a whaleman, then? even\nas a man who rides a horse is called a horseman?\n\nPerseus, St. George, Hercules, Jonah, and Vishnoo! there's a member-roll\nfor you! What club but the whaleman's can head off like that?\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 83. Jonah Historically Regarded.\n\n\nReference was made to the historical story of Jonah and the whale in the\npreceding chapter. Now some Nantucketers rather distrust this historical\nstory of Jonah and the whale. But then there were some sceptical Greeks\nand Romans, who, standing out from the orthodox pagans of their times,\nequally doubted the story of Hercules and the whale, and Arion and the\ndolphin; and yet their doubting those traditions did not make those\ntraditions one whit the less facts, for all that.\n\nOne old Sag-Harbor whaleman's chief reason for questioning the Hebrew\nstory was this:--He had one of those quaint old-fashioned Bibles,\nembellished with curious, unscientific plates; one of which represented\nJonah's whale with two spouts in his head--a peculiarity only true\nwith respect to a species of the Leviathan (the Right Whale, and the\nvarieties of that order), concerning which the fishermen have this\nsaying, \"A penny roll would choke him\"; his swallow is so very small.\nBut, to this, Bishop Jebb's anticipative answer is ready. It is not\nnecessary, hints the Bishop, that we consider Jonah as tombed in the\nwhale's belly, but as temporarily lodged in some part of his mouth. And\nthis seems reasonable enough in the good Bishop. For truly, the\nRight Whale's mouth would accommodate a couple of whist-tables, and\ncomfortably seat all the players. Possibly, too, Jonah might have\nensconced himself in a hollow tooth; but, on second thoughts, the Right\nWhale is toothless.\n\nAnother reason which Sag-Harbor (he went by that name) urged for his\nwant of faith in this matter of the prophet, was something obscurely in\nreference to his incarcerated body and the whale's gastric juices. But\nthis objection likewise falls to the ground, because a German exegetist\nsupposes that Jonah must have taken refuge in the floating body of a\nDEAD whale--even as the French soldiers in the Russian campaign turned\ntheir dead horses into tents, and crawled into them. Besides, it has\nbeen divined by other continental commentators, that when Jonah was\nthrown overboard from the Joppa ship, he straightway effected his escape\nto another vessel near by, some vessel with a whale for a figure-head;\nand, I would add, possibly called \"The Whale,\" as some craft are\nnowadays christened the \"Shark,\" the \"Gull,\" the \"Eagle.\" Nor have there\nbeen wanting learned exegetists who have opined that the whale mentioned\nin the book of Jonah merely meant a life-preserver--an inflated bag\nof wind--which the endangered prophet swam to, and so was saved from a\nwatery doom. Poor Sag-Harbor, therefore, seems worsted all round. But\nhe had still another reason for his want of faith. It was this, if I\nremember right: Jonah was swallowed by the whale in the Mediterranean\nSea, and after three days he was vomited up somewhere within three days'\njourney of Nineveh, a city on the Tigris, very much more than three\ndays' journey across from the nearest point of the Mediterranean coast.\nHow is that?\n\nBut was there no other way for the whale to land the prophet within that\nshort distance of Nineveh? Yes. He might have carried him round by the\nway of the Cape of Good Hope. But not to speak of the passage through\nthe whole length of the Mediterranean, and another passage up the\nPersian Gulf and Red Sea, such a supposition would involve the complete\ncircumnavigation of all Africa in three days, not to speak of the Tigris\nwaters, near the site of Nineveh, being too shallow for any whale to\nswim in. Besides, this idea of Jonah's weathering the Cape of Good Hope\nat so early a day would wrest the honour of the discovery of that great\nheadland from Bartholomew Diaz, its reputed discoverer, and so make\nmodern history a liar.\n\nBut all these foolish arguments of old Sag-Harbor only evinced his\nfoolish pride of reason--a thing still more reprehensible in him, seeing\nthat he had but little learning except what he had picked up from the\nsun and the sea. I say it only shows his foolish, impious pride, and\nabominable, devilish rebellion against the reverend clergy. For by a\nPortuguese Catholic priest, this very idea of Jonah's going to Nineveh\nvia the Cape of Good Hope was advanced as a signal magnification of\nthe general miracle. And so it was. Besides, to this day, the highly\nenlightened Turks devoutly believe in the historical story of Jonah. And\nsome three centuries ago, an English traveller in old Harris's Voyages,\nspeaks of a Turkish Mosque built in honour of Jonah, in which Mosque was\na miraculous lamp that burnt without any oil.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 84. Pitchpoling.\n\n\nTo make them run easily and swiftly, the axles of carriages are\nanointed; and for much the same purpose, some whalers perform an\nanalogous operation upon their boat; they grease the bottom. Nor is it\nto be doubted that as such a procedure can do no harm, it may possibly\nbe of no contemptible advantage; considering that oil and water are\nhostile; that oil is a sliding thing, and that the object in view is to\nmake the boat slide bravely. Queequeg believed strongly in anointing\nhis boat, and one morning not long after the German ship Jungfrau\ndisappeared, took more than customary pains in that occupation; crawling\nunder its bottom, where it hung over the side, and rubbing in the\nunctuousness as though diligently seeking to insure a crop of hair from\nthe craft's bald keel. He seemed to be working in obedience to some\nparticular presentiment. Nor did it remain unwarranted by the event.\n\nTowards noon whales were raised; but so soon as the ship sailed down to\nthem, they turned and fled with swift precipitancy; a disordered flight,\nas of Cleopatra's barges from Actium.\n\nNevertheless, the boats pursued, and Stubb's was foremost. By great\nexertion, Tashtego at last succeeded in planting one iron; but the\nstricken whale, without at all sounding, still continued his horizontal\nflight, with added fleetness. Such unintermitted strainings upon the\nplanted iron must sooner or later inevitably extract it. It became\nimperative to lance the flying whale, or be content to lose him. But\nto haul the boat up to his flank was impossible, he swam so fast and\nfurious. What then remained?\n\nOf all the wondrous devices and dexterities, the sleights of hand and\ncountless subtleties, to which the veteran whaleman is so often forced,\nnone exceed that fine manoeuvre with the lance called pitchpoling. Small\nsword, or broad sword, in all its exercises boasts nothing like it. It\nis only indispensable with an inveterate running whale; its grand\nfact and feature is the wonderful distance to which the long lance is\naccurately darted from a violently rocking, jerking boat, under extreme\nheadway. Steel and wood included, the entire spear is some ten or twelve\nfeet in length; the staff is much slighter than that of the harpoon,\nand also of a lighter material--pine. It is furnished with a small rope\ncalled a warp, of considerable length, by which it can be hauled back to\nthe hand after darting.\n\nBut before going further, it is important to mention here, that though\nthe harpoon may be pitchpoled in the same way with the lance, yet it\nis seldom done; and when done, is still less frequently successful,\non account of the greater weight and inferior length of the harpoon as\ncompared with the lance, which in effect become serious drawbacks. As a\ngeneral thing, therefore, you must first get fast to a whale, before any\npitchpoling comes into play.\n\nLook now at Stubb; a man who from his humorous, deliberate coolness and\nequanimity in the direst emergencies, was specially qualified to excel\nin pitchpoling. Look at him; he stands upright in the tossed bow of the\nflying boat; wrapt in fleecy foam, the towing whale is forty feet ahead.\nHandling the long lance lightly, glancing twice or thrice along its\nlength to see if it be exactly straight, Stubb whistlingly gathers up\nthe coil of the warp in one hand, so as to secure its free end in his\ngrasp, leaving the rest unobstructed. Then holding the lance full before\nhis waistband's middle, he levels it at the whale; when, covering\nhim with it, he steadily depresses the butt-end in his hand, thereby\nelevating the point till the weapon stands fairly balanced upon his\npalm, fifteen feet in the air. He minds you somewhat of a juggler,\nbalancing a long staff on his chin. Next moment with a rapid, nameless\nimpulse, in a superb lofty arch the bright steel spans the foaming\ndistance, and quivers in the life spot of the whale. Instead of\nsparkling water, he now spouts red blood.\n\n\"That drove the spigot out of him!\" cried Stubb. \"'Tis July's immortal\nFourth; all fountains must run wine today! Would now, it were old\nOrleans whiskey, or old Ohio, or unspeakable old Monongahela! Then,\nTashtego, lad, I'd have ye hold a canakin to the jet, and we'd drink\nround it! Yea, verily, hearts alive, we'd brew choice punch in the\nspread of his spout-hole there, and from that live punch-bowl quaff the\nliving stuff.\"\n\nAgain and again to such gamesome talk, the dexterous dart is repeated,\nthe spear returning to its master like a greyhound held in skilful\nleash. The agonized whale goes into his flurry; the tow-line is\nslackened, and the pitchpoler dropping astern, folds his hands, and\nmutely watches the monster die.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 85. The Fountain.\n\n\nThat for six thousand years--and no one knows how many millions of ages\nbefore--the great whales should have been spouting all over the sea,\nand sprinkling and mistifying the gardens of the deep, as with so\nmany sprinkling or mistifying pots; and that for some centuries back,\nthousands of hunters should have been close by the fountain of the\nwhale, watching these sprinklings and spoutings--that all this should\nbe, and yet, that down to this blessed minute (fifteen and a quarter\nminutes past one o'clock P.M. of this sixteenth day of December, A.D.\n1851), it should still remain a problem, whether these spoutings\nare, after all, really water, or nothing but vapour--this is surely a\nnoteworthy thing.\n\nLet us, then, look at this matter, along with some interesting items\ncontingent. Every one knows that by the peculiar cunning of their\ngills, the finny tribes in general breathe the air which at all times is\ncombined with the element in which they swim; hence, a herring or a cod\nmight live a century, and never once raise its head above the surface.\nBut owing to his marked internal structure which gives him regular\nlungs, like a human being's, the whale can only live by inhaling the\ndisengaged air in the open atmosphere. Wherefore the necessity for\nhis periodical visits to the upper world. But he cannot in any degree\nbreathe through his mouth, for, in his ordinary attitude, the Sperm\nWhale's mouth is buried at least eight feet beneath the surface; and\nwhat is still more, his windpipe has no connexion with his mouth. No, he\nbreathes through his spiracle alone; and this is on the top of his head.\n\nIf I say, that in any creature breathing is only a function\nindispensable to vitality, inasmuch as it withdraws from the air a\ncertain element, which being subsequently brought into contact with the\nblood imparts to the blood its vivifying principle, I do not think I\nshall err; though I may possibly use some superfluous scientific words.\nAssume it, and it follows that if all the blood in a man could be\naerated with one breath, he might then seal up his nostrils and not\nfetch another for a considerable time. That is to say, he would then\nlive without breathing. Anomalous as it may seem, this is precisely the\ncase with the whale, who systematically lives, by intervals, his full\nhour and more (when at the bottom) without drawing a single breath, or\nso much as in any way inhaling a particle of air; for, remember, he has\nno gills. How is this? Between his ribs and on each side of his spine\nhe is supplied with a remarkable involved Cretan labyrinth of\nvermicelli-like vessels, which vessels, when he quits the surface, are\ncompletely distended with oxygenated blood. So that for an hour or more,\na thousand fathoms in the sea, he carries a surplus stock of vitality in\nhim, just as the camel crossing the waterless desert carries a surplus\nsupply of drink for future use in its four supplementary stomachs.\nThe anatomical fact of this labyrinth is indisputable; and that the\nsupposition founded upon it is reasonable and true, seems the more\ncogent to me, when I consider the otherwise inexplicable obstinacy of\nthat leviathan in HAVING HIS SPOUTINGS OUT, as the fishermen phrase\nit. This is what I mean. If unmolested, upon rising to the surface, the\nSperm Whale will continue there for a period of time exactly uniform\nwith all his other unmolested risings. Say he stays eleven minutes, and\njets seventy times, that is, respires seventy breaths; then whenever he\nrises again, he will be sure to have his seventy breaths over again, to\na minute. Now, if after he fetches a few breaths you alarm him, so that\nhe sounds, he will be always dodging up again to make good his regular\nallowance of air. And not till those seventy breaths are told, will he\nfinally go down to stay out his full term below. Remark, however, that\nin different individuals these rates are different; but in any one\nthey are alike. Now, why should the whale thus insist upon having his\nspoutings out, unless it be to replenish his reservoir of air, ere\ndescending for good? How obvious is it, too, that this necessity for the\nwhale's rising exposes him to all the fatal hazards of the chase. For\nnot by hook or by net could this vast leviathan be caught, when sailing\na thousand fathoms beneath the sunlight. Not so much thy skill, then, O\nhunter, as the great necessities that strike the victory to thee!\n\nIn man, breathing is incessantly going on--one breath only serving\nfor two or three pulsations; so that whatever other business he has to\nattend to, waking or sleeping, breathe he must, or die he will. But the\nSperm Whale only breathes about one seventh or Sunday of his time.\n\nIt has been said that the whale only breathes through his spout-hole; if\nit could truthfully be added that his spouts are mixed with water, then\nI opine we should be furnished with the reason why his sense of smell\nseems obliterated in him; for the only thing about him that at all\nanswers to his nose is that identical spout-hole; and being so clogged\nwith two elements, it could not be expected to have the power of\nsmelling. But owing to the mystery of the spout--whether it be water or\nwhether it be vapour--no absolute certainty can as yet be arrived at on\nthis head. Sure it is, nevertheless, that the Sperm Whale has no proper\nolfactories. But what does he want of them? No roses, no violets, no\nCologne-water in the sea.\n\nFurthermore, as his windpipe solely opens into the tube of his spouting\ncanal, and as that long canal--like the grand Erie Canal--is furnished\nwith a sort of locks (that open and shut) for the downward retention of\nair or the upward exclusion of water, therefore the whale has no voice;\nunless you insult him by saying, that when he so strangely rumbles,\nhe talks through his nose. But then again, what has the whale to say?\nSeldom have I known any profound being that had anything to say to\nthis world, unless forced to stammer out something by way of getting a\nliving. Oh! happy that the world is such an excellent listener!\n\nNow, the spouting canal of the Sperm Whale, chiefly intended as it\nis for the conveyance of air, and for several feet laid along,\nhorizontally, just beneath the upper surface of his head, and a little\nto one side; this curious canal is very much like a gas-pipe laid down\nin a city on one side of a street. But the question returns whether this\ngas-pipe is also a water-pipe; in other words, whether the spout of the\nSperm Whale is the mere vapour of the exhaled breath, or whether that\nexhaled breath is mixed with water taken in at the mouth, and\ndischarged through the spiracle. It is certain that the mouth indirectly\ncommunicates with the spouting canal; but it cannot be proved that this\nis for the purpose of discharging water through the spiracle. Because\nthe greatest necessity for so doing would seem to be, when in feeding he\naccidentally takes in water. But the Sperm Whale's food is far beneath\nthe surface, and there he cannot spout even if he would. Besides, if\nyou regard him very closely, and time him with your watch, you will find\nthat when unmolested, there is an undeviating rhyme between the periods\nof his jets and the ordinary periods of respiration.\n\nBut why pester one with all this reasoning on the subject? Speak out!\nYou have seen him spout; then declare what the spout is; can you not\ntell water from air? My dear sir, in this world it is not so easy to\nsettle these plain things. I have ever found your plain things the\nknottiest of all. And as for this whale spout, you might almost stand in\nit, and yet be undecided as to what it is precisely.\n\nThe central body of it is hidden in the snowy sparkling mist enveloping\nit; and how can you certainly tell whether any water falls from it,\nwhen, always, when you are close enough to a whale to get a close view\nof his spout, he is in a prodigious commotion, the water cascading\nall around him. And if at such times you should think that you really\nperceived drops of moisture in the spout, how do you know that they are\nnot merely condensed from its vapour; or how do you know that they\nare not those identical drops superficially lodged in the spout-hole\nfissure, which is countersunk into the summit of the whale's head? For\neven when tranquilly swimming through the mid-day sea in a calm, with\nhis elevated hump sun-dried as a dromedary's in the desert; even then,\nthe whale always carries a small basin of water on his head, as under\na blazing sun you will sometimes see a cavity in a rock filled up with\nrain.\n\nNor is it at all prudent for the hunter to be over curious touching the\nprecise nature of the whale spout. It will not do for him to be peering\ninto it, and putting his face in it. You cannot go with your pitcher to\nthis fountain and fill it, and bring it away. For even when coming into\nslight contact with the outer, vapoury shreds of the jet, which will\noften happen, your skin will feverishly smart, from the acridness of\nthe thing so touching it. And I know one, who coming into still closer\ncontact with the spout, whether with some scientific object in view,\nor otherwise, I cannot say, the skin peeled off from his cheek and arm.\nWherefore, among whalemen, the spout is deemed poisonous; they try to\nevade it. Another thing; I have heard it said, and I do not much doubt\nit, that if the jet is fairly spouted into your eyes, it will blind you.\nThe wisest thing the investigator can do then, it seems to me, is to let\nthis deadly spout alone.\n\nStill, we can hypothesize, even if we cannot prove and establish. My\nhypothesis is this: that the spout is nothing but mist. And besides\nother reasons, to this conclusion I am impelled, by considerations\ntouching the great inherent dignity and sublimity of the Sperm Whale;\nI account him no common, shallow being, inasmuch as it is an undisputed\nfact that he is never found on soundings, or near shores; all other\nwhales sometimes are. He is both ponderous and profound. And I am\nconvinced that from the heads of all ponderous profound beings, such as\nPlato, Pyrrho, the Devil, Jupiter, Dante, and so on, there always goes\nup a certain semi-visible steam, while in the act of thinking deep\nthoughts. While composing a little treatise on Eternity, I had the\ncuriosity to place a mirror before me; and ere long saw reflected there,\na curious involved worming and undulation in the atmosphere over my\nhead. The invariable moisture of my hair, while plunged in deep thought,\nafter six cups of hot tea in my thin shingled attic, of an August noon;\nthis seems an additional argument for the above supposition.\n\nAnd how nobly it raises our conceit of the mighty, misty monster, to\nbehold him solemnly sailing through a calm tropical sea; his vast, mild\nhead overhung by a canopy of vapour, engendered by his incommunicable\ncontemplations, and that vapour--as you will sometimes see it--glorified\nby a rainbow, as if Heaven itself had put its seal upon his thoughts.\nFor, d'ye see, rainbows do not visit the clear air; they only irradiate\nvapour. And so, through all the thick mists of the dim doubts in my\nmind, divine intuitions now and then shoot, enkindling my fog with a\nheavenly ray. And for this I thank God; for all have doubts; many deny;\nbut doubts or denials, few along with them, have intuitions. Doubts\nof all things earthly, and intuitions of some things heavenly; this\ncombination makes neither believer nor infidel, but makes a man who\nregards them both with equal eye.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 86. The Tail.\n\n\nOther poets have warbled the praises of the soft eye of the antelope,\nand the lovely plumage of the bird that never alights; less celestial, I\ncelebrate a tail.\n\nReckoning the largest sized Sperm Whale's tail to begin at that point of\nthe trunk where it tapers to about the girth of a man, it comprises\nupon its upper surface alone, an area of at least fifty square feet. The\ncompact round body of its root expands into two broad, firm, flat palms\nor flukes, gradually shoaling away to less than an inch in thickness.\nAt the crotch or junction, these flukes slightly overlap, then sideways\nrecede from each other like wings, leaving a wide vacancy between. In\nno living thing are the lines of beauty more exquisitely defined than in\nthe crescentic borders of these flukes. At its utmost expansion in the\nfull grown whale, the tail will considerably exceed twenty feet across.\n\nThe entire member seems a dense webbed bed of welded sinews; but cut\ninto it, and you find that three distinct strata compose it:--upper,\nmiddle, and lower. The fibres in the upper and lower layers, are\nlong and horizontal; those of the middle one, very short, and running\ncrosswise between the outside layers. This triune structure, as much as\nanything else, imparts power to the tail. To the student of old Roman\nwalls, the middle layer will furnish a curious parallel to the thin\ncourse of tiles always alternating with the stone in those wonderful\nrelics of the antique, and which undoubtedly contribute so much to the\ngreat strength of the masonry.\n\nBut as if this vast local power in the tendinous tail were not enough,\nthe whole bulk of the leviathan is knit over with a warp and woof of\nmuscular fibres and filaments, which passing on either side the loins\nand running down into the flukes, insensibly blend with them, and\nlargely contribute to their might; so that in the tail the confluent\nmeasureless force of the whole whale seems concentrated to a point.\nCould annihilation occur to matter, this were the thing to do it.\n\nNor does this--its amazing strength, at all tend to cripple the graceful\nflexion of its motions; where infantileness of ease undulates through\na Titanism of power. On the contrary, those motions derive their most\nappalling beauty from it. Real strength never impairs beauty or harmony,\nbut it often bestows it; and in everything imposingly beautiful,\nstrength has much to do with the magic. Take away the tied tendons that\nall over seem bursting from the marble in the carved Hercules, and its\ncharm would be gone. As devout Eckerman lifted the linen sheet from the\nnaked corpse of Goethe, he was overwhelmed with the massive chest of the\nman, that seemed as a Roman triumphal arch. When Angelo paints even God\nthe Father in human form, mark what robustness is there. And whatever\nthey may reveal of the divine love in the Son, the soft, curled,\nhermaphroditical Italian pictures, in which his idea has been most\nsuccessfully embodied; these pictures, so destitute as they are of all\nbrawniness, hint nothing of any power, but the mere negative, feminine\none of submission and endurance, which on all hands it is conceded, form\nthe peculiar practical virtues of his teachings.\n\nSuch is the subtle elasticity of the organ I treat of, that whether\nwielded in sport, or in earnest, or in anger, whatever be the mood it\nbe in, its flexions are invariably marked by exceeding grace. Therein no\nfairy's arm can transcend it.\n\nFive great motions are peculiar to it. First, when used as a fin for\nprogression; Second, when used as a mace in battle; Third, in sweeping;\nFourth, in lobtailing; Fifth, in peaking flukes.\n\nFirst: Being horizontal in its position, the Leviathan's tail acts in\na different manner from the tails of all other sea creatures. It never\nwriggles. In man or fish, wriggling is a sign of inferiority. To the\nwhale, his tail is the sole means of propulsion. Scroll-wise coiled\nforwards beneath the body, and then rapidly sprung backwards, it is this\nwhich gives that singular darting, leaping motion to the monster when\nfuriously swimming. His side-fins only serve to steer by.\n\nSecond: It is a little significant, that while one sperm whale only\nfights another sperm whale with his head and jaw, nevertheless, in his\nconflicts with man, he chiefly and contemptuously uses his tail. In\nstriking at a boat, he swiftly curves away his flukes from it, and the\nblow is only inflicted by the recoil. If it be made in the unobstructed\nair, especially if it descend to its mark, the stroke is then simply\nirresistible. No ribs of man or boat can withstand it. Your only\nsalvation lies in eluding it; but if it comes sideways through the\nopposing water, then partly owing to the light buoyancy of the whale\nboat, and the elasticity of its materials, a cracked rib or a dashed\nplank or two, a sort of stitch in the side, is generally the most\nserious result. These submerged side blows are so often received in the\nfishery, that they are accounted mere child's play. Some one strips off\na frock, and the hole is stopped.\n\nThird: I cannot demonstrate it, but it seems to me, that in the whale\nthe sense of touch is concentrated in the tail; for in this respect\nthere is a delicacy in it only equalled by the daintiness of the\nelephant's trunk. This delicacy is chiefly evinced in the action of\nsweeping, when in maidenly gentleness the whale with a certain soft\nslowness moves his immense flukes from side to side upon the surface\nof the sea; and if he feel but a sailor's whisker, woe to that sailor,\nwhiskers and all. What tenderness there is in that preliminary touch!\nHad this tail any prehensile power, I should straightway bethink me of\nDarmonodes' elephant that so frequented the flower-market, and with\nlow salutations presented nosegays to damsels, and then caressed their\nzones. On more accounts than one, a pity it is that the whale does not\npossess this prehensile virtue in his tail; for I have heard of yet\nanother elephant, that when wounded in the fight, curved round his trunk\nand extracted the dart.\n\nFourth: Stealing unawares upon the whale in the fancied security of the\nmiddle of solitary seas, you find him unbent from the vast corpulence\nof his dignity, and kitten-like, he plays on the ocean as if it were a\nhearth. But still you see his power in his play. The broad palms of\nhis tail are flirted high into the air; then smiting the surface, the\nthunderous concussion resounds for miles. You would almost think a great\ngun had been discharged; and if you noticed the light wreath of vapour\nfrom the spiracle at his other extremity, you would think that that was\nthe smoke from the touch-hole.\n\nFifth: As in the ordinary floating posture of the leviathan the flukes\nlie considerably below the level of his back, they are then completely\nout of sight beneath the surface; but when he is about to plunge into\nthe deeps, his entire flukes with at least thirty feet of his body are\ntossed erect in the air, and so remain vibrating a moment, till they\ndownwards shoot out of view. Excepting the sublime BREACH--somewhere\nelse to be described--this peaking of the whale's flukes is perhaps the\ngrandest sight to be seen in all animated nature. Out of the bottomless\nprofundities the gigantic tail seems spasmodically snatching at the\nhighest heaven. So in dreams, have I seen majestic Satan thrusting forth\nhis tormented colossal claw from the flame Baltic of Hell. But in\ngazing at such scenes, it is all in all what mood you are in; if in\nthe Dantean, the devils will occur to you; if in that of Isaiah, the\narchangels. Standing at the mast-head of my ship during a sunrise that\ncrimsoned sky and sea, I once saw a large herd of whales in the east,\nall heading towards the sun, and for a moment vibrating in concert with\npeaked flukes. As it seemed to me at the time, such a grand embodiment\nof adoration of the gods was never beheld, even in Persia, the home of\nthe fire worshippers. As Ptolemy Philopater testified of the African\nelephant, I then testified of the whale, pronouncing him the most devout\nof all beings. For according to King Juba, the military elephants of\nantiquity often hailed the morning with their trunks uplifted in the\nprofoundest silence.\n\nThe chance comparison in this chapter, between the whale and the\nelephant, so far as some aspects of the tail of the one and the trunk\nof the other are concerned, should not tend to place those two\nopposite organs on an equality, much less the creatures to which they\nrespectively belong. For as the mightiest elephant is but a terrier\nto Leviathan, so, compared with Leviathan's tail, his trunk is but the\nstalk of a lily. The most direful blow from the elephant's trunk were as\nthe playful tap of a fan, compared with the measureless crush and crash\nof the sperm whale's ponderous flukes, which in repeated instances have\none after the other hurled entire boats with all their oars and crews\ninto the air, very much as an Indian juggler tosses his balls.*\n\n\n*Though all comparison in the way of general bulk between the whale\nand the elephant is preposterous, inasmuch as in that particular the\nelephant stands in much the same respect to the whale that a dog does to\nthe elephant; nevertheless, there are not wanting some points of curious\nsimilitude; among these is the spout. It is well known that the elephant\nwill often draw up water or dust in his trunk, and then elevating it,\njet it forth in a stream.\n\n\nThe more I consider this mighty tail, the more do I deplore my inability\nto express it. At times there are gestures in it, which, though they\nwould well grace the hand of man, remain wholly inexplicable. In an\nextensive herd, so remarkable, occasionally, are these mystic gestures,\nthat I have heard hunters who have declared them akin to Free-Mason\nsigns and symbols; that the whale, indeed, by these methods\nintelligently conversed with the world. Nor are there wanting other\nmotions of the whale in his general body, full of strangeness, and\nunaccountable to his most experienced assailant. Dissect him how I may,\nthen, I but go skin deep; I know him not, and never will. But if I know\nnot even the tail of this whale, how understand his head? much more,\nhow comprehend his face, when face he has none? Thou shalt see my back\nparts, my tail, he seems to say, but my face shall not be seen. But I\ncannot completely make out his back parts; and hint what he will about\nhis face, I say again he has no face.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 87. The Grand Armada.\n\n\nThe long and narrow peninsula of Malacca, extending south-eastward from\nthe territories of Birmah, forms the most southerly point of all Asia.\nIn a continuous line from that peninsula stretch the long islands of\nSumatra, Java, Bally, and Timor; which, with many others, form a\nvast mole, or rampart, lengthwise connecting Asia with Australia,\nand dividing the long unbroken Indian ocean from the thickly studded\noriental archipelagoes. This rampart is pierced by several sally-ports\nfor the convenience of ships and whales; conspicuous among which are the\nstraits of Sunda and Malacca. By the straits of Sunda, chiefly, vessels\nbound to China from the west, emerge into the China seas.\n\nThose narrow straits of Sunda divide Sumatra from Java; and standing\nmidway in that vast rampart of islands, buttressed by that bold green\npromontory, known to seamen as Java Head; they not a little correspond\nto the central gateway opening into some vast walled empire: and\nconsidering the inexhaustible wealth of spices, and silks, and jewels,\nand gold, and ivory, with which the thousand islands of that oriental\nsea are enriched, it seems a significant provision of nature, that such\ntreasures, by the very formation of the land, should at least bear the\nappearance, however ineffectual, of being guarded from the all-grasping\nwestern world. The shores of the Straits of Sunda are unsupplied\nwith those domineering fortresses which guard the entrances to the\nMediterranean, the Baltic, and the Propontis. Unlike the Danes, these\nOrientals do not demand the obsequious homage of lowered top-sails from\nthe endless procession of ships before the wind, which for centuries\npast, by night and by day, have passed between the islands of Sumatra\nand Java, freighted with the costliest cargoes of the east. But while\nthey freely waive a ceremonial like this, they do by no means renounce\ntheir claim to more solid tribute.\n\nTime out of mind the piratical proas of the Malays, lurking among\nthe low shaded coves and islets of Sumatra, have sallied out upon the\nvessels sailing through the straits, fiercely demanding tribute at the\npoint of their spears. Though by the repeated bloody chastisements they\nhave received at the hands of European cruisers, the audacity of these\ncorsairs has of late been somewhat repressed; yet, even at the present\nday, we occasionally hear of English and American vessels, which, in\nthose waters, have been remorselessly boarded and pillaged.\n\nWith a fair, fresh wind, the Pequod was now drawing nigh to these\nstraits; Ahab purposing to pass through them into the Javan sea, and\nthence, cruising northwards, over waters known to be frequented here and\nthere by the Sperm Whale, sweep inshore by the Philippine Islands, and\ngain the far coast of Japan, in time for the great whaling season there.\nBy these means, the circumnavigating Pequod would sweep almost all the\nknown Sperm Whale cruising grounds of the world, previous to descending\nupon the Line in the Pacific; where Ahab, though everywhere else foiled\nin his pursuit, firmly counted upon giving battle to Moby Dick, in the\nsea he was most known to frequent; and at a season when he might most\nreasonably be presumed to be haunting it.\n\nBut how now? in this zoned quest, does Ahab touch no land? does his crew\ndrink air? Surely, he will stop for water. Nay. For a long time, now,\nthe circus-running sun has raced within his fiery ring, and needs\nno sustenance but what's in himself. So Ahab. Mark this, too, in the\nwhaler. While other hulls are loaded down with alien stuff, to be\ntransferred to foreign wharves; the world-wandering whale-ship carries\nno cargo but herself and crew, their weapons and their wants. She has a\nwhole lake's contents bottled in her ample hold. She is ballasted with\nutilities; not altogether with unusable pig-lead and kentledge. She\ncarries years' water in her. Clear old prime Nantucket water; which,\nwhen three years afloat, the Nantucketer, in the Pacific, prefers to\ndrink before the brackish fluid, but yesterday rafted off in casks, from\nthe Peruvian or Indian streams. Hence it is, that, while other ships may\nhave gone to China from New York, and back again, touching at a score\nof ports, the whale-ship, in all that interval, may not have sighted\none grain of soil; her crew having seen no man but floating seamen like\nthemselves. So that did you carry them the news that another flood had\ncome; they would only answer--\"Well, boys, here's the ark!\"\n\nNow, as many Sperm Whales had been captured off the western coast of\nJava, in the near vicinity of the Straits of Sunda; indeed, as most of\nthe ground, roundabout, was generally recognised by the fishermen as an\nexcellent spot for cruising; therefore, as the Pequod gained more\nand more upon Java Head, the look-outs were repeatedly hailed, and\nadmonished to keep wide awake. But though the green palmy cliffs of the\nland soon loomed on the starboard bow, and with delighted nostrils\nthe fresh cinnamon was snuffed in the air, yet not a single jet was\ndescried. Almost renouncing all thought of falling in with any game\nhereabouts, the ship had well nigh entered the straits, when the\ncustomary cheering cry was heard from aloft, and ere long a spectacle of\nsingular magnificence saluted us.\n\nBut here be it premised, that owing to the unwearied activity with which\nof late they have been hunted over all four oceans, the Sperm Whales,\ninstead of almost invariably sailing in small detached companies, as in\nformer times, are now frequently met with in extensive herds, sometimes\nembracing so great a multitude, that it would almost seem as if\nnumerous nations of them had sworn solemn league and covenant for mutual\nassistance and protection. To this aggregation of the Sperm Whale into\nsuch immense caravans, may be imputed the circumstance that even in the\nbest cruising grounds, you may now sometimes sail for weeks and months\ntogether, without being greeted by a single spout; and then be suddenly\nsaluted by what sometimes seems thousands on thousands.\n\nBroad on both bows, at the distance of some two or three miles, and\nforming a great semicircle, embracing one half of the level horizon,\na continuous chain of whale-jets were up-playing and sparkling in the\nnoon-day air. Unlike the straight perpendicular twin-jets of the Right\nWhale, which, dividing at top, fall over in two branches, like the cleft\ndrooping boughs of a willow, the single forward-slanting spout of the\nSperm Whale presents a thick curled bush of white mist, continually\nrising and falling away to leeward.\n\nSeen from the Pequod's deck, then, as she would rise on a high hill of\nthe sea, this host of vapoury spouts, individually curling up into the\nair, and beheld through a blending atmosphere of bluish haze, showed\nlike the thousand cheerful chimneys of some dense metropolis, descried\nof a balmy autumnal morning, by some horseman on a height.\n\nAs marching armies approaching an unfriendly defile in the mountains,\naccelerate their march, all eagerness to place that perilous passage in\ntheir rear, and once more expand in comparative security upon the plain;\neven so did this vast fleet of whales now seem hurrying forward through\nthe straits; gradually contracting the wings of their semicircle, and\nswimming on, in one solid, but still crescentic centre.\n\nCrowding all sail the Pequod pressed after them; the harpooneers\nhandling their weapons, and loudly cheering from the heads of their\nyet suspended boats. If the wind only held, little doubt had they, that\nchased through these Straits of Sunda, the vast host would only deploy\ninto the Oriental seas to witness the capture of not a few of their\nnumber. And who could tell whether, in that congregated caravan, Moby\nDick himself might not temporarily be swimming, like the worshipped\nwhite-elephant in the coronation procession of the Siamese! So with\nstun-sail piled on stun-sail, we sailed along, driving these leviathans\nbefore us; when, of a sudden, the voice of Tashtego was heard, loudly\ndirecting attention to something in our wake.\n\nCorresponding to the crescent in our van, we beheld another in our rear.\nIt seemed formed of detached white vapours, rising and falling something\nlike the spouts of the whales; only they did not so completely come and\ngo; for they constantly hovered, without finally disappearing. Levelling\nhis glass at this sight, Ahab quickly revolved in his pivot-hole,\ncrying, \"Aloft there, and rig whips and buckets to wet the\nsails;--Malays, sir, and after us!\"\n\nAs if too long lurking behind the headlands, till the Pequod should\nfairly have entered the straits, these rascally Asiatics were now in hot\npursuit, to make up for their over-cautious delay. But when the swift\nPequod, with a fresh leading wind, was herself in hot chase; how very\nkind of these tawny philanthropists to assist in speeding her on to\nher own chosen pursuit,--mere riding-whips and rowels to her, that they\nwere. As with glass under arm, Ahab to-and-fro paced the deck; in his\nforward turn beholding the monsters he chased, and in the after one the\nbloodthirsty pirates chasing him; some such fancy as the above seemed\nhis. And when he glanced upon the green walls of the watery defile in\nwhich the ship was then sailing, and bethought him that through that\ngate lay the route to his vengeance, and beheld, how that through that\nsame gate he was now both chasing and being chased to his deadly end;\nand not only that, but a herd of remorseless wild pirates and\ninhuman atheistical devils were infernally cheering him on with their\ncurses;--when all these conceits had passed through his brain, Ahab's\nbrow was left gaunt and ribbed, like the black sand beach after some\nstormy tide has been gnawing it, without being able to drag the firm\nthing from its place.\n\nBut thoughts like these troubled very few of the reckless crew; and\nwhen, after steadily dropping and dropping the pirates astern, the\nPequod at last shot by the vivid green Cockatoo Point on the Sumatra\nside, emerging at last upon the broad waters beyond; then, the\nharpooneers seemed more to grieve that the swift whales had been gaining\nupon the ship, than to rejoice that the ship had so victoriously gained\nupon the Malays. But still driving on in the wake of the whales, at\nlength they seemed abating their speed; gradually the ship neared them;\nand the wind now dying away, word was passed to spring to the boats. But\nno sooner did the herd, by some presumed wonderful instinct of the Sperm\nWhale, become notified of the three keels that were after them,--though\nas yet a mile in their rear,--than they rallied again, and forming\nin close ranks and battalions, so that their spouts all looked like\nflashing lines of stacked bayonets, moved on with redoubled velocity.\n\nStripped to our shirts and drawers, we sprang to the white-ash, and\nafter several hours' pulling were almost disposed to renounce the chase,\nwhen a general pausing commotion among the whales gave animating\ntoken that they were now at last under the influence of that strange\nperplexity of inert irresolution, which, when the fishermen perceive\nit in the whale, they say he is gallied. The compact martial columns\nin which they had been hitherto rapidly and steadily swimming, were now\nbroken up in one measureless rout; and like King Porus' elephants in the\nIndian battle with Alexander, they seemed going mad with consternation.\nIn all directions expanding in vast irregular circles, and aimlessly\nswimming hither and thither, by their short thick spoutings, they\nplainly betrayed their distraction of panic. This was still more\nstrangely evinced by those of their number, who, completely paralysed\nas it were, helplessly floated like water-logged dismantled ships on the\nsea. Had these Leviathans been but a flock of simple sheep, pursued over\nthe pasture by three fierce wolves, they could not possibly have evinced\nsuch excessive dismay. But this occasional timidity is characteristic\nof almost all herding creatures. Though banding together in tens of\nthousands, the lion-maned buffaloes of the West have fled before a\nsolitary horseman. Witness, too, all human beings, how when herded\ntogether in the sheepfold of a theatre's pit, they will, at the\nslightest alarm of fire, rush helter-skelter for the outlets, crowding,\ntrampling, jamming, and remorselessly dashing each other to death. Best,\ntherefore, withhold any amazement at the strangely gallied whales\nbefore us, for there is no folly of the beasts of the earth which is not\ninfinitely outdone by the madness of men.\n\nThough many of the whales, as has been said, were in violent motion,\nyet it is to be observed that as a whole the herd neither advanced nor\nretreated, but collectively remained in one place. As is customary in\nthose cases, the boats at once separated, each making for some one\nlone whale on the outskirts of the shoal. In about three minutes' time,\nQueequeg's harpoon was flung; the stricken fish darted blinding spray\nin our faces, and then running away with us like light, steered straight\nfor the heart of the herd. Though such a movement on the part of the\nwhale struck under such circumstances, is in no wise unprecedented; and\nindeed is almost always more or less anticipated; yet does it present\none of the more perilous vicissitudes of the fishery. For as the swift\nmonster drags you deeper and deeper into the frantic shoal, you bid\nadieu to circumspect life and only exist in a delirious throb.\n\nAs, blind and deaf, the whale plunged forward, as if by sheer power of\nspeed to rid himself of the iron leech that had fastened to him; as we\nthus tore a white gash in the sea, on all sides menaced as we flew, by\nthe crazed creatures to and fro rushing about us; our beset boat was\nlike a ship mobbed by ice-isles in a tempest, and striving to steer\nthrough their complicated channels and straits, knowing not at what\nmoment it may be locked in and crushed.\n\nBut not a bit daunted, Queequeg steered us manfully; now sheering off\nfrom this monster directly across our route in advance; now edging away\nfrom that, whose colossal flukes were suspended overhead, while all the\ntime, Starbuck stood up in the bows, lance in hand, pricking out of our\nway whatever whales he could reach by short darts, for there was no time\nto make long ones. Nor were the oarsmen quite idle, though their wonted\nduty was now altogether dispensed with. They chiefly attended to the\nshouting part of the business. \"Out of the way, Commodore!\" cried one,\nto a great dromedary that of a sudden rose bodily to the surface,\nand for an instant threatened to swamp us. \"Hard down with your tail,\nthere!\" cried a second to another, which, close to our gunwale, seemed\ncalmly cooling himself with his own fan-like extremity.\n\nAll whaleboats carry certain curious contrivances, originally invented\nby the Nantucket Indians, called druggs. Two thick squares of wood\nof equal size are stoutly clenched together, so that they cross each\nother's grain at right angles; a line of considerable length is then\nattached to the middle of this block, and the other end of the line\nbeing looped, it can in a moment be fastened to a harpoon. It is chiefly\namong gallied whales that this drugg is used. For then, more whales\nare close round you than you can possibly chase at one time. But sperm\nwhales are not every day encountered; while you may, then, you must\nkill all you can. And if you cannot kill them all at once, you must wing\nthem, so that they can be afterwards killed at your leisure. Hence it\nis, that at times like these the drugg, comes into requisition. Our boat\nwas furnished with three of them. The first and second were successfully\ndarted, and we saw the whales staggeringly running off, fettered by the\nenormous sidelong resistance of the towing drugg. They were cramped like\nmalefactors with the chain and ball. But upon flinging the third, in the\nact of tossing overboard the clumsy wooden block, it caught under one\nof the seats of the boat, and in an instant tore it out and carried it\naway, dropping the oarsman in the boat's bottom as the seat slid from\nunder him. On both sides the sea came in at the wounded planks, but we\nstuffed two or three drawers and shirts in, and so stopped the leaks for\nthe time.\n\nIt had been next to impossible to dart these drugged-harpoons, were\nit not that as we advanced into the herd, our whale's way greatly\ndiminished; moreover, that as we went still further and further from the\ncircumference of commotion, the direful disorders seemed waning. So that\nwhen at last the jerking harpoon drew out, and the towing whale sideways\nvanished; then, with the tapering force of his parting momentum, we\nglided between two whales into the innermost heart of the shoal, as if\nfrom some mountain torrent we had slid into a serene valley lake. Here\nthe storms in the roaring glens between the outermost whales, were heard\nbut not felt. In this central expanse the sea presented that smooth\nsatin-like surface, called a sleek, produced by the subtle moisture\nthrown off by the whale in his more quiet moods. Yes, we were now\nin that enchanted calm which they say lurks at the heart of every\ncommotion. And still in the distracted distance we beheld the tumults of\nthe outer concentric circles, and saw successive pods of whales, eight\nor ten in each, swiftly going round and round, like multiplied spans of\nhorses in a ring; and so closely shoulder to shoulder, that a Titanic\ncircus-rider might easily have over-arched the middle ones, and so have\ngone round on their backs. Owing to the density of the crowd of reposing\nwhales, more immediately surrounding the embayed axis of the herd, no\npossible chance of escape was at present afforded us. We must watch for\na breach in the living wall that hemmed us in; the wall that had only\nadmitted us in order to shut us up. Keeping at the centre of the lake,\nwe were occasionally visited by small tame cows and calves; the women\nand children of this routed host.\n\nNow, inclusive of the occasional wide intervals between the revolving\nouter circles, and inclusive of the spaces between the various pods in\nany one of those circles, the entire area at this juncture, embraced by\nthe whole multitude, must have contained at least two or three square\nmiles. At any rate--though indeed such a test at such a time might be\ndeceptive--spoutings might be discovered from our low boat that\nseemed playing up almost from the rim of the horizon. I mention this\ncircumstance, because, as if the cows and calves had been purposely\nlocked up in this innermost fold; and as if the wide extent of the\nherd had hitherto prevented them from learning the precise cause of its\nstopping; or, possibly, being so young, unsophisticated, and every way\ninnocent and inexperienced; however it may have been, these smaller\nwhales--now and then visiting our becalmed boat from the margin of the\nlake--evinced a wondrous fearlessness and confidence, or else a still\nbecharmed panic which it was impossible not to marvel at. Like household\ndogs they came snuffling round us, right up to our gunwales, and\ntouching them; till it almost seemed that some spell had suddenly\ndomesticated them. Queequeg patted their foreheads; Starbuck scratched\ntheir backs with his lance; but fearful of the consequences, for the\ntime refrained from darting it.\n\nBut far beneath this wondrous world upon the surface, another and still\nstranger world met our eyes as we gazed over the side. For, suspended\nin those watery vaults, floated the forms of the nursing mothers of the\nwhales, and those that by their enormous girth seemed shortly to\nbecome mothers. The lake, as I have hinted, was to a considerable depth\nexceedingly transparent; and as human infants while suckling will calmly\nand fixedly gaze away from the breast, as if leading two different\nlives at the time; and while yet drawing mortal nourishment, be still\nspiritually feasting upon some unearthly reminiscence;--even so did the\nyoung of these whales seem looking up towards us, but not at us, as if\nwe were but a bit of Gulfweed in their new-born sight. Floating on their\nsides, the mothers also seemed quietly eyeing us. One of these little\ninfants, that from certain queer tokens seemed hardly a day old, might\nhave measured some fourteen feet in length, and some six feet in\ngirth. He was a little frisky; though as yet his body seemed scarce yet\nrecovered from that irksome position it had so lately occupied in the\nmaternal reticule; where, tail to head, and all ready for the final\nspring, the unborn whale lies bent like a Tartar's bow. The delicate\nside-fins, and the palms of his flukes, still freshly retained the\nplaited crumpled appearance of a baby's ears newly arrived from foreign\nparts.\n\n\"Line! line!\" cried Queequeg, looking over the gunwale; \"him fast! him\nfast!--Who line him! Who struck?--Two whale; one big, one little!\"\n\n\"What ails ye, man?\" cried Starbuck.\n\n\"Look-e here,\" said Queequeg, pointing down.\n\nAs when the stricken whale, that from the tub has reeled out hundreds of\nfathoms of rope; as, after deep sounding, he floats up again, and shows\nthe slackened curling line buoyantly rising and spiralling towards the\nair; so now, Starbuck saw long coils of the umbilical cord of Madame\nLeviathan, by which the young cub seemed still tethered to its dam. Not\nseldom in the rapid vicissitudes of the chase, this natural line, with\nthe maternal end loose, becomes entangled with the hempen one, so that\nthe cub is thereby trapped. Some of the subtlest secrets of the seas\nseemed divulged to us in this enchanted pond. We saw young Leviathan\namours in the deep.*\n\n\n*The sperm whale, as with all other species of the Leviathan, but unlike\nmost other fish, breeds indifferently at all seasons; after a gestation\nwhich may probably be set down at nine months, producing but one at a\ntime; though in some few known instances giving birth to an Esau and\nJacob:--a contingency provided for in suckling by two teats, curiously\nsituated, one on each side of the anus; but the breasts themselves\nextend upwards from that. When by chance these precious parts in a\nnursing whale are cut by the hunter's lance, the mother's pouring milk\nand blood rivallingly discolour the sea for rods. The milk is very sweet\nand rich; it has been tasted by man; it might do well with strawberries.\nWhen overflowing with mutual esteem, the whales salute MORE HOMINUM.\n\n\nAnd thus, though surrounded by circle upon circle of consternations\nand affrights, did these inscrutable creatures at the centre freely and\nfearlessly indulge in all peaceful concernments; yea, serenely revelled\nin dalliance and delight. But even so, amid the tornadoed Atlantic of\nmy being, do I myself still for ever centrally disport in mute calm; and\nwhile ponderous planets of unwaning woe revolve round me, deep down and\ndeep inland there I still bathe me in eternal mildness of joy.\n\nMeanwhile, as we thus lay entranced, the occasional sudden frantic\nspectacles in the distance evinced the activity of the other boats,\nstill engaged in drugging the whales on the frontier of the host; or\npossibly carrying on the war within the first circle, where abundance of\nroom and some convenient retreats were afforded them. But the sight\nof the enraged drugged whales now and then blindly darting to and fro\nacross the circles, was nothing to what at last met our eyes. It is\nsometimes the custom when fast to a whale more than commonly powerful\nand alert, to seek to hamstring him, as it were, by sundering or\nmaiming his gigantic tail-tendon. It is done by darting a short-handled\ncutting-spade, to which is attached a rope for hauling it back again.\nA whale wounded (as we afterwards learned) in this part, but not\neffectually, as it seemed, had broken away from the boat, carrying along\nwith him half of the harpoon line; and in the extraordinary agony of\nthe wound, he was now dashing among the revolving circles like the lone\nmounted desperado Arnold, at the battle of Saratoga, carrying dismay\nwherever he went.\n\nBut agonizing as was the wound of this whale, and an appalling spectacle\nenough, any way; yet the peculiar horror with which he seemed to\ninspire the rest of the herd, was owing to a cause which at first the\nintervening distance obscured from us. But at length we perceived that\nby one of the unimaginable accidents of the fishery, this whale had\nbecome entangled in the harpoon-line that he towed; he had also run\naway with the cutting-spade in him; and while the free end of the rope\nattached to that weapon, had permanently caught in the coils of the\nharpoon-line round his tail, the cutting-spade itself had worked loose\nfrom his flesh. So that tormented to madness, he was now churning\nthrough the water, violently flailing with his flexible tail, and\ntossing the keen spade about him, wounding and murdering his own\ncomrades.\n\nThis terrific object seemed to recall the whole herd from their\nstationary fright. First, the whales forming the margin of our lake\nbegan to crowd a little, and tumble against each other, as if lifted\nby half spent billows from afar; then the lake itself began faintly to\nheave and swell; the submarine bridal-chambers and nurseries vanished;\nin more and more contracting orbits the whales in the more central\ncircles began to swim in thickening clusters. Yes, the long calm was\ndeparting. A low advancing hum was soon heard; and then like to the\ntumultuous masses of block-ice when the great river Hudson breaks up in\nSpring, the entire host of whales came tumbling upon their inner centre,\nas if to pile themselves up in one common mountain. Instantly Starbuck\nand Queequeg changed places; Starbuck taking the stern.\n\n\"Oars! Oars!\" he intensely whispered, seizing the helm--\"gripe your\noars, and clutch your souls, now! My God, men, stand by! Shove him off,\nyou Queequeg--the whale there!--prick him!--hit him! Stand up--stand\nup, and stay so! Spring, men--pull, men; never mind their backs--scrape\nthem!--scrape away!\"\n\nThe boat was now all but jammed between two vast black bulks, leaving a\nnarrow Dardanelles between their long lengths. But by desperate endeavor\nwe at last shot into a temporary opening; then giving way rapidly,\nand at the same time earnestly watching for another outlet. After many\nsimilar hair-breadth escapes, we at last swiftly glided into what had\njust been one of the outer circles, but now crossed by random whales,\nall violently making for one centre. This lucky salvation was cheaply\npurchased by the loss of Queequeg's hat, who, while standing in the bows\nto prick the fugitive whales, had his hat taken clean from his head by\nthe air-eddy made by the sudden tossing of a pair of broad flukes close\nby.\n\nRiotous and disordered as the universal commotion now was, it soon\nresolved itself into what seemed a systematic movement; for having\nclumped together at last in one dense body, they then renewed their\nonward flight with augmented fleetness. Further pursuit was useless; but\nthe boats still lingered in their wake to pick up what drugged whales\nmight be dropped astern, and likewise to secure one which Flask had\nkilled and waifed. The waif is a pennoned pole, two or three of which\nare carried by every boat; and which, when additional game is at hand,\nare inserted upright into the floating body of a dead whale, both to\nmark its place on the sea, and also as token of prior possession, should\nthe boats of any other ship draw near.\n\nThe result of this lowering was somewhat illustrative of that sagacious\nsaying in the Fishery,--the more whales the less fish. Of all the\ndrugged whales only one was captured. The rest contrived to escape for\nthe time, but only to be taken, as will hereafter be seen, by some other\ncraft than the Pequod.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 88. Schools and Schoolmasters.\n\n\nThe previous chapter gave account of an immense body or herd of Sperm\nWhales, and there was also then given the probable cause inducing those\nvast aggregations.\n\nNow, though such great bodies are at times encountered, yet, as must\nhave been seen, even at the present day, small detached bands are\noccasionally observed, embracing from twenty to fifty individuals each.\nSuch bands are known as schools. They generally are of two sorts; those\ncomposed almost entirely of females, and those mustering none but young\nvigorous males, or bulls, as they are familiarly designated.\n\nIn cavalier attendance upon the school of females, you invariably see a\nmale of full grown magnitude, but not old; who, upon any alarm, evinces\nhis gallantry by falling in the rear and covering the flight of his\nladies. In truth, this gentleman is a luxurious Ottoman, swimming about\nover the watery world, surroundingly accompanied by all the solaces\nand endearments of the harem. The contrast between this Ottoman and\nhis concubines is striking; because, while he is always of the largest\nleviathanic proportions, the ladies, even at full growth, are not\nmore than one-third of the bulk of an average-sized male. They are\ncomparatively delicate, indeed; I dare say, not to exceed half a dozen\nyards round the waist. Nevertheless, it cannot be denied, that upon the\nwhole they are hereditarily entitled to EMBONPOINT.\n\nIt is very curious to watch this harem and its lord in their indolent\nramblings. Like fashionables, they are for ever on the move in leisurely\nsearch of variety. You meet them on the Line in time for the full flower\nof the Equatorial feeding season, having just returned, perhaps, from\nspending the summer in the Northern seas, and so cheating summer of all\nunpleasant weariness and warmth. By the time they have lounged up and\ndown the promenade of the Equator awhile, they start for the Oriental\nwaters in anticipation of the cool season there, and so evade the other\nexcessive temperature of the year.\n\nWhen serenely advancing on one of these journeys, if any strange\nsuspicious sights are seen, my lord whale keeps a wary eye on his\ninteresting family. Should any unwarrantably pert young Leviathan coming\nthat way, presume to draw confidentially close to one of the ladies,\nwith what prodigious fury the Bashaw assails him, and chases him away!\nHigh times, indeed, if unprincipled young rakes like him are to be\npermitted to invade the sanctity of domestic bliss; though do what the\nBashaw will, he cannot keep the most notorious Lothario out of his bed;\nfor, alas! all fish bed in common. As ashore, the ladies often cause the\nmost terrible duels among their rival admirers; just so with the whales,\nwho sometimes come to deadly battle, and all for love. They fence with\ntheir long lower jaws, sometimes locking them together, and so striving\nfor the supremacy like elks that warringly interweave their antlers. Not\na few are captured having the deep scars of these encounters,--furrowed\nheads, broken teeth, scolloped fins; and in some instances, wrenched and\ndislocated mouths.\n\nBut supposing the invader of domestic bliss to betake himself away at\nthe first rush of the harem's lord, then is it very diverting to watch\nthat lord. Gently he insinuates his vast bulk among them again and\nrevels there awhile, still in tantalizing vicinity to young Lothario,\nlike pious Solomon devoutly worshipping among his thousand concubines.\nGranting other whales to be in sight, the fishermen will seldom give\nchase to one of these Grand Turks; for these Grand Turks are too lavish\nof their strength, and hence their unctuousness is small. As for the\nsons and the daughters they beget, why, those sons and daughters must\ntake care of themselves; at least, with only the maternal help. For\nlike certain other omnivorous roving lovers that might be named, my Lord\nWhale has no taste for the nursery, however much for the bower; and so,\nbeing a great traveller, he leaves his anonymous babies all over the\nworld; every baby an exotic. In good time, nevertheless, as the ardour\nof youth declines; as years and dumps increase; as reflection lends\nher solemn pauses; in short, as a general lassitude overtakes the sated\nTurk; then a love of ease and virtue supplants the love for maidens; our\nOttoman enters upon the impotent, repentant, admonitory stage of life,\nforswears, disbands the harem, and grown to an exemplary, sulky old\nsoul, goes about all alone among the meridians and parallels saying his\nprayers, and warning each young Leviathan from his amorous errors.\n\nNow, as the harem of whales is called by the fishermen a school, so\nis the lord and master of that school technically known as the\nschoolmaster. It is therefore not in strict character, however admirably\nsatirical, that after going to school himself, he should then go abroad\ninculcating not what he learned there, but the folly of it. His title,\nschoolmaster, would very naturally seem derived from the name bestowed\nupon the harem itself, but some have surmised that the man who first\nthus entitled this sort of Ottoman whale, must have read the memoirs of\nVidocq, and informed himself what sort of a country-schoolmaster that\nfamous Frenchman was in his younger days, and what was the nature of\nthose occult lessons he inculcated into some of his pupils.\n\nThe same secludedness and isolation to which the schoolmaster whale\nbetakes himself in his advancing years, is true of all aged Sperm\nWhales. Almost universally, a lone whale--as a solitary Leviathan is\ncalled--proves an ancient one. Like venerable moss-bearded Daniel Boone,\nhe will have no one near him but Nature herself; and her he takes to\nwife in the wilderness of waters, and the best of wives she is, though\nshe keeps so many moody secrets.\n\nThe schools composing none but young and vigorous males, previously\nmentioned, offer a strong contrast to the harem schools. For while\nthose female whales are characteristically timid, the young males, or\nforty-barrel-bulls, as they call them, are by far the most pugnacious\nof all Leviathans, and proverbially the most dangerous to encounter;\nexcepting those wondrous grey-headed, grizzled whales, sometimes met,\nand these will fight you like grim fiends exasperated by a penal gout.\n\nThe Forty-barrel-bull schools are larger than the harem schools. Like\na mob of young collegians, they are full of fight, fun, and wickedness,\ntumbling round the world at such a reckless, rollicking rate, that no\nprudent underwriter would insure them any more than he would a riotous\nlad at Yale or Harvard. They soon relinquish this turbulence though,\nand when about three-fourths grown, break up, and separately go about in\nquest of settlements, that is, harems.\n\nAnother point of difference between the male and female schools is\nstill more characteristic of the sexes. Say you strike a\nForty-barrel-bull--poor devil! all his comrades quit him. But strike\na member of the harem school, and her companions swim around her with\nevery token of concern, sometimes lingering so near her and so long, as\nthemselves to fall a prey.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 89. Fast-Fish and Loose-Fish.\n\n\nThe allusion to the waif and waif-poles in the last chapter but one,\nnecessitates some account of the laws and regulations of the whale\nfishery, of which the waif may be deemed the grand symbol and badge.\n\nIt frequently happens that when several ships are cruising in company,\na whale may be struck by one vessel, then escape, and be finally killed\nand captured by another vessel; and herein are indirectly comprised\nmany minor contingencies, all partaking of this one grand feature. For\nexample,--after a weary and perilous chase and capture of a whale,\nthe body may get loose from the ship by reason of a violent storm; and\ndrifting far away to leeward, be retaken by a second whaler, who, in a\ncalm, snugly tows it alongside, without risk of life or line. Thus\nthe most vexatious and violent disputes would often arise between\nthe fishermen, were there not some written or unwritten, universal,\nundisputed law applicable to all cases.\n\nPerhaps the only formal whaling code authorized by legislative\nenactment, was that of Holland. It was decreed by the States-General in\nA.D. 1695. But though no other nation has ever had any written whaling\nlaw, yet the American fishermen have been their own legislators and\nlawyers in this matter. They have provided a system which for terse\ncomprehensiveness surpasses Justinian's Pandects and the By-laws of\nthe Chinese Society for the Suppression of Meddling with other People's\nBusiness. Yes; these laws might be engraven on a Queen Anne's farthing,\nor the barb of a harpoon, and worn round the neck, so small are they.\n\nI. A Fast-Fish belongs to the party fast to it.\n\nII. A Loose-Fish is fair game for anybody who can soonest catch it.\n\nBut what plays the mischief with this masterly code is the admirable\nbrevity of it, which necessitates a vast volume of commentaries to\nexpound it.\n\nFirst: What is a Fast-Fish? Alive or dead a fish is technically fast,\nwhen it is connected with an occupied ship or boat, by any medium at all\ncontrollable by the occupant or occupants,--a mast, an oar, a nine-inch\ncable, a telegraph wire, or a strand of cobweb, it is all the same.\nLikewise a fish is technically fast when it bears a waif, or any other\nrecognised symbol of possession; so long as the party waifing it plainly\nevince their ability at any time to take it alongside, as well as their\nintention so to do.\n\nThese are scientific commentaries; but the commentaries of the whalemen\nthemselves sometimes consist in hard words and harder knocks--the\nCoke-upon-Littleton of the fist. True, among the more upright and\nhonourable whalemen allowances are always made for peculiar cases,\nwhere it would be an outrageous moral injustice for one party to claim\npossession of a whale previously chased or killed by another party. But\nothers are by no means so scrupulous.\n\nSome fifty years ago there was a curious case of whale-trover litigated\nin England, wherein the plaintiffs set forth that after a hard chase of\na whale in the Northern seas; and when indeed they (the plaintiffs) had\nsucceeded in harpooning the fish; they were at last, through peril of\ntheir lives, obliged to forsake not only their lines, but their boat\nitself. Ultimately the defendants (the crew of another ship) came up\nwith the whale, struck, killed, seized, and finally appropriated it\nbefore the very eyes of the plaintiffs. And when those defendants were\nremonstrated with, their captain snapped his fingers in the plaintiffs'\nteeth, and assured them that by way of doxology to the deed he had done,\nhe would now retain their line, harpoons, and boat, which had remained\nattached to the whale at the time of the seizure. Wherefore the\nplaintiffs now sued for the recovery of the value of their whale, line,\nharpoons, and boat.\n\nMr. Erskine was counsel for the defendants; Lord Ellenborough was\nthe judge. In the course of the defence, the witty Erskine went on\nto illustrate his position, by alluding to a recent crim. con.\ncase, wherein a gentleman, after in vain trying to bridle his wife's\nviciousness, had at last abandoned her upon the seas of life; but in\nthe course of years, repenting of that step, he instituted an action to\nrecover possession of her. Erskine was on the other side; and he\nthen supported it by saying, that though the gentleman had originally\nharpooned the lady, and had once had her fast, and only by reason of the\ngreat stress of her plunging viciousness, had at last abandoned her; yet\nabandon her he did, so that she became a loose-fish; and therefore\nwhen a subsequent gentleman re-harpooned her, the lady then became that\nsubsequent gentleman's property, along with whatever harpoon might have\nbeen found sticking in her.\n\nNow in the present case Erskine contended that the examples of the whale\nand the lady were reciprocally illustrative of each other.\n\nThese pleadings, and the counter pleadings, being duly heard, the very\nlearned Judge in set terms decided, to wit,--That as for the boat, he\nawarded it to the plaintiffs, because they had merely abandoned it\nto save their lives; but that with regard to the controverted whale,\nharpoons, and line, they belonged to the defendants; the whale, because\nit was a Loose-Fish at the time of the final capture; and the harpoons\nand line because when the fish made off with them, it (the fish)\nacquired a property in those articles; and hence anybody who afterwards\ntook the fish had a right to them. Now the defendants afterwards took\nthe fish; ergo, the aforesaid articles were theirs.\n\nA common man looking at this decision of the very learned Judge, might\npossibly object to it. But ploughed up to the primary rock of the\nmatter, the two great principles laid down in the twin whaling laws\npreviously quoted, and applied and elucidated by Lord Ellenborough in\nthe above cited case; these two laws touching Fast-Fish and Loose-Fish,\nI say, will, on reflection, be found the fundamentals of all human\njurisprudence; for notwithstanding its complicated tracery of sculpture,\nthe Temple of the Law, like the Temple of the Philistines, has but two\nprops to stand on.\n\nIs it not a saying in every one's mouth, Possession is half of the law:\nthat is, regardless of how the thing came into possession? But often\npossession is the whole of the law. What are the sinews and souls of\nRussian serfs and Republican slaves but Fast-Fish, whereof possession is\nthe whole of the law? What to the rapacious landlord is the widow's last\nmite but a Fast-Fish? What is yonder undetected villain's marble mansion\nwith a door-plate for a waif; what is that but a Fast-Fish? What is the\nruinous discount which Mordecai, the broker, gets from poor Woebegone,\nthe bankrupt, on a loan to keep Woebegone's family from starvation;\nwhat is that ruinous discount but a Fast-Fish? What is the Archbishop of\nSavesoul's income of L100,000 seized from the scant bread and cheese\nof hundreds of thousands of broken-backed laborers (all sure of heaven\nwithout any of Savesoul's help) what is that globular L100,000 but a\nFast-Fish? What are the Duke of Dunder's hereditary towns and hamlets\nbut Fast-Fish? What to that redoubted harpooneer, John Bull, is poor\nIreland, but a Fast-Fish? What to that apostolic lancer, Brother\nJonathan, is Texas but a Fast-Fish? And concerning all these, is not\nPossession the whole of the law?\n\nBut if the doctrine of Fast-Fish be pretty generally applicable,\nthe kindred doctrine of Loose-Fish is still more widely so. That is\ninternationally and universally applicable.\n\nWhat was America in 1492 but a Loose-Fish, in which Columbus struck the\nSpanish standard by way of waifing it for his royal master and mistress?\nWhat was Poland to the Czar? What Greece to the Turk? What India\nto England? What at last will Mexico be to the United States? All\nLoose-Fish.\n\nWhat are the Rights of Man and the Liberties of the World but\nLoose-Fish? What all men's minds and opinions but Loose-Fish? What is\nthe principle of religious belief in them but a Loose-Fish? What to\nthe ostentatious smuggling verbalists are the thoughts of thinkers but\nLoose-Fish? What is the great globe itself but a Loose-Fish? And what\nare you, reader, but a Loose-Fish and a Fast-Fish, too?\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 90. Heads or Tails.\n\n\n\"De balena vero sufficit, si rex habeat caput, et regina caudam.\"\nBRACTON, L. 3, C. 3.\n\n\nLatin from the books of the Laws of England, which taken along with the\ncontext, means, that of all whales captured by anybody on the coast of\nthat land, the King, as Honourary Grand Harpooneer, must have the head,\nand the Queen be respectfully presented with the tail. A division which,\nin the whale, is much like halving an apple; there is no intermediate\nremainder. Now as this law, under a modified form, is to this day in\nforce in England; and as it offers in various respects a strange anomaly\ntouching the general law of Fast and Loose-Fish, it is here treated of\nin a separate chapter, on the same courteous principle that prompts\nthe English railways to be at the expense of a separate car, specially\nreserved for the accommodation of royalty. In the first place, in\ncurious proof of the fact that the above-mentioned law is still in\nforce, I proceed to lay before you a circumstance that happened within\nthe last two years.\n\nIt seems that some honest mariners of Dover, or Sandwich, or some one\nof the Cinque Ports, had after a hard chase succeeded in killing and\nbeaching a fine whale which they had originally descried afar off from\nthe shore. Now the Cinque Ports are partially or somehow under the\njurisdiction of a sort of policeman or beadle, called a Lord Warden.\nHolding the office directly from the crown, I believe, all the royal\nemoluments incident to the Cinque Port territories become by assignment\nhis. By some writers this office is called a sinecure. But not so.\nBecause the Lord Warden is busily employed at times in fobbing his\nperquisites; which are his chiefly by virtue of that same fobbing of\nthem.\n\nNow when these poor sun-burnt mariners, bare-footed, and with their\ntrowsers rolled high up on their eely legs, had wearily hauled their fat\nfish high and dry, promising themselves a good L150 from the precious\noil and bone; and in fantasy sipping rare tea with their wives, and good\nale with their cronies, upon the strength of their respective shares; up\nsteps a very learned and most Christian and charitable gentleman, with\na copy of Blackstone under his arm; and laying it upon the whale's head,\nhe says--\"Hands off! this fish, my masters, is a Fast-Fish. I seize it\nas the Lord Warden's.\" Upon this the poor mariners in their respectful\nconsternation--so truly English--knowing not what to say, fall to\nvigorously scratching their heads all round; meanwhile ruefully glancing\nfrom the whale to the stranger. But that did in nowise mend the matter,\nor at all soften the hard heart of the learned gentleman with the copy\nof Blackstone. At length one of them, after long scratching about for\nhis ideas, made bold to speak,\n\n\"Please, sir, who is the Lord Warden?\"\n\n\"The Duke.\"\n\n\"But the duke had nothing to do with taking this fish?\"\n\n\"It is his.\"\n\n\"We have been at great trouble, and peril, and some expense, and is\nall that to go to the Duke's benefit; we getting nothing at all for our\npains but our blisters?\"\n\n\"It is his.\"\n\n\"Is the Duke so very poor as to be forced to this desperate mode of\ngetting a livelihood?\"\n\n\"It is his.\"\n\n\"I thought to relieve my old bed-ridden mother by part of my share of\nthis whale.\"\n\n\"It is his.\"\n\n\"Won't the Duke be content with a quarter or a half?\"\n\n\"It is his.\"\n\nIn a word, the whale was seized and sold, and his Grace the Duke of\nWellington received the money. Thinking that viewed in some particular\nlights, the case might by a bare possibility in some small degree be\ndeemed, under the circumstances, a rather hard one, an honest clergyman\nof the town respectfully addressed a note to his Grace, begging him to\ntake the case of those unfortunate mariners into full consideration. To\nwhich my Lord Duke in substance replied (both letters were published)\nthat he had already done so, and received the money, and would be\nobliged to the reverend gentleman if for the future he (the reverend\ngentleman) would decline meddling with other people's business. Is\nthis the still militant old man, standing at the corners of the three\nkingdoms, on all hands coercing alms of beggars?\n\nIt will readily be seen that in this case the alleged right of the\nDuke to the whale was a delegated one from the Sovereign. We must needs\ninquire then on what principle the Sovereign is originally invested with\nthat right. The law itself has already been set forth. But Plowdon gives\nus the reason for it. Says Plowdon, the whale so caught belongs to\nthe King and Queen, \"because of its superior excellence.\" And by the\nsoundest commentators this has ever been held a cogent argument in such\nmatters.\n\nBut why should the King have the head, and the Queen the tail? A reason\nfor that, ye lawyers!\n\nIn his treatise on \"Queen-Gold,\" or Queen-pinmoney, an old King's Bench\nauthor, one William Prynne, thus discourseth: \"Ye tail is ye Queen's,\nthat ye Queen's wardrobe may be supplied with ye whalebone.\" Now this\nwas written at a time when the black limber bone of the Greenland or\nRight whale was largely used in ladies' bodices. But this same bone\nis not in the tail; it is in the head, which is a sad mistake for\na sagacious lawyer like Prynne. But is the Queen a mermaid, to be\npresented with a tail? An allegorical meaning may lurk here.\n\nThere are two royal fish so styled by the English law writers--the whale\nand the sturgeon; both royal property under certain limitations, and\nnominally supplying the tenth branch of the crown's ordinary revenue.\nI know not that any other author has hinted of the matter; but by\ninference it seems to me that the sturgeon must be divided in the same\nway as the whale, the King receiving the highly dense and elastic head\npeculiar to that fish, which, symbolically regarded, may possibly be\nhumorously grounded upon some presumed congeniality. And thus there\nseems a reason in all things, even in law.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 91. The Pequod Meets The Rose-Bud.\n\n\n\"In vain it was to rake for Ambergriese in the paunch of this Leviathan,\ninsufferable fetor denying not inquiry.\" SIR T. BROWNE, V.E.\n\n\nIt was a week or two after the last whaling scene recounted, and when we\nwere slowly sailing over a sleepy, vapoury, mid-day sea, that the many\nnoses on the Pequod's deck proved more vigilant discoverers than the\nthree pairs of eyes aloft. A peculiar and not very pleasant smell was\nsmelt in the sea.\n\n\"I will bet something now,\" said Stubb, \"that somewhere hereabouts are\nsome of those drugged whales we tickled the other day. I thought they\nwould keel up before long.\"\n\nPresently, the vapours in advance slid aside; and there in the distance\nlay a ship, whose furled sails betokened that some sort of whale must be\nalongside. As we glided nearer, the stranger showed French colours from\nhis peak; and by the eddying cloud of vulture sea-fowl that circled, and\nhovered, and swooped around him, it was plain that the whale alongside\nmust be what the fishermen call a blasted whale, that is, a whale that\nhas died unmolested on the sea, and so floated an unappropriated corpse.\nIt may well be conceived, what an unsavory odor such a mass must\nexhale; worse than an Assyrian city in the plague, when the living are\nincompetent to bury the departed. So intolerable indeed is it regarded\nby some, that no cupidity could persuade them to moor alongside of it.\nYet are there those who will still do it; notwithstanding the fact that\nthe oil obtained from such subjects is of a very inferior quality, and\nby no means of the nature of attar-of-rose.\n\nComing still nearer with the expiring breeze, we saw that the Frenchman\nhad a second whale alongside; and this second whale seemed even more\nof a nosegay than the first. In truth, it turned out to be one of\nthose problematical whales that seem to dry up and die with a sort\nof prodigious dyspepsia, or indigestion; leaving their defunct bodies\nalmost entirely bankrupt of anything like oil. Nevertheless, in the\nproper place we shall see that no knowing fisherman will ever turn\nup his nose at such a whale as this, however much he may shun blasted\nwhales in general.\n\nThe Pequod had now swept so nigh to the stranger, that Stubb vowed\nhe recognised his cutting spade-pole entangled in the lines that were\nknotted round the tail of one of these whales.\n\n\"There's a pretty fellow, now,\" he banteringly laughed, standing in the\nship's bows, \"there's a jackal for ye! I well know that these Crappoes\nof Frenchmen are but poor devils in the fishery; sometimes lowering\ntheir boats for breakers, mistaking them for Sperm Whale spouts; yes,\nand sometimes sailing from their port with their hold full of boxes of\ntallow candles, and cases of snuffers, foreseeing that all the oil they\nwill get won't be enough to dip the Captain's wick into; aye, we all\nknow these things; but look ye, here's a Crappo that is content with our\nleavings, the drugged whale there, I mean; aye, and is content too with\nscraping the dry bones of that other precious fish he has there. Poor\ndevil! I say, pass round a hat, some one, and let's make him a present\nof a little oil for dear charity's sake. For what oil he'll get from\nthat drugged whale there, wouldn't be fit to burn in a jail; no, not\nin a condemned cell. And as for the other whale, why, I'll agree to get\nmore oil by chopping up and trying out these three masts of ours, than\nhe'll get from that bundle of bones; though, now that I think of it, it\nmay contain something worth a good deal more than oil; yes, ambergris.\nI wonder now if our old man has thought of that. It's worth trying. Yes,\nI'm for it;\" and so saying he started for the quarter-deck.\n\nBy this time the faint air had become a complete calm; so that whether\nor no, the Pequod was now fairly entrapped in the smell, with no hope of\nescaping except by its breezing up again. Issuing from the cabin, Stubb\nnow called his boat's crew, and pulled off for the stranger. Drawing\nacross her bow, he perceived that in accordance with the fanciful French\ntaste, the upper part of her stem-piece was carved in the likeness of a\nhuge drooping stalk, was painted green, and for thorns had copper\nspikes projecting from it here and there; the whole terminating in a\nsymmetrical folded bulb of a bright red colour. Upon her head boards, in\nlarge gilt letters, he read \"Bouton de Rose,\"--Rose-button, or Rose-bud;\nand this was the romantic name of this aromatic ship.\n\nThough Stubb did not understand the BOUTON part of the inscription, yet\nthe word ROSE, and the bulbous figure-head put together, sufficiently\nexplained the whole to him.\n\n\"A wooden rose-bud, eh?\" he cried with his hand to his nose, \"that will\ndo very well; but how like all creation it smells!\"\n\nNow in order to hold direct communication with the people on deck, he\nhad to pull round the bows to the starboard side, and thus come close to\nthe blasted whale; and so talk over it.\n\nArrived then at this spot, with one hand still to his nose, he\nbawled--\"Bouton-de-Rose, ahoy! are there any of you Bouton-de-Roses that\nspeak English?\"\n\n\"Yes,\" rejoined a Guernsey-man from the bulwarks, who turned out to be\nthe chief-mate.\n\n\"Well, then, my Bouton-de-Rose-bud, have you seen the White Whale?\"\n\n\"WHAT whale?\"\n\n\"The WHITE Whale--a Sperm Whale--Moby Dick, have ye seen him?\n\n\"Never heard of such a whale. Cachalot Blanche! White Whale--no.\"\n\n\"Very good, then; good bye now, and I'll call again in a minute.\"\n\nThen rapidly pulling back towards the Pequod, and seeing Ahab leaning\nover the quarter-deck rail awaiting his report, he moulded his two hands\ninto a trumpet and shouted--\"No, Sir! No!\" Upon which Ahab retired, and\nStubb returned to the Frenchman.\n\nHe now perceived that the Guernsey-man, who had just got into the\nchains, and was using a cutting-spade, had slung his nose in a sort of\nbag.\n\n\"What's the matter with your nose, there?\" said Stubb. \"Broke it?\"\n\n\"I wish it was broken, or that I didn't have any nose at all!\" answered\nthe Guernsey-man, who did not seem to relish the job he was at very\nmuch. \"But what are you holding YOURS for?\"\n\n\"Oh, nothing! It's a wax nose; I have to hold it on. Fine day, ain't it?\nAir rather gardenny, I should say; throw us a bunch of posies, will ye,\nBouton-de-Rose?\"\n\n\"What in the devil's name do you want here?\" roared the Guernseyman,\nflying into a sudden passion.\n\n\"Oh! keep cool--cool? yes, that's the word! why don't you pack those\nwhales in ice while you're working at 'em? But joking aside, though; do\nyou know, Rose-bud, that it's all nonsense trying to get any oil out of\nsuch whales? As for that dried up one, there, he hasn't a gill in his\nwhole carcase.\"\n\n\"I know that well enough; but, d'ye see, the Captain here won't believe\nit; this is his first voyage; he was a Cologne manufacturer before. But\ncome aboard, and mayhap he'll believe you, if he won't me; and so I'll\nget out of this dirty scrape.\"\n\n\"Anything to oblige ye, my sweet and pleasant fellow,\" rejoined Stubb,\nand with that he soon mounted to the deck. There a queer scene presented\nitself. The sailors, in tasselled caps of red worsted, were getting the\nheavy tackles in readiness for the whales. But they worked rather slow\nand talked very fast, and seemed in anything but a good humor. All their\nnoses upwardly projected from their faces like so many jib-booms.\nNow and then pairs of them would drop their work, and run up to the\nmast-head to get some fresh air. Some thinking they would catch the\nplague, dipped oakum in coal-tar, and at intervals held it to their\nnostrils. Others having broken the stems of their pipes almost short\noff at the bowl, were vigorously puffing tobacco-smoke, so that it\nconstantly filled their olfactories.\n\nStubb was struck by a shower of outcries and anathemas proceeding from\nthe Captain's round-house abaft; and looking in that direction saw a\nfiery face thrust from behind the door, which was held ajar from within.\nThis was the tormented surgeon, who, after in vain remonstrating\nagainst the proceedings of the day, had betaken himself to the Captain's\nround-house (CABINET he called it) to avoid the pest; but still, could\nnot help yelling out his entreaties and indignations at times.\n\nMarking all this, Stubb argued well for his scheme, and turning to the\nGuernsey-man had a little chat with him, during which the stranger mate\nexpressed his detestation of his Captain as a conceited ignoramus,\nwho had brought them all into so unsavory and unprofitable a pickle.\nSounding him carefully, Stubb further perceived that the Guernsey-man\nhad not the slightest suspicion concerning the ambergris. He therefore\nheld his peace on that head, but otherwise was quite frank and\nconfidential with him, so that the two quickly concocted a little plan\nfor both circumventing and satirizing the Captain, without his at all\ndreaming of distrusting their sincerity. According to this little plan\nof theirs, the Guernsey-man, under cover of an interpreter's office, was\nto tell the Captain what he pleased, but as coming from Stubb; and as\nfor Stubb, he was to utter any nonsense that should come uppermost in\nhim during the interview.\n\nBy this time their destined victim appeared from his cabin. He was a\nsmall and dark, but rather delicate looking man for a sea-captain, with\nlarge whiskers and moustache, however; and wore a red cotton velvet vest\nwith watch-seals at his side. To this gentleman, Stubb was now politely\nintroduced by the Guernsey-man, who at once ostentatiously put on the\naspect of interpreting between them.\n\n\"What shall I say to him first?\" said he.\n\n\"Why,\" said Stubb, eyeing the velvet vest and the watch and seals, \"you\nmay as well begin by telling him that he looks a sort of babyish to me,\nthough I don't pretend to be a judge.\"\n\n\"He says, Monsieur,\" said the Guernsey-man, in French, turning to his\ncaptain, \"that only yesterday his ship spoke a vessel, whose captain\nand chief-mate, with six sailors, had all died of a fever caught from a\nblasted whale they had brought alongside.\"\n\nUpon this the captain started, and eagerly desired to know more.\n\n\"What now?\" said the Guernsey-man to Stubb.\n\n\"Why, since he takes it so easy, tell him that now I have eyed him\ncarefully, I'm quite certain that he's no more fit to command a\nwhale-ship than a St. Jago monkey. In fact, tell him from me he's a\nbaboon.\"\n\n\"He vows and declares, Monsieur, that the other whale, the dried one, is\nfar more deadly than the blasted one; in fine, Monsieur, he conjures us,\nas we value our lives, to cut loose from these fish.\"\n\nInstantly the captain ran forward, and in a loud voice commanded his\ncrew to desist from hoisting the cutting-tackles, and at once cast loose\nthe cables and chains confining the whales to the ship.\n\n\"What now?\" said the Guernsey-man, when the Captain had returned to\nthem.\n\n\"Why, let me see; yes, you may as well tell him now that--that--in\nfact, tell him I've diddled him, and (aside to himself) perhaps somebody\nelse.\"\n\n\"He says, Monsieur, that he's very happy to have been of any service to\nus.\"\n\nHearing this, the captain vowed that they were the grateful parties\n(meaning himself and mate) and concluded by inviting Stubb down into his\ncabin to drink a bottle of Bordeaux.\n\n\"He wants you to take a glass of wine with him,\" said the interpreter.\n\n\"Thank him heartily; but tell him it's against my principles to drink\nwith the man I've diddled. In fact, tell him I must go.\"\n\n\"He says, Monsieur, that his principles won't admit of his drinking; but\nthat if Monsieur wants to live another day to drink, then Monsieur had\nbest drop all four boats, and pull the ship away from these whales, for\nit's so calm they won't drift.\"\n\nBy this time Stubb was over the side, and getting into his boat, hailed\nthe Guernsey-man to this effect,--that having a long tow-line in his\nboat, he would do what he could to help them, by pulling out the lighter\nwhale of the two from the ship's side. While the Frenchman's boats,\nthen, were engaged in towing the ship one way, Stubb benevolently towed\naway at his whale the other way, ostentatiously slacking out a most\nunusually long tow-line.\n\nPresently a breeze sprang up; Stubb feigned to cast off from the whale;\nhoisting his boats, the Frenchman soon increased his distance, while the\nPequod slid in between him and Stubb's whale. Whereupon Stubb quickly\npulled to the floating body, and hailing the Pequod to give notice of\nhis intentions, at once proceeded to reap the fruit of his unrighteous\ncunning. Seizing his sharp boat-spade, he commenced an excavation in the\nbody, a little behind the side fin. You would almost have thought he was\ndigging a cellar there in the sea; and when at length his spade struck\nagainst the gaunt ribs, it was like turning up old Roman tiles and\npottery buried in fat English loam. His boat's crew were all in high\nexcitement, eagerly helping their chief, and looking as anxious as\ngold-hunters.\n\nAnd all the time numberless fowls were diving, and ducking, and\nscreaming, and yelling, and fighting around them. Stubb was beginning\nto look disappointed, especially as the horrible nosegay increased, when\nsuddenly from out the very heart of this plague, there stole a faint\nstream of perfume, which flowed through the tide of bad smells without\nbeing absorbed by it, as one river will flow into and then along with\nanother, without at all blending with it for a time.\n\n\"I have it, I have it,\" cried Stubb, with delight, striking something in\nthe subterranean regions, \"a purse! a purse!\"\n\nDropping his spade, he thrust both hands in, and drew out handfuls\nof something that looked like ripe Windsor soap, or rich mottled old\ncheese; very unctuous and savory withal. You might easily dent it with\nyour thumb; it is of a hue between yellow and ash colour. And this, good\nfriends, is ambergris, worth a gold guinea an ounce to any druggist.\nSome six handfuls were obtained; but more was unavoidably lost in the\nsea, and still more, perhaps, might have been secured were it not for\nimpatient Ahab's loud command to Stubb to desist, and come on board,\nelse the ship would bid them good bye.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 92. Ambergris.\n\n\nNow this ambergris is a very curious substance, and so important as\nan article of commerce, that in 1791 a certain Nantucket-born Captain\nCoffin was examined at the bar of the English House of Commons on that\nsubject. For at that time, and indeed until a comparatively late day,\nthe precise origin of ambergris remained, like amber itself, a problem\nto the learned. Though the word ambergris is but the French compound for\ngrey amber, yet the two substances are quite distinct. For amber, though\nat times found on the sea-coast, is also dug up in some far inland\nsoils, whereas ambergris is never found except upon the sea. Besides,\namber is a hard, transparent, brittle, odorless substance, used for\nmouth-pieces to pipes, for beads and ornaments; but ambergris is soft,\nwaxy, and so highly fragrant and spicy, that it is largely used in\nperfumery, in pastiles, precious candles, hair-powders, and pomatum.\nThe Turks use it in cooking, and also carry it to Mecca, for the same\npurpose that frankincense is carried to St. Peter's in Rome. Some wine\nmerchants drop a few grains into claret, to flavor it.\n\nWho would think, then, that such fine ladies and gentlemen should regale\nthemselves with an essence found in the inglorious bowels of a sick\nwhale! Yet so it is. By some, ambergris is supposed to be the cause, and\nby others the effect, of the dyspepsia in the whale. How to cure such\na dyspepsia it were hard to say, unless by administering three or four\nboat loads of Brandreth's pills, and then running out of harm's way, as\nlaborers do in blasting rocks.\n\nI have forgotten to say that there were found in this ambergris, certain\nhard, round, bony plates, which at first Stubb thought might be sailors'\ntrowsers buttons; but it afterwards turned out that they were nothing\nmore than pieces of small squid bones embalmed in that manner.\n\nNow that the incorruption of this most fragrant ambergris should be\nfound in the heart of such decay; is this nothing? Bethink thee of that\nsaying of St. Paul in Corinthians, about corruption and incorruption;\nhow that we are sown in dishonour, but raised in glory. And likewise\ncall to mind that saying of Paracelsus about what it is that maketh\nthe best musk. Also forget not the strange fact that of all things of\nill-savor, Cologne-water, in its rudimental manufacturing stages, is the\nworst.\n\nI should like to conclude the chapter with the above appeal, but cannot,\nowing to my anxiety to repel a charge often made against whalemen,\nand which, in the estimation of some already biased minds, might be\nconsidered as indirectly substantiated by what has been said of\nthe Frenchman's two whales. Elsewhere in this volume the slanderous\naspersion has been disproved, that the vocation of whaling is throughout\na slatternly, untidy business. But there is another thing to rebut. They\nhint that all whales always smell bad. Now how did this odious stigma\noriginate?\n\nI opine, that it is plainly traceable to the first arrival of the\nGreenland whaling ships in London, more than two centuries ago. Because\nthose whalemen did not then, and do not now, try out their oil at sea as\nthe Southern ships have always done; but cutting up the fresh blubber in\nsmall bits, thrust it through the bung holes of large casks, and carry\nit home in that manner; the shortness of the season in those Icy Seas,\nand the sudden and violent storms to which they are exposed, forbidding\nany other course. The consequence is, that upon breaking into the hold,\nand unloading one of these whale cemeteries, in the Greenland dock, a\nsavor is given forth somewhat similar to that arising from excavating an\nold city grave-yard, for the foundations of a Lying-in-Hospital.\n\nI partly surmise also, that this wicked charge against whalers may be\nlikewise imputed to the existence on the coast of Greenland, in former\ntimes, of a Dutch village called Schmerenburgh or Smeerenberg, which\nlatter name is the one used by the learned Fogo Von Slack, in his great\nwork on Smells, a text-book on that subject. As its name imports (smeer,\nfat; berg, to put up), this village was founded in order to afford a\nplace for the blubber of the Dutch whale fleet to be tried out, without\nbeing taken home to Holland for that purpose. It was a collection of\nfurnaces, fat-kettles, and oil sheds; and when the works were in full\noperation certainly gave forth no very pleasant savor. But all this is\nquite different with a South Sea Sperm Whaler; which in a voyage of four\nyears perhaps, after completely filling her hold with oil, does not,\nperhaps, consume fifty days in the business of boiling out; and in the\nstate that it is casked, the oil is nearly scentless. The truth is, that\nliving or dead, if but decently treated, whales as a species are by\nno means creatures of ill odor; nor can whalemen be recognised, as the\npeople of the middle ages affected to detect a Jew in the company, by\nthe nose. Nor indeed can the whale possibly be otherwise than fragrant,\nwhen, as a general thing, he enjoys such high health; taking abundance\nof exercise; always out of doors; though, it is true, seldom in the\nopen air. I say, that the motion of a Sperm Whale's flukes above water\ndispenses a perfume, as when a musk-scented lady rustles her dress in a\nwarm parlor. What then shall I liken the Sperm Whale to for fragrance,\nconsidering his magnitude? Must it not be to that famous elephant, with\njewelled tusks, and redolent with myrrh, which was led out of an Indian\ntown to do honour to Alexander the Great?\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 93. The Castaway.\n\n\nIt was but some few days after encountering the Frenchman, that a most\nsignificant event befell the most insignificant of the Pequod's crew; an\nevent most lamentable; and which ended in providing the sometimes\nmadly merry and predestinated craft with a living and ever accompanying\nprophecy of whatever shattered sequel might prove her own.\n\nNow, in the whale ship, it is not every one that goes in the boats. Some\nfew hands are reserved called ship-keepers, whose province it is to work\nthe vessel while the boats are pursuing the whale. As a general thing,\nthese ship-keepers are as hardy fellows as the men comprising the boats'\ncrews. But if there happen to be an unduly slender, clumsy, or timorous\nwight in the ship, that wight is certain to be made a ship-keeper. It\nwas so in the Pequod with the little negro Pippin by nick-name, Pip by\nabbreviation. Poor Pip! ye have heard of him before; ye must remember\nhis tambourine on that dramatic midnight, so gloomy-jolly.\n\nIn outer aspect, Pip and Dough-Boy made a match, like a black pony and a\nwhite one, of equal developments, though of dissimilar colour, driven in\none eccentric span. But while hapless Dough-Boy was by nature dull and\ntorpid in his intellects, Pip, though over tender-hearted, was at bottom\nvery bright, with that pleasant, genial, jolly brightness peculiar to\nhis tribe; a tribe, which ever enjoy all holidays and festivities with\nfiner, freer relish than any other race. For blacks, the year's calendar\nshould show naught but three hundred and sixty-five Fourth of Julys and\nNew Year's Days. Nor smile so, while I write that this little black was\nbrilliant, for even blackness has its brilliancy; behold yon lustrous\nebony, panelled in king's cabinets. But Pip loved life, and all life's\npeaceable securities; so that the panic-striking business in which he\nhad somehow unaccountably become entrapped, had most sadly blurred his\nbrightness; though, as ere long will be seen, what was thus temporarily\nsubdued in him, in the end was destined to be luridly illumined by\nstrange wild fires, that fictitiously showed him off to ten times the\nnatural lustre with which in his native Tolland County in Connecticut,\nhe had once enlivened many a fiddler's frolic on the green; and at\nmelodious even-tide, with his gay ha-ha! had turned the round horizon\ninto one star-belled tambourine. So, though in the clear air of day,\nsuspended against a blue-veined neck, the pure-watered diamond drop\nwill healthful glow; yet, when the cunning jeweller would show you\nthe diamond in its most impressive lustre, he lays it against a gloomy\nground, and then lights it up, not by the sun, but by some unnatural\ngases. Then come out those fiery effulgences, infernally superb; then\nthe evil-blazing diamond, once the divinest symbol of the crystal skies,\nlooks like some crown-jewel stolen from the King of Hell. But let us to\nthe story.\n\nIt came to pass, that in the ambergris affair Stubb's after-oarsman\nchanced so to sprain his hand, as for a time to become quite maimed;\nand, temporarily, Pip was put into his place.\n\nThe first time Stubb lowered with him, Pip evinced much nervousness;\nbut happily, for that time, escaped close contact with the whale; and\ntherefore came off not altogether discreditably; though Stubb observing\nhim, took care, afterwards, to exhort him to cherish his courageousness\nto the utmost, for he might often find it needful.\n\nNow upon the second lowering, the boat paddled upon the whale; and as\nthe fish received the darted iron, it gave its customary rap, which\nhappened, in this instance, to be right under poor Pip's seat. The\ninvoluntary consternation of the moment caused him to leap, paddle in\nhand, out of the boat; and in such a way, that part of the slack whale\nline coming against his chest, he breasted it overboard with him, so as\nto become entangled in it, when at last plumping into the water. That\ninstant the stricken whale started on a fierce run, the line swiftly\nstraightened; and presto! poor Pip came all foaming up to the chocks\nof the boat, remorselessly dragged there by the line, which had taken\nseveral turns around his chest and neck.\n\nTashtego stood in the bows. He was full of the fire of the hunt. He\nhated Pip for a poltroon. Snatching the boat-knife from its sheath,\nhe suspended its sharp edge over the line, and turning towards Stubb,\nexclaimed interrogatively, \"Cut?\" Meantime Pip's blue, choked face\nplainly looked, Do, for God's sake! All passed in a flash. In less than\nhalf a minute, this entire thing happened.\n\n\"Damn him, cut!\" roared Stubb; and so the whale was lost and Pip was\nsaved.\n\nSo soon as he recovered himself, the poor little negro was assailed\nby yells and execrations from the crew. Tranquilly permitting these\nirregular cursings to evaporate, Stubb then in a plain, business-like,\nbut still half humorous manner, cursed Pip officially; and that done,\nunofficially gave him much wholesome advice. The substance was, Never\njump from a boat, Pip, except--but all the rest was indefinite, as the\nsoundest advice ever is. Now, in general, STICK TO THE BOAT, is your\ntrue motto in whaling; but cases will sometimes happen when LEAP FROM\nTHE BOAT, is still better. Moreover, as if perceiving at last that if he\nshould give undiluted conscientious advice to Pip, he would be leaving\nhim too wide a margin to jump in for the future; Stubb suddenly dropped\nall advice, and concluded with a peremptory command, \"Stick to the boat,\nPip, or by the Lord, I won't pick you up if you jump; mind that. We\ncan't afford to lose whales by the likes of you; a whale would sell for\nthirty times what you would, Pip, in Alabama. Bear that in mind, and\ndon't jump any more.\" Hereby perhaps Stubb indirectly hinted, that\nthough man loved his fellow, yet man is a money-making animal, which\npropensity too often interferes with his benevolence.\n\nBut we are all in the hands of the Gods; and Pip jumped again. It was\nunder very similar circumstances to the first performance; but this time\nhe did not breast out the line; and hence, when the whale started to\nrun, Pip was left behind on the sea, like a hurried traveller's trunk.\nAlas! Stubb was but too true to his word. It was a beautiful, bounteous,\nblue day; the spangled sea calm and cool, and flatly stretching away,\nall round, to the horizon, like gold-beater's skin hammered out to the\nextremest. Bobbing up and down in that sea, Pip's ebon head showed\nlike a head of cloves. No boat-knife was lifted when he fell so rapidly\nastern. Stubb's inexorable back was turned upon him; and the whale was\nwinged. In three minutes, a whole mile of shoreless ocean was between\nPip and Stubb. Out from the centre of the sea, poor Pip turned his\ncrisp, curling, black head to the sun, another lonely castaway, though\nthe loftiest and the brightest.\n\nNow, in calm weather, to swim in the open ocean is as easy to the\npractised swimmer as to ride in a spring-carriage ashore. But the awful\nlonesomeness is intolerable. The intense concentration of self in the\nmiddle of such a heartless immensity, my God! who can tell it? Mark, how\nwhen sailors in a dead calm bathe in the open sea--mark how closely they\nhug their ship and only coast along her sides.\n\nBut had Stubb really abandoned the poor little negro to his fate? No; he\ndid not mean to, at least. Because there were two boats in his wake,\nand he supposed, no doubt, that they would of course come up to Pip very\nquickly, and pick him up; though, indeed, such considerations towards\noarsmen jeopardized through their own timidity, is not always manifested\nby the hunters in all similar instances; and such instances not\nunfrequently occur; almost invariably in the fishery, a coward, so\ncalled, is marked with the same ruthless detestation peculiar to\nmilitary navies and armies.\n\nBut it so happened, that those boats, without seeing Pip, suddenly\nspying whales close to them on one side, turned, and gave chase; and\nStubb's boat was now so far away, and he and all his crew so intent\nupon his fish, that Pip's ringed horizon began to expand around him\nmiserably. By the merest chance the ship itself at last rescued him; but\nfrom that hour the little negro went about the deck an idiot; such, at\nleast, they said he was. The sea had jeeringly kept his finite body\nup, but drowned the infinite of his soul. Not drowned entirely, though.\nRather carried down alive to wondrous depths, where strange shapes of\nthe unwarped primal world glided to and fro before his passive eyes;\nand the miser-merman, Wisdom, revealed his hoarded heaps; and among the\njoyous, heartless, ever-juvenile eternities, Pip saw the multitudinous,\nGod-omnipresent, coral insects, that out of the firmament of waters\nheaved the colossal orbs. He saw God's foot upon the treadle of the\nloom, and spoke it; and therefore his shipmates called him mad. So man's\ninsanity is heaven's sense; and wandering from all mortal reason, man\ncomes at last to that celestial thought, which, to reason, is absurd and\nfrantic; and weal or woe, feels then uncompromised, indifferent as his\nGod.\n\nFor the rest, blame not Stubb too hardly. The thing is common in that\nfishery; and in the sequel of the narrative, it will then be seen what\nlike abandonment befell myself.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 94. A Squeeze of the Hand.\n\n\nThat whale of Stubb's, so dearly purchased, was duly brought to\nthe Pequod's side, where all those cutting and hoisting operations\npreviously detailed, were regularly gone through, even to the baling of\nthe Heidelburgh Tun, or Case.\n\nWhile some were occupied with this latter duty, others were employed\nin dragging away the larger tubs, so soon as filled with the sperm; and\nwhen the proper time arrived, this same sperm was carefully manipulated\nere going to the try-works, of which anon.\n\nIt had cooled and crystallized to such a degree, that when, with several\nothers, I sat down before a large Constantine's bath of it, I found\nit strangely concreted into lumps, here and there rolling about in the\nliquid part. It was our business to squeeze these lumps back into fluid.\nA sweet and unctuous duty! No wonder that in old times this sperm was\nsuch a favourite cosmetic. Such a clearer! such a sweetener! such a\nsoftener! such a delicious molifier! After having my hands in it for\nonly a few minutes, my fingers felt like eels, and began, as it were, to\nserpentine and spiralise.\n\nAs I sat there at my ease, cross-legged on the deck; after the bitter\nexertion at the windlass; under a blue tranquil sky; the ship under\nindolent sail, and gliding so serenely along; as I bathed my hands among\nthose soft, gentle globules of infiltrated tissues, woven almost within\nthe hour; as they richly broke to my fingers, and discharged all their\nopulence, like fully ripe grapes their wine; as I snuffed up that\nuncontaminated aroma,--literally and truly, like the smell of spring\nviolets; I declare to you, that for the time I lived as in a musky\nmeadow; I forgot all about our horrible oath; in that inexpressible\nsperm, I washed my hands and my heart of it; I almost began to credit\nthe old Paracelsan superstition that sperm is of rare virtue in allaying\nthe heat of anger; while bathing in that bath, I felt divinely free from\nall ill-will, or petulance, or malice, of any sort whatsoever.\n\nSqueeze! squeeze! squeeze! all the morning long; I squeezed that sperm\ntill I myself almost melted into it; I squeezed that sperm till a\nstrange sort of insanity came over me; and I found myself unwittingly\nsqueezing my co-laborers' hands in it, mistaking their hands for the\ngentle globules. Such an abounding, affectionate, friendly, loving\nfeeling did this avocation beget; that at last I was continually\nsqueezing their hands, and looking up into their eyes sentimentally; as\nmuch as to say,--Oh! my dear fellow beings, why should we longer cherish\nany social acerbities, or know the slightest ill-humor or envy! Come;\nlet us squeeze hands all round; nay, let us all squeeze ourselves into\neach other; let us squeeze ourselves universally into the very milk and\nsperm of kindness.\n\nWould that I could keep squeezing that sperm for ever! For now, since by\nmany prolonged, repeated experiences, I have perceived that in all cases\nman must eventually lower, or at least shift, his conceit of attainable\nfelicity; not placing it anywhere in the intellect or the fancy; but in\nthe wife, the heart, the bed, the table, the saddle, the fireside, the\ncountry; now that I have perceived all this, I am ready to squeeze case\neternally. In thoughts of the visions of the night, I saw long rows of\nangels in paradise, each with his hands in a jar of spermaceti.\n\nNow, while discoursing of sperm, it behooves to speak of other things\nakin to it, in the business of preparing the sperm whale for the\ntry-works.\n\nFirst comes white-horse, so called, which is obtained from the tapering\npart of the fish, and also from the thicker portions of his flukes. It\nis tough with congealed tendons--a wad of muscle--but still contains\nsome oil. After being severed from the whale, the white-horse is first\ncut into portable oblongs ere going to the mincer. They look much like\nblocks of Berkshire marble.\n\nPlum-pudding is the term bestowed upon certain fragmentary parts of the\nwhale's flesh, here and there adhering to the blanket of blubber, and\noften participating to a considerable degree in its unctuousness. It is\na most refreshing, convivial, beautiful object to behold. As its name\nimports, it is of an exceedingly rich, mottled tint, with a bestreaked\nsnowy and golden ground, dotted with spots of the deepest crimson and\npurple. It is plums of rubies, in pictures of citron. Spite of reason,\nit is hard to keep yourself from eating it. I confess, that once I stole\nbehind the foremast to try it. It tasted something as I should conceive\na royal cutlet from the thigh of Louis le Gros might have tasted,\nsupposing him to have been killed the first day after the venison\nseason, and that particular venison season contemporary with an\nunusually fine vintage of the vineyards of Champagne.\n\nThere is another substance, and a very singular one, which turns up in\nthe course of this business, but which I feel it to be very puzzling\nadequately to describe. It is called slobgollion; an appellation\noriginal with the whalemen, and even so is the nature of the substance.\nIt is an ineffably oozy, stringy affair, most frequently found in the\ntubs of sperm, after a prolonged squeezing, and subsequent decanting.\nI hold it to be the wondrously thin, ruptured membranes of the case,\ncoalescing.\n\nGurry, so called, is a term properly belonging to right whalemen, but\nsometimes incidentally used by the sperm fishermen. It designates the\ndark, glutinous substance which is scraped off the back of the Greenland\nor right whale, and much of which covers the decks of those inferior\nsouls who hunt that ignoble Leviathan.\n\nNippers. Strictly this word is not indigenous to the whale's vocabulary.\nBut as applied by whalemen, it becomes so. A whaleman's nipper is\na short firm strip of tendinous stuff cut from the tapering part of\nLeviathan's tail: it averages an inch in thickness, and for the rest, is\nabout the size of the iron part of a hoe. Edgewise moved along the\noily deck, it operates like a leathern squilgee; and by nameless\nblandishments, as of magic, allures along with it all impurities.\n\nBut to learn all about these recondite matters, your best way is at once\nto descend into the blubber-room, and have a long talk with its inmates.\nThis place has previously been mentioned as the receptacle for the\nblanket-pieces, when stript and hoisted from the whale. When the proper\ntime arrives for cutting up its contents, this apartment is a scene of\nterror to all tyros, especially by night. On one side, lit by a dull\nlantern, a space has been left clear for the workmen. They generally\ngo in pairs,--a pike-and-gaffman and a spade-man. The whaling-pike is\nsimilar to a frigate's boarding-weapon of the same name. The gaff is\nsomething like a boat-hook. With his gaff, the gaffman hooks on to a\nsheet of blubber, and strives to hold it from slipping, as the ship\npitches and lurches about. Meanwhile, the spade-man stands on the sheet\nitself, perpendicularly chopping it into the portable horse-pieces. This\nspade is sharp as hone can make it; the spademan's feet are shoeless;\nthe thing he stands on will sometimes irresistibly slide away from\nhim, like a sledge. If he cuts off one of his own toes, or one of his\nassistants', would you be very much astonished? Toes are scarce among\nveteran blubber-room men.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 95. The Cassock.\n\n\nHad you stepped on board the Pequod at a certain juncture of this\npost-mortemizing of the whale; and had you strolled forward nigh the\nwindlass, pretty sure am I that you would have scanned with no small\ncuriosity a very strange, enigmatical object, which you would have seen\nthere, lying along lengthwise in the lee scuppers. Not the wondrous\ncistern in the whale's huge head; not the prodigy of his unhinged lower\njaw; not the miracle of his symmetrical tail; none of these would so\nsurprise you, as half a glimpse of that unaccountable cone,--longer than\na Kentuckian is tall, nigh a foot in diameter at the base, and jet-black\nas Yojo, the ebony idol of Queequeg. And an idol, indeed, it is; or,\nrather, in old times, its likeness was. Such an idol as that found in\nthe secret groves of Queen Maachah in Judea; and for worshipping which,\nKing Asa, her son, did depose her, and destroyed the idol, and burnt it\nfor an abomination at the brook Kedron, as darkly set forth in the 15th\nchapter of the First Book of Kings.\n\nLook at the sailor, called the mincer, who now comes along, and assisted\nby two allies, heavily backs the grandissimus, as the mariners call it,\nand with bowed shoulders, staggers off with it as if he were a grenadier\ncarrying a dead comrade from the field. Extending it upon the forecastle\ndeck, he now proceeds cylindrically to remove its dark pelt, as an\nAfrican hunter the pelt of a boa. This done he turns the pelt inside\nout, like a pantaloon leg; gives it a good stretching, so as almost to\ndouble its diameter; and at last hangs it, well spread, in the rigging,\nto dry. Ere long, it is taken down; when removing some three feet of it,\ntowards the pointed extremity, and then cutting two slits for arm-holes\nat the other end, he lengthwise slips himself bodily into it. The mincer\nnow stands before you invested in the full canonicals of his calling.\nImmemorial to all his order, this investiture alone will adequately\nprotect him, while employed in the peculiar functions of his office.\n\nThat office consists in mincing the horse-pieces of blubber for the\npots; an operation which is conducted at a curious wooden horse, planted\nendwise against the bulwarks, and with a capacious tub beneath it, into\nwhich the minced pieces drop, fast as the sheets from a rapt orator's\ndesk. Arrayed in decent black; occupying a conspicuous pulpit; intent\non bible leaves; what a candidate for an archbishopric, what a lad for a\nPope were this mincer!*\n\n\n*Bible leaves! Bible leaves! This is the invariable cry from the mates\nto the mincer. It enjoins him to be careful, and cut his work into as\nthin slices as possible, inasmuch as by so doing the business of\nboiling out the oil is much accelerated, and its quantity considerably\nincreased, besides perhaps improving it in quality.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 96. The Try-Works.\n\n\nBesides her hoisted boats, an American whaler is outwardly distinguished\nby her try-works. She presents the curious anomaly of the most solid\nmasonry joining with oak and hemp in constituting the completed ship.\nIt is as if from the open field a brick-kiln were transported to her\nplanks.\n\nThe try-works are planted between the foremast and mainmast, the most\nroomy part of the deck. The timbers beneath are of a peculiar strength,\nfitted to sustain the weight of an almost solid mass of brick and\nmortar, some ten feet by eight square, and five in height. The\nfoundation does not penetrate the deck, but the masonry is firmly\nsecured to the surface by ponderous knees of iron bracing it on all\nsides, and screwing it down to the timbers. On the flanks it is cased\nwith wood, and at top completely covered by a large, sloping, battened\nhatchway. Removing this hatch we expose the great try-pots, two in\nnumber, and each of several barrels' capacity. When not in use, they are\nkept remarkably clean. Sometimes they are polished with soapstone\nand sand, till they shine within like silver punch-bowls. During the\nnight-watches some cynical old sailors will crawl into them and coil\nthemselves away there for a nap. While employed in polishing them--one\nman in each pot, side by side--many confidential communications\nare carried on, over the iron lips. It is a place also for profound\nmathematical meditation. It was in the left hand try-pot of the Pequod,\nwith the soapstone diligently circling round me, that I was first\nindirectly struck by the remarkable fact, that in geometry all bodies\ngliding along the cycloid, my soapstone for example, will descend from\nany point in precisely the same time.\n\nRemoving the fire-board from the front of the try-works, the bare\nmasonry of that side is exposed, penetrated by the two iron mouths of\nthe furnaces, directly underneath the pots. These mouths are fitted\nwith heavy doors of iron. The intense heat of the fire is prevented\nfrom communicating itself to the deck, by means of a shallow reservoir\nextending under the entire inclosed surface of the works. By a tunnel\ninserted at the rear, this reservoir is kept replenished with water as\nfast as it evaporates. There are no external chimneys; they open direct\nfrom the rear wall. And here let us go back for a moment.\n\nIt was about nine o'clock at night that the Pequod's try-works were\nfirst started on this present voyage. It belonged to Stubb to oversee\nthe business.\n\n\"All ready there? Off hatch, then, and start her. You cook, fire the\nworks.\" This was an easy thing, for the carpenter had been thrusting his\nshavings into the furnace throughout the passage. Here be it said that\nin a whaling voyage the first fire in the try-works has to be fed for a\ntime with wood. After that no wood is used, except as a means of quick\nignition to the staple fuel. In a word, after being tried out, the\ncrisp, shrivelled blubber, now called scraps or fritters, still contains\nconsiderable of its unctuous properties. These fritters feed the flames.\nLike a plethoric burning martyr, or a self-consuming misanthrope, once\nignited, the whale supplies his own fuel and burns by his own body.\nWould that he consumed his own smoke! for his smoke is horrible to\ninhale, and inhale it you must, and not only that, but you must live in\nit for the time. It has an unspeakable, wild, Hindoo odor about it, such\nas may lurk in the vicinity of funereal pyres. It smells like the left\nwing of the day of judgment; it is an argument for the pit.\n\nBy midnight the works were in full operation. We were clear from the\ncarcase; sail had been made; the wind was freshening; the wild ocean\ndarkness was intense. But that darkness was licked up by the fierce\nflames, which at intervals forked forth from the sooty flues, and\nilluminated every lofty rope in the rigging, as with the famed Greek\nfire. The burning ship drove on, as if remorselessly commissioned to\nsome vengeful deed. So the pitch and sulphur-freighted brigs of the\nbold Hydriote, Canaris, issuing from their midnight harbors, with broad\nsheets of flame for sails, bore down upon the Turkish frigates, and\nfolded them in conflagrations.\n\nThe hatch, removed from the top of the works, now afforded a wide hearth\nin front of them. Standing on this were the Tartarean shapes of the\npagan harpooneers, always the whale-ship's stokers. With huge pronged\npoles they pitched hissing masses of blubber into the scalding pots, or\nstirred up the fires beneath, till the snaky flames darted, curling, out\nof the doors to catch them by the feet. The smoke rolled away in sullen\nheaps. To every pitch of the ship there was a pitch of the boiling oil,\nwhich seemed all eagerness to leap into their faces. Opposite the mouth\nof the works, on the further side of the wide wooden hearth, was the\nwindlass. This served for a sea-sofa. Here lounged the watch, when not\notherwise employed, looking into the red heat of the fire, till their\neyes felt scorched in their heads. Their tawny features, now all\nbegrimed with smoke and sweat, their matted beards, and the contrasting\nbarbaric brilliancy of their teeth, all these were strangely revealed in\nthe capricious emblazonings of the works. As they narrated to each other\ntheir unholy adventures, their tales of terror told in words of mirth;\nas their uncivilized laughter forked upwards out of them, like the\nflames from the furnace; as to and fro, in their front, the harpooneers\nwildly gesticulated with their huge pronged forks and dippers; as the\nwind howled on, and the sea leaped, and the ship groaned and dived, and\nyet steadfastly shot her red hell further and further into the blackness\nof the sea and the night, and scornfully champed the white bone in\nher mouth, and viciously spat round her on all sides; then the rushing\nPequod, freighted with savages, and laden with fire, and burning\na corpse, and plunging into that blackness of darkness, seemed the\nmaterial counterpart of her monomaniac commander's soul.\n\nSo seemed it to me, as I stood at her helm, and for long hours silently\nguided the way of this fire-ship on the sea. Wrapped, for that interval,\nin darkness myself, I but the better saw the redness, the madness, the\nghastliness of others. The continual sight of the fiend shapes before\nme, capering half in smoke and half in fire, these at last begat kindred\nvisions in my soul, so soon as I began to yield to that unaccountable\ndrowsiness which ever would come over me at a midnight helm.\n\nBut that night, in particular, a strange (and ever since inexplicable)\nthing occurred to me. Starting from a brief standing sleep, I was\nhorribly conscious of something fatally wrong. The jaw-bone tiller smote\nmy side, which leaned against it; in my ears was the low hum of sails,\njust beginning to shake in the wind; I thought my eyes were open; I\nwas half conscious of putting my fingers to the lids and mechanically\nstretching them still further apart. But, spite of all this, I could see\nno compass before me to steer by; though it seemed but a minute since I\nhad been watching the card, by the steady binnacle lamp illuminating it.\nNothing seemed before me but a jet gloom, now and then made ghastly by\nflashes of redness. Uppermost was the impression, that whatever swift,\nrushing thing I stood on was not so much bound to any haven ahead as\nrushing from all havens astern. A stark, bewildered feeling, as of\ndeath, came over me. Convulsively my hands grasped the tiller, but with\nthe crazy conceit that the tiller was, somehow, in some enchanted way,\ninverted. My God! what is the matter with me? thought I. Lo! in my brief\nsleep I had turned myself about, and was fronting the ship's stern, with\nmy back to her prow and the compass. In an instant I faced back, just\nin time to prevent the vessel from flying up into the wind, and very\nprobably capsizing her. How glad and how grateful the relief from this\nunnatural hallucination of the night, and the fatal contingency of being\nbrought by the lee!\n\nLook not too long in the face of the fire, O man! Never dream with thy\nhand on the helm! Turn not thy back to the compass; accept the first\nhint of the hitching tiller; believe not the artificial fire, when its\nredness makes all things look ghastly. To-morrow, in the natural sun,\nthe skies will be bright; those who glared like devils in the forking\nflames, the morn will show in far other, at least gentler, relief; the\nglorious, golden, glad sun, the only true lamp--all others but liars!\n\nNevertheless the sun hides not Virginia's Dismal Swamp, nor Rome's\naccursed Campagna, nor wide Sahara, nor all the millions of miles of\ndeserts and of griefs beneath the moon. The sun hides not the ocean,\nwhich is the dark side of this earth, and which is two thirds of this\nearth. So, therefore, that mortal man who hath more of joy than sorrow\nin him, that mortal man cannot be true--not true, or undeveloped. With\nbooks the same. The truest of all men was the Man of Sorrows, and the\ntruest of all books is Solomon's, and Ecclesiastes is the fine hammered\nsteel of woe. \"All is vanity.\" ALL. This wilful world hath not got hold\nof unchristian Solomon's wisdom yet. But he who dodges hospitals and\njails, and walks fast crossing graveyards, and would rather talk of\noperas than hell; calls Cowper, Young, Pascal, Rousseau, poor devils all\nof sick men; and throughout a care-free lifetime swears by Rabelais as\npassing wise, and therefore jolly;--not that man is fitted to sit\ndown on tomb-stones, and break the green damp mould with unfathomably\nwondrous Solomon.\n\nBut even Solomon, he says, \"the man that wandereth out of the way\nof understanding shall remain\" (I.E., even while living) \"in the\ncongregation of the dead.\" Give not thyself up, then, to fire, lest it\ninvert thee, deaden thee; as for the time it did me. There is a wisdom\nthat is woe; but there is a woe that is madness. And there is a Catskill\neagle in some souls that can alike dive down into the blackest gorges,\nand soar out of them again and become invisible in the sunny spaces.\nAnd even if he for ever flies within the gorge, that gorge is in the\nmountains; so that even in his lowest swoop the mountain eagle is still\nhigher than other birds upon the plain, even though they soar.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 97. The Lamp.\n\n\nHad you descended from the Pequod's try-works to the Pequod's\nforecastle, where the off duty watch were sleeping, for one single\nmoment you would have almost thought you were standing in some\nilluminated shrine of canonized kings and counsellors. There they lay\nin their triangular oaken vaults, each mariner a chiselled muteness; a\nscore of lamps flashing upon his hooded eyes.\n\nIn merchantmen, oil for the sailor is more scarce than the milk of\nqueens. To dress in the dark, and eat in the dark, and stumble in\ndarkness to his pallet, this is his usual lot. But the whaleman, as he\nseeks the food of light, so he lives in light. He makes his berth an\nAladdin's lamp, and lays him down in it; so that in the pitchiest night\nthe ship's black hull still houses an illumination.\n\nSee with what entire freedom the whaleman takes his handful of\nlamps--often but old bottles and vials, though--to the copper cooler at\nthe try-works, and replenishes them there, as mugs of ale at a vat. He\nburns, too, the purest of oil, in its unmanufactured, and, therefore,\nunvitiated state; a fluid unknown to solar, lunar, or astral\ncontrivances ashore. It is sweet as early grass butter in April. He\ngoes and hunts for his oil, so as to be sure of its freshness and\ngenuineness, even as the traveller on the prairie hunts up his own\nsupper of game.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 98. Stowing Down and Clearing Up.\n\n\nAlready has it been related how the great leviathan is afar off\ndescried from the mast-head; how he is chased over the watery moors, and\nslaughtered in the valleys of the deep; how he is then towed alongside\nand beheaded; and how (on the principle which entitled the headsman of\nold to the garments in which the beheaded was killed) his great padded\nsurtout becomes the property of his executioner; how, in due time, he\nis condemned to the pots, and, like Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, his\nspermaceti, oil, and bone pass unscathed through the fire;--but now it\nremains to conclude the last chapter of this part of the description by\nrehearsing--singing, if I may--the romantic proceeding of decanting off\nhis oil into the casks and striking them down into the hold, where\nonce again leviathan returns to his native profundities, sliding along\nbeneath the surface as before; but, alas! never more to rise and blow.\n\nWhile still warm, the oil, like hot punch, is received into the\nsix-barrel casks; and while, perhaps, the ship is pitching and rolling\nthis way and that in the midnight sea, the enormous casks are slewed\nround and headed over, end for end, and sometimes perilously scoot\nacross the slippery deck, like so many land slides, till at last\nman-handled and stayed in their course; and all round the hoops, rap,\nrap, go as many hammers as can play upon them, for now, EX OFFICIO,\nevery sailor is a cooper.\n\nAt length, when the last pint is casked, and all is cool, then the great\nhatchways are unsealed, the bowels of the ship are thrown open, and down\ngo the casks to their final rest in the sea. This done, the hatches are\nreplaced, and hermetically closed, like a closet walled up.\n\nIn the sperm fishery, this is perhaps one of the most remarkable\nincidents in all the business of whaling. One day the planks stream with\nfreshets of blood and oil; on the sacred quarter-deck enormous masses of\nthe whale's head are profanely piled; great rusty casks lie about, as\nin a brewery yard; the smoke from the try-works has besooted all the\nbulwarks; the mariners go about suffused with unctuousness; the entire\nship seems great leviathan himself; while on all hands the din is\ndeafening.\n\nBut a day or two after, you look about you, and prick your ears in this\nself-same ship; and were it not for the tell-tale boats and try-works,\nyou would all but swear you trod some silent merchant vessel, with a\nmost scrupulously neat commander. The unmanufactured sperm oil possesses\na singularly cleansing virtue. This is the reason why the decks never\nlook so white as just after what they call an affair of oil. Besides,\nfrom the ashes of the burned scraps of the whale, a potent lye is\nreadily made; and whenever any adhesiveness from the back of the whale\nremains clinging to the side, that lye quickly exterminates it. Hands\ngo diligently along the bulwarks, and with buckets of water and rags\nrestore them to their full tidiness. The soot is brushed from the lower\nrigging. All the numerous implements which have been in use are likewise\nfaithfully cleansed and put away. The great hatch is scrubbed and placed\nupon the try-works, completely hiding the pots; every cask is out of\nsight; all tackles are coiled in unseen nooks; and when by the combined\nand simultaneous industry of almost the entire ship's company, the\nwhole of this conscientious duty is at last concluded, then the crew\nthemselves proceed to their own ablutions; shift themselves from top to\ntoe; and finally issue to the immaculate deck, fresh and all aglow, as\nbridegrooms new-leaped from out the daintiest Holland.\n\nNow, with elated step, they pace the planks in twos and threes, and\nhumorously discourse of parlors, sofas, carpets, and fine cambrics;\npropose to mat the deck; think of having hanging to the top; object not\nto taking tea by moonlight on the piazza of the forecastle. To hint to\nsuch musked mariners of oil, and bone, and blubber, were little short\nof audacity. They know not the thing you distantly allude to. Away, and\nbring us napkins!\n\nBut mark: aloft there, at the three mast heads, stand three men intent\non spying out more whales, which, if caught, infallibly will again\nsoil the old oaken furniture, and drop at least one small grease-spot\nsomewhere. Yes; and many is the time, when, after the severest\nuninterrupted labors, which know no night; continuing straight through\nfor ninety-six hours; when from the boat, where they have swelled their\nwrists with all day rowing on the Line,--they only step to the deck to\ncarry vast chains, and heave the heavy windlass, and cut and slash, yea,\nand in their very sweatings to be smoked and burned anew by the combined\nfires of the equatorial sun and the equatorial try-works; when, on the\nheel of all this, they have finally bestirred themselves to cleanse the\nship, and make a spotless dairy room of it; many is the time the poor\nfellows, just buttoning the necks of their clean frocks, are startled by\nthe cry of \"There she blows!\" and away they fly to fight another whale,\nand go through the whole weary thing again. Oh! my friends, but this\nis man-killing! Yet this is life. For hardly have we mortals by long\ntoilings extracted from this world's vast bulk its small but valuable\nsperm; and then, with weary patience, cleansed ourselves from its\ndefilements, and learned to live here in clean tabernacles of the soul;\nhardly is this done, when--THERE SHE BLOWS!--the ghost is spouted up,\nand away we sail to fight some other world, and go through young life's\nold routine again.\n\nOh! the metempsychosis! Oh! Pythagoras, that in bright Greece, two\nthousand years ago, did die, so good, so wise, so mild; I sailed with\nthee along the Peruvian coast last voyage--and, foolish as I am, taught\nthee, a green simple boy, how to splice a rope!\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 99. The Doubloon.\n\n\nEre now it has been related how Ahab was wont to pace his quarter-deck,\ntaking regular turns at either limit, the binnacle and mainmast; but\nin the multiplicity of other things requiring narration it has not been\nadded how that sometimes in these walks, when most plunged in his mood,\nhe was wont to pause in turn at each spot, and stand there strangely\neyeing the particular object before him. When he halted before the\nbinnacle, with his glance fastened on the pointed needle in the compass,\nthat glance shot like a javelin with the pointed intensity of his\npurpose; and when resuming his walk he again paused before the mainmast,\nthen, as the same riveted glance fastened upon the riveted gold coin\nthere, he still wore the same aspect of nailed firmness, only dashed\nwith a certain wild longing, if not hopefulness.\n\nBut one morning, turning to pass the doubloon, he seemed to be newly\nattracted by the strange figures and inscriptions stamped on it, as\nthough now for the first time beginning to interpret for himself in\nsome monomaniac way whatever significance might lurk in them. And some\ncertain significance lurks in all things, else all things are little\nworth, and the round world itself but an empty cipher, except to sell by\nthe cartload, as they do hills about Boston, to fill up some morass in\nthe Milky Way.\n\nNow this doubloon was of purest, virgin gold, raked somewhere out of the\nheart of gorgeous hills, whence, east and west, over golden sands, the\nhead-waters of many a Pactolus flows. And though now nailed amidst all\nthe rustiness of iron bolts and the verdigris of copper spikes, yet,\nuntouchable and immaculate to any foulness, it still preserved its Quito\nglow. Nor, though placed amongst a ruthless crew and every hour passed\nby ruthless hands, and through the livelong nights shrouded with thick\ndarkness which might cover any pilfering approach, nevertheless every\nsunrise found the doubloon where the sunset left it last. For it was\nset apart and sanctified to one awe-striking end; and however wanton\nin their sailor ways, one and all, the mariners revered it as the white\nwhale's talisman. Sometimes they talked it over in the weary watch by\nnight, wondering whose it was to be at last, and whether he would ever\nlive to spend it.\n\nNow those noble golden coins of South America are as medals of the sun\nand tropic token-pieces. Here palms, alpacas, and volcanoes; sun's disks\nand stars; ecliptics, horns-of-plenty, and rich banners waving, are in\nluxuriant profusion stamped; so that the precious gold seems almost to\nderive an added preciousness and enhancing glories, by passing through\nthose fancy mints, so Spanishly poetic.\n\nIt so chanced that the doubloon of the Pequod was a most wealthy example\nof these things. On its round border it bore the letters, REPUBLICA DEL\nECUADOR: QUITO. So this bright coin came from a country planted in the\nmiddle of the world, and beneath the great equator, and named after it;\nand it had been cast midway up the Andes, in the unwaning clime that\nknows no autumn. Zoned by those letters you saw the likeness of three\nAndes' summits; from one a flame; a tower on another; on the third a\ncrowing cock; while arching over all was a segment of the partitioned\nzodiac, the signs all marked with their usual cabalistics, and the\nkeystone sun entering the equinoctial point at Libra.\n\nBefore this equatorial coin, Ahab, not unobserved by others, was now\npausing.\n\n\"There's something ever egotistical in mountain-tops and towers, and\nall other grand and lofty things; look here,--three peaks as proud as\nLucifer. The firm tower, that is Ahab; the volcano, that is Ahab; the\ncourageous, the undaunted, and victorious fowl, that, too, is Ahab; all\nare Ahab; and this round gold is but the image of the rounder globe,\nwhich, like a magician's glass, to each and every man in turn but\nmirrors back his own mysterious self. Great pains, small gains for those\nwho ask the world to solve them; it cannot solve itself. Methinks now\nthis coined sun wears a ruddy face; but see! aye, he enters the sign\nof storms, the equinox! and but six months before he wheeled out of a\nformer equinox at Aries! From storm to storm! So be it, then. Born in\nthroes, 'tis fit that man should live in pains and die in pangs! So be\nit, then! Here's stout stuff for woe to work on. So be it, then.\"\n\n\"No fairy fingers can have pressed the gold, but devil's claws must\nhave left their mouldings there since yesterday,\" murmured Starbuck\nto himself, leaning against the bulwarks. \"The old man seems to read\nBelshazzar's awful writing. I have never marked the coin inspectingly.\nHe goes below; let me read. A dark valley between three mighty,\nheaven-abiding peaks, that almost seem the Trinity, in some faint\nearthly symbol. So in this vale of Death, God girds us round; and over\nall our gloom, the sun of Righteousness still shines a beacon and a\nhope. If we bend down our eyes, the dark vale shows her mouldy soil;\nbut if we lift them, the bright sun meets our glance half way, to cheer.\nYet, oh, the great sun is no fixture; and if, at midnight, we would fain\nsnatch some sweet solace from him, we gaze for him in vain! This coin\nspeaks wisely, mildly, truly, but still sadly to me. I will quit it,\nlest Truth shake me falsely.\"\n\n\"There now's the old Mogul,\" soliloquized Stubb by the try-works, \"he's\nbeen twigging it; and there goes Starbuck from the same, and both with\nfaces which I should say might be somewhere within nine fathoms long.\nAnd all from looking at a piece of gold, which did I have it now on\nNegro Hill or in Corlaer's Hook, I'd not look at it very long ere\nspending it. Humph! in my poor, insignificant opinion, I regard this as\nqueer. I have seen doubloons before now in my voyagings; your doubloons\nof old Spain, your doubloons of Peru, your doubloons of Chili, your\ndoubloons of Bolivia, your doubloons of Popayan; with plenty of gold\nmoidores and pistoles, and joes, and half joes, and quarter joes. What\nthen should there be in this doubloon of the Equator that is so killing\nwonderful? By Golconda! let me read it once. Halloa! here's signs and\nwonders truly! That, now, is what old Bowditch in his Epitome calls the\nzodiac, and what my almanac below calls ditto. I'll get the almanac and\nas I have heard devils can be raised with Daboll's arithmetic, I'll try\nmy hand at raising a meaning out of these queer curvicues here with\nthe Massachusetts calendar. Here's the book. Let's see now. Signs and\nwonders; and the sun, he's always among 'em. Hem, hem, hem; here they\nare--here they go--all alive:--Aries, or the Ram; Taurus, or the Bull\nand Jimimi! here's Gemini himself, or the Twins. Well; the sun he\nwheels among 'em. Aye, here on the coin he's just crossing the threshold\nbetween two of twelve sitting-rooms all in a ring. Book! you lie there;\nthe fact is, you books must know your places. You'll do to give us the\nbare words and facts, but we come in to supply the thoughts. That's my\nsmall experience, so far as the Massachusetts calendar, and Bowditch's\nnavigator, and Daboll's arithmetic go. Signs and wonders, eh? Pity if\nthere is nothing wonderful in signs, and significant in wonders! There's\na clue somewhere; wait a bit; hist--hark! By Jove, I have it! Look you,\nDoubloon, your zodiac here is the life of man in one round chapter;\nand now I'll read it off, straight out of the book. Come, Almanack! To\nbegin: there's Aries, or the Ram--lecherous dog, he begets us; then,\nTaurus, or the Bull--he bumps us the first thing; then Gemini, or the\nTwins--that is, Virtue and Vice; we try to reach Virtue, when lo! comes\nCancer the Crab, and drags us back; and here, going from Virtue, Leo,\na roaring Lion, lies in the path--he gives a few fierce bites and surly\ndabs with his paw; we escape, and hail Virgo, the Virgin! that's our\nfirst love; we marry and think to be happy for aye, when pop comes\nLibra, or the Scales--happiness weighed and found wanting; and while we\nare very sad about that, Lord! how we suddenly jump, as Scorpio, or the\nScorpion, stings us in the rear; we are curing the wound, when whang\ncome the arrows all round; Sagittarius, or the Archer, is amusing\nhimself. As we pluck out the shafts, stand aside! here's the\nbattering-ram, Capricornus, or the Goat; full tilt, he comes rushing,\nand headlong we are tossed; when Aquarius, or the Water-bearer, pours\nout his whole deluge and drowns us; and to wind up with Pisces, or the\nFishes, we sleep. There's a sermon now, writ in high heaven, and the\nsun goes through it every year, and yet comes out of it all alive and\nhearty. Jollily he, aloft there, wheels through toil and trouble; and\nso, alow here, does jolly Stubb. Oh, jolly's the word for aye! Adieu,\nDoubloon! But stop; here comes little King-Post; dodge round the\ntry-works, now, and let's hear what he'll have to say. There; he's\nbefore it; he'll out with something presently. So, so; he's beginning.\"\n\n\"I see nothing here, but a round thing made of gold, and whoever raises\na certain whale, this round thing belongs to him. So, what's all this\nstaring been about? It is worth sixteen dollars, that's true; and at\ntwo cents the cigar, that's nine hundred and sixty cigars. I won't smoke\ndirty pipes like Stubb, but I like cigars, and here's nine hundred and\nsixty of them; so here goes Flask aloft to spy 'em out.\"\n\n\"Shall I call that wise or foolish, now; if it be really wise it has a\nfoolish look to it; yet, if it be really foolish, then has it a sort\nof wiseish look to it. But, avast; here comes our old Manxman--the old\nhearse-driver, he must have been, that is, before he took to the sea. He\nluffs up before the doubloon; halloa, and goes round on the other side\nof the mast; why, there's a horse-shoe nailed on that side; and now he's\nback again; what does that mean? Hark! he's muttering--voice like an old\nworn-out coffee-mill. Prick ears, and listen!\"\n\n\"If the White Whale be raised, it must be in a month and a day, when\nthe sun stands in some one of these signs. I've studied signs, and know\ntheir marks; they were taught me two score years ago, by the old witch\nin Copenhagen. Now, in what sign will the sun then be? The horse-shoe\nsign; for there it is, right opposite the gold. And what's the\nhorse-shoe sign? The lion is the horse-shoe sign--the roaring and\ndevouring lion. Ship, old ship! my old head shakes to think of thee.\"\n\n\"There's another rendering now; but still one text. All sorts of men\nin one kind of world, you see. Dodge again! here comes Queequeg--all\ntattooing--looks like the signs of the Zodiac himself. What says the\nCannibal? As I live he's comparing notes; looking at his thigh bone;\nthinks the sun is in the thigh, or in the calf, or in the bowels, I\nsuppose, as the old women talk Surgeon's Astronomy in the back country.\nAnd by Jove, he's found something there in the vicinity of his thigh--I\nguess it's Sagittarius, or the Archer. No: he don't know what to make\nof the doubloon; he takes it for an old button off some king's trowsers.\nBut, aside again! here comes that ghost-devil, Fedallah; tail coiled out\nof sight as usual, oakum in the toes of his pumps as usual. What does he\nsay, with that look of his? Ah, only makes a sign to the sign and bows\nhimself; there is a sun on the coin--fire worshipper, depend upon it.\nHo! more and more. This way comes Pip--poor boy! would he had died,\nor I; he's half horrible to me. He too has been watching all of these\ninterpreters--myself included--and look now, he comes to read, with that\nunearthly idiot face. Stand away again and hear him. Hark!\"\n\n\"I look, you look, he looks; we look, ye look, they look.\"\n\n\"Upon my soul, he's been studying Murray's Grammar! Improving his mind,\npoor fellow! But what's that he says now--hist!\"\n\n\"I look, you look, he looks; we look, ye look, they look.\"\n\n\"Why, he's getting it by heart--hist! again.\"\n\n\"I look, you look, he looks; we look, ye look, they look.\"\n\n\"Well, that's funny.\"\n\n\"And I, you, and he; and we, ye, and they, are all bats; and I'm a crow,\nespecially when I stand a'top of this pine tree here. Caw! caw! caw!\ncaw! caw! caw! Ain't I a crow? And where's the scare-crow? There he\nstands; two bones stuck into a pair of old trowsers, and two more poked\ninto the sleeves of an old jacket.\"\n\n\"Wonder if he means me?--complimentary!--poor lad!--I could go hang\nmyself. Any way, for the present, I'll quit Pip's vicinity. I can stand\nthe rest, for they have plain wits; but he's too crazy-witty for my\nsanity. So, so, I leave him muttering.\"\n\n\"Here's the ship's navel, this doubloon here, and they are all on fire\nto unscrew it. But, unscrew your navel, and what's the consequence? Then\nagain, if it stays here, that is ugly, too, for when aught's nailed to\nthe mast it's a sign that things grow desperate. Ha, ha! old Ahab!\nthe White Whale; he'll nail ye! This is a pine tree. My father, in old\nTolland county, cut down a pine tree once, and found a silver ring grown\nover in it; some old darkey's wedding ring. How did it get there? And\nso they'll say in the resurrection, when they come to fish up this old\nmast, and find a doubloon lodged in it, with bedded oysters for the\nshaggy bark. Oh, the gold! the precious, precious, gold! the green\nmiser'll hoard ye soon! Hish! hish! God goes 'mong the worlds\nblackberrying. Cook! ho, cook! and cook us! Jenny! hey, hey, hey, hey,\nhey, Jenny, Jenny! and get your hoe-cake done!\"\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 100. Leg and Arm.\n\nThe Pequod, of Nantucket, Meets the Samuel Enderby, of London.\n\n\n\"Ship, ahoy! Hast seen the White Whale?\"\n\nSo cried Ahab, once more hailing a ship showing English colours, bearing\ndown under the stern. Trumpet to mouth, the old man was standing in his\nhoisted quarter-boat, his ivory leg plainly revealed to the stranger\ncaptain, who was carelessly reclining in his own boat's bow. He was\na darkly-tanned, burly, good-natured, fine-looking man, of sixty or\nthereabouts, dressed in a spacious roundabout, that hung round him in\nfestoons of blue pilot-cloth; and one empty arm of this jacket streamed\nbehind him like the broidered arm of a hussar's surcoat.\n\n\"Hast seen the White Whale!\"\n\n\"See you this?\" and withdrawing it from the folds that had hidden it,\nhe held up a white arm of sperm whale bone, terminating in a wooden head\nlike a mallet.\n\n\"Man my boat!\" cried Ahab, impetuously, and tossing about the oars near\nhim--\"Stand by to lower!\"\n\nIn less than a minute, without quitting his little craft, he and his\ncrew were dropped to the water, and were soon alongside of the stranger.\nBut here a curious difficulty presented itself. In the excitement of the\nmoment, Ahab had forgotten that since the loss of his leg he had never\nonce stepped on board of any vessel at sea but his own, and then it was\nalways by an ingenious and very handy mechanical contrivance peculiar to\nthe Pequod, and a thing not to be rigged and shipped in any other\nvessel at a moment's warning. Now, it is no very easy matter\nfor anybody--except those who are almost hourly used to it, like\nwhalemen--to clamber up a ship's side from a boat on the open sea; for\nthe great swells now lift the boat high up towards the bulwarks, and\nthen instantaneously drop it half way down to the kelson. So, deprived\nof one leg, and the strange ship of course being altogether unsupplied\nwith the kindly invention, Ahab now found himself abjectly reduced to a\nclumsy landsman again; hopelessly eyeing the uncertain changeful height\nhe could hardly hope to attain.\n\nIt has before been hinted, perhaps, that every little untoward\ncircumstance that befell him, and which indirectly sprang from his\nluckless mishap, almost invariably irritated or exasperated Ahab. And\nin the present instance, all this was heightened by the sight of the\ntwo officers of the strange ship, leaning over the side, by the\nperpendicular ladder of nailed cleets there, and swinging towards him a\npair of tastefully-ornamented man-ropes; for at first they did not seem\nto bethink them that a one-legged man must be too much of a cripple to\nuse their sea bannisters. But this awkwardness only lasted a minute,\nbecause the strange captain, observing at a glance how affairs stood,\ncried out, \"I see, I see!--avast heaving there! Jump, boys, and swing\nover the cutting-tackle.\"\n\nAs good luck would have it, they had had a whale alongside a day or two\nprevious, and the great tackles were still aloft, and the massive curved\nblubber-hook, now clean and dry, was still attached to the end. This\nwas quickly lowered to Ahab, who at once comprehending it all, slid his\nsolitary thigh into the curve of the hook (it was like sitting in the\nfluke of an anchor, or the crotch of an apple tree), and then giving the\nword, held himself fast, and at the same time also helped to hoist his\nown weight, by pulling hand-over-hand upon one of the running parts of\nthe tackle. Soon he was carefully swung inside the high bulwarks, and\ngently landed upon the capstan head. With his ivory arm frankly thrust\nforth in welcome, the other captain advanced, and Ahab, putting out his\nivory leg, and crossing the ivory arm (like two sword-fish blades)\ncried out in his walrus way, \"Aye, aye, hearty! let us shake bones\ntogether!--an arm and a leg!--an arm that never can shrink, d'ye\nsee; and a leg that never can run. Where did'st thou see the White\nWhale?--how long ago?\"\n\n\"The White Whale,\" said the Englishman, pointing his ivory arm towards\nthe East, and taking a rueful sight along it, as if it had been a\ntelescope; \"there I saw him, on the Line, last season.\"\n\n\"And he took that arm off, did he?\" asked Ahab, now sliding down from\nthe capstan, and resting on the Englishman's shoulder, as he did so.\n\n\"Aye, he was the cause of it, at least; and that leg, too?\"\n\n\"Spin me the yarn,\" said Ahab; \"how was it?\"\n\n\"It was the first time in my life that I ever cruised on the Line,\"\nbegan the Englishman. \"I was ignorant of the White Whale at that time.\nWell, one day we lowered for a pod of four or five whales, and my boat\nfastened to one of them; a regular circus horse he was, too, that went\nmilling and milling round so, that my boat's crew could only trim dish,\nby sitting all their sterns on the outer gunwale. Presently up breaches\nfrom the bottom of the sea a bouncing great whale, with a milky-white\nhead and hump, all crows' feet and wrinkles.\"\n\n\"It was he, it was he!\" cried Ahab, suddenly letting out his suspended\nbreath.\n\n\"And harpoons sticking in near his starboard fin.\"\n\n\"Aye, aye--they were mine--MY irons,\" cried Ahab, exultingly--\"but on!\"\n\n\"Give me a chance, then,\" said the Englishman, good-humoredly. \"Well,\nthis old great-grandfather, with the white head and hump, runs all afoam\ninto the pod, and goes to snapping furiously at my fast-line!\n\n\"Aye, I see!--wanted to part it; free the fast-fish--an old trick--I\nknow him.\"\n\n\"How it was exactly,\" continued the one-armed commander, \"I do not know;\nbut in biting the line, it got foul of his teeth, caught there somehow;\nbut we didn't know it then; so that when we afterwards pulled on the\nline, bounce we came plump on to his hump! instead of the other whale's;\nthat went off to windward, all fluking. Seeing how matters stood, and\nwhat a noble great whale it was--the noblest and biggest I ever saw,\nsir, in my life--I resolved to capture him, spite of the boiling rage\nhe seemed to be in. And thinking the hap-hazard line would get loose, or\nthe tooth it was tangled to might draw (for I have a devil of a boat's\ncrew for a pull on a whale-line); seeing all this, I say, I jumped\ninto my first mate's boat--Mr. Mounttop's here (by the way,\nCaptain--Mounttop; Mounttop--the captain);--as I was saying, I jumped\ninto Mounttop's boat, which, d'ye see, was gunwale and gunwale\nwith mine, then; and snatching the first harpoon, let this old\ngreat-grandfather have it. But, Lord, look you, sir--hearts and souls\nalive, man--the next instant, in a jiff, I was blind as a bat--both\neyes out--all befogged and bedeadened with black foam--the whale's tail\nlooming straight up out of it, perpendicular in the air, like a marble\nsteeple. No use sterning all, then; but as I was groping at midday, with\na blinding sun, all crown-jewels; as I was groping, I say, after the\nsecond iron, to toss it overboard--down comes the tail like a Lima\ntower, cutting my boat in two, leaving each half in splinters; and,\nflukes first, the white hump backed through the wreck, as though it was\nall chips. We all struck out. To escape his terrible flailings, I seized\nhold of my harpoon-pole sticking in him, and for a moment clung to that\nlike a sucking fish. But a combing sea dashed me off, and at the same\ninstant, the fish, taking one good dart forwards, went down like a\nflash; and the barb of that cursed second iron towing along near me\ncaught me here\" (clapping his hand just below his shoulder); \"yes,\ncaught me just here, I say, and bore me down to Hell's flames, I was\nthinking; when, when, all of a sudden, thank the good God, the barb ript\nits way along the flesh--clear along the whole length of my arm--came\nout nigh my wrist, and up I floated;--and that gentleman there will tell\nyou the rest (by the way, captain--Dr. Bunger, ship's surgeon: Bunger,\nmy lad,--the captain). Now, Bunger boy, spin your part of the yarn.\"\n\nThe professional gentleman thus familiarly pointed out, had been all the\ntime standing near them, with nothing specific visible, to denote his\ngentlemanly rank on board. His face was an exceedingly round but sober\none; he was dressed in a faded blue woollen frock or shirt, and patched\ntrowsers; and had thus far been dividing his attention between a\nmarlingspike he held in one hand, and a pill-box held in the other,\noccasionally casting a critical glance at the ivory limbs of the two\ncrippled captains. But, at his superior's introduction of him to Ahab,\nhe politely bowed, and straightway went on to do his captain's bidding.\n\n\"It was a shocking bad wound,\" began the whale-surgeon; \"and, taking my\nadvice, Captain Boomer here, stood our old Sammy--\"\n\n\"Samuel Enderby is the name of my ship,\" interrupted the one-armed\ncaptain, addressing Ahab; \"go on, boy.\"\n\n\"Stood our old Sammy off to the northward, to get out of the blazing hot\nweather there on the Line. But it was no use--I did all I could; sat up\nwith him nights; was very severe with him in the matter of diet--\"\n\n\"Oh, very severe!\" chimed in the patient himself; then suddenly altering\nhis voice, \"Drinking hot rum toddies with me every night, till he\ncouldn't see to put on the bandages; and sending me to bed, half seas\nover, about three o'clock in the morning. Oh, ye stars! he sat up with\nme indeed, and was very severe in my diet. Oh! a great watcher, and very\ndietetically severe, is Dr. Bunger. (Bunger, you dog, laugh out! why\ndon't ye? You know you're a precious jolly rascal.) But, heave ahead,\nboy, I'd rather be killed by you than kept alive by any other man.\"\n\n\"My captain, you must have ere this perceived, respected sir\"--said the\nimperturbable godly-looking Bunger, slightly bowing to Ahab--\"is apt to\nbe facetious at times; he spins us many clever things of that sort. But\nI may as well say--en passant, as the French remark--that I myself--that\nis to say, Jack Bunger, late of the reverend clergy--am a strict total\nabstinence man; I never drink--\"\n\n\"Water!\" cried the captain; \"he never drinks it; it's a sort of fits to\nhim; fresh water throws him into the hydrophobia; but go on--go on with\nthe arm story.\"\n\n\"Yes, I may as well,\" said the surgeon, coolly. \"I was about observing,\nsir, before Captain Boomer's facetious interruption, that spite of my\nbest and severest endeavors, the wound kept getting worse and worse; the\ntruth was, sir, it was as ugly gaping wound as surgeon ever saw; more\nthan two feet and several inches long. I measured it with the lead line.\nIn short, it grew black; I knew what was threatened, and off it came.\nBut I had no hand in shipping that ivory arm there; that thing is\nagainst all rule\"--pointing at it with the marlingspike--\"that is the\ncaptain's work, not mine; he ordered the carpenter to make it; he had\nthat club-hammer there put to the end, to knock some one's brains\nout with, I suppose, as he tried mine once. He flies into diabolical\npassions sometimes. Do ye see this dent, sir\"--removing his hat, and\nbrushing aside his hair, and exposing a bowl-like cavity in his skull,\nbut which bore not the slightest scarry trace, or any token of ever\nhaving been a wound--\"Well, the captain there will tell you how that\ncame here; he knows.\"\n\n\"No, I don't,\" said the captain, \"but his mother did; he was born with\nit. Oh, you solemn rogue, you--you Bunger! was there ever such another\nBunger in the watery world? Bunger, when you die, you ought to die in\npickle, you dog; you should be preserved to future ages, you rascal.\"\n\n\"What became of the White Whale?\" now cried Ahab, who thus far had been\nimpatiently listening to this by-play between the two Englishmen.\n\n\"Oh!\" cried the one-armed captain, \"oh, yes! Well; after he sounded,\nwe didn't see him again for some time; in fact, as I before hinted, I\ndidn't then know what whale it was that had served me such a trick, till\nsome time afterwards, when coming back to the Line, we heard about Moby\nDick--as some call him--and then I knew it was he.\"\n\n\"Did'st thou cross his wake again?\"\n\n\"Twice.\"\n\n\"But could not fasten?\"\n\n\"Didn't want to try to: ain't one limb enough? What should I do without\nthis other arm? And I'm thinking Moby Dick doesn't bite so much as he\nswallows.\"\n\n\"Well, then,\" interrupted Bunger, \"give him your left arm for bait to\nget the right. Do you know, gentlemen\"--very gravely and mathematically\nbowing to each Captain in succession--\"Do you know, gentlemen, that the\ndigestive organs of the whale are so inscrutably constructed by Divine\nProvidence, that it is quite impossible for him to completely digest\neven a man's arm? And he knows it too. So that what you take for the\nWhite Whale's malice is only his awkwardness. For he never means\nto swallow a single limb; he only thinks to terrify by feints. But\nsometimes he is like the old juggling fellow, formerly a patient of mine\nin Ceylon, that making believe swallow jack-knives, once upon a time let\none drop into him in good earnest, and there it stayed for a twelvemonth\nor more; when I gave him an emetic, and he heaved it up in small tacks,\nd'ye see. No possible way for him to digest that jack-knife, and fully\nincorporate it into his general bodily system. Yes, Captain Boomer, if\nyou are quick enough about it, and have a mind to pawn one arm for the\nsake of the privilege of giving decent burial to the other, why in that\ncase the arm is yours; only let the whale have another chance at you\nshortly, that's all.\"\n\n\"No, thank ye, Bunger,\" said the English Captain, \"he's welcome to the\narm he has, since I can't help it, and didn't know him then; but not to\nanother one. No more White Whales for me; I've lowered for him once, and\nthat has satisfied me. There would be great glory in killing him, I know\nthat; and there is a ship-load of precious sperm in him, but, hark ye,\nhe's best let alone; don't you think so, Captain?\"--glancing at the\nivory leg.\n\n\"He is. But he will still be hunted, for all that. What is best let\nalone, that accursed thing is not always what least allures. He's all a\nmagnet! How long since thou saw'st him last? Which way heading?\"\n\n\"Bless my soul, and curse the foul fiend's,\" cried Bunger, stoopingly\nwalking round Ahab, and like a dog, strangely snuffing; \"this man's\nblood--bring the thermometer!--it's at the boiling point!--his pulse\nmakes these planks beat!--sir!\"--taking a lancet from his pocket, and\ndrawing near to Ahab's arm.\n\n\"Avast!\" roared Ahab, dashing him against the bulwarks--\"Man the boat!\nWhich way heading?\"\n\n\"Good God!\" cried the English Captain, to whom the question was put.\n\"What's the matter? He was heading east, I think.--Is your Captain\ncrazy?\" whispering Fedallah.\n\nBut Fedallah, putting a finger on his lip, slid over the bulwarks to\ntake the boat's steering oar, and Ahab, swinging the cutting-tackle\ntowards him, commanded the ship's sailors to stand by to lower.\n\nIn a moment he was standing in the boat's stern, and the Manilla men\nwere springing to their oars. In vain the English Captain hailed him.\nWith back to the stranger ship, and face set like a flint to his own,\nAhab stood upright till alongside of the Pequod.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 101. The Decanter.\n\n\nEre the English ship fades from sight, be it set down here, that\nshe hailed from London, and was named after the late Samuel Enderby,\nmerchant of that city, the original of the famous whaling house of\nEnderby & Sons; a house which in my poor whaleman's opinion, comes not\nfar behind the united royal houses of the Tudors and Bourbons, in point\nof real historical interest. How long, prior to the year of our\nLord 1775, this great whaling house was in existence, my numerous\nfish-documents do not make plain; but in that year (1775) it fitted\nout the first English ships that ever regularly hunted the Sperm Whale;\nthough for some score of years previous (ever since 1726) our valiant\nCoffins and Maceys of Nantucket and the Vineyard had in large fleets\npursued that Leviathan, but only in the North and South Atlantic: not\nelsewhere. Be it distinctly recorded here, that the Nantucketers were\nthe first among mankind to harpoon with civilized steel the great Sperm\nWhale; and that for half a century they were the only people of the\nwhole globe who so harpooned him.\n\nIn 1778, a fine ship, the Amelia, fitted out for the express purpose,\nand at the sole charge of the vigorous Enderbys, boldly rounded Cape\nHorn, and was the first among the nations to lower a whale-boat of any\nsort in the great South Sea. The voyage was a skilful and lucky one;\nand returning to her berth with her hold full of the precious sperm, the\nAmelia's example was soon followed by other ships, English and American,\nand thus the vast Sperm Whale grounds of the Pacific were thrown open.\nBut not content with this good deed, the indefatigable house again\nbestirred itself: Samuel and all his Sons--how many, their mother only\nknows--and under their immediate auspices, and partly, I think, at their\nexpense, the British government was induced to send the sloop-of-war\nRattler on a whaling voyage of discovery into the South Sea. Commanded\nby a naval Post-Captain, the Rattler made a rattling voyage of it, and\ndid some service; how much does not appear. But this is not all. In\n1819, the same house fitted out a discovery whale ship of their own, to\ngo on a tasting cruise to the remote waters of Japan. That ship--well\ncalled the \"Syren\"--made a noble experimental cruise; and it was thus\nthat the great Japanese Whaling Ground first became generally known.\nThe Syren in this famous voyage was commanded by a Captain Coffin, a\nNantucketer.\n\nAll honour to the Enderbies, therefore, whose house, I think, exists to\nthe present day; though doubtless the original Samuel must long ago have\nslipped his cable for the great South Sea of the other world.\n\nThe ship named after him was worthy of the honour, being a very fast\nsailer and a noble craft every way. I boarded her once at midnight\nsomewhere off the Patagonian coast, and drank good flip down in the\nforecastle. It was a fine gam we had, and they were all trumps--every\nsoul on board. A short life to them, and a jolly death. And that fine\ngam I had--long, very long after old Ahab touched her planks with his\nivory heel--it minds me of the noble, solid, Saxon hospitality of that\nship; and may my parson forget me, and the devil remember me, if I ever\nlose sight of it. Flip? Did I say we had flip? Yes, and we flipped it\nat the rate of ten gallons the hour; and when the squall came (for it's\nsqually off there by Patagonia), and all hands--visitors and all--were\ncalled to reef topsails, we were so top-heavy that we had to swing each\nother aloft in bowlines; and we ignorantly furled the skirts of our\njackets into the sails, so that we hung there, reefed fast in the\nhowling gale, a warning example to all drunken tars. However, the masts\ndid not go overboard; and by and by we scrambled down, so sober, that we\nhad to pass the flip again, though the savage salt spray bursting down\nthe forecastle scuttle, rather too much diluted and pickled it to my\ntaste.\n\nThe beef was fine--tough, but with body in it. They said it was\nbull-beef; others, that it was dromedary beef; but I do not know, for\ncertain, how that was. They had dumplings too; small, but substantial,\nsymmetrically globular, and indestructible dumplings. I fancied that you\ncould feel them, and roll them about in you after they were swallowed.\nIf you stooped over too far forward, you risked their pitching out\nof you like billiard-balls. The bread--but that couldn't be helped;\nbesides, it was an anti-scorbutic; in short, the bread contained the\nonly fresh fare they had. But the forecastle was not very light, and it\nwas very easy to step over into a dark corner when you ate it. But all\nin all, taking her from truck to helm, considering the dimensions of the\ncook's boilers, including his own live parchment boilers; fore and aft,\nI say, the Samuel Enderby was a jolly ship; of good fare and plenty;\nfine flip and strong; crack fellows all, and capital from boot heels to\nhat-band.\n\nBut why was it, think ye, that the Samuel Enderby, and some other\nEnglish whalers I know of--not all though--were such famous, hospitable\nships; that passed round the beef, and the bread, and the can, and the\njoke; and were not soon weary of eating, and drinking, and laughing?\nI will tell you. The abounding good cheer of these English whalers\nis matter for historical research. Nor have I been at all sparing of\nhistorical whale research, when it has seemed needed.\n\nThe English were preceded in the whale fishery by the Hollanders,\nZealanders, and Danes; from whom they derived many terms still extant\nin the fishery; and what is yet more, their fat old fashions,\ntouching plenty to eat and drink. For, as a general thing, the English\nmerchant-ship scrimps her crew; but not so the English whaler. Hence, in\nthe English, this thing of whaling good cheer is not normal and natural,\nbut incidental and particular; and, therefore, must have some special\norigin, which is here pointed out, and will be still further elucidated.\n\nDuring my researches in the Leviathanic histories, I stumbled upon an\nancient Dutch volume, which, by the musty whaling smell of it, I\nknew must be about whalers. The title was, \"Dan Coopman,\" wherefore I\nconcluded that this must be the invaluable memoirs of some Amsterdam\ncooper in the fishery, as every whale ship must carry its cooper. I was\nreinforced in this opinion by seeing that it was the production of one\n\"Fitz Swackhammer.\" But my friend Dr. Snodhead, a very learned man,\nprofessor of Low Dutch and High German in the college of Santa Claus and\nSt. Pott's, to whom I handed the work for translation, giving him a box\nof sperm candles for his trouble--this same Dr. Snodhead, so soon as he\nspied the book, assured me that \"Dan Coopman\" did not mean \"The Cooper,\"\nbut \"The Merchant.\" In short, this ancient and learned Low Dutch book\ntreated of the commerce of Holland; and, among other subjects, contained\na very interesting account of its whale fishery. And in this chapter it\nwas, headed, \"Smeer,\" or \"Fat,\" that I found a long detailed list of the\noutfits for the larders and cellars of 180 sail of Dutch whalemen; from\nwhich list, as translated by Dr. Snodhead, I transcribe the following:\n\n400,000 lbs. of beef. 60,000 lbs. Friesland pork. 150,000 lbs. of stock\nfish. 550,000 lbs. of biscuit. 72,000 lbs. of soft bread. 2,800 firkins\nof butter. 20,000 lbs. Texel & Leyden cheese. 144,000 lbs. cheese\n(probably an inferior article). 550 ankers of Geneva. 10,800 barrels of\nbeer.\n\nMost statistical tables are parchingly dry in the reading; not so in\nthe present case, however, where the reader is flooded with whole pipes,\nbarrels, quarts, and gills of good gin and good cheer.\n\nAt the time, I devoted three days to the studious digesting of all\nthis beer, beef, and bread, during which many profound thoughts were\nincidentally suggested to me, capable of a transcendental and Platonic\napplication; and, furthermore, I compiled supplementary tables of my\nown, touching the probable quantity of stock-fish, etc., consumed by\nevery Low Dutch harpooneer in that ancient Greenland and Spitzbergen\nwhale fishery. In the first place, the amount of butter, and Texel and\nLeyden cheese consumed, seems amazing. I impute it, though, to their\nnaturally unctuous natures, being rendered still more unctuous by the\nnature of their vocation, and especially by their pursuing their game\nin those frigid Polar Seas, on the very coasts of that Esquimaux country\nwhere the convivial natives pledge each other in bumpers of train oil.\n\nThe quantity of beer, too, is very large, 10,800 barrels. Now, as those\npolar fisheries could only be prosecuted in the short summer of that\nclimate, so that the whole cruise of one of these Dutch whalemen,\nincluding the short voyage to and from the Spitzbergen sea, did not much\nexceed three months, say, and reckoning 30 men to each of their fleet\nof 180 sail, we have 5,400 Low Dutch seamen in all; therefore, I say,\nwe have precisely two barrels of beer per man, for a twelve weeks'\nallowance, exclusive of his fair proportion of that 550 ankers of gin.\nNow, whether these gin and beer harpooneers, so fuddled as one might\nfancy them to have been, were the right sort of men to stand up in\na boat's head, and take good aim at flying whales; this would seem\nsomewhat improbable. Yet they did aim at them, and hit them too. But\nthis was very far North, be it remembered, where beer agrees well with\nthe constitution; upon the Equator, in our southern fishery, beer would\nbe apt to make the harpooneer sleepy at the mast-head and boozy in his\nboat; and grievous loss might ensue to Nantucket and New Bedford.\n\nBut no more; enough has been said to show that the old Dutch whalers\nof two or three centuries ago were high livers; and that the English\nwhalers have not neglected so excellent an example. For, say they, when\ncruising in an empty ship, if you can get nothing better out of the\nworld, get a good dinner out of it, at least. And this empties the\ndecanter.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 102. A Bower in the Arsacides.\n\n\nHitherto, in descriptively treating of the Sperm Whale, I have chiefly\ndwelt upon the marvels of his outer aspect; or separately and in detail\nupon some few interior structural features. But to a large and thorough\nsweeping comprehension of him, it behooves me now to unbutton him still\nfurther, and untagging the points of his hose, unbuckling his garters,\nand casting loose the hooks and the eyes of the joints of his innermost\nbones, set him before you in his ultimatum; that is to say, in his\nunconditional skeleton.\n\nBut how now, Ishmael? How is it, that you, a mere oarsman in the\nfishery, pretend to know aught about the subterranean parts of the\nwhale? Did erudite Stubb, mounted upon your capstan, deliver lectures\non the anatomy of the Cetacea; and by help of the windlass, hold up a\nspecimen rib for exhibition? Explain thyself, Ishmael. Can you land\na full-grown whale on your deck for examination, as a cook dishes a\nroast-pig? Surely not. A veritable witness have you hitherto been,\nIshmael; but have a care how you seize the privilege of Jonah alone;\nthe privilege of discoursing upon the joists and beams; the rafters,\nridge-pole, sleepers, and under-pinnings, making up the frame-work of\nleviathan; and belike of the tallow-vats, dairy-rooms, butteries, and\ncheeseries in his bowels.\n\nI confess, that since Jonah, few whalemen have penetrated very far\nbeneath the skin of the adult whale; nevertheless, I have been blessed\nwith an opportunity to dissect him in miniature. In a ship I belonged\nto, a small cub Sperm Whale was once bodily hoisted to the deck for his\npoke or bag, to make sheaths for the barbs of the harpoons, and for the\nheads of the lances. Think you I let that chance go, without using my\nboat-hatchet and jack-knife, and breaking the seal and reading all the\ncontents of that young cub?\n\nAnd as for my exact knowledge of the bones of the leviathan in their\ngigantic, full grown development, for that rare knowledge I am indebted\nto my late royal friend Tranquo, king of Tranque, one of the Arsacides.\nFor being at Tranque, years ago, when attached to the trading-ship Dey\nof Algiers, I was invited to spend part of the Arsacidean holidays with\nthe lord of Tranque, at his retired palm villa at Pupella; a sea-side\nglen not very far distant from what our sailors called Bamboo-Town, his\ncapital.\n\nAmong many other fine qualities, my royal friend Tranquo, being gifted\nwith a devout love for all matters of barbaric vertu, had brought\ntogether in Pupella whatever rare things the more ingenious of his\npeople could invent; chiefly carved woods of wonderful devices,\nchiselled shells, inlaid spears, costly paddles, aromatic canoes;\nand all these distributed among whatever natural wonders, the\nwonder-freighted, tribute-rendering waves had cast upon his shores.\n\nChief among these latter was a great Sperm Whale, which, after an\nunusually long raging gale, had been found dead and stranded, with his\nhead against a cocoa-nut tree, whose plumage-like, tufted droopings\nseemed his verdant jet. When the vast body had at last been stripped of\nits fathom-deep enfoldings, and the bones become dust dry in the sun,\nthen the skeleton was carefully transported up the Pupella glen, where a\ngrand temple of lordly palms now sheltered it.\n\nThe ribs were hung with trophies; the vertebrae were carved with\nArsacidean annals, in strange hieroglyphics; in the skull, the priests\nkept up an unextinguished aromatic flame, so that the mystic head\nagain sent forth its vapoury spout; while, suspended from a bough, the\nterrific lower jaw vibrated over all the devotees, like the hair-hung\nsword that so affrighted Damocles.\n\nIt was a wondrous sight. The wood was green as mosses of the Icy\nGlen; the trees stood high and haughty, feeling their living sap; the\nindustrious earth beneath was as a weaver's loom, with a gorgeous carpet\non it, whereof the ground-vine tendrils formed the warp and woof, and\nthe living flowers the figures. All the trees, with all their laden\nbranches; all the shrubs, and ferns, and grasses; the message-carrying\nair; all these unceasingly were active. Through the lacings of the\nleaves, the great sun seemed a flying shuttle weaving the unwearied\nverdure. Oh, busy weaver! unseen weaver!--pause!--one word!--whither\nflows the fabric? what palace may it deck? wherefore all these ceaseless\ntoilings? Speak, weaver!--stay thy hand!--but one single word with\nthee! Nay--the shuttle flies--the figures float from forth the loom; the\nfreshet-rushing carpet for ever slides away. The weaver-god, he weaves;\nand by that weaving is he deafened, that he hears no mortal voice; and\nby that humming, we, too, who look on the loom are deafened; and only\nwhen we escape it shall we hear the thousand voices that speak through\nit. For even so it is in all material factories. The spoken words that\nare inaudible among the flying spindles; those same words are plainly\nheard without the walls, bursting from the opened casements. Thereby\nhave villainies been detected. Ah, mortal! then, be heedful; for so, in\nall this din of the great world's loom, thy subtlest thinkings may be\noverheard afar.\n\nNow, amid the green, life-restless loom of that Arsacidean wood, the\ngreat, white, worshipped skeleton lay lounging--a gigantic idler! Yet,\nas the ever-woven verdant warp and woof intermixed and hummed around\nhim, the mighty idler seemed the cunning weaver; himself all woven\nover with the vines; every month assuming greener, fresher verdure; but\nhimself a skeleton. Life folded Death; Death trellised Life; the grim\ngod wived with youthful Life, and begat him curly-headed glories.\n\nNow, when with royal Tranquo I visited this wondrous whale, and saw the\nskull an altar, and the artificial smoke ascending from where the real\njet had issued, I marvelled that the king should regard a chapel as\nan object of vertu. He laughed. But more I marvelled that the priests\nshould swear that smoky jet of his was genuine. To and fro I paced\nbefore this skeleton--brushed the vines aside--broke through the\nribs--and with a ball of Arsacidean twine, wandered, eddied long amid\nits many winding, shaded colonnades and arbours. But soon my line was\nout; and following it back, I emerged from the opening where I entered.\nI saw no living thing within; naught was there but bones.\n\nCutting me a green measuring-rod, I once more dived within the skeleton.\nFrom their arrow-slit in the skull, the priests perceived me taking the\naltitude of the final rib, \"How now!\" they shouted; \"Dar'st thou measure\nthis our god! That's for us.\" \"Aye, priests--well, how long do ye make\nhim, then?\" But hereupon a fierce contest rose among them, concerning\nfeet and inches; they cracked each other's sconces with their\nyard-sticks--the great skull echoed--and seizing that lucky chance, I\nquickly concluded my own admeasurements.\n\nThese admeasurements I now propose to set before you. But first, be\nit recorded, that, in this matter, I am not free to utter any fancied\nmeasurement I please. Because there are skeleton authorities you can\nrefer to, to test my accuracy. There is a Leviathanic Museum, they tell\nme, in Hull, England, one of the whaling ports of that country, where\nthey have some fine specimens of fin-backs and other whales. Likewise, I\nhave heard that in the museum of Manchester, in New Hampshire, they have\nwhat the proprietors call \"the only perfect specimen of a Greenland or\nRiver Whale in the United States.\" Moreover, at a place in Yorkshire,\nEngland, Burton Constable by name, a certain Sir Clifford Constable has\nin his possession the skeleton of a Sperm Whale, but of moderate size,\nby no means of the full-grown magnitude of my friend King Tranquo's.\n\nIn both cases, the stranded whales to which these two skeletons\nbelonged, were originally claimed by their proprietors upon similar\ngrounds. King Tranquo seizing his because he wanted it; and Sir\nClifford, because he was lord of the seignories of those parts. Sir\nClifford's whale has been articulated throughout; so that, like a\ngreat chest of drawers, you can open and shut him, in all his bony\ncavities--spread out his ribs like a gigantic fan--and swing all day\nupon his lower jaw. Locks are to be put upon some of his trap-doors and\nshutters; and a footman will show round future visitors with a bunch of\nkeys at his side. Sir Clifford thinks of charging twopence for a peep at\nthe whispering gallery in the spinal column; threepence to hear the echo\nin the hollow of his cerebellum; and sixpence for the unrivalled view\nfrom his forehead.\n\nThe skeleton dimensions I shall now proceed to set down are copied\nverbatim from my right arm, where I had them tattooed; as in my wild\nwanderings at that period, there was no other secure way of preserving\nsuch valuable statistics. But as I was crowded for space, and wished\nthe other parts of my body to remain a blank page for a poem I was\nthen composing--at least, what untattooed parts might remain--I did not\ntrouble myself with the odd inches; nor, indeed, should inches at all\nenter into a congenial admeasurement of the whale.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 103. Measurement of The Whale's Skeleton.\n\n\nIn the first place, I wish to lay before you a particular, plain\nstatement, touching the living bulk of this leviathan, whose skeleton we\nare briefly to exhibit. Such a statement may prove useful here.\n\nAccording to a careful calculation I have made, and which I partly base\nupon Captain Scoresby's estimate, of seventy tons for the largest\nsized Greenland whale of sixty feet in length; according to my careful\ncalculation, I say, a Sperm Whale of the largest magnitude, between\neighty-five and ninety feet in length, and something less than forty\nfeet in its fullest circumference, such a whale will weigh at least\nninety tons; so that, reckoning thirteen men to a ton, he would\nconsiderably outweigh the combined population of a whole village of one\nthousand one hundred inhabitants.\n\nThink you not then that brains, like yoked cattle, should be put to this\nleviathan, to make him at all budge to any landsman's imagination?\n\nHaving already in various ways put before you his skull, spout-hole,\njaw, teeth, tail, forehead, fins, and divers other parts, I shall now\nsimply point out what is most interesting in the general bulk of his\nunobstructed bones. But as the colossal skull embraces so very large\na proportion of the entire extent of the skeleton; as it is by far the\nmost complicated part; and as nothing is to be repeated concerning it in\nthis chapter, you must not fail to carry it in your mind, or under your\narm, as we proceed, otherwise you will not gain a complete notion of the\ngeneral structure we are about to view.\n\nIn length, the Sperm Whale's skeleton at Tranque measured seventy-two\nFeet; so that when fully invested and extended in life, he must have\nbeen ninety feet long; for in the whale, the skeleton loses about one\nfifth in length compared with the living body. Of this seventy-two feet,\nhis skull and jaw comprised some twenty feet, leaving some fifty feet of\nplain back-bone. Attached to this back-bone, for something less than a\nthird of its length, was the mighty circular basket of ribs which once\nenclosed his vitals.\n\nTo me this vast ivory-ribbed chest, with the long, unrelieved spine,\nextending far away from it in a straight line, not a little resembled\nthe hull of a great ship new-laid upon the stocks, when only some twenty\nof her naked bow-ribs are inserted, and the keel is otherwise, for the\ntime, but a long, disconnected timber.\n\nThe ribs were ten on a side. The first, to begin from the neck,\nwas nearly six feet long; the second, third, and fourth were each\nsuccessively longer, till you came to the climax of the fifth, or one\nof the middle ribs, which measured eight feet and some inches. From\nthat part, the remaining ribs diminished, till the tenth and last only\nspanned five feet and some inches. In general thickness, they all bore\na seemly correspondence to their length. The middle ribs were the most\narched. In some of the Arsacides they are used for beams whereon to lay\nfootpath bridges over small streams.\n\nIn considering these ribs, I could not but be struck anew with the\ncircumstance, so variously repeated in this book, that the skeleton of\nthe whale is by no means the mould of his invested form. The largest of\nthe Tranque ribs, one of the middle ones, occupied that part of the fish\nwhich, in life, is greatest in depth. Now, the greatest depth of the\ninvested body of this particular whale must have been at least sixteen\nfeet; whereas, the corresponding rib measured but little more than eight\nfeet. So that this rib only conveyed half of the true notion of the\nliving magnitude of that part. Besides, for some way, where I now saw\nbut a naked spine, all that had been once wrapped round with tons of\nadded bulk in flesh, muscle, blood, and bowels. Still more, for the\nample fins, I here saw but a few disordered joints; and in place of the\nweighty and majestic, but boneless flukes, an utter blank!\n\nHow vain and foolish, then, thought I, for timid untravelled man to try\nto comprehend aright this wondrous whale, by merely poring over his dead\nattenuated skeleton, stretched in this peaceful wood. No. Only in the\nheart of quickest perils; only when within the eddyings of his angry\nflukes; only on the profound unbounded sea, can the fully invested whale\nbe truly and livingly found out.\n\nBut the spine. For that, the best way we can consider it is, with a\ncrane, to pile its bones high up on end. No speedy enterprise. But now\nit's done, it looks much like Pompey's Pillar.\n\nThere are forty and odd vertebrae in all, which in the skeleton are\nnot locked together. They mostly lie like the great knobbed blocks on\na Gothic spire, forming solid courses of heavy masonry. The largest,\na middle one, is in width something less than three feet, and in depth\nmore than four. The smallest, where the spine tapers away into the\ntail, is only two inches in width, and looks something like a white\nbilliard-ball. I was told that there were still smaller ones, but they\nhad been lost by some little cannibal urchins, the priest's children,\nwho had stolen them to play marbles with. Thus we see how that the\nspine of even the hugest of living things tapers off at last into simple\nchild's play.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 104. The Fossil Whale.\n\n\nFrom his mighty bulk the whale affords a most congenial theme whereon\nto enlarge, amplify, and generally expatiate. Would you, you could not\ncompress him. By good rights he should only be treated of in imperial\nfolio. Not to tell over again his furlongs from spiracle to tail,\nand the yards he measures about the waist; only think of the gigantic\ninvolutions of his intestines, where they lie in him like great\ncables and hawsers coiled away in the subterranean orlop-deck of a\nline-of-battle-ship.\n\nSince I have undertaken to manhandle this Leviathan, it behooves me\nto approve myself omnisciently exhaustive in the enterprise; not\noverlooking the minutest seminal germs of his blood, and spinning him\nout to the uttermost coil of his bowels. Having already described him\nin most of his present habitatory and anatomical peculiarities, it\nnow remains to magnify him in an archaeological, fossiliferous, and\nantediluvian point of view. Applied to any other creature than the\nLeviathan--to an ant or a flea--such portly terms might justly be deemed\nunwarrantably grandiloquent. But when Leviathan is the text, the case is\naltered. Fain am I to stagger to this emprise under the weightiest\nwords of the dictionary. And here be it said, that whenever it has been\nconvenient to consult one in the course of these dissertations, I have\ninvariably used a huge quarto edition of Johnson, expressly purchased\nfor that purpose; because that famous lexicographer's uncommon personal\nbulk more fitted him to compile a lexicon to be used by a whale author\nlike me.\n\nOne often hears of writers that rise and swell with their subject,\nthough it may seem but an ordinary one. How, then, with me, writing\nof this Leviathan? Unconsciously my chirography expands into placard\ncapitals. Give me a condor's quill! Give me Vesuvius' crater for an\ninkstand! Friends, hold my arms! For in the mere act of penning my\nthoughts of this Leviathan, they weary me, and make me faint with their\noutreaching comprehensiveness of sweep, as if to include the whole\ncircle of the sciences, and all the generations of whales, and men, and\nmastodons, past, present, and to come, with all the revolving panoramas\nof empire on earth, and throughout the whole universe, not excluding its\nsuburbs. Such, and so magnifying, is the virtue of a large and liberal\ntheme! We expand to its bulk. To produce a mighty book, you must choose\na mighty theme. No great and enduring volume can ever be written on the\nflea, though many there be who have tried it.\n\nEre entering upon the subject of Fossil Whales, I present my credentials\nas a geologist, by stating that in my miscellaneous time I have been\na stone-mason, and also a great digger of ditches, canals and wells,\nwine-vaults, cellars, and cisterns of all sorts. Likewise, by way of\npreliminary, I desire to remind the reader, that while in the earlier\ngeological strata there are found the fossils of monsters now almost\ncompletely extinct; the subsequent relics discovered in what are called\nthe Tertiary formations seem the connecting, or at any rate intercepted\nlinks, between the antichronical creatures, and those whose remote\nposterity are said to have entered the Ark; all the Fossil Whales\nhitherto discovered belong to the Tertiary period, which is the last\npreceding the superficial formations. And though none of them\nprecisely answer to any known species of the present time, they are yet\nsufficiently akin to them in general respects, to justify their taking\nrank as Cetacean fossils.\n\nDetached broken fossils of pre-adamite whales, fragments of their bones\nand skeletons, have within thirty years past, at various intervals, been\nfound at the base of the Alps, in Lombardy, in France, in England, in\nScotland, and in the States of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama.\nAmong the more curious of such remains is part of a skull, which in the\nyear 1779 was disinterred in the Rue Dauphine in Paris, a short street\nopening almost directly upon the palace of the Tuileries; and bones\ndisinterred in excavating the great docks of Antwerp, in Napoleon's\ntime. Cuvier pronounced these fragments to have belonged to some utterly\nunknown Leviathanic species.\n\nBut by far the most wonderful of all Cetacean relics was the almost\ncomplete vast skeleton of an extinct monster, found in the year 1842, on\nthe plantation of Judge Creagh, in Alabama. The awe-stricken credulous\nslaves in the vicinity took it for the bones of one of the fallen\nangels. The Alabama doctors declared it a huge reptile, and bestowed\nupon it the name of Basilosaurus. But some specimen bones of it being\ntaken across the sea to Owen, the English Anatomist, it turned out\nthat this alleged reptile was a whale, though of a departed species. A\nsignificant illustration of the fact, again and again repeated in this\nbook, that the skeleton of the whale furnishes but little clue to the\nshape of his fully invested body. So Owen rechristened the monster\nZeuglodon; and in his paper read before the London Geological Society,\npronounced it, in substance, one of the most extraordinary creatures\nwhich the mutations of the globe have blotted out of existence.\n\nWhen I stand among these mighty Leviathan skeletons, skulls, tusks,\njaws, ribs, and vertebrae, all characterized by partial resemblances to\nthe existing breeds of sea-monsters; but at the same time bearing on\nthe other hand similar affinities to the annihilated antichronical\nLeviathans, their incalculable seniors; I am, by a flood, borne back\nto that wondrous period, ere time itself can be said to have begun;\nfor time began with man. Here Saturn's grey chaos rolls over me, and I\nobtain dim, shuddering glimpses into those Polar eternities; when wedged\nbastions of ice pressed hard upon what are now the Tropics; and in\nall the 25,000 miles of this world's circumference, not an inhabitable\nhand's breadth of land was visible. Then the whole world was the\nwhale's; and, king of creation, he left his wake along the present lines\nof the Andes and the Himmalehs. Who can show a pedigree like Leviathan?\nAhab's harpoon had shed older blood than the Pharaoh's. Methuselah seems\na school-boy. I look round to shake hands with Shem. I am horror-struck\nat this antemosaic, unsourced existence of the unspeakable terrors of\nthe whale, which, having been before all time, must needs exist after\nall humane ages are over.\n\nBut not alone has this Leviathan left his pre-adamite traces in the\nstereotype plates of nature, and in limestone and marl bequeathed his\nancient bust; but upon Egyptian tablets, whose antiquity seems to claim\nfor them an almost fossiliferous character, we find the unmistakable\nprint of his fin. In an apartment of the great temple of Denderah,\nsome fifty years ago, there was discovered upon the granite ceiling a\nsculptured and painted planisphere, abounding in centaurs, griffins, and\ndolphins, similar to the grotesque figures on the celestial globe of the\nmoderns. Gliding among them, old Leviathan swam as of yore; was there\nswimming in that planisphere, centuries before Solomon was cradled.\n\nNor must there be omitted another strange attestation of the antiquity\nof the whale, in his own osseous post-diluvian reality, as set down by\nthe venerable John Leo, the old Barbary traveller.\n\n\"Not far from the Sea-side, they have a Temple, the Rafters and Beams\nof which are made of Whale-Bones; for Whales of a monstrous size are\noftentimes cast up dead upon that shore. The Common People imagine, that\nby a secret Power bestowed by God upon the temple, no Whale can pass it\nwithout immediate death. But the truth of the Matter is, that on either\nside of the Temple, there are Rocks that shoot two Miles into the Sea,\nand wound the Whales when they light upon 'em. They keep a Whale's Rib\nof an incredible length for a Miracle, which lying upon the Ground with\nits convex part uppermost, makes an Arch, the Head of which cannot be\nreached by a Man upon a Camel's Back. This Rib (says John Leo) is said\nto have layn there a hundred Years before I saw it. Their Historians\naffirm, that a Prophet who prophesy'd of Mahomet, came from this Temple,\nand some do not stand to assert, that the Prophet Jonas was cast forth\nby the Whale at the Base of the Temple.\"\n\nIn this Afric Temple of the Whale I leave you, reader, and if you be a\nNantucketer, and a whaleman, you will silently worship there.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 105. Does the Whale's Magnitude Diminish?--Will He Perish?\n\n\nInasmuch, then, as this Leviathan comes floundering down upon us from\nthe head-waters of the Eternities, it may be fitly inquired, whether,\nin the long course of his generations, he has not degenerated from the\noriginal bulk of his sires.\n\nBut upon investigation we find, that not only are the whales of the\npresent day superior in magnitude to those whose fossil remains are\nfound in the Tertiary system (embracing a distinct geological period\nprior to man), but of the whales found in that Tertiary system, those\nbelonging to its latter formations exceed in size those of its earlier\nones.\n\nOf all the pre-adamite whales yet exhumed, by far the largest is the\nAlabama one mentioned in the last chapter, and that was less than\nseventy feet in length in the skeleton. Whereas, we have already seen,\nthat the tape-measure gives seventy-two feet for the skeleton of a large\nsized modern whale. And I have heard, on whalemen's authority, that\nSperm Whales have been captured near a hundred feet long at the time of\ncapture.\n\nBut may it not be, that while the whales of the present hour are an\nadvance in magnitude upon those of all previous geological periods; may\nit not be, that since Adam's time they have degenerated?\n\nAssuredly, we must conclude so, if we are to credit the accounts of such\ngentlemen as Pliny, and the ancient naturalists generally. For Pliny\ntells us of Whales that embraced acres of living bulk, and Aldrovandus\nof others which measured eight hundred feet in length--Rope Walks and\nThames Tunnels of Whales! And even in the days of Banks and Solander,\nCooke's naturalists, we find a Danish member of the Academy of Sciences\nsetting down certain Iceland Whales (reydan-siskur, or Wrinkled Bellies)\nat one hundred and twenty yards; that is, three hundred and sixty feet.\nAnd Lacepede, the French naturalist, in his elaborate history of whales,\nin the very beginning of his work (page 3), sets down the Right Whale at\none hundred metres, three hundred and twenty-eight feet. And this work\nwas published so late as A.D. 1825.\n\nBut will any whaleman believe these stories? No. The whale of to-day is\nas big as his ancestors in Pliny's time. And if ever I go where Pliny\nis, I, a whaleman (more than he was), will make bold to tell him so.\nBecause I cannot understand how it is, that while the Egyptian mummies\nthat were buried thousands of years before even Pliny was born, do not\nmeasure so much in their coffins as a modern Kentuckian in his socks;\nand while the cattle and other animals sculptured on the oldest Egyptian\nand Nineveh tablets, by the relative proportions in which they are\ndrawn, just as plainly prove that the high-bred, stall-fed, prize cattle\nof Smithfield, not only equal, but far exceed in magnitude the fattest\nof Pharaoh's fat kine; in the face of all this, I will not admit that of\nall animals the whale alone should have degenerated.\n\nBut still another inquiry remains; one often agitated by the more\nrecondite Nantucketers. Whether owing to the almost omniscient look-outs\nat the mast-heads of the whaleships, now penetrating even through\nBehring's straits, and into the remotest secret drawers and lockers\nof the world; and the thousand harpoons and lances darted along all\ncontinental coasts; the moot point is, whether Leviathan can long endure\nso wide a chase, and so remorseless a havoc; whether he must not at last\nbe exterminated from the waters, and the last whale, like the last man,\nsmoke his last pipe, and then himself evaporate in the final puff.\n\nComparing the humped herds of whales with the humped herds of buffalo,\nwhich, not forty years ago, overspread by tens of thousands the prairies\nof Illinois and Missouri, and shook their iron manes and scowled with\ntheir thunder-clotted brows upon the sites of populous river-capitals,\nwhere now the polite broker sells you land at a dollar an inch; in such\na comparison an irresistible argument would seem furnished, to show that\nthe hunted whale cannot now escape speedy extinction.\n\nBut you must look at this matter in every light. Though so short a\nperiod ago--not a good lifetime--the census of the buffalo in Illinois\nexceeded the census of men now in London, and though at the present day\nnot one horn or hoof of them remains in all that region; and though the\ncause of this wondrous extermination was the spear of man; yet the far\ndifferent nature of the whale-hunt peremptorily forbids so inglorious an\nend to the Leviathan. Forty men in one ship hunting the Sperm Whales for\nforty-eight months think they have done extremely well, and thank God,\nif at last they carry home the oil of forty fish. Whereas, in the days\nof the old Canadian and Indian hunters and trappers of the West, when\nthe far west (in whose sunset suns still rise) was a wilderness and\na virgin, the same number of moccasined men, for the same number of\nmonths, mounted on horse instead of sailing in ships, would have slain\nnot forty, but forty thousand and more buffaloes; a fact that, if need\nwere, could be statistically stated.\n\nNor, considered aright, does it seem any argument in favour of the\ngradual extinction of the Sperm Whale, for example, that in former years\n(the latter part of the last century, say) these Leviathans, in\nsmall pods, were encountered much oftener than at present, and, in\nconsequence, the voyages were not so prolonged, and were also much more\nremunerative. Because, as has been elsewhere noticed, those whales,\ninfluenced by some views to safety, now swim the seas in immense\ncaravans, so that to a large degree the scattered solitaries, yokes, and\npods, and schools of other days are now aggregated into vast but widely\nseparated, unfrequent armies. That is all. And equally fallacious seems\nthe conceit, that because the so-called whale-bone whales no longer\nhaunt many grounds in former years abounding with them, hence that\nspecies also is declining. For they are only being driven from\npromontory to cape; and if one coast is no longer enlivened with\ntheir jets, then, be sure, some other and remoter strand has been very\nrecently startled by the unfamiliar spectacle.\n\nFurthermore: concerning these last mentioned Leviathans, they have two\nfirm fortresses, which, in all human probability, will for ever remain\nimpregnable. And as upon the invasion of their valleys, the frosty Swiss\nhave retreated to their mountains; so, hunted from the savannas and\nglades of the middle seas, the whale-bone whales can at last resort to\ntheir Polar citadels, and diving under the ultimate glassy barriers and\nwalls there, come up among icy fields and floes; and in a charmed circle\nof everlasting December, bid defiance to all pursuit from man.\n\nBut as perhaps fifty of these whale-bone whales are harpooned for one\ncachalot, some philosophers of the forecastle have concluded that this\npositive havoc has already very seriously diminished their battalions.\nBut though for some time past a number of these whales, not less than\n13,000, have been annually slain on the nor'-west coast by the Americans\nalone; yet there are considerations which render even this circumstance\nof little or no account as an opposing argument in this matter.\n\nNatural as it is to be somewhat incredulous concerning the populousness\nof the more enormous creatures of the globe, yet what shall we say to\nHarto, the historian of Goa, when he tells us that at one hunting the\nKing of Siam took 4,000 elephants; that in those regions elephants are\nnumerous as droves of cattle in the temperate climes. And there seems no\nreason to doubt that if these elephants, which have now been hunted for\nthousands of years, by Semiramis, by Porus, by Hannibal, and by all the\nsuccessive monarchs of the East--if they still survive there in great\nnumbers, much more may the great whale outlast all hunting, since he\nhas a pasture to expatiate in, which is precisely twice as large as all\nAsia, both Americas, Europe and Africa, New Holland, and all the Isles\nof the sea combined.\n\nMoreover: we are to consider, that from the presumed great longevity\nof whales, their probably attaining the age of a century and more,\ntherefore at any one period of time, several distinct adult generations\nmust be contemporary. And what that is, we may soon gain some idea\nof, by imagining all the grave-yards, cemeteries, and family vaults of\ncreation yielding up the live bodies of all the men, women, and children\nwho were alive seventy-five years ago; and adding this countless host to\nthe present human population of the globe.\n\nWherefore, for all these things, we account the whale immortal in his\nspecies, however perishable in his individuality. He swam the seas\nbefore the continents broke water; he once swam over the site of the\nTuileries, and Windsor Castle, and the Kremlin. In Noah's flood he\ndespised Noah's Ark; and if ever the world is to be again flooded, like\nthe Netherlands, to kill off its rats, then the eternal whale will still\nsurvive, and rearing upon the topmost crest of the equatorial flood,\nspout his frothed defiance to the skies.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 106. Ahab's Leg.\n\n\nThe precipitating manner in which Captain Ahab had quitted the Samuel\nEnderby of London, had not been unattended with some small violence to\nhis own person. He had lighted with such energy upon a thwart of his\nboat that his ivory leg had received a half-splintering shock. And\nwhen after gaining his own deck, and his own pivot-hole there, he so\nvehemently wheeled round with an urgent command to the steersman (it\nwas, as ever, something about his not steering inflexibly enough); then,\nthe already shaken ivory received such an additional twist and wrench,\nthat though it still remained entire, and to all appearances lusty, yet\nAhab did not deem it entirely trustworthy.\n\nAnd, indeed, it seemed small matter for wonder, that for all his\npervading, mad recklessness, Ahab did at times give careful heed to the\ncondition of that dead bone upon which he partly stood. For it had not\nbeen very long prior to the Pequod's sailing from Nantucket, that he\nhad been found one night lying prone upon the ground, and insensible;\nby some unknown, and seemingly inexplicable, unimaginable casualty, his\nivory limb having been so violently displaced, that it had stake-wise\nsmitten, and all but pierced his groin; nor was it without extreme\ndifficulty that the agonizing wound was entirely cured.\n\nNor, at the time, had it failed to enter his monomaniac mind, that all\nthe anguish of that then present suffering was but the direct issue of a\nformer woe; and he too plainly seemed to see, that as the most poisonous\nreptile of the marsh perpetuates his kind as inevitably as the sweetest\nsongster of the grove; so, equally with every felicity, all miserable\nevents do naturally beget their like. Yea, more than equally, thought\nAhab; since both the ancestry and posterity of Grief go further than the\nancestry and posterity of Joy. For, not to hint of this: that it is\nan inference from certain canonic teachings, that while some natural\nenjoyments here shall have no children born to them for the other world,\nbut, on the contrary, shall be followed by the joy-childlessness of\nall hell's despair; whereas, some guilty mortal miseries shall still\nfertilely beget to themselves an eternally progressive progeny of griefs\nbeyond the grave; not at all to hint of this, there still seems an\ninequality in the deeper analysis of the thing. For, thought Ahab, while\neven the highest earthly felicities ever have a certain unsignifying\npettiness lurking in them, but, at bottom, all heartwoes, a mystic\nsignificance, and, in some men, an archangelic grandeur; so do their\ndiligent tracings-out not belie the obvious deduction. To trail the\ngenealogies of these high mortal miseries, carries us at last among the\nsourceless primogenitures of the gods; so that, in the face of all the\nglad, hay-making suns, and soft cymballing, round harvest-moons, we must\nneeds give in to this: that the gods themselves are not for ever glad.\nThe ineffaceable, sad birth-mark in the brow of man, is but the stamp of\nsorrow in the signers.\n\nUnwittingly here a secret has been divulged, which perhaps might more\nproperly, in set way, have been disclosed before. With many other\nparticulars concerning Ahab, always had it remained a mystery to some,\nwhy it was, that for a certain period, both before and after the sailing\nof the Pequod, he had hidden himself away with such Grand-Lama-like\nexclusiveness; and, for that one interval, sought speechless refuge, as\nit were, among the marble senate of the dead. Captain Peleg's bruited\nreason for this thing appeared by no means adequate; though, indeed,\nas touching all Ahab's deeper part, every revelation partook more of\nsignificant darkness than of explanatory light. But, in the end, it all\ncame out; this one matter did, at least. That direful mishap was at\nthe bottom of his temporary recluseness. And not only this, but to that\never-contracting, dropping circle ashore, who, for any reason, possessed\nthe privilege of a less banned approach to him; to that timid circle the\nabove hinted casualty--remaining, as it did, moodily unaccounted for by\nAhab--invested itself with terrors, not entirely underived from the land\nof spirits and of wails. So that, through their zeal for him, they had\nall conspired, so far as in them lay, to muffle up the knowledge of\nthis thing from others; and hence it was, that not till a considerable\ninterval had elapsed, did it transpire upon the Pequod's decks.\n\nBut be all this as it may; let the unseen, ambiguous synod in the air,\nor the vindictive princes and potentates of fire, have to do or not\nwith earthly Ahab, yet, in this present matter of his leg, he took plain\npractical procedures;--he called the carpenter.\n\nAnd when that functionary appeared before him, he bade him without delay\nset about making a new leg, and directed the mates to see him supplied\nwith all the studs and joists of jaw-ivory (Sperm Whale) which had thus\nfar been accumulated on the voyage, in order that a careful selection\nof the stoutest, clearest-grained stuff might be secured. This done, the\ncarpenter received orders to have the leg completed that night; and to\nprovide all the fittings for it, independent of those pertaining to\nthe distrusted one in use. Moreover, the ship's forge was ordered to be\nhoisted out of its temporary idleness in the hold; and, to accelerate\nthe affair, the blacksmith was commanded to proceed at once to the\nforging of whatever iron contrivances might be needed.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 107. The Carpenter.\n\n\nSeat thyself sultanically among the moons of Saturn, and take high\nabstracted man alone; and he seems a wonder, a grandeur, and a woe. But\nfrom the same point, take mankind in mass, and for the most part, they\nseem a mob of unnecessary duplicates, both contemporary and hereditary.\nBut most humble though he was, and far from furnishing an example of\nthe high, humane abstraction; the Pequod's carpenter was no duplicate;\nhence, he now comes in person on this stage.\n\nLike all sea-going ship carpenters, and more especially those belonging\nto whaling vessels, he was, to a certain off-handed, practical extent,\nalike experienced in numerous trades and callings collateral to his own;\nthe carpenter's pursuit being the ancient and outbranching trunk of all\nthose numerous handicrafts which more or less have to do with wood as an\nauxiliary material. But, besides the application to him of the generic\nremark above, this carpenter of the Pequod was singularly efficient in\nthose thousand nameless mechanical emergencies continually recurring\nin a large ship, upon a three or four years' voyage, in uncivilized\nand far-distant seas. For not to speak of his readiness in ordinary\nduties:--repairing stove boats, sprung spars, reforming the shape of\nclumsy-bladed oars, inserting bull's eyes in the deck, or new tree-nails\nin the side planks, and other miscellaneous matters more directly\npertaining to his special business; he was moreover unhesitatingly\nexpert in all manner of conflicting aptitudes, both useful and\ncapricious.\n\nThe one grand stage where he enacted all his various parts so manifold,\nwas his vice-bench; a long rude ponderous table furnished with several\nvices, of different sizes, and both of iron and of wood. At all times\nexcept when whales were alongside, this bench was securely lashed\nathwartships against the rear of the Try-works.\n\nA belaying pin is found too large to be easily inserted into its hole:\nthe carpenter claps it into one of his ever-ready vices, and straightway\nfiles it smaller. A lost land-bird of strange plumage strays on board,\nand is made a captive: out of clean shaved rods of right-whale bone, and\ncross-beams of sperm whale ivory, the carpenter makes a pagoda-looking\ncage for it. An oarsman sprains his wrist: the carpenter concocts a\nsoothing lotion. Stubb longed for vermillion stars to be painted upon\nthe blade of his every oar; screwing each oar in his big vice of wood,\nthe carpenter symmetrically supplies the constellation. A sailor takes\na fancy to wear shark-bone ear-rings: the carpenter drills his ears.\nAnother has the toothache: the carpenter out pincers, and clapping\none hand upon his bench bids him be seated there; but the poor fellow\nunmanageably winces under the unconcluded operation; whirling round the\nhandle of his wooden vice, the carpenter signs him to clap his jaw in\nthat, if he would have him draw the tooth.\n\nThus, this carpenter was prepared at all points, and alike indifferent\nand without respect in all. Teeth he accounted bits of ivory; heads he\ndeemed but top-blocks; men themselves he lightly held for capstans. But\nwhile now upon so wide a field thus variously accomplished and with such\nliveliness of expertness in him, too; all this would seem to argue some\nuncommon vivacity of intelligence. But not precisely so. For nothing was\nthis man more remarkable, than for a certain impersonal stolidity as\nit were; impersonal, I say; for it so shaded off into the surrounding\ninfinite of things, that it seemed one with the general stolidity\ndiscernible in the whole visible world; which while pauselessly active\nin uncounted modes, still eternally holds its peace, and ignores you,\nthough you dig foundations for cathedrals. Yet was this half-horrible\nstolidity in him, involving, too, as it appeared, an all-ramifying\nheartlessness;--yet was it oddly dashed at times, with an old,\ncrutch-like, antediluvian, wheezing humorousness, not unstreaked now\nand then with a certain grizzled wittiness; such as might have served\nto pass the time during the midnight watch on the bearded forecastle\nof Noah's ark. Was it that this old carpenter had been a life-long\nwanderer, whose much rolling, to and fro, not only had gathered no moss;\nbut what is more, had rubbed off whatever small outward clingings\nmight have originally pertained to him? He was a stript abstract; an\nunfractioned integral; uncompromised as a new-born babe; living without\npremeditated reference to this world or the next. You might almost\nsay, that this strange uncompromisedness in him involved a sort of\nunintelligence; for in his numerous trades, he did not seem to work so\nmuch by reason or by instinct, or simply because he had been tutored to\nit, or by any intermixture of all these, even or uneven; but merely by\na kind of deaf and dumb, spontaneous literal process. He was a pure\nmanipulator; his brain, if he had ever had one, must have early\noozed along into the muscles of his fingers. He was like one of\nthose unreasoning but still highly useful, MULTUM IN PARVO, Sheffield\ncontrivances, assuming the exterior--though a little swelled--of a\ncommon pocket knife; but containing, not only blades of various sizes,\nbut also screw-drivers, cork-screws, tweezers, awls, pens, rulers,\nnail-filers, countersinkers. So, if his superiors wanted to use the\ncarpenter for a screw-driver, all they had to do was to open that part\nof him, and the screw was fast: or if for tweezers, take him up by the\nlegs, and there they were.\n\nYet, as previously hinted, this omnitooled, open-and-shut carpenter,\nwas, after all, no mere machine of an automaton. If he did not have a\ncommon soul in him, he had a subtle something that somehow anomalously\ndid its duty. What that was, whether essence of quicksilver, or a few\ndrops of hartshorn, there is no telling. But there it was; and there it\nhad abided for now some sixty years or more. And this it was, this same\nunaccountable, cunning life-principle in him; this it was, that kept\nhim a great part of the time soliloquizing; but only like an unreasoning\nwheel, which also hummingly soliloquizes; or rather, his body was a\nsentry-box and this soliloquizer on guard there, and talking all the\ntime to keep himself awake.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 108. Ahab and the Carpenter.\n\nThe Deck--First Night Watch.\n\n\n(CARPENTER STANDING BEFORE HIS VICE-BENCH, AND BY THE LIGHT OF TWO\nLANTERNS BUSILY FILING THE IVORY JOIST FOR THE LEG, WHICH JOIST IS\nFIRMLY FIXED IN THE VICE. SLABS OF IVORY, LEATHER STRAPS, PADS, SCREWS,\nAND VARIOUS TOOLS OF ALL SORTS LYING ABOUT THE BENCH. FORWARD, THE RED\nFLAME OF THE FORGE IS SEEN, WHERE THE BLACKSMITH IS AT WORK.)\n\n\nDrat the file, and drat the bone! That is hard which should be soft,\nand that is soft which should be hard. So we go, who file old jaws and\nshinbones. Let's try another. Aye, now, this works better (SNEEZES).\nHalloa, this bone dust is (SNEEZES)--why it's (SNEEZES)--yes it's\n(SNEEZES)--bless my soul, it won't let me speak! This is what an old\nfellow gets now for working in dead lumber. Saw a live tree, and\nyou don't get this dust; amputate a live bone, and you don't get it\n(SNEEZES). Come, come, you old Smut, there, bear a hand, and let's have\nthat ferule and buckle-screw; I'll be ready for them presently. Lucky\nnow (SNEEZES) there's no knee-joint to make; that might puzzle a little;\nbut a mere shinbone--why it's easy as making hop-poles; only I should\nlike to put a good finish on. Time, time; if I but only had the time, I\ncould turn him out as neat a leg now as ever (SNEEZES) scraped to a lady\nin a parlor. Those buckskin legs and calves of legs I've seen in shop\nwindows wouldn't compare at all. They soak water, they do; and of\ncourse get rheumatic, and have to be doctored (SNEEZES) with washes and\nlotions, just like live legs. There; before I saw it off, now, I must\ncall his old Mogulship, and see whether the length will be all right;\ntoo short, if anything, I guess. Ha! that's the heel; we are in luck;\nhere he comes, or it's somebody else, that's certain.\n\nAHAB (ADVANCING)\n\n(DURING THE ENSUING SCENE, THE CARPENTER CONTINUES SNEEZING AT TIMES)\n\n\nWell, manmaker!\n\nJust in time, sir. If the captain pleases, I will now mark the length.\nLet me measure, sir.\n\nMeasured for a leg! good. Well, it's not the first time. About it!\nThere; keep thy finger on it. This is a cogent vice thou hast here,\ncarpenter; let me feel its grip once. So, so; it does pinch some.\n\nOh, sir, it will break bones--beware, beware!\n\nNo fear; I like a good grip; I like to feel something in this\nslippery world that can hold, man. What's Prometheus about there?--the\nblacksmith, I mean--what's he about?\n\nHe must be forging the buckle-screw, sir, now.\n\nRight. It's a partnership; he supplies the muscle part. He makes a\nfierce red flame there!\n\nAye, sir; he must have the white heat for this kind of fine work.\n\nUm-m. So he must. I do deem it now a most meaning thing, that that\nold Greek, Prometheus, who made men, they say, should have been a\nblacksmith, and animated them with fire; for what's made in fire must\nproperly belong to fire; and so hell's probable. How the soot flies!\nThis must be the remainder the Greek made the Africans of. Carpenter,\nwhen he's through with that buckle, tell him to forge a pair of steel\nshoulder-blades; there's a pedlar aboard with a crushing pack.\n\nSir?\n\nHold; while Prometheus is about it, I'll order a complete man after a\ndesirable pattern. Imprimis, fifty feet high in his socks; then, chest\nmodelled after the Thames Tunnel; then, legs with roots to 'em, to stay\nin one place; then, arms three feet through the wrist; no heart at all,\nbrass forehead, and about a quarter of an acre of fine brains; and let\nme see--shall I order eyes to see outwards? No, but put a sky-light on\ntop of his head to illuminate inwards. There, take the order, and away.\n\nNow, what's he speaking about, and who's he speaking to, I should like\nto know? Shall I keep standing here? (ASIDE).\n\n'Tis but indifferent architecture to make a blind dome; here's one. No,\nno, no; I must have a lantern.\n\nHo, ho! That's it, hey? Here are two, sir; one will serve my turn.\n\nWhat art thou thrusting that thief-catcher into my face for, man?\nThrusted light is worse than presented pistols.\n\nI thought, sir, that you spoke to carpenter.\n\n\nCarpenter? why that's--but no;--a very tidy, and, I may say,\nan extremely gentlemanlike sort of business thou art in here,\ncarpenter;--or would'st thou rather work in clay?\n\nSir?--Clay? clay, sir? That's mud; we leave clay to ditchers, sir.\n\nThe fellow's impious! What art thou sneezing about?\n\nBone is rather dusty, sir.\n\nTake the hint, then; and when thou art dead, never bury thyself under\nliving people's noses.\n\nSir?--oh! ah!--I guess so;--yes--dear!\n\nLook ye, carpenter, I dare say thou callest thyself a right good\nworkmanlike workman, eh? Well, then, will it speak thoroughly well\nfor thy work, if, when I come to mount this leg thou makest, I shall\nnevertheless feel another leg in the same identical place with it; that\nis, carpenter, my old lost leg; the flesh and blood one, I mean. Canst\nthou not drive that old Adam away?\n\nTruly, sir, I begin to understand somewhat now. Yes, I have heard\nsomething curious on that score, sir; how that a dismasted man never\nentirely loses the feeling of his old spar, but it will be still\npricking him at times. May I humbly ask if it be really so, sir?\n\nIt is, man. Look, put thy live leg here in the place where mine once\nwas; so, now, here is only one distinct leg to the eye, yet two to the\nsoul. Where thou feelest tingling life; there, exactly there, there to a\nhair, do I. Is't a riddle?\n\nI should humbly call it a poser, sir.\n\nHist, then. How dost thou know that some entire, living, thinking thing\nmay not be invisibly and uninterpenetratingly standing precisely where\nthou now standest; aye, and standing there in thy spite? In thy most\nsolitary hours, then, dost thou not fear eavesdroppers? Hold, don't\nspeak! And if I still feel the smart of my crushed leg, though it be now\nso long dissolved; then, why mayst not thou, carpenter, feel the fiery\npains of hell for ever, and without a body? Hah!\n\nGood Lord! Truly, sir, if it comes to that, I must calculate over again;\nI think I didn't carry a small figure, sir.\n\nLook ye, pudding-heads should never grant premises.--How long before the\nleg is done?\n\nPerhaps an hour, sir.\n\nBungle away at it then, and bring it to me (TURNS TO GO). Oh, Life! Here\nI am, proud as Greek god, and yet standing debtor to this blockhead for\na bone to stand on! Cursed be that mortal inter-indebtedness which will\nnot do away with ledgers. I would be free as air; and I'm down in the\nwhole world's books. I am so rich, I could have given bid for bid with\nthe wealthiest Praetorians at the auction of the Roman empire (which was\nthe world's); and yet I owe for the flesh in the tongue I brag with. By\nheavens! I'll get a crucible, and into it, and dissolve myself down to\none small, compendious vertebra. So.\n\nCARPENTER (RESUMING HIS WORK).\n\n\nWell, well, well! Stubb knows him best of all, and Stubb always says\nhe's queer; says nothing but that one sufficient little word queer; he's\nqueer, says Stubb; he's queer--queer, queer; and keeps dinning it into\nMr. Starbuck all the time--queer--sir--queer, queer, very queer. And\nhere's his leg! Yes, now that I think of it, here's his bedfellow! has\na stick of whale's jaw-bone for a wife! And this is his leg; he'll stand\non this. What was that now about one leg standing in three places, and\nall three places standing in one hell--how was that? Oh! I don't wonder\nhe looked so scornful at me! I'm a sort of strange-thoughted sometimes,\nthey say; but that's only haphazard-like. Then, a short, little old body\nlike me, should never undertake to wade out into deep waters with tall,\nheron-built captains; the water chucks you under the chin pretty quick,\nand there's a great cry for life-boats. And here's the heron's leg!\nlong and slim, sure enough! Now, for most folks one pair of legs lasts\na lifetime, and that must be because they use them mercifully, as a\ntender-hearted old lady uses her roly-poly old coach-horses. But Ahab;\noh he's a hard driver. Look, driven one leg to death, and spavined the\nother for life, and now wears out bone legs by the cord. Halloa, there,\nyou Smut! bear a hand there with those screws, and let's finish it\nbefore the resurrection fellow comes a-calling with his horn for\nall legs, true or false, as brewery-men go round collecting old beer\nbarrels, to fill 'em up again. What a leg this is! It looks like a real\nlive leg, filed down to nothing but the core; he'll be standing on this\nto-morrow; he'll be taking altitudes on it. Halloa! I almost forgot the\nlittle oval slate, smoothed ivory, where he figures up the latitude. So,\nso; chisel, file, and sand-paper, now!\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 109. Ahab and Starbuck in the Cabin.\n\n\nAccording to usage they were pumping the ship next morning; and lo! no\ninconsiderable oil came up with the water; the casks below must have\nsprung a bad leak. Much concern was shown; and Starbuck went down into\nthe cabin to report this unfavourable affair.*\n\n\n*In Sperm-whalemen with any considerable quantity of oil on board, it\nis a regular semiweekly duty to conduct a hose into the hold, and drench\nthe casks with sea-water; which afterwards, at varying intervals, is\nremoved by the ship's pumps. Hereby the casks are sought to be kept\ndamply tight; while by the changed character of the withdrawn water, the\nmariners readily detect any serious leakage in the precious cargo.\n\n\nNow, from the South and West the Pequod was drawing nigh to Formosa and\nthe Bashee Isles, between which lies one of the tropical outlets from\nthe China waters into the Pacific. And so Starbuck found Ahab with\na general chart of the oriental archipelagoes spread before him;\nand another separate one representing the long eastern coasts of the\nJapanese islands--Niphon, Matsmai, and Sikoke. With his snow-white new\nivory leg braced against the screwed leg of his table, and with a long\npruning-hook of a jack-knife in his hand, the wondrous old man, with his\nback to the gangway door, was wrinkling his brow, and tracing his old\ncourses again.\n\n\"Who's there?\" hearing the footstep at the door, but not turning round\nto it. \"On deck! Begone!\"\n\n\"Captain Ahab mistakes; it is I. The oil in the hold is leaking, sir. We\nmust up Burtons and break out.\"\n\n\"Up Burtons and break out? Now that we are nearing Japan; heave-to here\nfor a week to tinker a parcel of old hoops?\"\n\n\"Either do that, sir, or waste in one day more oil than we may make good\nin a year. What we come twenty thousand miles to get is worth saving,\nsir.\"\n\n\"So it is, so it is; if we get it.\"\n\n\"I was speaking of the oil in the hold, sir.\"\n\n\"And I was not speaking or thinking of that at all. Begone! Let it leak!\nI'm all aleak myself. Aye! leaks in leaks! not only full of leaky casks,\nbut those leaky casks are in a leaky ship; and that's a far worse plight\nthan the Pequod's, man. Yet I don't stop to plug my leak; for who can\nfind it in the deep-loaded hull; or how hope to plug it, even if\nfound, in this life's howling gale? Starbuck! I'll not have the Burtons\nhoisted.\"\n\n\"What will the owners say, sir?\"\n\n\"Let the owners stand on Nantucket beach and outyell the Typhoons. What\ncares Ahab? Owners, owners? Thou art always prating to me, Starbuck,\nabout those miserly owners, as if the owners were my conscience. But\nlook ye, the only real owner of anything is its commander; and hark ye,\nmy conscience is in this ship's keel.--On deck!\"\n\n\"Captain Ahab,\" said the reddening mate, moving further into the cabin,\nwith a daring so strangely respectful and cautious that it almost seemed\nnot only every way seeking to avoid the slightest outward manifestation\nof itself, but within also seemed more than half distrustful of itself;\n\"A better man than I might well pass over in thee what he would quickly\nenough resent in a younger man; aye, and in a happier, Captain Ahab.\"\n\n\"Devils! Dost thou then so much as dare to critically think of me?--On\ndeck!\"\n\n\"Nay, sir, not yet; I do entreat. And I do dare, sir--to be forbearing!\nShall we not understand each other better than hitherto, Captain Ahab?\"\n\nAhab seized a loaded musket from the rack (forming part of most\nSouth-Sea-men's cabin furniture), and pointing it towards Starbuck,\nexclaimed: \"There is one God that is Lord over the earth, and one\nCaptain that is lord over the Pequod.--On deck!\"\n\nFor an instant in the flashing eyes of the mate, and his fiery cheeks,\nyou would have almost thought that he had really received the blaze of\nthe levelled tube. But, mastering his emotion, he half calmly rose,\nand as he quitted the cabin, paused for an instant and said: \"Thou hast\noutraged, not insulted me, sir; but for that I ask thee not to beware of\nStarbuck; thou wouldst but laugh; but let Ahab beware of Ahab; beware of\nthyself, old man.\"\n\n\"He waxes brave, but nevertheless obeys; most careful bravery that!\"\nmurmured Ahab, as Starbuck disappeared. \"What's that he said--Ahab\nbeware of Ahab--there's something there!\" Then unconsciously using the\nmusket for a staff, with an iron brow he paced to and fro in the little\ncabin; but presently the thick plaits of his forehead relaxed, and\nreturning the gun to the rack, he went to the deck.\n\n\"Thou art but too good a fellow, Starbuck,\" he said lowly to the mate;\nthen raising his voice to the crew: \"Furl the t'gallant-sails, and\nclose-reef the top-sails, fore and aft; back the main-yard; up Burton,\nand break out in the main-hold.\"\n\nIt were perhaps vain to surmise exactly why it was, that as respecting\nStarbuck, Ahab thus acted. It may have been a flash of honesty in him;\nor mere prudential policy which, under the circumstance, imperiously\nforbade the slightest symptom of open disaffection, however transient,\nin the important chief officer of his ship. However it was, his orders\nwere executed; and the Burtons were hoisted.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 110. Queequeg in His Coffin.\n\n\nUpon searching, it was found that the casks last struck into the hold\nwere perfectly sound, and that the leak must be further off. So, it\nbeing calm weather, they broke out deeper and deeper, disturbing the\nslumbers of the huge ground-tier butts; and from that black midnight\nsending those gigantic moles into the daylight above. So deep did they\ngo; and so ancient, and corroded, and weedy the aspect of the lowermost\npuncheons, that you almost looked next for some mouldy corner-stone cask\ncontaining coins of Captain Noah, with copies of the posted placards,\nvainly warning the infatuated old world from the flood. Tierce after\ntierce, too, of water, and bread, and beef, and shooks of staves, and\niron bundles of hoops, were hoisted out, till at last the piled decks\nwere hard to get about; and the hollow hull echoed under foot, as if\nyou were treading over empty catacombs, and reeled and rolled in the sea\nlike an air-freighted demijohn. Top-heavy was the ship as a dinnerless\nstudent with all Aristotle in his head. Well was it that the Typhoons\ndid not visit them then.\n\nNow, at this time it was that my poor pagan companion, and fast\nbosom-friend, Queequeg, was seized with a fever, which brought him nigh\nto his endless end.\n\nBe it said, that in this vocation of whaling, sinecures are unknown;\ndignity and danger go hand in hand; till you get to be Captain, the\nhigher you rise the harder you toil. So with poor Queequeg, who, as\nharpooneer, must not only face all the rage of the living whale, but--as\nwe have elsewhere seen--mount his dead back in a rolling sea; and\nfinally descend into the gloom of the hold, and bitterly sweating\nall day in that subterraneous confinement, resolutely manhandle the\nclumsiest casks and see to their stowage. To be short, among whalemen,\nthe harpooneers are the holders, so called.\n\nPoor Queequeg! when the ship was about half disembowelled, you should\nhave stooped over the hatchway, and peered down upon him there; where,\nstripped to his woollen drawers, the tattooed savage was crawling about\namid that dampness and slime, like a green spotted lizard at the bottom\nof a well. And a well, or an ice-house, it somehow proved to him, poor\npagan; where, strange to say, for all the heat of his sweatings, he\ncaught a terrible chill which lapsed into a fever; and at last, after\nsome days' suffering, laid him in his hammock, close to the very sill\nof the door of death. How he wasted and wasted away in those few\nlong-lingering days, till there seemed but little left of him but his\nframe and tattooing. But as all else in him thinned, and his cheek-bones\ngrew sharper, his eyes, nevertheless, seemed growing fuller and fuller;\nthey became of a strange softness of lustre; and mildly but deeply\nlooked out at you there from his sickness, a wondrous testimony to that\nimmortal health in him which could not die, or be weakened. And like\ncircles on the water, which, as they grow fainter, expand; so his eyes\nseemed rounding and rounding, like the rings of Eternity. An awe that\ncannot be named would steal over you as you sat by the side of this\nwaning savage, and saw as strange things in his face, as any beheld who\nwere bystanders when Zoroaster died. For whatever is truly wondrous and\nfearful in man, never yet was put into words or books. And the drawing\nnear of Death, which alike levels all, alike impresses all with a last\nrevelation, which only an author from the dead could adequately tell.\nSo that--let us say it again--no dying Chaldee or Greek had higher and\nholier thoughts than those, whose mysterious shades you saw creeping\nover the face of poor Queequeg, as he quietly lay in his swaying\nhammock, and the rolling sea seemed gently rocking him to his final\nrest, and the ocean's invisible flood-tide lifted him higher and higher\ntowards his destined heaven.\n\nNot a man of the crew but gave him up; and, as for Queequeg himself,\nwhat he thought of his case was forcibly shown by a curious favour he\nasked. He called one to him in the grey morning watch, when the day was\njust breaking, and taking his hand, said that while in Nantucket he\nhad chanced to see certain little canoes of dark wood, like the rich\nwar-wood of his native isle; and upon inquiry, he had learned that all\nwhalemen who died in Nantucket, were laid in those same dark canoes,\nand that the fancy of being so laid had much pleased him; for it was not\nunlike the custom of his own race, who, after embalming a dead warrior,\nstretched him out in his canoe, and so left him to be floated away to\nthe starry archipelagoes; for not only do they believe that the stars\nare isles, but that far beyond all visible horizons, their own mild,\nuncontinented seas, interflow with the blue heavens; and so form the\nwhite breakers of the milky way. He added, that he shuddered at\nthe thought of being buried in his hammock, according to the usual\nsea-custom, tossed like something vile to the death-devouring sharks.\nNo: he desired a canoe like those of Nantucket, all the more congenial\nto him, being a whaleman, that like a whale-boat these coffin-canoes\nwere without a keel; though that involved but uncertain steering, and\nmuch lee-way adown the dim ages.\n\nNow, when this strange circumstance was made known aft, the carpenter\nwas at once commanded to do Queequeg's bidding, whatever it might\ninclude. There was some heathenish, coffin-coloured old lumber aboard,\nwhich, upon a long previous voyage, had been cut from the aboriginal\ngroves of the Lackaday islands, and from these dark planks the coffin\nwas recommended to be made. No sooner was the carpenter apprised of\nthe order, than taking his rule, he forthwith with all the indifferent\npromptitude of his character, proceeded into the forecastle and took\nQueequeg's measure with great accuracy, regularly chalking Queequeg's\nperson as he shifted the rule.\n\n\"Ah! poor fellow! he'll have to die now,\" ejaculated the Long Island\nsailor.\n\nGoing to his vice-bench, the carpenter for convenience sake and general\nreference, now transferringly measured on it the exact length the coffin\nwas to be, and then made the transfer permanent by cutting two notches\nat its extremities. This done, he marshalled the planks and his tools,\nand to work.\n\nWhen the last nail was driven, and the lid duly planed and fitted,\nhe lightly shouldered the coffin and went forward with it, inquiring\nwhether they were ready for it yet in that direction.\n\nOverhearing the indignant but half-humorous cries with which the\npeople on deck began to drive the coffin away, Queequeg, to every one's\nconsternation, commanded that the thing should be instantly brought to\nhim, nor was there any denying him; seeing that, of all mortals, some\ndying men are the most tyrannical; and certainly, since they will\nshortly trouble us so little for evermore, the poor fellows ought to be\nindulged.\n\nLeaning over in his hammock, Queequeg long regarded the coffin with\nan attentive eye. He then called for his harpoon, had the wooden stock\ndrawn from it, and then had the iron part placed in the coffin along\nwith one of the paddles of his boat. All by his own request, also,\nbiscuits were then ranged round the sides within: a flask of fresh water\nwas placed at the head, and a small bag of woody earth scraped up in\nthe hold at the foot; and a piece of sail-cloth being rolled up for a\npillow, Queequeg now entreated to be lifted into his final bed, that he\nmight make trial of its comforts, if any it had. He lay without moving\na few minutes, then told one to go to his bag and bring out his little\ngod, Yojo. Then crossing his arms on his breast with Yojo between, he\ncalled for the coffin lid (hatch he called it) to be placed over him.\nThe head part turned over with a leather hinge, and there lay Queequeg\nin his coffin with little but his composed countenance in view. \"Rarmai\"\n(it will do; it is easy), he murmured at last, and signed to be replaced\nin his hammock.\n\nBut ere this was done, Pip, who had been slily hovering near by all this\nwhile, drew nigh to him where he lay, and with soft sobbings, took him\nby the hand; in the other, holding his tambourine.\n\n\"Poor rover! will ye never have done with all this weary roving? where\ngo ye now? But if the currents carry ye to those sweet Antilles where\nthe beaches are only beat with water-lilies, will ye do one little\nerrand for me? Seek out one Pip, who's now been missing long: I think\nhe's in those far Antilles. If ye find him, then comfort him; for he\nmust be very sad; for look! he's left his tambourine behind;--I found\nit. Rig-a-dig, dig, dig! Now, Queequeg, die; and I'll beat ye your dying\nmarch.\"\n\n\"I have heard,\" murmured Starbuck, gazing down the scuttle, \"that in\nviolent fevers, men, all ignorance, have talked in ancient tongues;\nand that when the mystery is probed, it turns out always that in their\nwholly forgotten childhood those ancient tongues had been really spoken\nin their hearing by some lofty scholars. So, to my fond faith, poor Pip,\nin this strange sweetness of his lunacy, brings heavenly vouchers of all\nour heavenly homes. Where learned he that, but there?--Hark! he speaks\nagain: but more wildly now.\"\n\n\"Form two and two! Let's make a General of him! Ho, where's his harpoon?\nLay it across here.--Rig-a-dig, dig, dig! huzza! Oh for a game cock\nnow to sit upon his head and crow! Queequeg dies game!--mind ye that;\nQueequeg dies game!--take ye good heed of that; Queequeg dies game! I\nsay; game, game, game! but base little Pip, he died a coward; died all\na'shiver;--out upon Pip! Hark ye; if ye find Pip, tell all the Antilles\nhe's a runaway; a coward, a coward, a coward! Tell them he jumped from\na whale-boat! I'd never beat my tambourine over base Pip, and hail\nhim General, if he were once more dying here. No, no! shame upon all\ncowards--shame upon them! Let 'em go drown like Pip, that jumped from a\nwhale-boat. Shame! shame!\"\n\nDuring all this, Queequeg lay with closed eyes, as if in a dream. Pip\nwas led away, and the sick man was replaced in his hammock.\n\nBut now that he had apparently made every preparation for death; now\nthat his coffin was proved a good fit, Queequeg suddenly rallied; soon\nthere seemed no need of the carpenter's box: and thereupon, when some\nexpressed their delighted surprise, he, in substance, said, that the\ncause of his sudden convalescence was this;--at a critical moment, he\nhad just recalled a little duty ashore, which he was leaving undone;\nand therefore had changed his mind about dying: he could not die yet,\nhe averred. They asked him, then, whether to live or die was a matter of\nhis own sovereign will and pleasure. He answered, certainly. In a word,\nit was Queequeg's conceit, that if a man made up his mind to live, mere\nsickness could not kill him: nothing but a whale, or a gale, or some\nviolent, ungovernable, unintelligent destroyer of that sort.\n\nNow, there is this noteworthy difference between savage and civilized;\nthat while a sick, civilized man may be six months convalescing,\ngenerally speaking, a sick savage is almost half-well again in a day.\nSo, in good time my Queequeg gained strength; and at length after\nsitting on the windlass for a few indolent days (but eating with a\nvigorous appetite) he suddenly leaped to his feet, threw out his arms\nand legs, gave himself a good stretching, yawned a little bit, and then\nspringing into the head of his hoisted boat, and poising a harpoon,\npronounced himself fit for a fight.\n\nWith a wild whimsiness, he now used his coffin for a sea-chest; and\nemptying into it his canvas bag of clothes, set them in order there.\nMany spare hours he spent, in carving the lid with all manner of\ngrotesque figures and drawings; and it seemed that hereby he was\nstriving, in his rude way, to copy parts of the twisted tattooing on\nhis body. And this tattooing had been the work of a departed prophet and\nseer of his island, who, by those hieroglyphic marks, had written out on\nhis body a complete theory of the heavens and the earth, and a mystical\ntreatise on the art of attaining truth; so that Queequeg in his own\nproper person was a riddle to unfold; a wondrous work in one volume; but\nwhose mysteries not even himself could read, though his own live heart\nbeat against them; and these mysteries were therefore destined in\nthe end to moulder away with the living parchment whereon they were\ninscribed, and so be unsolved to the last. And this thought it must\nhave been which suggested to Ahab that wild exclamation of his, when\none morning turning away from surveying poor Queequeg--\"Oh, devilish\ntantalization of the gods!\"\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 111. The Pacific.\n\n\nWhen gliding by the Bashee isles we emerged at last upon the great South\nSea; were it not for other things, I could have greeted my dear Pacific\nwith uncounted thanks, for now the long supplication of my youth was\nanswered; that serene ocean rolled eastwards from me a thousand leagues\nof blue.\n\nThere is, one knows not what sweet mystery about this sea, whose gently\nawful stirrings seem to speak of some hidden soul beneath; like those\nfabled undulations of the Ephesian sod over the buried Evangelist St.\nJohn. And meet it is, that over these sea-pastures, wide-rolling watery\nprairies and Potters' Fields of all four continents, the waves should\nrise and fall, and ebb and flow unceasingly; for here, millions of mixed\nshades and shadows, drowned dreams, somnambulisms, reveries; all that\nwe call lives and souls, lie dreaming, dreaming, still; tossing like\nslumberers in their beds; the ever-rolling waves but made so by their\nrestlessness.\n\nTo any meditative Magian rover, this serene Pacific, once beheld, must\never after be the sea of his adoption. It rolls the midmost waters of\nthe world, the Indian ocean and Atlantic being but its arms. The same\nwaves wash the moles of the new-built Californian towns, but yesterday\nplanted by the recentest race of men, and lave the faded but still\ngorgeous skirts of Asiatic lands, older than Abraham; while all between\nfloat milky-ways of coral isles, and low-lying, endless, unknown\nArchipelagoes, and impenetrable Japans. Thus this mysterious, divine\nPacific zones the world's whole bulk about; makes all coasts one bay\nto it; seems the tide-beating heart of earth. Lifted by those eternal\nswells, you needs must own the seductive god, bowing your head to Pan.\n\nBut few thoughts of Pan stirred Ahab's brain, as standing like an\niron statue at his accustomed place beside the mizen rigging, with one\nnostril he unthinkingly snuffed the sugary musk from the Bashee isles\n(in whose sweet woods mild lovers must be walking), and with the other\nconsciously inhaled the salt breath of the new found sea; that sea in\nwhich the hated White Whale must even then be swimming. Launched at\nlength upon these almost final waters, and gliding towards the Japanese\ncruising-ground, the old man's purpose intensified itself. His firm lips\nmet like the lips of a vice; the Delta of his forehead's veins swelled\nlike overladen brooks; in his very sleep, his ringing cry ran through\nthe vaulted hull, \"Stern all! the White Whale spouts thick blood!\"\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 112. The Blacksmith.\n\n\nAvailing himself of the mild, summer-cool weather that now reigned in\nthese latitudes, and in preparation for the peculiarly active\npursuits shortly to be anticipated, Perth, the begrimed, blistered old\nblacksmith, had not removed his portable forge to the hold again, after\nconcluding his contributory work for Ahab's leg, but still retained\nit on deck, fast lashed to ringbolts by the foremast; being now almost\nincessantly invoked by the headsmen, and harpooneers, and bowsmen to do\nsome little job for them; altering, or repairing, or new shaping their\nvarious weapons and boat furniture. Often he would be surrounded by an\neager circle, all waiting to be served; holding boat-spades, pike-heads,\nharpoons, and lances, and jealously watching his every sooty movement,\nas he toiled. Nevertheless, this old man's was a patient hammer wielded\nby a patient arm. No murmur, no impatience, no petulance did come from\nhim. Silent, slow, and solemn; bowing over still further his chronically\nbroken back, he toiled away, as if toil were life itself, and the\nheavy beating of his hammer the heavy beating of his heart. And so it\nwas.--Most miserable!\n\nA peculiar walk in this old man, a certain slight but painful appearing\nyawing in his gait, had at an early period of the voyage excited the\ncuriosity of the mariners. And to the importunity of their persisted\nquestionings he had finally given in; and so it came to pass that every\none now knew the shameful story of his wretched fate.\n\nBelated, and not innocently, one bitter winter's midnight, on the road\nrunning between two country towns, the blacksmith half-stupidly felt\nthe deadly numbness stealing over him, and sought refuge in a leaning,\ndilapidated barn. The issue was, the loss of the extremities of both\nfeet. Out of this revelation, part by part, at last came out the four\nacts of the gladness, and the one long, and as yet uncatastrophied fifth\nact of the grief of his life's drama.\n\nHe was an old man, who, at the age of nearly sixty, had postponedly\nencountered that thing in sorrow's technicals called ruin. He had been\nan artisan of famed excellence, and with plenty to do; owned a house\nand garden; embraced a youthful, daughter-like, loving wife, and three\nblithe, ruddy children; every Sunday went to a cheerful-looking church,\nplanted in a grove. But one night, under cover of darkness, and further\nconcealed in a most cunning disguisement, a desperate burglar slid into\nhis happy home, and robbed them all of everything. And darker yet to\ntell, the blacksmith himself did ignorantly conduct this burglar into\nhis family's heart. It was the Bottle Conjuror! Upon the opening of that\nfatal cork, forth flew the fiend, and shrivelled up his home. Now, for\nprudent, most wise, and economic reasons, the blacksmith's shop was in\nthe basement of his dwelling, but with a separate entrance to it; so\nthat always had the young and loving healthy wife listened with no\nunhappy nervousness, but with vigorous pleasure, to the stout ringing of\nher young-armed old husband's hammer; whose reverberations, muffled by\npassing through the floors and walls, came up to her, not unsweetly,\nin her nursery; and so, to stout Labor's iron lullaby, the blacksmith's\ninfants were rocked to slumber.\n\nOh, woe on woe! Oh, Death, why canst thou not sometimes be timely? Hadst\nthou taken this old blacksmith to thyself ere his full ruin came upon\nhim, then had the young widow had a delicious grief, and her orphans a\ntruly venerable, legendary sire to dream of in their after years; and\nall of them a care-killing competency. But Death plucked down some\nvirtuous elder brother, on whose whistling daily toil solely hung the\nresponsibilities of some other family, and left the worse than useless\nold man standing, till the hideous rot of life should make him easier to\nharvest.\n\nWhy tell the whole? The blows of the basement hammer every day grew more\nand more between; and each blow every day grew fainter than the last;\nthe wife sat frozen at the window, with tearless eyes, glitteringly\ngazing into the weeping faces of her children; the bellows fell; the\nforge choked up with cinders; the house was sold; the mother dived\ndown into the long church-yard grass; her children twice followed her\nthither; and the houseless, familyless old man staggered off a vagabond\nin crape; his every woe unreverenced; his grey head a scorn to flaxen\ncurls!\n\nDeath seems the only desirable sequel for a career like this; but Death\nis only a launching into the region of the strange Untried; it is but\nthe first salutation to the possibilities of the immense Remote, the\nWild, the Watery, the Unshored; therefore, to the death-longing eyes of\nsuch men, who still have left in them some interior compunctions against\nsuicide, does the all-contributed and all-receptive ocean alluringly\nspread forth his whole plain of unimaginable, taking terrors, and\nwonderful, new-life adventures; and from the hearts of infinite\nPacifics, the thousand mermaids sing to them--\"Come hither,\nbroken-hearted; here is another life without the guilt of intermediate\ndeath; here are wonders supernatural, without dying for them. Come\nhither! bury thyself in a life which, to your now equally abhorred and\nabhorring, landed world, is more oblivious than death. Come hither! put\nup THY gravestone, too, within the churchyard, and come hither, till we\nmarry thee!\"\n\nHearkening to these voices, East and West, by early sunrise, and by fall\nof eve, the blacksmith's soul responded, Aye, I come! And so Perth went\na-whaling.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 113. The Forge.\n\n\nWith matted beard, and swathed in a bristling shark-skin apron, about\nmid-day, Perth was standing between his forge and anvil, the latter\nplaced upon an iron-wood log, with one hand holding a pike-head in the\ncoals, and with the other at his forge's lungs, when Captain Ahab came\nalong, carrying in his hand a small rusty-looking leathern bag. While\nyet a little distance from the forge, moody Ahab paused; till at last,\nPerth, withdrawing his iron from the fire, began hammering it upon the\nanvil--the red mass sending off the sparks in thick hovering flights,\nsome of which flew close to Ahab.\n\n\"Are these thy Mother Carey's chickens, Perth? they are always flying\nin thy wake; birds of good omen, too, but not to all;--look here, they\nburn; but thou--thou liv'st among them without a scorch.\"\n\n\"Because I am scorched all over, Captain Ahab,\" answered Perth, resting\nfor a moment on his hammer; \"I am past scorching; not easily can'st thou\nscorch a scar.\"\n\n\"Well, well; no more. Thy shrunk voice sounds too calmly, sanely woeful\nto me. In no Paradise myself, I am impatient of all misery in others\nthat is not mad. Thou should'st go mad, blacksmith; say, why dost thou\nnot go mad? How can'st thou endure without being mad? Do the heavens yet\nhate thee, that thou can'st not go mad?--What wert thou making there?\"\n\n\"Welding an old pike-head, sir; there were seams and dents in it.\"\n\n\"And can'st thou make it all smooth again, blacksmith, after such hard\nusage as it had?\"\n\n\"I think so, sir.\"\n\n\"And I suppose thou can'st smoothe almost any seams and dents; never\nmind how hard the metal, blacksmith?\"\n\n\"Aye, sir, I think I can; all seams and dents but one.\"\n\n\"Look ye here, then,\" cried Ahab, passionately advancing, and leaning\nwith both hands on Perth's shoulders; \"look ye here--HERE--can ye\nsmoothe out a seam like this, blacksmith,\" sweeping one hand across his\nribbed brow; \"if thou could'st, blacksmith, glad enough would I lay\nmy head upon thy anvil, and feel thy heaviest hammer between my eyes.\nAnswer! Can'st thou smoothe this seam?\"\n\n\"Oh! that is the one, sir! Said I not all seams and dents but one?\"\n\n\"Aye, blacksmith, it is the one; aye, man, it is unsmoothable; for\nthough thou only see'st it here in my flesh, it has worked down into the\nbone of my skull--THAT is all wrinkles! But, away with child's play; no\nmore gaffs and pikes to-day. Look ye here!\" jingling the leathern bag,\nas if it were full of gold coins. \"I, too, want a harpoon made; one that\na thousand yoke of fiends could not part, Perth; something that will\nstick in a whale like his own fin-bone. There's the stuff,\" flinging\nthe pouch upon the anvil. \"Look ye, blacksmith, these are the gathered\nnail-stubbs of the steel shoes of racing horses.\"\n\n\"Horse-shoe stubbs, sir? Why, Captain Ahab, thou hast here, then, the\nbest and stubbornest stuff we blacksmiths ever work.\"\n\n\"I know it, old man; these stubbs will weld together like glue from the\nmelted bones of murderers. Quick! forge me the harpoon. And forge me\nfirst, twelve rods for its shank; then wind, and twist, and hammer these\ntwelve together like the yarns and strands of a tow-line. Quick! I'll\nblow the fire.\"\n\nWhen at last the twelve rods were made, Ahab tried them, one by one, by\nspiralling them, with his own hand, round a long, heavy iron bolt. \"A\nflaw!\" rejecting the last one. \"Work that over again, Perth.\"\n\nThis done, Perth was about to begin welding the twelve into one, when\nAhab stayed his hand, and said he would weld his own iron. As, then,\nwith regular, gasping hems, he hammered on the anvil, Perth passing to\nhim the glowing rods, one after the other, and the hard pressed forge\nshooting up its intense straight flame, the Parsee passed silently, and\nbowing over his head towards the fire, seemed invoking some curse or\nsome blessing on the toil. But, as Ahab looked up, he slid aside.\n\n\"What's that bunch of lucifers dodging about there for?\" muttered Stubb,\nlooking on from the forecastle. \"That Parsee smells fire like a fusee;\nand smells of it himself, like a hot musket's powder-pan.\"\n\nAt last the shank, in one complete rod, received its final heat; and as\nPerth, to temper it, plunged it all hissing into the cask of water near\nby, the scalding steam shot up into Ahab's bent face.\n\n\"Would'st thou brand me, Perth?\" wincing for a moment with the pain;\n\"have I been but forging my own branding-iron, then?\"\n\n\"Pray God, not that; yet I fear something, Captain Ahab. Is not this\nharpoon for the White Whale?\"\n\n\"For the white fiend! But now for the barbs; thou must make them\nthyself, man. Here are my razors--the best of steel; here, and make the\nbarbs sharp as the needle-sleet of the Icy Sea.\"\n\nFor a moment, the old blacksmith eyed the razors as though he would fain\nnot use them.\n\n\"Take them, man, I have no need for them; for I now neither shave, sup,\nnor pray till--but here--to work!\"\n\nFashioned at last into an arrowy shape, and welded by Perth to the\nshank, the steel soon pointed the end of the iron; and as the blacksmith\nwas about giving the barbs their final heat, prior to tempering them, he\ncried to Ahab to place the water-cask near.\n\n\"No, no--no water for that; I want it of the true death-temper. Ahoy,\nthere! Tashtego, Queequeg, Daggoo! What say ye, pagans! Will ye give me\nas much blood as will cover this barb?\" holding it high up. A cluster of\ndark nods replied, Yes. Three punctures were made in the heathen flesh,\nand the White Whale's barbs were then tempered.\n\n\"Ego non baptizo te in nomine patris, sed in nomine diaboli!\"\ndeliriously howled Ahab, as the malignant iron scorchingly devoured the\nbaptismal blood.\n\nNow, mustering the spare poles from below, and selecting one of hickory,\nwith the bark still investing it, Ahab fitted the end to the socket of\nthe iron. A coil of new tow-line was then unwound, and some fathoms of\nit taken to the windlass, and stretched to a great tension. Pressing\nhis foot upon it, till the rope hummed like a harp-string, then eagerly\nbending over it, and seeing no strandings, Ahab exclaimed, \"Good! and\nnow for the seizings.\"\n\nAt one extremity the rope was unstranded, and the separate spread yarns\nwere all braided and woven round the socket of the harpoon; the pole\nwas then driven hard up into the socket; from the lower end the rope\nwas traced half-way along the pole's length, and firmly secured so, with\nintertwistings of twine. This done, pole, iron, and rope--like the Three\nFates--remained inseparable, and Ahab moodily stalked away with the\nweapon; the sound of his ivory leg, and the sound of the hickory pole,\nboth hollowly ringing along every plank. But ere he entered his cabin,\nlight, unnatural, half-bantering, yet most piteous sound was heard. Oh,\nPip! thy wretched laugh, thy idle but unresting eye; all thy strange\nmummeries not unmeaningly blended with the black tragedy of the\nmelancholy ship, and mocked it!\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 114. The Gilder.\n\n\nPenetrating further and further into the heart of the Japanese cruising\nground, the Pequod was soon all astir in the fishery. Often, in mild,\npleasant weather, for twelve, fifteen, eighteen, and twenty hours on the\nstretch, they were engaged in the boats, steadily pulling, or sailing,\nor paddling after the whales, or for an interlude of sixty or seventy\nminutes calmly awaiting their uprising; though with but small success\nfor their pains.\n\nAt such times, under an abated sun; afloat all day upon smooth, slow\nheaving swells; seated in his boat, light as a birch canoe; and so\nsociably mixing with the soft waves themselves, that like hearth-stone\ncats they purr against the gunwale; these are the times of dreamy\nquietude, when beholding the tranquil beauty and brilliancy of the\nocean's skin, one forgets the tiger heart that pants beneath it; and\nwould not willingly remember, that this velvet paw but conceals a\nremorseless fang.\n\nThese are the times, when in his whale-boat the rover softly feels a\ncertain filial, confident, land-like feeling towards the sea; that he\nregards it as so much flowery earth; and the distant ship revealing\nonly the tops of her masts, seems struggling forward, not through high\nrolling waves, but through the tall grass of a rolling prairie: as when\nthe western emigrants' horses only show their erected ears, while their\nhidden bodies widely wade through the amazing verdure.\n\nThe long-drawn virgin vales; the mild blue hill-sides; as over these\nthere steals the hush, the hum; you almost swear that play-wearied\nchildren lie sleeping in these solitudes, in some glad May-time, when\nthe flowers of the woods are plucked. And all this mixes with your most\nmystic mood; so that fact and fancy, half-way meeting, interpenetrate,\nand form one seamless whole.\n\nNor did such soothing scenes, however temporary, fail of at least as\ntemporary an effect on Ahab. But if these secret golden keys did seem\nto open in him his own secret golden treasuries, yet did his breath upon\nthem prove but tarnishing.\n\nOh, grassy glades! oh, ever vernal endless landscapes in the soul; in\nye,--though long parched by the dead drought of the earthy life,--in ye,\nmen yet may roll, like young horses in new morning clover; and for some\nfew fleeting moments, feel the cool dew of the life immortal on them.\nWould to God these blessed calms would last. But the mingled, mingling\nthreads of life are woven by warp and woof: calms crossed by storms, a\nstorm for every calm. There is no steady unretracing progress in this\nlife; we do not advance through fixed gradations, and at the last one\npause:--through infancy's unconscious spell, boyhood's thoughtless\nfaith, adolescence' doubt (the common doom), then scepticism, then\ndisbelief, resting at last in manhood's pondering repose of If. But once\ngone through, we trace the round again; and are infants, boys, and men,\nand Ifs eternally. Where lies the final harbor, whence we unmoor no\nmore? In what rapt ether sails the world, of which the weariest will\nnever weary? Where is the foundling's father hidden? Our souls are like\nthose orphans whose unwedded mothers die in bearing them: the secret of\nour paternity lies in their grave, and we must there to learn it.\n\nAnd that same day, too, gazing far down from his boat's side into that\nsame golden sea, Starbuck lowly murmured:--\n\n\"Loveliness unfathomable, as ever lover saw in his young bride's\neye!--Tell me not of thy teeth-tiered sharks, and thy kidnapping\ncannibal ways. Let faith oust fact; let fancy oust memory; I look deep\ndown and do believe.\"\n\nAnd Stubb, fish-like, with sparkling scales, leaped up in that same\ngolden light:--\n\n\"I am Stubb, and Stubb has his history; but here Stubb takes oaths that\nhe has always been jolly!\"\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 115. The Pequod Meets The Bachelor.\n\n\nAnd jolly enough were the sights and the sounds that came bearing down\nbefore the wind, some few weeks after Ahab's harpoon had been welded.\n\nIt was a Nantucket ship, the Bachelor, which had just wedged in her\nlast cask of oil, and bolted down her bursting hatches; and now, in glad\nholiday apparel, was joyously, though somewhat vain-gloriously, sailing\nround among the widely-separated ships on the ground, previous to\npointing her prow for home.\n\nThe three men at her mast-head wore long streamers of narrow red bunting\nat their hats; from the stern, a whale-boat was suspended, bottom down;\nand hanging captive from the bowsprit was seen the long lower jaw of the\nlast whale they had slain. Signals, ensigns, and jacks of all colours\nwere flying from her rigging, on every side. Sideways lashed in each of\nher three basketed tops were two barrels of sperm; above which, in her\ntop-mast cross-trees, you saw slender breakers of the same precious\nfluid; and nailed to her main truck was a brazen lamp.\n\nAs was afterwards learned, the Bachelor had met with the most surprising\nsuccess; all the more wonderful, for that while cruising in the same\nseas numerous other vessels had gone entire months without securing a\nsingle fish. Not only had barrels of beef and bread been given away to\nmake room for the far more valuable sperm, but additional supplemental\ncasks had been bartered for, from the ships she had met; and these were\nstowed along the deck, and in the captain's and officers' state-rooms.\nEven the cabin table itself had been knocked into kindling-wood; and the\ncabin mess dined off the broad head of an oil-butt, lashed down to the\nfloor for a centrepiece. In the forecastle, the sailors had actually\ncaulked and pitched their chests, and filled them; it was humorously\nadded, that the cook had clapped a head on his largest boiler, and\nfilled it; that the steward had plugged his spare coffee-pot and filled\nit; that the harpooneers had headed the sockets of their irons and\nfilled them; that indeed everything was filled with sperm, except the\ncaptain's pantaloons pockets, and those he reserved to thrust his hands\ninto, in self-complacent testimony of his entire satisfaction.\n\nAs this glad ship of good luck bore down upon the moody Pequod, the\nbarbarian sound of enormous drums came from her forecastle; and drawing\nstill nearer, a crowd of her men were seen standing round her huge\ntry-pots, which, covered with the parchment-like POKE or stomach skin of\nthe black fish, gave forth a loud roar to every stroke of the clenched\nhands of the crew. On the quarter-deck, the mates and harpooneers were\ndancing with the olive-hued girls who had eloped with them from the\nPolynesian Isles; while suspended in an ornamented boat, firmly secured\naloft between the foremast and mainmast, three Long Island negroes, with\nglittering fiddle-bows of whale ivory, were presiding over the hilarious\njig. Meanwhile, others of the ship's company were tumultuously busy at\nthe masonry of the try-works, from which the huge pots had been\nremoved. You would have almost thought they were pulling down the cursed\nBastille, such wild cries they raised, as the now useless brick and\nmortar were being hurled into the sea.\n\nLord and master over all this scene, the captain stood erect on the\nship's elevated quarter-deck, so that the whole rejoicing drama was\nfull before him, and seemed merely contrived for his own individual\ndiversion.\n\nAnd Ahab, he too was standing on his quarter-deck, shaggy and black,\nwith a stubborn gloom; and as the two ships crossed each other's\nwakes--one all jubilations for things passed, the other all forebodings\nas to things to come--their two captains in themselves impersonated the\nwhole striking contrast of the scene.\n\n\"Come aboard, come aboard!\" cried the gay Bachelor's commander, lifting\na glass and a bottle in the air.\n\n\"Hast seen the White Whale?\" gritted Ahab in reply.\n\n\"No; only heard of him; but don't believe in him at all,\" said the other\ngood-humoredly. \"Come aboard!\"\n\n\"Thou art too damned jolly. Sail on. Hast lost any men?\"\n\n\"Not enough to speak of--two islanders, that's all;--but come aboard,\nold hearty, come along. I'll soon take that black from your brow. Come\nalong, will ye (merry's the play); a full ship and homeward-bound.\"\n\n\"How wondrous familiar is a fool!\" muttered Ahab; then aloud, \"Thou art\na full ship and homeward bound, thou sayst; well, then, call me an empty\nship, and outward-bound. So go thy ways, and I will mine. Forward there!\nSet all sail, and keep her to the wind!\"\n\nAnd thus, while the one ship went cheerily before the breeze, the other\nstubbornly fought against it; and so the two vessels parted; the crew\nof the Pequod looking with grave, lingering glances towards the receding\nBachelor; but the Bachelor's men never heeding their gaze for the lively\nrevelry they were in. And as Ahab, leaning over the taffrail, eyed the\nhomewardbound craft, he took from his pocket a small vial of sand, and\nthen looking from the ship to the vial, seemed thereby bringing two\nremote associations together, for that vial was filled with Nantucket\nsoundings.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 116. The Dying Whale.\n\n\nNot seldom in this life, when, on the right side, fortune's favourites\nsail close by us, we, though all adroop before, catch somewhat of the\nrushing breeze, and joyfully feel our bagging sails fill out. So seemed\nit with the Pequod. For next day after encountering the gay Bachelor,\nwhales were seen and four were slain; and one of them by Ahab.\n\nIt was far down the afternoon; and when all the spearings of the crimson\nfight were done: and floating in the lovely sunset sea and sky, sun\nand whale both stilly died together; then, such a sweetness and such\nplaintiveness, such inwreathing orisons curled up in that rosy air, that\nit almost seemed as if far over from the deep green convent valleys of\nthe Manilla isles, the Spanish land-breeze, wantonly turned sailor, had\ngone to sea, freighted with these vesper hymns.\n\nSoothed again, but only soothed to deeper gloom, Ahab, who had sterned\noff from the whale, sat intently watching his final wanings from the now\ntranquil boat. For that strange spectacle observable in all sperm whales\ndying--the turning sunwards of the head, and so expiring--that strange\nspectacle, beheld of such a placid evening, somehow to Ahab conveyed a\nwondrousness unknown before.\n\n\"He turns and turns him to it,--how slowly, but how steadfastly, his\nhomage-rendering and invoking brow, with his last dying motions. He too\nworships fire; most faithful, broad, baronial vassal of the sun!--Oh\nthat these too-favouring eyes should see these too-favouring sights.\nLook! here, far water-locked; beyond all hum of human weal or woe;\nin these most candid and impartial seas; where to traditions no rocks\nfurnish tablets; where for long Chinese ages, the billows have still\nrolled on speechless and unspoken to, as stars that shine upon the\nNiger's unknown source; here, too, life dies sunwards full of faith; but\nsee! no sooner dead, than death whirls round the corpse, and it heads\nsome other way.\n\n\"Oh, thou dark Hindoo half of nature, who of drowned bones hast builded\nthy separate throne somewhere in the heart of these unverdured seas;\nthou art an infidel, thou queen, and too truly speakest to me in the\nwide-slaughtering Typhoon, and the hushed burial of its after calm. Nor\nhas this thy whale sunwards turned his dying head, and then gone round\nagain, without a lesson to me.\n\n\"Oh, trebly hooped and welded hip of power! Oh, high aspiring, rainbowed\njet!--that one strivest, this one jettest all in vain! In vain, oh\nwhale, dost thou seek intercedings with yon all-quickening sun, that\nonly calls forth life, but gives it not again. Yet dost thou, darker\nhalf, rock me with a prouder, if a darker faith. All thy unnamable\nimminglings float beneath me here; I am buoyed by breaths of once living\nthings, exhaled as air, but water now.\n\n\"Then hail, for ever hail, O sea, in whose eternal tossings the wild\nfowl finds his only rest. Born of earth, yet suckled by the sea; though\nhill and valley mothered me, ye billows are my foster-brothers!\"\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 117. The Whale Watch.\n\n\nThe four whales slain that evening had died wide apart; one, far to\nwindward; one, less distant, to leeward; one ahead; one astern. These\nlast three were brought alongside ere nightfall; but the windward one\ncould not be reached till morning; and the boat that had killed it lay\nby its side all night; and that boat was Ahab's.\n\nThe waif-pole was thrust upright into the dead whale's spout-hole; and\nthe lantern hanging from its top, cast a troubled flickering glare\nupon the black, glossy back, and far out upon the midnight waves, which\ngently chafed the whale's broad flank, like soft surf upon a beach.\n\nAhab and all his boat's crew seemed asleep but the Parsee; who crouching\nin the bow, sat watching the sharks, that spectrally played round the\nwhale, and tapped the light cedar planks with their tails. A sound\nlike the moaning in squadrons over Asphaltites of unforgiven ghosts of\nGomorrah, ran shuddering through the air.\n\nStarted from his slumbers, Ahab, face to face, saw the Parsee; and\nhooped round by the gloom of the night they seemed the last men in a\nflooded world. \"I have dreamed it again,\" said he.\n\n\"Of the hearses? Have I not said, old man, that neither hearse nor\ncoffin can be thine?\"\n\n\"And who are hearsed that die on the sea?\"\n\n\"But I said, old man, that ere thou couldst die on this voyage, two\nhearses must verily be seen by thee on the sea; the first not made by\nmortal hands; and the visible wood of the last one must be grown in\nAmerica.\"\n\n\"Aye, aye! a strange sight that, Parsee:--a hearse and its plumes\nfloating over the ocean with the waves for the pall-bearers. Ha! Such a\nsight we shall not soon see.\"\n\n\"Believe it or not, thou canst not die till it be seen, old man.\"\n\n\"And what was that saying about thyself?\"\n\n\"Though it come to the last, I shall still go before thee thy pilot.\"\n\n\"And when thou art so gone before--if that ever befall--then ere I can\nfollow, thou must still appear to me, to pilot me still?--Was it not\nso? Well, then, did I believe all ye say, oh my pilot! I have here two\npledges that I shall yet slay Moby Dick and survive it.\"\n\n\"Take another pledge, old man,\" said the Parsee, as his eyes lighted up\nlike fire-flies in the gloom--\"Hemp only can kill thee.\"\n\n\"The gallows, ye mean.--I am immortal then, on land and on sea,\" cried\nAhab, with a laugh of derision;--\"Immortal on land and on sea!\"\n\nBoth were silent again, as one man. The grey dawn came on, and the\nslumbering crew arose from the boat's bottom, and ere noon the dead\nwhale was brought to the ship.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 118. The Quadrant.\n\n\nThe season for the Line at length drew near; and every day when Ahab,\ncoming from his cabin, cast his eyes aloft, the vigilant helmsman would\nostentatiously handle his spokes, and the eager mariners quickly run to\nthe braces, and would stand there with all their eyes centrally fixed\non the nailed doubloon; impatient for the order to point the ship's\nprow for the equator. In good time the order came. It was hard upon high\nnoon; and Ahab, seated in the bows of his high-hoisted boat, was\nabout taking his wonted daily observation of the sun to determine his\nlatitude.\n\nNow, in that Japanese sea, the days in summer are as freshets of\neffulgences. That unblinkingly vivid Japanese sun seems the blazing\nfocus of the glassy ocean's immeasurable burning-glass. The sky looks\nlacquered; clouds there are none; the horizon floats; and this nakedness\nof unrelieved radiance is as the insufferable splendors of God's throne.\nWell that Ahab's quadrant was furnished with coloured glasses, through\nwhich to take sight of that solar fire. So, swinging his seated form\nto the roll of the ship, and with his astrological-looking instrument\nplaced to his eye, he remained in that posture for some moments to\ncatch the precise instant when the sun should gain its precise meridian.\nMeantime while his whole attention was absorbed, the Parsee was kneeling\nbeneath him on the ship's deck, and with face thrown up like Ahab's,\nwas eyeing the same sun with him; only the lids of his eyes half hooded\ntheir orbs, and his wild face was subdued to an earthly passionlessness.\nAt length the desired observation was taken; and with his pencil upon\nhis ivory leg, Ahab soon calculated what his latitude must be at that\nprecise instant. Then falling into a moment's revery, he again looked up\ntowards the sun and murmured to himself: \"Thou sea-mark! thou high and\nmighty Pilot! thou tellest me truly where I AM--but canst thou cast the\nleast hint where I SHALL be? Or canst thou tell where some other thing\nbesides me is this moment living? Where is Moby Dick? This instant thou\nmust be eyeing him. These eyes of mine look into the very eye that is\neven now beholding him; aye, and into the eye that is even now equally\nbeholding the objects on the unknown, thither side of thee, thou sun!\"\n\nThen gazing at his quadrant, and handling, one after the other, its\nnumerous cabalistical contrivances, he pondered again, and muttered:\n\"Foolish toy! babies' plaything of haughty Admirals, and Commodores, and\nCaptains; the world brags of thee, of thy cunning and might; but what\nafter all canst thou do, but tell the poor, pitiful point, where thou\nthyself happenest to be on this wide planet, and the hand that holds\nthee: no! not one jot more! Thou canst not tell where one drop of water\nor one grain of sand will be to-morrow noon; and yet with thy impotence\nthou insultest the sun! Science! Curse thee, thou vain toy; and cursed\nbe all the things that cast man's eyes aloft to that heaven, whose live\nvividness but scorches him, as these old eyes are even now scorched\nwith thy light, O sun! Level by nature to this earth's horizon are the\nglances of man's eyes; not shot from the crown of his head, as if God\nhad meant him to gaze on his firmament. Curse thee, thou quadrant!\"\ndashing it to the deck, \"no longer will I guide my earthly way by thee;\nthe level ship's compass, and the level deadreckoning, by log and by\nline; THESE shall conduct me, and show me my place on the sea. Aye,\"\nlighting from the boat to the deck, \"thus I trample on thee, thou paltry\nthing that feebly pointest on high; thus I split and destroy thee!\"\n\nAs the frantic old man thus spoke and thus trampled with his live\nand dead feet, a sneering triumph that seemed meant for Ahab, and a\nfatalistic despair that seemed meant for himself--these passed over\nthe mute, motionless Parsee's face. Unobserved he rose and glided away;\nwhile, awestruck by the aspect of their commander, the seamen clustered\ntogether on the forecastle, till Ahab, troubledly pacing the deck,\nshouted out--\"To the braces! Up helm!--square in!\"\n\nIn an instant the yards swung round; and as the ship half-wheeled upon\nher heel, her three firm-seated graceful masts erectly poised upon\nher long, ribbed hull, seemed as the three Horatii pirouetting on one\nsufficient steed.\n\nStanding between the knight-heads, Starbuck watched the Pequod's\ntumultuous way, and Ahab's also, as he went lurching along the deck.\n\n\"I have sat before the dense coal fire and watched it all aglow, full of\nits tormented flaming life; and I have seen it wane at last, down, down,\nto dumbest dust. Old man of oceans! of all this fiery life of thine,\nwhat will at length remain but one little heap of ashes!\"\n\n\"Aye,\" cried Stubb, \"but sea-coal ashes--mind ye that, Mr.\nStarbuck--sea-coal, not your common charcoal. Well, well; I heard Ahab\nmutter, 'Here some one thrusts these cards into these old hands of mine;\nswears that I must play them, and no others.' And damn me, Ahab, but\nthou actest right; live in the game, and die in it!\"\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 119. The Candles.\n\n\nWarmest climes but nurse the cruellest fangs: the tiger of Bengal\ncrouches in spiced groves of ceaseless verdure. Skies the most effulgent\nbut basket the deadliest thunders: gorgeous Cuba knows tornadoes\nthat never swept tame northern lands. So, too, it is, that in these\nresplendent Japanese seas the mariner encounters the direst of all\nstorms, the Typhoon. It will sometimes burst from out that cloudless\nsky, like an exploding bomb upon a dazed and sleepy town.\n\nTowards evening of that day, the Pequod was torn of her canvas, and\nbare-poled was left to fight a Typhoon which had struck her directly\nahead. When darkness came on, sky and sea roared and split with the\nthunder, and blazed with the lightning, that showed the disabled masts\nfluttering here and there with the rags which the first fury of the\ntempest had left for its after sport.\n\nHolding by a shroud, Starbuck was standing on the quarter-deck; at every\nflash of the lightning glancing aloft, to see what additional disaster\nmight have befallen the intricate hamper there; while Stubb and Flask\nwere directing the men in the higher hoisting and firmer lashing of the\nboats. But all their pains seemed naught. Though lifted to the very\ntop of the cranes, the windward quarter boat (Ahab's) did not escape.\nA great rolling sea, dashing high up against the reeling ship's high\nteetering side, stove in the boat's bottom at the stern, and left it\nagain, all dripping through like a sieve.\n\n\"Bad work, bad work! Mr. Starbuck,\" said Stubb, regarding the wreck,\n\"but the sea will have its way. Stubb, for one, can't fight it. You see,\nMr. Starbuck, a wave has such a great long start before it leaps, all\nround the world it runs, and then comes the spring! But as for me, all\nthe start I have to meet it, is just across the deck here. But never\nmind; it's all in fun: so the old song says;\"--(SINGS.)\n\n  Oh! jolly is the gale,\n  And a joker is the whale,\n  A' flourishin' his tail,--\n  Such a funny, sporty, gamy, jesty, joky, hoky-poky lad, is the Ocean, oh!\n\n  The scud all a flyin',\n  That's his flip only foamin';\n  When he stirs in the spicin',--\n  Such a funny, sporty, gamy, jesty, joky, hoky-poky lad, is the Ocean, oh!\n\n  Thunder splits the ships,\n  But he only smacks his lips,\n  A tastin' of this flip,--\n  Such a funny, sporty, gamy, jesty, joky, hoky-poky lad, is the Ocean, oh!\n\n\n\"Avast Stubb,\" cried Starbuck, \"let the Typhoon sing, and strike his\nharp here in our rigging; but if thou art a brave man thou wilt hold thy\npeace.\"\n\n\"But I am not a brave man; never said I was a brave man; I am a coward;\nand I sing to keep up my spirits. And I tell you what it is, Mr.\nStarbuck, there's no way to stop my singing in this world but to cut my\nthroat. And when that's done, ten to one I sing ye the doxology for a\nwind-up.\"\n\n\"Madman! look through my eyes if thou hast none of thine own.\"\n\n\"What! how can you see better of a dark night than anybody else, never\nmind how foolish?\"\n\n\"Here!\" cried Starbuck, seizing Stubb by the shoulder, and pointing his\nhand towards the weather bow, \"markest thou not that the gale comes from\nthe eastward, the very course Ahab is to run for Moby Dick? the very\ncourse he swung to this day noon? now mark his boat there; where is\nthat stove? In the stern-sheets, man; where he is wont to stand--his\nstand-point is stove, man! Now jump overboard, and sing away, if thou\nmust!\n\n\"I don't half understand ye: what's in the wind?\"\n\n\"Yes, yes, round the Cape of Good Hope is the shortest way to\nNantucket,\" soliloquized Starbuck suddenly, heedless of Stubb's\nquestion. \"The gale that now hammers at us to stave us, we can turn it\ninto a fair wind that will drive us towards home. Yonder, to windward,\nall is blackness of doom; but to leeward, homeward--I see it lightens up\nthere; but not with the lightning.\"\n\nAt that moment in one of the intervals of profound darkness, following\nthe flashes, a voice was heard at his side; and almost at the same\ninstant a volley of thunder peals rolled overhead.\n\n\"Who's there?\"\n\n\"Old Thunder!\" said Ahab, groping his way along the bulwarks to his\npivot-hole; but suddenly finding his path made plain to him by elbowed\nlances of fire.\n\nNow, as the lightning rod to a spire on shore is intended to carry off\nthe perilous fluid into the soil; so the kindred rod which at sea some\nships carry to each mast, is intended to conduct it into the water. But\nas this conductor must descend to considerable depth, that its end may\navoid all contact with the hull; and as moreover, if kept constantly\ntowing there, it would be liable to many mishaps, besides interfering\nnot a little with some of the rigging, and more or less impeding the\nvessel's way in the water; because of all this, the lower parts of a\nship's lightning-rods are not always overboard; but are generally made\nin long slender links, so as to be the more readily hauled up into the\nchains outside, or thrown down into the sea, as occasion may require.\n\n\"The rods! the rods!\" cried Starbuck to the crew, suddenly admonished to\nvigilance by the vivid lightning that had just been darting flambeaux,\nto light Ahab to his post. \"Are they overboard? drop them over, fore and\naft. Quick!\"\n\n\"Avast!\" cried Ahab; \"let's have fair play here, though we be the weaker\nside. Yet I'll contribute to raise rods on the Himmalehs and Andes, that\nall the world may be secured; but out on privileges! Let them be, sir.\"\n\n\"Look aloft!\" cried Starbuck. \"The corpusants! the corpusants!\"\n\nAll the yard-arms were tipped with a pallid fire; and touched at each\ntri-pointed lightning-rod-end with three tapering white flames, each of\nthe three tall masts was silently burning in that sulphurous air, like\nthree gigantic wax tapers before an altar.\n\n\"Blast the boat! let it go!\" cried Stubb at this instant, as a swashing\nsea heaved up under his own little craft, so that its gunwale violently\njammed his hand, as he was passing a lashing. \"Blast it!\"--but\nslipping backward on the deck, his uplifted eyes caught the flames; and\nimmediately shifting his tone he cried--\"The corpusants have mercy on us\nall!\"\n\nTo sailors, oaths are household words; they will swear in the trance of\nthe calm, and in the teeth of the tempest; they will imprecate curses\nfrom the topsail-yard-arms, when most they teeter over to a seething\nsea; but in all my voyagings, seldom have I heard a common oath when\nGod's burning finger has been laid on the ship; when His \"Mene, Mene,\nTekel Upharsin\" has been woven into the shrouds and the cordage.\n\nWhile this pallidness was burning aloft, few words were heard from the\nenchanted crew; who in one thick cluster stood on the forecastle,\nall their eyes gleaming in that pale phosphorescence, like a far away\nconstellation of stars. Relieved against the ghostly light, the gigantic\njet negro, Daggoo, loomed up to thrice his real stature, and seemed\nthe black cloud from which the thunder had come. The parted mouth of\nTashtego revealed his shark-white teeth, which strangely gleamed as\nif they too had been tipped by corpusants; while lit up by the\npreternatural light, Queequeg's tattooing burned like Satanic blue\nflames on his body.\n\nThe tableau all waned at last with the pallidness aloft; and once more\nthe Pequod and every soul on her decks were wrapped in a pall. A moment\nor two passed, when Starbuck, going forward, pushed against some one. It\nwas Stubb. \"What thinkest thou now, man; I heard thy cry; it was not the\nsame in the song.\"\n\n\"No, no, it wasn't; I said the corpusants have mercy on us all; and I\nhope they will, still. But do they only have mercy on long faces?--have\nthey no bowels for a laugh? And look ye, Mr. Starbuck--but it's too dark\nto look. Hear me, then: I take that mast-head flame we saw for a sign\nof good luck; for those masts are rooted in a hold that is going to be\nchock a' block with sperm-oil, d'ye see; and so, all that sperm will\nwork up into the masts, like sap in a tree. Yes, our three masts will\nyet be as three spermaceti candles--that's the good promise we saw.\"\n\nAt that moment Starbuck caught sight of Stubb's face slowly beginning\nto glimmer into sight. Glancing upwards, he cried: \"See! see!\" and once\nmore the high tapering flames were beheld with what seemed redoubled\nsupernaturalness in their pallor.\n\n\"The corpusants have mercy on us all,\" cried Stubb, again.\n\nAt the base of the mainmast, full beneath the doubloon and the flame,\nthe Parsee was kneeling in Ahab's front, but with his head bowed away\nfrom him; while near by, from the arched and overhanging rigging, where\nthey had just been engaged securing a spar, a number of the seamen,\narrested by the glare, now cohered together, and hung pendulous, like a\nknot of numbed wasps from a drooping, orchard twig. In various enchanted\nattitudes, like the standing, or stepping, or running skeletons in\nHerculaneum, others remained rooted to the deck; but all their eyes\nupcast.\n\n\"Aye, aye, men!\" cried Ahab. \"Look up at it; mark it well; the white\nflame but lights the way to the White Whale! Hand me those mainmast\nlinks there; I would fain feel this pulse, and let mine beat against it;\nblood against fire! So.\"\n\nThen turning--the last link held fast in his left hand, he put his foot\nupon the Parsee; and with fixed upward eye, and high-flung right arm, he\nstood erect before the lofty tri-pointed trinity of flames.\n\n\"Oh! thou clear spirit of clear fire, whom on these seas I as Persian\nonce did worship, till in the sacramental act so burned by thee, that to\nthis hour I bear the scar; I now know thee, thou clear spirit, and I now\nknow that thy right worship is defiance. To neither love nor reverence\nwilt thou be kind; and e'en for hate thou canst but kill; and all\nare killed. No fearless fool now fronts thee. I own thy speechless,\nplaceless power; but to the last gasp of my earthquake life will\ndispute its unconditional, unintegral mastery in me. In the midst of the\npersonified impersonal, a personality stands here. Though but a point at\nbest; whencesoe'er I came; wheresoe'er I go; yet while I earthly live,\nthe queenly personality lives in me, and feels her royal rights. But war\nis pain, and hate is woe. Come in thy lowest form of love, and I will\nkneel and kiss thee; but at thy highest, come as mere supernal power;\nand though thou launchest navies of full-freighted worlds, there's that\nin here that still remains indifferent. Oh, thou clear spirit, of thy\nfire thou madest me, and like a true child of fire, I breathe it back to\nthee.\"\n\n[SUDDEN, REPEATED FLASHES OF LIGHTNING; THE NINE FLAMES LEAP LENGTHWISE\nTO THRICE THEIR PREVIOUS HEIGHT; AHAB, WITH THE REST, CLOSES HIS EYES,\nHIS RIGHT HAND PRESSED HARD UPON THEM.]\n\n\"I own thy speechless, placeless power; said I not so? Nor was it wrung\nfrom me; nor do I now drop these links. Thou canst blind; but I can then\ngrope. Thou canst consume; but I can then be ashes. Take the homage of\nthese poor eyes, and shutter-hands. I would not take it. The lightning\nflashes through my skull; mine eye-balls ache and ache; my whole beaten\nbrain seems as beheaded, and rolling on some stunning ground. Oh, oh!\nYet blindfold, yet will I talk to thee. Light though thou be, thou\nleapest out of darkness; but I am darkness leaping out of light, leaping\nout of thee! The javelins cease; open eyes; see, or not? There burn the\nflames! Oh, thou magnanimous! now I do glory in my genealogy. But thou\nart but my fiery father; my sweet mother, I know not. Oh, cruel! what\nhast thou done with her? There lies my puzzle; but thine is greater.\nThou knowest not how came ye, hence callest thyself unbegotten;\ncertainly knowest not thy beginning, hence callest thyself unbegun. I\nknow that of me, which thou knowest not of thyself, oh, thou omnipotent.\nThere is some unsuffusing thing beyond thee, thou clear spirit, to whom\nall thy eternity is but time, all thy creativeness mechanical. Through\nthee, thy flaming self, my scorched eyes do dimly see it. Oh, thou\nfoundling fire, thou hermit immemorial, thou too hast thy incommunicable\nriddle, thy unparticipated grief. Here again with haughty agony, I read\nmy sire. Leap! leap up, and lick the sky! I leap with thee; I burn with\nthee; would fain be welded with thee; defyingly I worship thee!\"\n\n\"The boat! the boat!\" cried Starbuck, \"look at thy boat, old man!\"\n\nAhab's harpoon, the one forged at Perth's fire, remained firmly lashed\nin its conspicuous crotch, so that it projected beyond his whale-boat's\nbow; but the sea that had stove its bottom had caused the loose leather\nsheath to drop off; and from the keen steel barb there now came a\nlevelled flame of pale, forked fire. As the silent harpoon burned there\nlike a serpent's tongue, Starbuck grasped Ahab by the arm--\"God, God\nis against thee, old man; forbear! 'tis an ill voyage! ill begun, ill\ncontinued; let me square the yards, while we may, old man, and make a\nfair wind of it homewards, to go on a better voyage than this.\"\n\nOverhearing Starbuck, the panic-stricken crew instantly ran to the\nbraces--though not a sail was left aloft. For the moment all the aghast\nmate's thoughts seemed theirs; they raised a half mutinous cry. But\ndashing the rattling lightning links to the deck, and snatching the\nburning harpoon, Ahab waved it like a torch among them; swearing to\ntransfix with it the first sailor that but cast loose a rope's end.\nPetrified by his aspect, and still more shrinking from the fiery dart\nthat he held, the men fell back in dismay, and Ahab again spoke:--\n\n\"All your oaths to hunt the White Whale are as binding as mine; and\nheart, soul, and body, lungs and life, old Ahab is bound. And that ye\nmay know to what tune this heart beats; look ye here; thus I blow out\nthe last fear!\" And with one blast of his breath he extinguished the\nflame.\n\nAs in the hurricane that sweeps the plain, men fly the neighborhood of\nsome lone, gigantic elm, whose very height and strength but render it so\nmuch the more unsafe, because so much the more a mark for thunderbolts;\nso at those last words of Ahab's many of the mariners did run from him\nin a terror of dismay.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 120. The Deck Towards the End of the First Night Watch.\n\nAHAB STANDING BY THE HELM. STARBUCK APPROACHING HIM.\n\n\n\"We must send down the main-top-sail yard, sir. The band is working loose\nand the lee lift is half-stranded. Shall I strike it, sir?\"\n\n\"Strike nothing; lash it. If I had sky-sail poles, I'd sway them up\nnow.\"\n\n\"Sir!--in God's name!--sir?\"\n\n\"Well.\"\n\n\"The anchors are working, sir. Shall I get them inboard?\"\n\n\"Strike nothing, and stir nothing, but lash everything. The wind rises,\nbut it has not got up to my table-lands yet. Quick, and see to it.--By\nmasts and keels! he takes me for the hunch-backed skipper of some\ncoasting smack. Send down my main-top-sail yard! Ho, gluepots! Loftiest\ntrucks were made for wildest winds, and this brain-truck of mine now\nsails amid the cloud-scud. Shall I strike that? Oh, none but cowards\nsend down their brain-trucks in tempest time. What a hooroosh aloft\nthere! I would e'en take it for sublime, did I not know that the colic\nis a noisy malady. Oh, take medicine, take medicine!\"\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 121. Midnight.--The Forecastle Bulwarks.\n\n\nSTUBB AND FLASK MOUNTED ON THEM, AND PASSING ADDITIONAL LASHINGS OVER\nTHE ANCHORS THERE HANGING.\n\n\n\"No, Stubb; you may pound that knot there as much as you please, but you\nwill never pound into me what you were just now saying. And how long\nago is it since you said the very contrary? Didn't you once say that\nwhatever ship Ahab sails in, that ship should pay something extra on its\ninsurance policy, just as though it were loaded with powder barrels aft\nand boxes of lucifers forward? Stop, now; didn't you say so?\"\n\n\"Well, suppose I did? What then? I've part changed my flesh since that\ntime, why not my mind? Besides, supposing we ARE loaded with powder\nbarrels aft and lucifers forward; how the devil could the lucifers get\nafire in this drenching spray here? Why, my little man, you have\npretty red hair, but you couldn't get afire now. Shake yourself; you're\nAquarius, or the water-bearer, Flask; might fill pitchers at your coat\ncollar. Don't you see, then, that for these extra risks the Marine\nInsurance companies have extra guarantees? Here are hydrants, Flask. But\nhark, again, and I'll answer ye the other thing. First take your leg off\nfrom the crown of the anchor here, though, so I can pass the rope;\nnow listen. What's the mighty difference between holding a mast's\nlightning-rod in the storm, and standing close by a mast that hasn't\ngot any lightning-rod at all in a storm? Don't you see, you timber-head,\nthat no harm can come to the holder of the rod, unless the mast is first\nstruck? What are you talking about, then? Not one ship in a hundred\ncarries rods, and Ahab,--aye, man, and all of us,--were in no more\ndanger then, in my poor opinion, than all the crews in ten thousand\nships now sailing the seas. Why, you King-Post, you, I suppose you would\nhave every man in the world go about with a small lightning-rod running\nup the corner of his hat, like a militia officer's skewered feather,\nand trailing behind like his sash. Why don't ye be sensible, Flask? it's\neasy to be sensible; why don't ye, then? any man with half an eye can be\nsensible.\"\n\n\"I don't know that, Stubb. You sometimes find it rather hard.\"\n\n\"Yes, when a fellow's soaked through, it's hard to be sensible, that's\na fact. And I am about drenched with this spray. Never mind; catch the\nturn there, and pass it. Seems to me we are lashing down these anchors\nnow as if they were never going to be used again. Tying these two\nanchors here, Flask, seems like tying a man's hands behind him. And what\nbig generous hands they are, to be sure. These are your iron fists,\nhey? What a hold they have, too! I wonder, Flask, whether the world is\nanchored anywhere; if she is, she swings with an uncommon long cable,\nthough. There, hammer that knot down, and we've done. So; next to\ntouching land, lighting on deck is the most satisfactory. I say, just\nwring out my jacket skirts, will ye? Thank ye. They laugh at long-togs\nso, Flask; but seems to me, a Long tailed coat ought always to be worn\nin all storms afloat. The tails tapering down that way, serve to carry\noff the water, d'ye see. Same with cocked hats; the cocks form gable-end\neave-troughs, Flask. No more monkey-jackets and tarpaulins for me; I\nmust mount a swallow-tail, and drive down a beaver; so. Halloa! whew!\nthere goes my tarpaulin overboard; Lord, Lord, that the winds that come\nfrom heaven should be so unmannerly! This is a nasty night, lad.\"\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 122. Midnight Aloft.--Thunder and Lightning.\n\n\nTHE MAIN-TOP-SAIL YARD.--TASHTEGO PASSING NEW LASHINGS AROUND IT.\n\n\n\"Um, um, um. Stop that thunder! Plenty too much thunder up here. What's\nthe use of thunder? Um, um, um. We don't want thunder; we want rum; give\nus a glass of rum. Um, um, um!\"\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 123. The Musket.\n\n\nDuring the most violent shocks of the Typhoon, the man at the Pequod's\njaw-bone tiller had several times been reelingly hurled to the deck by\nits spasmodic motions, even though preventer tackles had been attached\nto it--for they were slack--because some play to the tiller was\nindispensable.\n\nIn a severe gale like this, while the ship is but a tossed shuttlecock\nto the blast, it is by no means uncommon to see the needles in the\ncompasses, at intervals, go round and round. It was thus with the\nPequod's; at almost every shock the helmsman had not failed to notice\nthe whirling velocity with which they revolved upon the cards; it is\na sight that hardly anyone can behold without some sort of unwonted\nemotion.\n\nSome hours after midnight, the Typhoon abated so much, that through the\nstrenuous exertions of Starbuck and Stubb--one engaged forward and the\nother aft--the shivered remnants of the jib and fore and main-top-sails\nwere cut adrift from the spars, and went eddying away to leeward, like\nthe feathers of an albatross, which sometimes are cast to the winds when\nthat storm-tossed bird is on the wing.\n\nThe three corresponding new sails were now bent and reefed, and a\nstorm-trysail was set further aft; so that the ship soon went through\nthe water with some precision again; and the course--for the present,\nEast-south-east--which he was to steer, if practicable, was once more\ngiven to the helmsman. For during the violence of the gale, he had only\nsteered according to its vicissitudes. But as he was now bringing the\nship as near her course as possible, watching the compass meanwhile, lo!\na good sign! the wind seemed coming round astern; aye, the foul breeze\nbecame fair!\n\nInstantly the yards were squared, to the lively song of \"HO! THE\nFAIR WIND! OH-YE-HO, CHEERLY MEN!\" the crew singing for joy, that so\npromising an event should so soon have falsified the evil portents\npreceding it.\n\nIn compliance with the standing order of his commander--to report\nimmediately, and at any one of the twenty-four hours, any decided change\nin the affairs of the deck,--Starbuck had no sooner trimmed the yards to\nthe breeze--however reluctantly and gloomily,--than he mechanically went\nbelow to apprise Captain Ahab of the circumstance.\n\nEre knocking at his state-room, he involuntarily paused before it\na moment. The cabin lamp--taking long swings this way and that--was\nburning fitfully, and casting fitful shadows upon the old man's bolted\ndoor,--a thin one, with fixed blinds inserted, in place of upper panels.\nThe isolated subterraneousness of the cabin made a certain humming\nsilence to reign there, though it was hooped round by all the roar of\nthe elements. The loaded muskets in the rack were shiningly revealed, as\nthey stood upright against the forward bulkhead. Starbuck was an honest,\nupright man; but out of Starbuck's heart, at that instant when he saw\nthe muskets, there strangely evolved an evil thought; but so blent with\nits neutral or good accompaniments that for the instant he hardly knew\nit for itself.\n\n\"He would have shot me once,\" he murmured, \"yes, there's the very musket\nthat he pointed at me;--that one with the studded stock; let me touch\nit--lift it. Strange, that I, who have handled so many deadly lances,\nstrange, that I should shake so now. Loaded? I must see. Aye, aye; and\npowder in the pan;--that's not good. Best spill it?--wait. I'll cure\nmyself of this. I'll hold the musket boldly while I think.--I come\nto report a fair wind to him. But how fair? Fair for death and\ndoom,--THAT'S fair for Moby Dick. It's a fair wind that's only fair for\nthat accursed fish.--The very tube he pointed at me!--the very one;\nTHIS one--I hold it here; he would have killed me with the very thing I\nhandle now.--Aye and he would fain kill all his crew. Does he not say\nhe will not strike his spars to any gale? Has he not dashed his heavenly\nquadrant? and in these same perilous seas, gropes he not his way by mere\ndead reckoning of the error-abounding log? and in this very Typhoon, did\nhe not swear that he would have no lightning-rods? But shall this crazed\nold man be tamely suffered to drag a whole ship's company down to doom\nwith him?--Yes, it would make him the wilful murderer of thirty men and\nmore, if this ship come to any deadly harm; and come to deadly harm, my\nsoul swears this ship will, if Ahab have his way. If, then, he were this\ninstant--put aside, that crime would not be his. Ha! is he muttering in\nhis sleep? Yes, just there,--in there, he's sleeping. Sleeping? aye,\nbut still alive, and soon awake again. I can't withstand thee, then, old\nman. Not reasoning; not remonstrance; not entreaty wilt thou hearken to;\nall this thou scornest. Flat obedience to thy own flat commands, this is\nall thou breathest. Aye, and say'st the men have vow'd thy vow; say'st\nall of us are Ahabs. Great God forbid!--But is there no other way? no\nlawful way?--Make him a prisoner to be taken home? What! hope to wrest\nthis old man's living power from his own living hands? Only a fool\nwould try it. Say he were pinioned even; knotted all over with ropes\nand hawsers; chained down to ring-bolts on this cabin floor; he would\nbe more hideous than a caged tiger, then. I could not endure the\nsight; could not possibly fly his howlings; all comfort, sleep itself,\ninestimable reason would leave me on the long intolerable voyage. What,\nthen, remains? The land is hundreds of leagues away, and locked Japan\nthe nearest. I stand alone here upon an open sea, with two oceans and\na whole continent between me and law.--Aye, aye, 'tis so.--Is heaven\na murderer when its lightning strikes a would-be murderer in his bed,\ntindering sheets and skin together?--And would I be a murderer, then,\nif\"--and slowly, stealthily, and half sideways looking, he placed the\nloaded musket's end against the door.\n\n\"On this level, Ahab's hammock swings within; his head this way. A\ntouch, and Starbuck may survive to hug his wife and child again.--Oh\nMary! Mary!--boy! boy! boy!--But if I wake thee not to death, old man,\nwho can tell to what unsounded deeps Starbuck's body this day week\nmay sink, with all the crew! Great God, where art Thou? Shall I? shall\nI?--The wind has gone down and shifted, sir; the fore and main topsails\nare reefed and set; she heads her course.\"\n\n\"Stern all! Oh Moby Dick, I clutch thy heart at last!\"\n\nSuch were the sounds that now came hurtling from out the old man's\ntormented sleep, as if Starbuck's voice had caused the long dumb dream\nto speak.\n\nThe yet levelled musket shook like a drunkard's arm against the panel;\nStarbuck seemed wrestling with an angel; but turning from the door, he\nplaced the death-tube in its rack, and left the place.\n\n\"He's too sound asleep, Mr. Stubb; go thou down, and wake him, and tell\nhim. I must see to the deck here. Thou know'st what to say.\"\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 124. The Needle.\n\n\nNext morning the not-yet-subsided sea rolled in long slow billows of\nmighty bulk, and striving in the Pequod's gurgling track, pushed her on\nlike giants' palms outspread. The strong, unstaggering breeze abounded\nso, that sky and air seemed vast outbellying sails; the whole world\nboomed before the wind. Muffled in the full morning light, the invisible\nsun was only known by the spread intensity of his place; where his\nbayonet rays moved on in stacks. Emblazonings, as of crowned Babylonian\nkings and queens, reigned over everything. The sea was as a crucible of\nmolten gold, that bubblingly leaps with light and heat.\n\nLong maintaining an enchanted silence, Ahab stood apart; and every time\nthe tetering ship loweringly pitched down her bowsprit, he turned to eye\nthe bright sun's rays produced ahead; and when she profoundly settled by\nthe stern, he turned behind, and saw the sun's rearward place, and how\nthe same yellow rays were blending with his undeviating wake.\n\n\"Ha, ha, my ship! thou mightest well be taken now for the sea-chariot of\nthe sun. Ho, ho! all ye nations before my prow, I bring the sun to ye!\nYoke on the further billows; hallo! a tandem, I drive the sea!\"\n\nBut suddenly reined back by some counter thought, he hurried towards the\nhelm, huskily demanding how the ship was heading.\n\n\"East-sou-east, sir,\" said the frightened steersman.\n\n\"Thou liest!\" smiting him with his clenched fist. \"Heading East at this\nhour in the morning, and the sun astern?\"\n\nUpon this every soul was confounded; for the phenomenon just then\nobserved by Ahab had unaccountably escaped every one else; but its very\nblinding palpableness must have been the cause.\n\nThrusting his head half way into the binnacle, Ahab caught one glimpse\nof the compasses; his uplifted arm slowly fell; for a moment he almost\nseemed to stagger. Standing behind him Starbuck looked, and lo! the two\ncompasses pointed East, and the Pequod was as infallibly going West.\n\nBut ere the first wild alarm could get out abroad among the crew,\nthe old man with a rigid laugh exclaimed, \"I have it! It has happened\nbefore. Mr. Starbuck, last night's thunder turned our compasses--that's\nall. Thou hast before now heard of such a thing, I take it.\"\n\n\"Aye; but never before has it happened to me, sir,\" said the pale mate,\ngloomily.\n\nHere, it must needs be said, that accidents like this have in more than\none case occurred to ships in violent storms. The magnetic energy, as\ndeveloped in the mariner's needle, is, as all know, essentially one with\nthe electricity beheld in heaven; hence it is not to be much marvelled\nat, that such things should be. Instances where the lightning has\nactually struck the vessel, so as to smite down some of the spars and\nrigging, the effect upon the needle has at times been still more fatal;\nall its loadstone virtue being annihilated, so that the before magnetic\nsteel was of no more use than an old wife's knitting needle. But in\neither case, the needle never again, of itself, recovers the original\nvirtue thus marred or lost; and if the binnacle compasses be affected,\nthe same fate reaches all the others that may be in the ship; even were\nthe lowermost one inserted into the kelson.\n\nDeliberately standing before the binnacle, and eyeing the transpointed\ncompasses, the old man, with the sharp of his extended hand, now took\nthe precise bearing of the sun, and satisfied that the needles were\nexactly inverted, shouted out his orders for the ship's course to be\nchanged accordingly. The yards were hard up; and once more the Pequod\nthrust her undaunted bows into the opposing wind, for the supposed fair\none had only been juggling her.\n\nMeanwhile, whatever were his own secret thoughts, Starbuck said nothing,\nbut quietly he issued all requisite orders; while Stubb and Flask--who\nin some small degree seemed then to be sharing his feelings--likewise\nunmurmuringly acquiesced. As for the men, though some of them lowly\nrumbled, their fear of Ahab was greater than their fear of Fate. But as\never before, the pagan harpooneers remained almost wholly unimpressed;\nor if impressed, it was only with a certain magnetism shot into their\ncongenial hearts from inflexible Ahab's.\n\nFor a space the old man walked the deck in rolling reveries. But\nchancing to slip with his ivory heel, he saw the crushed copper\nsight-tubes of the quadrant he had the day before dashed to the deck.\n\n\"Thou poor, proud heaven-gazer and sun's pilot! yesterday I wrecked\nthee, and to-day the compasses would fain have wrecked me. So, so. But\nAhab is lord over the level loadstone yet. Mr. Starbuck--a lance without\na pole; a top-maul, and the smallest of the sail-maker's needles.\nQuick!\"\n\nAccessory, perhaps, to the impulse dictating the thing he was now about\nto do, were certain prudential motives, whose object might have been to\nrevive the spirits of his crew by a stroke of his subtile skill, in a\nmatter so wondrous as that of the inverted compasses. Besides, the old\nman well knew that to steer by transpointed needles, though clumsily\npracticable, was not a thing to be passed over by superstitious sailors,\nwithout some shudderings and evil portents.\n\n\"Men,\" said he, steadily turning upon the crew, as the mate handed\nhim the things he had demanded, \"my men, the thunder turned old Ahab's\nneedles; but out of this bit of steel Ahab can make one of his own, that\nwill point as true as any.\"\n\nAbashed glances of servile wonder were exchanged by the sailors, as this\nwas said; and with fascinated eyes they awaited whatever magic might\nfollow. But Starbuck looked away.\n\nWith a blow from the top-maul Ahab knocked off the steel head of the\nlance, and then handing to the mate the long iron rod remaining, bade\nhim hold it upright, without its touching the deck. Then, with the maul,\nafter repeatedly smiting the upper end of this iron rod, he placed the\nblunted needle endwise on the top of it, and less strongly hammered\nthat, several times, the mate still holding the rod as before. Then\ngoing through some small strange motions with it--whether indispensable\nto the magnetizing of the steel, or merely intended to augment the awe\nof the crew, is uncertain--he called for linen thread; and moving to the\nbinnacle, slipped out the two reversed needles there, and horizontally\nsuspended the sail-needle by its middle, over one of the compass-cards.\nAt first, the steel went round and round, quivering and vibrating at\neither end; but at last it settled to its place, when Ahab, who had\nbeen intently watching for this result, stepped frankly back from the\nbinnacle, and pointing his stretched arm towards it, exclaimed,--\"Look\nye, for yourselves, if Ahab be not lord of the level loadstone! The sun\nis East, and that compass swears it!\"\n\nOne after another they peered in, for nothing but their own eyes could\npersuade such ignorance as theirs, and one after another they slunk\naway.\n\nIn his fiery eyes of scorn and triumph, you then saw Ahab in all his\nfatal pride.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 125. The Log and Line.\n\n\nWhile now the fated Pequod had been so long afloat this voyage, the log\nand line had but very seldom been in use. Owing to a confident reliance\nupon other means of determining the vessel's place, some merchantmen,\nand many whalemen, especially when cruising, wholly neglect to heave the\nlog; though at the same time, and frequently more for form's sake than\nanything else, regularly putting down upon the customary slate the\ncourse steered by the ship, as well as the presumed average rate of\nprogression every hour. It had been thus with the Pequod. The wooden\nreel and angular log attached hung, long untouched, just beneath the\nrailing of the after bulwarks. Rains and spray had damped it; sun and\nwind had warped it; all the elements had combined to rot a thing that\nhung so idly. But heedless of all this, his mood seized Ahab, as he\nhappened to glance upon the reel, not many hours after the magnet scene,\nand he remembered how his quadrant was no more, and recalled his frantic\noath about the level log and line. The ship was sailing plungingly;\nastern the billows rolled in riots.\n\n\"Forward, there! Heave the log!\"\n\nTwo seamen came. The golden-hued Tahitian and the grizzly Manxman. \"Take\nthe reel, one of ye, I'll heave.\"\n\nThey went towards the extreme stern, on the ship's lee side, where the\ndeck, with the oblique energy of the wind, was now almost dipping into\nthe creamy, sidelong-rushing sea.\n\nThe Manxman took the reel, and holding it high up, by the projecting\nhandle-ends of the spindle, round which the spool of line revolved, so\nstood with the angular log hanging downwards, till Ahab advanced to him.\n\nAhab stood before him, and was lightly unwinding some thirty or forty\nturns to form a preliminary hand-coil to toss overboard, when the old\nManxman, who was intently eyeing both him and the line, made bold to\nspeak.\n\n\"Sir, I mistrust it; this line looks far gone, long heat and wet have\nspoiled it.\"\n\n\"'Twill hold, old gentleman. Long heat and wet, have they spoiled thee?\nThou seem'st to hold. Or, truer perhaps, life holds thee; not thou it.\"\n\n\"I hold the spool, sir. But just as my captain says. With these\ngrey hairs of mine 'tis not worth while disputing, 'specially with a\nsuperior, who'll ne'er confess.\"\n\n\"What's that? There now's a patched professor in Queen Nature's\ngranite-founded College; but methinks he's too subservient. Where wert\nthou born?\"\n\n\"In the little rocky Isle of Man, sir.\"\n\n\"Excellent! Thou'st hit the world by that.\"\n\n\"I know not, sir, but I was born there.\"\n\n\"In the Isle of Man, hey? Well, the other way, it's good. Here's a man\nfrom Man; a man born in once independent Man, and now unmanned of Man;\nwhich is sucked in--by what? Up with the reel! The dead, blind wall\nbutts all inquiring heads at last. Up with it! So.\"\n\nThe log was heaved. The loose coils rapidly straightened out in a long\ndragging line astern, and then, instantly, the reel began to whirl. In\nturn, jerkingly raised and lowered by the rolling billows, the towing\nresistance of the log caused the old reelman to stagger strangely.\n\n\"Hold hard!\"\n\nSnap! the overstrained line sagged down in one long festoon; the tugging\nlog was gone.\n\n\"I crush the quadrant, the thunder turns the needles, and now the mad\nsea parts the log-line. But Ahab can mend all. Haul in here, Tahitian;\nreel up, Manxman. And look ye, let the carpenter make another log, and\nmend thou the line. See to it.\"\n\n\"There he goes now; to him nothing's happened; but to me, the skewer\nseems loosening out of the middle of the world. Haul in, haul in,\nTahitian! These lines run whole, and whirling out: come in broken, and\ndragging slow. Ha, Pip? come to help; eh, Pip?\"\n\n\"Pip? whom call ye Pip? Pip jumped from the whale-boat. Pip's missing.\nLet's see now if ye haven't fished him up here, fisherman. It drags\nhard; I guess he's holding on. Jerk him, Tahiti! Jerk him off; we haul\nin no cowards here. Ho! there's his arm just breaking water. A hatchet!\na hatchet! cut it off--we haul in no cowards here. Captain Ahab! sir,\nsir! here's Pip, trying to get on board again.\"\n\n\"Peace, thou crazy loon,\" cried the Manxman, seizing him by the arm.\n\"Away from the quarter-deck!\"\n\n\"The greater idiot ever scolds the lesser,\" muttered Ahab, advancing.\n\"Hands off from that holiness! Where sayest thou Pip was, boy?\n\n\"Astern there, sir, astern! Lo! lo!\"\n\n\"And who art thou, boy? I see not my reflection in the vacant pupils of\nthy eyes. Oh God! that man should be a thing for immortal souls to sieve\nthrough! Who art thou, boy?\"\n\n\"Bell-boy, sir; ship's-crier; ding, dong, ding! Pip! Pip! Pip!\nOne hundred pounds of clay reward for Pip; five feet high--looks\ncowardly--quickest known by that! Ding, dong, ding! Who's seen Pip the\ncoward?\"\n\n\"There can be no hearts above the snow-line. Oh, ye frozen heavens! look\ndown here. Ye did beget this luckless child, and have abandoned him,\nye creative libertines. Here, boy; Ahab's cabin shall be Pip's home\nhenceforth, while Ahab lives. Thou touchest my inmost centre, boy; thou\nart tied to me by cords woven of my heart-strings. Come, let's down.\"\n\n\"What's this? here's velvet shark-skin,\" intently gazing at Ahab's hand,\nand feeling it. \"Ah, now, had poor Pip but felt so kind a thing as this,\nperhaps he had ne'er been lost! This seems to me, sir, as a man-rope;\nsomething that weak souls may hold by. Oh, sir, let old Perth now come\nand rivet these two hands together; the black one with the white, for I\nwill not let this go.\"\n\n\"Oh, boy, nor will I thee, unless I should thereby drag thee to worse\nhorrors than are here. Come, then, to my cabin. Lo! ye believers in\ngods all goodness, and in man all ill, lo you! see the omniscient gods\noblivious of suffering man; and man, though idiotic, and knowing not\nwhat he does, yet full of the sweet things of love and gratitude. Come!\nI feel prouder leading thee by thy black hand, than though I grasped an\nEmperor's!\"\n\n\"There go two daft ones now,\" muttered the old Manxman. \"One daft with\nstrength, the other daft with weakness. But here's the end of the rotten\nline--all dripping, too. Mend it, eh? I think we had best have a new\nline altogether. I'll see Mr. Stubb about it.\"\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 126. The Life-Buoy.\n\n\nSteering now south-eastward by Ahab's levelled steel, and her progress\nsolely determined by Ahab's level log and line; the Pequod held on\nher path towards the Equator. Making so long a passage through such\nunfrequented waters, descrying no ships, and ere long, sideways impelled\nby unvarying trade winds, over waves monotonously mild; all these seemed\nthe strange calm things preluding some riotous and desperate scene.\n\nAt last, when the ship drew near to the outskirts, as it were, of the\nEquatorial fishing-ground, and in the deep darkness that goes before the\ndawn, was sailing by a cluster of rocky islets; the watch--then headed\nby Flask--was startled by a cry so plaintively wild and unearthly--like\nhalf-articulated wailings of the ghosts of all Herod's murdered\nInnocents--that one and all, they started from their reveries, and for\nthe space of some moments stood, or sat, or leaned all transfixedly\nlistening, like the carved Roman slave, while that wild cry remained\nwithin hearing. The Christian or civilized part of the crew said it was\nmermaids, and shuddered; but the pagan harpooneers remained unappalled.\nYet the grey Manxman--the oldest mariner of all--declared that the wild\nthrilling sounds that were heard, were the voices of newly drowned men\nin the sea.\n\nBelow in his hammock, Ahab did not hear of this till grey dawn, when\nhe came to the deck; it was then recounted to him by Flask, not\nunaccompanied with hinted dark meanings. He hollowly laughed, and thus\nexplained the wonder.\n\nThose rocky islands the ship had passed were the resort of great numbers\nof seals, and some young seals that had lost their dams, or some dams\nthat had lost their cubs, must have risen nigh the ship and kept company\nwith her, crying and sobbing with their human sort of wail. But this\nonly the more affected some of them, because most mariners cherish a\nvery superstitious feeling about seals, arising not only from their\npeculiar tones when in distress, but also from the human look of their\nround heads and semi-intelligent faces, seen peeringly uprising from\nthe water alongside. In the sea, under certain circumstances, seals have\nmore than once been mistaken for men.\n\nBut the bodings of the crew were destined to receive a most plausible\nconfirmation in the fate of one of their number that morning. At\nsun-rise this man went from his hammock to his mast-head at the fore;\nand whether it was that he was not yet half waked from his sleep (for\nsailors sometimes go aloft in a transition state), whether it was thus\nwith the man, there is now no telling; but, be that as it may, he\nhad not been long at his perch, when a cry was heard--a cry and a\nrushing--and looking up, they saw a falling phantom in the air; and\nlooking down, a little tossed heap of white bubbles in the blue of the\nsea.\n\nThe life-buoy--a long slender cask--was dropped from the stern, where it\nalways hung obedient to a cunning spring; but no hand rose to seize it,\nand the sun having long beat upon this cask it had shrunken, so that it\nslowly filled, and that parched wood also filled at its every pore; and\nthe studded iron-bound cask followed the sailor to the bottom, as if to\nyield him his pillow, though in sooth but a hard one.\n\nAnd thus the first man of the Pequod that mounted the mast to look out\nfor the White Whale, on the White Whale's own peculiar ground; that man\nwas swallowed up in the deep. But few, perhaps, thought of that at the\ntime. Indeed, in some sort, they were not grieved at this event, at\nleast as a portent; for they regarded it, not as a foreshadowing of evil\nin the future, but as the fulfilment of an evil already presaged. They\ndeclared that now they knew the reason of those wild shrieks they had\nheard the night before. But again the old Manxman said nay.\n\nThe lost life-buoy was now to be replaced; Starbuck was directed to see\nto it; but as no cask of sufficient lightness could be found, and as\nin the feverish eagerness of what seemed the approaching crisis of\nthe voyage, all hands were impatient of any toil but what was directly\nconnected with its final end, whatever that might prove to be;\ntherefore, they were going to leave the ship's stern unprovided with a\nbuoy, when by certain strange signs and inuendoes Queequeg hinted a hint\nconcerning his coffin.\n\n\"A life-buoy of a coffin!\" cried Starbuck, starting.\n\n\"Rather queer, that, I should say,\" said Stubb.\n\n\"It will make a good enough one,\" said Flask, \"the carpenter here can\narrange it easily.\"\n\n\"Bring it up; there's nothing else for it,\" said Starbuck, after a\nmelancholy pause. \"Rig it, carpenter; do not look at me so--the coffin,\nI mean. Dost thou hear me? Rig it.\"\n\n\"And shall I nail down the lid, sir?\" moving his hand as with a hammer.\n\n\"Aye.\"\n\n\"And shall I caulk the seams, sir?\" moving his hand as with a\ncaulking-iron.\n\n\"Aye.\"\n\n\"And shall I then pay over the same with pitch, sir?\" moving his hand as\nwith a pitch-pot.\n\n\"Away! what possesses thee to this? Make a life-buoy of the coffin, and\nno more.--Mr. Stubb, Mr. Flask, come forward with me.\"\n\n\"He goes off in a huff. The whole he can endure; at the parts he baulks.\nNow I don't like this. I make a leg for Captain Ahab, and he wears it\nlike a gentleman; but I make a bandbox for Queequeg, and he won't put\nhis head into it. Are all my pains to go for nothing with that coffin?\nAnd now I'm ordered to make a life-buoy of it. It's like turning an old\ncoat; going to bring the flesh on the other side now. I don't like this\ncobbling sort of business--I don't like it at all; it's undignified;\nit's not my place. Let tinkers' brats do tinkerings; we are their\nbetters. I like to take in hand none but clean, virgin, fair-and-square\nmathematical jobs, something that regularly begins at the beginning, and\nis at the middle when midway, and comes to an end at the conclusion; not\na cobbler's job, that's at an end in the middle, and at the beginning at\nthe end. It's the old woman's tricks to be giving cobbling jobs. Lord!\nwhat an affection all old women have for tinkers. I know an old woman of\nsixty-five who ran away with a bald-headed young tinker once. And that's\nthe reason I never would work for lonely widow old women ashore, when\nI kept my job-shop in the Vineyard; they might have taken it into their\nlonely old heads to run off with me. But heigh-ho! there are no caps at\nsea but snow-caps. Let me see. Nail down the lid; caulk the seams; pay\nover the same with pitch; batten them down tight, and hang it with the\nsnap-spring over the ship's stern. Were ever such things done before\nwith a coffin? Some superstitious old carpenters, now, would be tied\nup in the rigging, ere they would do the job. But I'm made of knotty\nAroostook hemlock; I don't budge. Cruppered with a coffin! Sailing\nabout with a grave-yard tray! But never mind. We workers in woods make\nbridal-bedsteads and card-tables, as well as coffins and hearses. We\nwork by the month, or by the job, or by the profit; not for us to ask\nthe why and wherefore of our work, unless it be too confounded cobbling,\nand then we stash it if we can. Hem! I'll do the job, now, tenderly.\nI'll have me--let's see--how many in the ship's company, all told? But\nI've forgotten. Any way, I'll have me thirty separate, Turk's-headed\nlife-lines, each three feet long hanging all round to the coffin. Then,\nif the hull go down, there'll be thirty lively fellows all fighting for\none coffin, a sight not seen very often beneath the sun! Come hammer,\ncaulking-iron, pitch-pot, and marling-spike! Let's to it.\"\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 127. The Deck.\n\n\nTHE COFFIN LAID UPON TWO LINE-TUBS, BETWEEN THE VICE-BENCH AND THE OPEN\nHATCHWAY; THE CARPENTER CAULKING ITS SEAMS; THE STRING OF TWISTED OAKUM\nSLOWLY UNWINDING FROM A LARGE ROLL OF IT PLACED IN THE BOSOM OF\nHIS FROCK.--AHAB COMES SLOWLY FROM THE CABIN-GANGWAY, AND HEARS PIP\nFOLLOWING HIM.\n\n\n\"Back, lad; I will be with ye again presently. He goes! Not this hand\ncomplies with my humor more genially than that boy.--Middle aisle of a\nchurch! What's here?\"\n\n\"Life-buoy, sir. Mr. Starbuck's orders. Oh, look, sir! Beware the\nhatchway!\"\n\n\"Thank ye, man. Thy coffin lies handy to the vault.\"\n\n\"Sir? The hatchway? oh! So it does, sir, so it does.\"\n\n\"Art not thou the leg-maker? Look, did not this stump come from thy\nshop?\"\n\n\"I believe it did, sir; does the ferrule stand, sir?\"\n\n\"Well enough. But art thou not also the undertaker?\"\n\n\"Aye, sir; I patched up this thing here as a coffin for Queequeg; but\nthey've set me now to turning it into something else.\"\n\n\"Then tell me; art thou not an arrant, all-grasping, intermeddling,\nmonopolising, heathenish old scamp, to be one day making legs, and the\nnext day coffins to clap them in, and yet again life-buoys out of those\nsame coffins? Thou art as unprincipled as the gods, and as much of a\njack-of-all-trades.\"\n\n\"But I do not mean anything, sir. I do as I do.\"\n\n\"The gods again. Hark ye, dost thou not ever sing working about a\ncoffin? The Titans, they say, hummed snatches when chipping out the\ncraters for volcanoes; and the grave-digger in the play sings, spade in\nhand. Dost thou never?\"\n\n\"Sing, sir? Do I sing? Oh, I'm indifferent enough, sir, for that; but\nthe reason why the grave-digger made music must have been because there\nwas none in his spade, sir. But the caulking mallet is full of it. Hark\nto it.\"\n\n\"Aye, and that's because the lid there's a sounding-board; and what in\nall things makes the sounding-board is this--there's naught beneath. And\nyet, a coffin with a body in it rings pretty much the same, Carpenter.\nHast thou ever helped carry a bier, and heard the coffin knock against\nthe churchyard gate, going in?\n\n\"Faith, sir, I've--\"\n\n\"Faith? What's that?\"\n\n\"Why, faith, sir, it's only a sort of exclamation-like--that's all,\nsir.\"\n\n\"Um, um; go on.\"\n\n\"I was about to say, sir, that--\"\n\n\"Art thou a silk-worm? Dost thou spin thy own shroud out of thyself?\nLook at thy bosom! Despatch! and get these traps out of sight.\"\n\n\"He goes aft. That was sudden, now; but squalls come sudden in hot\nlatitudes. I've heard that the Isle of Albemarle, one of the Gallipagos,\nis cut by the Equator right in the middle. Seems to me some sort of\nEquator cuts yon old man, too, right in his middle. He's always under\nthe Line--fiery hot, I tell ye! He's looking this way--come, oakum;\nquick. Here we go again. This wooden mallet is the cork, and I'm the\nprofessor of musical glasses--tap, tap!\"\n\n(AHAB TO HIMSELF.)\n\n\"There's a sight! There's a sound! The grey-headed woodpecker tapping\nthe hollow tree! Blind and dumb might well be envied now. See! that\nthing rests on two line-tubs, full of tow-lines. A most malicious wag,\nthat fellow. Rat-tat! So man's seconds tick! Oh! how immaterial are all\nmaterials! What things real are there, but imponderable thoughts? Here\nnow's the very dreaded symbol of grim death, by a mere hap, made\nthe expressive sign of the help and hope of most endangered life.\nA life-buoy of a coffin! Does it go further? Can it be that in some\nspiritual sense the coffin is, after all, but an immortality-preserver!\nI'll think of that. But no. So far gone am I in the dark side of earth,\nthat its other side, the theoretic bright one, seems but uncertain\ntwilight to me. Will ye never have done, Carpenter, with that accursed\nsound? I go below; let me not see that thing here when I return\nagain. Now, then, Pip, we'll talk this over; I do suck most wondrous\nphilosophies from thee! Some unknown conduits from the unknown worlds\nmust empty into thee!\"\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 128. The Pequod Meets The Rachel.\n\n\nNext day, a large ship, the Rachel, was descried, bearing directly down\nupon the Pequod, all her spars thickly clustering with men. At the\ntime the Pequod was making good speed through the water; but as the\nbroad-winged windward stranger shot nigh to her, the boastful sails all\nfell together as blank bladders that are burst, and all life fled from\nthe smitten hull.\n\n\"Bad news; she brings bad news,\" muttered the old Manxman. But ere her\ncommander, who, with trumpet to mouth, stood up in his boat; ere he\ncould hopefully hail, Ahab's voice was heard.\n\n\"Hast seen the White Whale?\"\n\n\"Aye, yesterday. Have ye seen a whale-boat adrift?\"\n\nThrottling his joy, Ahab negatively answered this unexpected question;\nand would then have fain boarded the stranger, when the stranger captain\nhimself, having stopped his vessel's way, was seen descending her\nside. A few keen pulls, and his boat-hook soon clinched the Pequod's\nmain-chains, and he sprang to the deck. Immediately he was recognised by\nAhab for a Nantucketer he knew. But no formal salutation was exchanged.\n\n\"Where was he?--not killed!--not killed!\" cried Ahab, closely advancing.\n\"How was it?\"\n\nIt seemed that somewhat late on the afternoon of the day previous, while\nthree of the stranger's boats were engaged with a shoal of whales, which\nhad led them some four or five miles from the ship; and while they were\nyet in swift chase to windward, the white hump and head of Moby Dick had\nsuddenly loomed up out of the water, not very far to leeward; whereupon,\nthe fourth rigged boat--a reserved one--had been instantly lowered in\nchase. After a keen sail before the wind, this fourth boat--the swiftest\nkeeled of all--seemed to have succeeded in fastening--at least, as\nwell as the man at the mast-head could tell anything about it. In the\ndistance he saw the diminished dotted boat; and then a swift gleam\nof bubbling white water; and after that nothing more; whence it was\nconcluded that the stricken whale must have indefinitely run away with\nhis pursuers, as often happens. There was some apprehension, but no\npositive alarm, as yet. The recall signals were placed in the rigging;\ndarkness came on; and forced to pick up her three far to windward\nboats--ere going in quest of the fourth one in the precisely opposite\ndirection--the ship had not only been necessitated to leave that boat to\nits fate till near midnight, but, for the time, to increase her distance\nfrom it. But the rest of her crew being at last safe aboard, she crowded\nall sail--stunsail on stunsail--after the missing boat; kindling a fire\nin her try-pots for a beacon; and every other man aloft on the look-out.\nBut though when she had thus sailed a sufficient distance to gain the\npresumed place of the absent ones when last seen; though she then\npaused to lower her spare boats to pull all around her; and not finding\nanything, had again dashed on; again paused, and lowered her boats; and\nthough she had thus continued doing till daylight; yet not the least\nglimpse of the missing keel had been seen.\n\nThe story told, the stranger Captain immediately went on to reveal his\nobject in boarding the Pequod. He desired that ship to unite with his\nown in the search; by sailing over the sea some four or five miles\napart, on parallel lines, and so sweeping a double horizon, as it were.\n\n\"I will wager something now,\" whispered Stubb to Flask, \"that some one\nin that missing boat wore off that Captain's best coat; mayhap, his\nwatch--he's so cursed anxious to get it back. Who ever heard of two\npious whale-ships cruising after one missing whale-boat in the height of\nthe whaling season? See, Flask, only see how pale he looks--pale in the\nvery buttons of his eyes--look--it wasn't the coat--it must have been\nthe--\"\n\n\"My boy, my own boy is among them. For God's sake--I beg, I\nconjure\"--here exclaimed the stranger Captain to Ahab, who thus far\nhad but icily received his petition. \"For eight-and-forty hours let me\ncharter your ship--I will gladly pay for it, and roundly pay for it--if\nthere be no other way--for eight-and-forty hours only--only that--you\nmust, oh, you must, and you SHALL do this thing.\"\n\n\"His son!\" cried Stubb, \"oh, it's his son he's lost! I take back the\ncoat and watch--what says Ahab? We must save that boy.\"\n\n\"He's drowned with the rest on 'em, last night,\" said the old Manx\nsailor standing behind them; \"I heard; all of ye heard their spirits.\"\n\nNow, as it shortly turned out, what made this incident of the Rachel's\nthe more melancholy, was the circumstance, that not only was one of the\nCaptain's sons among the number of the missing boat's crew; but among\nthe number of the other boat's crews, at the same time, but on the other\nhand, separated from the ship during the dark vicissitudes of the chase,\nthere had been still another son; as that for a time, the wretched\nfather was plunged to the bottom of the cruellest perplexity; which\nwas only solved for him by his chief mate's instinctively adopting the\nordinary procedure of a whale-ship in such emergencies, that is, when\nplaced between jeopardized but divided boats, always to pick up the\nmajority first. But the captain, for some unknown constitutional reason,\nhad refrained from mentioning all this, and not till forced to it by\nAhab's iciness did he allude to his one yet missing boy; a little lad,\nbut twelve years old, whose father with the earnest but unmisgiving\nhardihood of a Nantucketer's paternal love, had thus early sought to\ninitiate him in the perils and wonders of a vocation almost immemorially\nthe destiny of all his race. Nor does it unfrequently occur, that\nNantucket captains will send a son of such tender age away from them,\nfor a protracted three or four years' voyage in some other ship than\ntheir own; so that their first knowledge of a whaleman's career shall\nbe unenervated by any chance display of a father's natural but untimely\npartiality, or undue apprehensiveness and concern.\n\nMeantime, now the stranger was still beseeching his poor boon of Ahab;\nand Ahab still stood like an anvil, receiving every shock, but without\nthe least quivering of his own.\n\n\"I will not go,\" said the stranger, \"till you say aye to me. Do to me\nas you would have me do to you in the like case. For YOU too have a boy,\nCaptain Ahab--though but a child, and nestling safely at home now--a\nchild of your old age too--Yes, yes, you relent; I see it--run, run,\nmen, now, and stand by to square in the yards.\"\n\n\"Avast,\" cried Ahab--\"touch not a rope-yarn\"; then in a voice that\nprolongingly moulded every word--\"Captain Gardiner, I will not do it.\nEven now I lose time. Good-bye, good-bye. God bless ye, man, and may I\nforgive myself, but I must go. Mr. Starbuck, look at the binnacle watch,\nand in three minutes from this present instant warn off all strangers:\nthen brace forward again, and let the ship sail as before.\"\n\nHurriedly turning, with averted face, he descended into his cabin,\nleaving the strange captain transfixed at this unconditional and utter\nrejection of his so earnest suit. But starting from his enchantment,\nGardiner silently hurried to the side; more fell than stepped into his\nboat, and returned to his ship.\n\nSoon the two ships diverged their wakes; and long as the strange vessel\nwas in view, she was seen to yaw hither and thither at every dark spot,\nhowever small, on the sea. This way and that her yards were swung round;\nstarboard and larboard, she continued to tack; now she beat against a\nhead sea; and again it pushed her before it; while all the while, her\nmasts and yards were thickly clustered with men, as three tall cherry\ntrees, when the boys are cherrying among the boughs.\n\nBut by her still halting course and winding, woeful way, you plainly saw\nthat this ship that so wept with spray, still remained without comfort.\nShe was Rachel, weeping for her children, because they were not.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 129. The Cabin.\n\n\n(AHAB MOVING TO GO ON DECK; PIP CATCHES HIM BY THE HAND TO FOLLOW.)\n\n\"Lad, lad, I tell thee thou must not follow Ahab now. The hour is coming\nwhen Ahab would not scare thee from him, yet would not have thee by him.\nThere is that in thee, poor lad, which I feel too curing to my malady.\nLike cures like; and for this hunt, my malady becomes my most desired\nhealth. Do thou abide below here, where they shall serve thee, as if\nthou wert the captain. Aye, lad, thou shalt sit here in my own screwed\nchair; another screw to it, thou must be.\"\n\n\"No, no, no! ye have not a whole body, sir; do ye but use poor me for\nyour one lost leg; only tread upon me, sir; I ask no more, so I remain a\npart of ye.\"\n\n\"Oh! spite of million villains, this makes me a bigot in the fadeless\nfidelity of man!--and a black! and crazy!--but methinks like-cures-like\napplies to him too; he grows so sane again.\"\n\n\"They tell me, sir, that Stubb did once desert poor little Pip, whose\ndrowned bones now show white, for all the blackness of his living skin.\nBut I will never desert ye, sir, as Stubb did him. Sir, I must go with\nye.\"\n\n\"If thou speakest thus to me much more, Ahab's purpose keels up in him.\nI tell thee no; it cannot be.\"\n\n\"Oh good master, master, master!\n\n\"Weep so, and I will murder thee! have a care, for Ahab too is mad.\nListen, and thou wilt often hear my ivory foot upon the deck, and still\nknow that I am there. And now I quit thee. Thy hand!--Met! True art\nthou, lad, as the circumference to its centre. So: God for ever bless\nthee; and if it come to that,--God for ever save thee, let what will\nbefall.\"\n\n(AHAB GOES; PIP STEPS ONE STEP FORWARD.)\n\n\n\"Here he this instant stood; I stand in his air,--but I'm alone. Now\nwere even poor Pip here I could endure it, but he's missing. Pip! Pip!\nDing, dong, ding! Who's seen Pip? He must be up here; let's try the\ndoor. What? neither lock, nor bolt, nor bar; and yet there's no opening\nit. It must be the spell; he told me to stay here: Aye, and told me this\nscrewed chair was mine. Here, then, I'll seat me, against the transom,\nin the ship's full middle, all her keel and her three masts before me.\nHere, our old sailors say, in their black seventy-fours great\nadmirals sometimes sit at table, and lord it over rows of captains and\nlieutenants. Ha! what's this? epaulets! epaulets! the epaulets all come\ncrowding! Pass round the decanters; glad to see ye; fill up, monsieurs!\nWhat an odd feeling, now, when a black boy's host to white men with gold\nlace upon their coats!--Monsieurs, have ye seen one Pip?--a little\nnegro lad, five feet high, hang-dog look, and cowardly! Jumped from a\nwhale-boat once;--seen him? No! Well then, fill up again, captains, and\nlet's drink shame upon all cowards! I name no names. Shame upon them!\nPut one foot upon the table. Shame upon all cowards.--Hist! above there,\nI hear ivory--Oh, master! master! I am indeed down-hearted when you walk\nover me. But here I'll stay, though this stern strikes rocks; and they\nbulge through; and oysters come to join me.\"\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 130. The Hat.\n\n\nAnd now that at the proper time and place, after so long and wide a\npreliminary cruise, Ahab,--all other whaling waters swept--seemed to\nhave chased his foe into an ocean-fold, to slay him the more securely\nthere; now, that he found himself hard by the very latitude and\nlongitude where his tormenting wound had been inflicted; now that a\nvessel had been spoken which on the very day preceding had actually\nencountered Moby Dick;--and now that all his successive meetings with\nvarious ships contrastingly concurred to show the demoniac indifference\nwith which the white whale tore his hunters, whether sinning or sinned\nagainst; now it was that there lurked a something in the old man's eyes,\nwhich it was hardly sufferable for feeble souls to see. As the unsetting\npolar star, which through the livelong, arctic, six months' night\nsustains its piercing, steady, central gaze; so Ahab's purpose now\nfixedly gleamed down upon the constant midnight of the gloomy crew. It\ndomineered above them so, that all their bodings, doubts, misgivings,\nfears, were fain to hide beneath their souls, and not sprout forth a\nsingle spear or leaf.\n\nIn this foreshadowing interval too, all humor, forced or natural,\nvanished. Stubb no more strove to raise a smile; Starbuck no more strove\nto check one. Alike, joy and sorrow, hope and fear, seemed ground to\nfinest dust, and powdered, for the time, in the clamped mortar of\nAhab's iron soul. Like machines, they dumbly moved about the deck, ever\nconscious that the old man's despot eye was on them.\n\nBut did you deeply scan him in his more secret confidential hours; when\nhe thought no glance but one was on him; then you would have seen that\neven as Ahab's eyes so awed the crew's, the inscrutable Parsee's glance\nawed his; or somehow, at least, in some wild way, at times affected it.\nSuch an added, gliding strangeness began to invest the thin Fedallah\nnow; such ceaseless shudderings shook him; that the men looked dubious\nat him; half uncertain, as it seemed, whether indeed he were a mortal\nsubstance, or else a tremulous shadow cast upon the deck by some unseen\nbeing's body. And that shadow was always hovering there. For not by\nnight, even, had Fedallah ever certainly been known to slumber, or go\nbelow. He would stand still for hours: but never sat or leaned; his wan\nbut wondrous eyes did plainly say--We two watchmen never rest.\n\nNor, at any time, by night or day could the mariners now step upon the\ndeck, unless Ahab was before them; either standing in his pivot-hole, or\nexactly pacing the planks between two undeviating limits,--the main-mast\nand the mizen; or else they saw him standing in the cabin-scuttle,--his\nliving foot advanced upon the deck, as if to step; his hat slouched\nheavily over his eyes; so that however motionless he stood, however the\ndays and nights were added on, that he had not swung in his hammock;\nyet hidden beneath that slouching hat, they could never tell unerringly\nwhether, for all this, his eyes were really closed at times; or whether\nhe was still intently scanning them; no matter, though he stood so in\nthe scuttle for a whole hour on the stretch, and the unheeded night-damp\ngathered in beads of dew upon that stone-carved coat and hat. The\nclothes that the night had wet, the next day's sunshine dried upon him;\nand so, day after day, and night after night; he went no more beneath\nthe planks; whatever he wanted from the cabin that thing he sent for.\n\nHe ate in the same open air; that is, his two only meals,--breakfast and\ndinner: supper he never touched; nor reaped his beard; which darkly grew\nall gnarled, as unearthed roots of trees blown over, which still grow\nidly on at naked base, though perished in the upper verdure. But though\nhis whole life was now become one watch on deck; and though the Parsee's\nmystic watch was without intermission as his own; yet these two never\nseemed to speak--one man to the other--unless at long intervals some\npassing unmomentous matter made it necessary. Though such a potent spell\nseemed secretly to join the twain; openly, and to the awe-struck crew,\nthey seemed pole-like asunder. If by day they chanced to speak one word;\nby night, dumb men were both, so far as concerned the slightest verbal\ninterchange. At times, for longest hours, without a single hail, they\nstood far parted in the starlight; Ahab in his scuttle, the Parsee by\nthe mainmast; but still fixedly gazing upon each other; as if in the\nParsee Ahab saw his forethrown shadow, in Ahab the Parsee his abandoned\nsubstance.\n\nAnd yet, somehow, did Ahab--in his own proper self, as daily, hourly,\nand every instant, commandingly revealed to his subordinates,--Ahab\nseemed an independent lord; the Parsee but his slave. Still again both\nseemed yoked together, and an unseen tyrant driving them; the lean shade\nsiding the solid rib. For be this Parsee what he may, all rib and keel\nwas solid Ahab.\n\nAt the first faintest glimmering of the dawn, his iron voice was heard\nfrom aft,--\"Man the mast-heads!\"--and all through the day, till after\nsunset and after twilight, the same voice every hour, at the striking of\nthe helmsman's bell, was heard--\"What d'ye see?--sharp! sharp!\"\n\nBut when three or four days had slided by, after meeting the\nchildren-seeking Rachel; and no spout had yet been seen; the monomaniac\nold man seemed distrustful of his crew's fidelity; at least, of nearly\nall except the Pagan harpooneers; he seemed to doubt, even, whether\nStubb and Flask might not willingly overlook the sight he sought. But if\nthese suspicions were really his, he sagaciously refrained from verbally\nexpressing them, however his actions might seem to hint them.\n\n\"I will have the first sight of the whale myself,\"--he said. \"Aye!\nAhab must have the doubloon!\" and with his own hands he rigged a nest\nof basketed bowlines; and sending a hand aloft, with a single sheaved\nblock, to secure to the main-mast head, he received the two ends of the\ndownward-reeved rope; and attaching one to his basket prepared a pin for\nthe other end, in order to fasten it at the rail. This done, with that\nend yet in his hand and standing beside the pin, he looked round upon\nhis crew, sweeping from one to the other; pausing his glance long upon\nDaggoo, Queequeg, Tashtego; but shunning Fedallah; and then settling his\nfirm relying eye upon the chief mate, said,--\"Take the rope, sir--I give\nit into thy hands, Starbuck.\" Then arranging his person in the basket,\nhe gave the word for them to hoist him to his perch, Starbuck being\nthe one who secured the rope at last; and afterwards stood near it. And\nthus, with one hand clinging round the royal mast, Ahab gazed abroad\nupon the sea for miles and miles,--ahead, astern, this side, and\nthat,--within the wide expanded circle commanded at so great a height.\n\nWhen in working with his hands at some lofty almost isolated place in\nthe rigging, which chances to afford no foothold, the sailor at sea is\nhoisted up to that spot, and sustained there by the rope; under these\ncircumstances, its fastened end on deck is always given in strict charge\nto some one man who has the special watch of it. Because in such a\nwilderness of running rigging, whose various different relations aloft\ncannot always be infallibly discerned by what is seen of them at the\ndeck; and when the deck-ends of these ropes are being every few minutes\ncast down from the fastenings, it would be but a natural fatality, if,\nunprovided with a constant watchman, the hoisted sailor should by some\ncarelessness of the crew be cast adrift and fall all swooping to the\nsea. So Ahab's proceedings in this matter were not unusual; the only\nstrange thing about them seemed to be, that Starbuck, almost the one\nonly man who had ever ventured to oppose him with anything in the\nslightest degree approaching to decision--one of those too, whose\nfaithfulness on the look-out he had seemed to doubt somewhat;--it was\nstrange, that this was the very man he should select for his watchman;\nfreely giving his whole life into such an otherwise distrusted person's\nhands.\n\nNow, the first time Ahab was perched aloft; ere he had been there ten\nminutes; one of those red-billed savage sea-hawks which so often fly\nincommodiously close round the manned mast-heads of whalemen in these\nlatitudes; one of these birds came wheeling and screaming round his head\nin a maze of untrackably swift circlings. Then it darted a thousand feet\nstraight up into the air; then spiralized downwards, and went eddying\nagain round his head.\n\nBut with his gaze fixed upon the dim and distant horizon, Ahab seemed\nnot to mark this wild bird; nor, indeed, would any one else have marked\nit much, it being no uncommon circumstance; only now almost the least\nheedful eye seemed to see some sort of cunning meaning in almost every\nsight.\n\n\"Your hat, your hat, sir!\" suddenly cried the Sicilian seaman, who\nbeing posted at the mizen-mast-head, stood directly behind Ahab, though\nsomewhat lower than his level, and with a deep gulf of air dividing\nthem.\n\nBut already the sable wing was before the old man's eyes; the long\nhooked bill at his head: with a scream, the black hawk darted away with\nhis prize.\n\nAn eagle flew thrice round Tarquin's head, removing his cap to replace\nit, and thereupon Tanaquil, his wife, declared that Tarquin would\nbe king of Rome. But only by the replacing of the cap was that omen\naccounted good. Ahab's hat was never restored; the wild hawk flew on and\non with it; far in advance of the prow: and at last disappeared; while\nfrom the point of that disappearance, a minute black spot was dimly\ndiscerned, falling from that vast height into the sea.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 131. The Pequod Meets The Delight.\n\n\nThe intense Pequod sailed on; the rolling waves and days went by; the\nlife-buoy-coffin still lightly swung; and another ship, most miserably\nmisnamed the Delight, was descried. As she drew nigh, all eyes were\nfixed upon her broad beams, called shears, which, in some whaling-ships,\ncross the quarter-deck at the height of eight or nine feet; serving to\ncarry the spare, unrigged, or disabled boats.\n\nUpon the stranger's shears were beheld the shattered, white ribs, and\nsome few splintered planks, of what had once been a whale-boat; but you\nnow saw through this wreck, as plainly as you see through the peeled,\nhalf-unhinged, and bleaching skeleton of a horse.\n\n\"Hast seen the White Whale?\"\n\n\"Look!\" replied the hollow-cheeked captain from his taffrail; and with\nhis trumpet he pointed to the wreck.\n\n\"Hast killed him?\"\n\n\"The harpoon is not yet forged that ever will do that,\" answered the\nother, sadly glancing upon a rounded hammock on the deck, whose gathered\nsides some noiseless sailors were busy in sewing together.\n\n\"Not forged!\" and snatching Perth's levelled iron from the crotch, Ahab\nheld it out, exclaiming--\"Look ye, Nantucketer; here in this hand I hold\nhis death! Tempered in blood, and tempered by lightning are these barbs;\nand I swear to temper them triply in that hot place behind the fin,\nwhere the White Whale most feels his accursed life!\"\n\n\"Then God keep thee, old man--see'st thou that\"--pointing to the\nhammock--\"I bury but one of five stout men, who were alive only\nyesterday; but were dead ere night. Only THAT one I bury; the rest were\nburied before they died; you sail upon their tomb.\" Then turning to his\ncrew--\"Are ye ready there? place the plank then on the rail, and\nlift the body; so, then--Oh! God\"--advancing towards the hammock with\nuplifted hands--\"may the resurrection and the life--\"\n\n\"Brace forward! Up helm!\" cried Ahab like lightning to his men.\n\nBut the suddenly started Pequod was not quick enough to escape the sound\nof the splash that the corpse soon made as it struck the sea; not so\nquick, indeed, but that some of the flying bubbles might have sprinkled\nher hull with their ghostly baptism.\n\nAs Ahab now glided from the dejected Delight, the strange life-buoy\nhanging at the Pequod's stern came into conspicuous relief.\n\n\"Ha! yonder! look yonder, men!\" cried a foreboding voice in her wake.\n\"In vain, oh, ye strangers, ye fly our sad burial; ye but turn us your\ntaffrail to show us your coffin!\"\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 132. The Symphony.\n\n\nIt was a clear steel-blue day. The firmaments of air and sea were\nhardly separable in that all-pervading azure; only, the pensive air was\ntransparently pure and soft, with a woman's look, and the robust and\nman-like sea heaved with long, strong, lingering swells, as Samson's\nchest in his sleep.\n\nHither, and thither, on high, glided the snow-white wings of small,\nunspeckled birds; these were the gentle thoughts of the feminine air;\nbut to and fro in the deeps, far down in the bottomless blue, rushed\nmighty leviathans, sword-fish, and sharks; and these were the strong,\ntroubled, murderous thinkings of the masculine sea.\n\nBut though thus contrasting within, the contrast was only in shades and\nshadows without; those two seemed one; it was only the sex, as it were,\nthat distinguished them.\n\nAloft, like a royal czar and king, the sun seemed giving this gentle\nair to this bold and rolling sea; even as bride to groom. And at the\ngirdling line of the horizon, a soft and tremulous motion--most seen\nhere at the Equator--denoted the fond, throbbing trust, the loving\nalarms, with which the poor bride gave her bosom away.\n\nTied up and twisted; gnarled and knotted with wrinkles; haggardly firm\nand unyielding; his eyes glowing like coals, that still glow in the\nashes of ruin; untottering Ahab stood forth in the clearness of the\nmorn; lifting his splintered helmet of a brow to the fair girl's\nforehead of heaven.\n\nOh, immortal infancy, and innocency of the azure! Invisible winged\ncreatures that frolic all round us! Sweet childhood of air and sky! how\noblivious were ye of old Ahab's close-coiled woe! But so have I seen\nlittle Miriam and Martha, laughing-eyed elves, heedlessly gambol around\ntheir old sire; sporting with the circle of singed locks which grew on\nthe marge of that burnt-out crater of his brain.\n\nSlowly crossing the deck from the scuttle, Ahab leaned over the side and\nwatched how his shadow in the water sank and sank to his gaze, the more\nand the more that he strove to pierce the profundity. But the lovely\naromas in that enchanted air did at last seem to dispel, for a moment,\nthe cankerous thing in his soul. That glad, happy air, that winsome\nsky, did at last stroke and caress him; the step-mother world, so long\ncruel--forbidding--now threw affectionate arms round his stubborn neck,\nand did seem to joyously sob over him, as if over one, that however\nwilful and erring, she could yet find it in her heart to save and to\nbless. From beneath his slouched hat Ahab dropped a tear into the sea;\nnor did all the Pacific contain such wealth as that one wee drop.\n\nStarbuck saw the old man; saw him, how he heavily leaned over the side;\nand he seemed to hear in his own true heart the measureless sobbing that\nstole out of the centre of the serenity around. Careful not to touch\nhim, or be noticed by him, he yet drew near to him, and stood there.\n\nAhab turned.\n\n\"Starbuck!\"\n\n\"Sir.\"\n\n\"Oh, Starbuck! it is a mild, mild wind, and a mild looking sky. On such\na day--very much such a sweetness as this--I struck my first whale--a\nboy-harpooneer of eighteen! Forty--forty--forty years ago!--ago! Forty\nyears of continual whaling! forty years of privation, and peril, and\nstorm-time! forty years on the pitiless sea! for forty years has Ahab\nforsaken the peaceful land, for forty years to make war on the horrors\nof the deep! Aye and yes, Starbuck, out of those forty years I have not\nspent three ashore. When I think of this life I have led; the desolation\nof solitude it has been; the masoned, walled-town of a Captain's\nexclusiveness, which admits but small entrance to any sympathy from the\ngreen country without--oh, weariness! heaviness! Guinea-coast slavery of\nsolitary command!--when I think of all this; only half-suspected, not so\nkeenly known to me before--and how for forty years I have fed upon dry\nsalted fare--fit emblem of the dry nourishment of my soil!--when the\npoorest landsman has had fresh fruit to his daily hand, and broken the\nworld's fresh bread to my mouldy crusts--away, whole oceans away, from\nthat young girl-wife I wedded past fifty, and sailed for Cape Horn\nthe next day, leaving but one dent in my marriage pillow--wife?\nwife?--rather a widow with her husband alive! Aye, I widowed that poor\ngirl when I married her, Starbuck; and then, the madness, the frenzy,\nthe boiling blood and the smoking brow, with which, for a thousand\nlowerings old Ahab has furiously, foamingly chased his prey--more a\ndemon than a man!--aye, aye! what a forty years' fool--fool--old fool,\nhas old Ahab been! Why this strife of the chase? why weary, and palsy\nthe arm at the oar, and the iron, and the lance? how the richer or\nbetter is Ahab now? Behold. Oh, Starbuck! is it not hard, that with this\nweary load I bear, one poor leg should have been snatched from under\nme? Here, brush this old hair aside; it blinds me, that I seem to weep.\nLocks so grey did never grow but from out some ashes! But do I look\nvery old, so very, very old, Starbuck? I feel deadly faint, bowed, and\nhumped, as though I were Adam, staggering beneath the piled\ncenturies since Paradise. God! God! God!--crack my heart!--stave my\nbrain!--mockery! mockery! bitter, biting mockery of grey hairs, have\nI lived enough joy to wear ye; and seem and feel thus intolerably old?\nClose! stand close to me, Starbuck; let me look into a human eye; it is\nbetter than to gaze into sea or sky; better than to gaze upon God. By\nthe green land; by the bright hearth-stone! this is the magic glass,\nman; I see my wife and my child in thine eye. No, no; stay on board, on\nboard!--lower not when I do; when branded Ahab gives chase to Moby Dick.\nThat hazard shall not be thine. No, no! not with the far away home I see\nin that eye!\"\n\n\"Oh, my Captain! my Captain! noble soul! grand old heart, after all! why\nshould any one give chase to that hated fish! Away with me! let us\nfly these deadly waters! let us home! Wife and child, too, are\nStarbuck's--wife and child of his brotherly, sisterly, play-fellow\nyouth; even as thine, sir, are the wife and child of thy loving,\nlonging, paternal old age! Away! let us away!--this instant let me alter\nthe course! How cheerily, how hilariously, O my Captain, would we bowl\non our way to see old Nantucket again! I think, sir, they have some such\nmild blue days, even as this, in Nantucket.\"\n\n\"They have, they have. I have seen them--some summer days in the\nmorning. About this time--yes, it is his noon nap now--the boy\nvivaciously wakes; sits up in bed; and his mother tells him of me, of\ncannibal old me; how I am abroad upon the deep, but will yet come back\nto dance him again.\"\n\n\"'Tis my Mary, my Mary herself! She promised that my boy, every morning,\nshould be carried to the hill to catch the first glimpse of his father's\nsail! Yes, yes! no more! it is done! we head for Nantucket! Come, my\nCaptain, study out the course, and let us away! See, see! the boy's face\nfrom the window! the boy's hand on the hill!\"\n\nBut Ahab's glance was averted; like a blighted fruit tree he shook, and\ncast his last, cindered apple to the soil.\n\n\"What is it, what nameless, inscrutable, unearthly thing is it; what\ncozening, hidden lord and master, and cruel, remorseless emperor\ncommands me; that against all natural lovings and longings, I so keep\npushing, and crowding, and jamming myself on all the time; recklessly\nmaking me ready to do what in my own proper, natural heart, I durst not\nso much as dare? Is Ahab, Ahab? Is it I, God, or who, that lifts this\narm? But if the great sun move not of himself; but is as an errand-boy\nin heaven; nor one single star can revolve, but by some invisible power;\nhow then can this one small heart beat; this one small brain think\nthoughts; unless God does that beating, does that thinking, does that\nliving, and not I. By heaven, man, we are turned round and round in\nthis world, like yonder windlass, and Fate is the handspike. And all\nthe time, lo! that smiling sky, and this unsounded sea! Look! see yon\nAlbicore! who put it into him to chase and fang that flying-fish? Where\ndo murderers go, man! Who's to doom, when the judge himself is dragged\nto the bar? But it is a mild, mild wind, and a mild looking sky; and\nthe air smells now, as if it blew from a far-away meadow; they have been\nmaking hay somewhere under the slopes of the Andes, Starbuck, and the\nmowers are sleeping among the new-mown hay. Sleeping? Aye, toil we how\nwe may, we all sleep at last on the field. Sleep? Aye, and rust amid\ngreenness; as last year's scythes flung down, and left in the half-cut\nswaths--Starbuck!\"\n\nBut blanched to a corpse's hue with despair, the Mate had stolen away.\n\nAhab crossed the deck to gaze over on the other side; but started at\ntwo reflected, fixed eyes in the water there. Fedallah was motionlessly\nleaning over the same rail.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 133. The Chase--First Day.\n\n\nThat night, in the mid-watch, when the old man--as his wont at\nintervals--stepped forth from the scuttle in which he leaned, and went\nto his pivot-hole, he suddenly thrust out his face fiercely, snuffing\nup the sea air as a sagacious ship's dog will, in drawing nigh to\nsome barbarous isle. He declared that a whale must be near. Soon that\npeculiar odor, sometimes to a great distance given forth by the\nliving sperm whale, was palpable to all the watch; nor was any mariner\nsurprised when, after inspecting the compass, and then the dog-vane, and\nthen ascertaining the precise bearing of the odor as nearly as possible,\nAhab rapidly ordered the ship's course to be slightly altered, and the\nsail to be shortened.\n\nThe acute policy dictating these movements was sufficiently vindicated\nat daybreak, by the sight of a long sleek on the sea directly and\nlengthwise ahead, smooth as oil, and resembling in the pleated watery\nwrinkles bordering it, the polished metallic-like marks of some swift\ntide-rip, at the mouth of a deep, rapid stream.\n\n\"Man the mast-heads! Call all hands!\"\n\nThundering with the butts of three clubbed handspikes on the forecastle\ndeck, Daggoo roused the sleepers with such judgment claps that they\nseemed to exhale from the scuttle, so instantaneously did they appear\nwith their clothes in their hands.\n\n\"What d'ye see?\" cried Ahab, flattening his face to the sky.\n\n\"Nothing, nothing sir!\" was the sound hailing down in reply.\n\n\"T'gallant sails!--stunsails! alow and aloft, and on both sides!\"\n\nAll sail being set, he now cast loose the life-line, reserved for\nswaying him to the main royal-mast head; and in a few moments they were\nhoisting him thither, when, while but two thirds of the way aloft,\nand while peering ahead through the horizontal vacancy between the\nmain-top-sail and top-gallant-sail, he raised a gull-like cry in the\nair. \"There she blows!--there she blows! A hump like a snow-hill! It is\nMoby Dick!\"\n\nFired by the cry which seemed simultaneously taken up by the three\nlook-outs, the men on deck rushed to the rigging to behold the famous\nwhale they had so long been pursuing. Ahab had now gained his final\nperch, some feet above the other look-outs, Tashtego standing just\nbeneath him on the cap of the top-gallant-mast, so that the Indian's\nhead was almost on a level with Ahab's heel. From this height the whale\nwas now seen some mile or so ahead, at every roll of the sea revealing\nhis high sparkling hump, and regularly jetting his silent spout into the\nair. To the credulous mariners it seemed the same silent spout they had\nso long ago beheld in the moonlit Atlantic and Indian Oceans.\n\n\"And did none of ye see it before?\" cried Ahab, hailing the perched men\nall around him.\n\n\"I saw him almost that same instant, sir, that Captain Ahab did, and I\ncried out,\" said Tashtego.\n\n\"Not the same instant; not the same--no, the doubloon is mine, Fate\nreserved the doubloon for me. I only; none of ye could have raised the\nWhite Whale first. There she blows!--there she blows!--there she blows!\nThere again!--there again!\" he cried, in long-drawn, lingering, methodic\ntones, attuned to the gradual prolongings of the whale's visible jets.\n\"He's going to sound! In stunsails! Down top-gallant-sails! Stand by\nthree boats. Mr. Starbuck, remember, stay on board, and keep the ship.\nHelm there! Luff, luff a point! So; steady, man, steady! There go\nflukes! No, no; only black water! All ready the boats there? Stand by,\nstand by! Lower me, Mr. Starbuck; lower, lower,--quick, quicker!\" and he\nslid through the air to the deck.\n\n\"He is heading straight to leeward, sir,\" cried Stubb, \"right away from\nus; cannot have seen the ship yet.\"\n\n\"Be dumb, man! Stand by the braces! Hard down the helm!--brace up!\nShiver her!--shiver her!--So; well that! Boats, boats!\"\n\nSoon all the boats but Starbuck's were dropped; all the boat-sails\nset--all the paddles plying; with rippling swiftness, shooting to\nleeward; and Ahab heading the onset. A pale, death-glimmer lit up\nFedallah's sunken eyes; a hideous motion gnawed his mouth.\n\nLike noiseless nautilus shells, their light prows sped through the sea;\nbut only slowly they neared the foe. As they neared him, the ocean grew\nstill more smooth; seemed drawing a carpet over its waves; seemed a\nnoon-meadow, so serenely it spread. At length the breathless hunter came\nso nigh his seemingly unsuspecting prey, that his entire dazzling hump\nwas distinctly visible, sliding along the sea as if an isolated thing,\nand continually set in a revolving ring of finest, fleecy, greenish\nfoam. He saw the vast, involved wrinkles of the slightly projecting head\nbeyond. Before it, far out on the soft Turkish-rugged waters, went\nthe glistening white shadow from his broad, milky forehead, a musical\nrippling playfully accompanying the shade; and behind, the blue waters\ninterchangeably flowed over into the moving valley of his steady wake;\nand on either hand bright bubbles arose and danced by his side. But\nthese were broken again by the light toes of hundreds of gay fowl softly\nfeathering the sea, alternate with their fitful flight; and like to\nsome flag-staff rising from the painted hull of an argosy, the tall but\nshattered pole of a recent lance projected from the white whale's back;\nand at intervals one of the cloud of soft-toed fowls hovering, and\nto and fro skimming like a canopy over the fish, silently perched and\nrocked on this pole, the long tail feathers streaming like pennons.\n\nA gentle joyousness--a mighty mildness of repose in swiftness, invested\nthe gliding whale. Not the white bull Jupiter swimming away with\nravished Europa clinging to his graceful horns; his lovely, leering\neyes sideways intent upon the maid; with smooth bewitching fleetness,\nrippling straight for the nuptial bower in Crete; not Jove, not that\ngreat majesty Supreme! did surpass the glorified White Whale as he so\ndivinely swam.\n\nOn each soft side--coincident with the parted swell, that but once\nleaving him, then flowed so wide away--on each bright side, the whale\nshed off enticings. No wonder there had been some among the hunters who\nnamelessly transported and allured by all this serenity, had ventured\nto assail it; but had fatally found that quietude but the vesture of\ntornadoes. Yet calm, enticing calm, oh, whale! thou glidest on, to all\nwho for the first time eye thee, no matter how many in that same way\nthou may'st have bejuggled and destroyed before.\n\nAnd thus, through the serene tranquillities of the tropical sea, among\nwaves whose hand-clappings were suspended by exceeding rapture, Moby\nDick moved on, still withholding from sight the full terrors of his\nsubmerged trunk, entirely hiding the wrenched hideousness of his jaw.\nBut soon the fore part of him slowly rose from the water; for an instant\nhis whole marbleized body formed a high arch, like Virginia's Natural\nBridge, and warningly waving his bannered flukes in the air, the\ngrand god revealed himself, sounded, and went out of sight. Hoveringly\nhalting, and dipping on the wing, the white sea-fowls longingly lingered\nover the agitated pool that he left.\n\nWith oars apeak, and paddles down, the sheets of their sails adrift, the\nthree boats now stilly floated, awaiting Moby Dick's reappearance.\n\n\"An hour,\" said Ahab, standing rooted in his boat's stern; and he gazed\nbeyond the whale's place, towards the dim blue spaces and wide wooing\nvacancies to leeward. It was only an instant; for again his eyes seemed\nwhirling round in his head as he swept the watery circle. The breeze now\nfreshened; the sea began to swell.\n\n\"The birds!--the birds!\" cried Tashtego.\n\nIn long Indian file, as when herons take wing, the white birds were\nnow all flying towards Ahab's boat; and when within a few yards began\nfluttering over the water there, wheeling round and round, with joyous,\nexpectant cries. Their vision was keener than man's; Ahab could discover\nno sign in the sea. But suddenly as he peered down and down into its\ndepths, he profoundly saw a white living spot no bigger than a white\nweasel, with wonderful celerity uprising, and magnifying as it rose,\ntill it turned, and then there were plainly revealed two long crooked\nrows of white, glistening teeth, floating up from the undiscoverable\nbottom. It was Moby Dick's open mouth and scrolled jaw; his vast,\nshadowed bulk still half blending with the blue of the sea. The\nglittering mouth yawned beneath the boat like an open-doored marble\ntomb; and giving one sidelong sweep with his steering oar, Ahab whirled\nthe craft aside from this tremendous apparition. Then, calling upon\nFedallah to change places with him, went forward to the bows, and\nseizing Perth's harpoon, commanded his crew to grasp their oars and\nstand by to stern.\n\nNow, by reason of this timely spinning round the boat upon its axis, its\nbow, by anticipation, was made to face the whale's head while yet\nunder water. But as if perceiving this stratagem, Moby Dick, with that\nmalicious intelligence ascribed to him, sidelingly transplanted himself,\nas it were, in an instant, shooting his pleated head lengthwise beneath\nthe boat.\n\nThrough and through; through every plank and each rib, it thrilled for\nan instant, the whale obliquely lying on his back, in the manner of\na biting shark, slowly and feelingly taking its bows full within his\nmouth, so that the long, narrow, scrolled lower jaw curled high up into\nthe open air, and one of the teeth caught in a row-lock. The bluish\npearl-white of the inside of the jaw was within six inches of Ahab's\nhead, and reached higher than that. In this attitude the White Whale\nnow shook the slight cedar as a mildly cruel cat her mouse. With\nunastonished eyes Fedallah gazed, and crossed his arms; but the\ntiger-yellow crew were tumbling over each other's heads to gain the\nuttermost stern.\n\nAnd now, while both elastic gunwales were springing in and out, as the\nwhale dallied with the doomed craft in this devilish way; and from his\nbody being submerged beneath the boat, he could not be darted at from\nthe bows, for the bows were almost inside of him, as it were; and\nwhile the other boats involuntarily paused, as before a quick crisis\nimpossible to withstand, then it was that monomaniac Ahab, furious with\nthis tantalizing vicinity of his foe, which placed him all alive and\nhelpless in the very jaws he hated; frenzied with all this, he seized\nthe long bone with his naked hands, and wildly strove to wrench it from\nits gripe. As now he thus vainly strove, the jaw slipped from him; the\nfrail gunwales bent in, collapsed, and snapped, as both jaws, like an\nenormous shears, sliding further aft, bit the craft completely in twain,\nand locked themselves fast again in the sea, midway between the two\nfloating wrecks. These floated aside, the broken ends drooping, the crew\nat the stern-wreck clinging to the gunwales, and striving to hold fast\nto the oars to lash them across.\n\nAt that preluding moment, ere the boat was yet snapped, Ahab, the first\nto perceive the whale's intent, by the crafty upraising of his head, a\nmovement that loosed his hold for the time; at that moment his hand\nhad made one final effort to push the boat out of the bite. But only\nslipping further into the whale's mouth, and tilting over sideways as it\nslipped, the boat had shaken off his hold on the jaw; spilled him out of\nit, as he leaned to the push; and so he fell flat-faced upon the sea.\n\nRipplingly withdrawing from his prey, Moby Dick now lay at a little\ndistance, vertically thrusting his oblong white head up and down in the\nbillows; and at the same time slowly revolving his whole spindled body;\nso that when his vast wrinkled forehead rose--some twenty or more feet\nout of the water--the now rising swells, with all their confluent waves,\ndazzlingly broke against it; vindictively tossing their shivered spray\nstill higher into the air.* So, in a gale, the but half baffled Channel\nbillows only recoil from the base of the Eddystone, triumphantly to\noverleap its summit with their scud.\n\n\n*This motion is peculiar to the sperm whale. It receives its designation\n(pitchpoling) from its being likened to that preliminary up-and-down\npoise of the whale-lance, in the exercise called pitchpoling, previously\ndescribed. By this motion the whale must best and most comprehensively\nview whatever objects may be encircling him.\n\n\nBut soon resuming his horizontal attitude, Moby Dick swam swiftly round\nand round the wrecked crew; sideways churning the water in his vengeful\nwake, as if lashing himself up to still another and more deadly assault.\nThe sight of the splintered boat seemed to madden him, as the blood of\ngrapes and mulberries cast before Antiochus's elephants in the book\nof Maccabees. Meanwhile Ahab half smothered in the foam of the whale's\ninsolent tail, and too much of a cripple to swim,--though he could still\nkeep afloat, even in the heart of such a whirlpool as that; helpless\nAhab's head was seen, like a tossed bubble which the least chance shock\nmight burst. From the boat's fragmentary stern, Fedallah incuriously and\nmildly eyed him; the clinging crew, at the other drifting end, could not\nsuccor him; more than enough was it for them to look to themselves.\nFor so revolvingly appalling was the White Whale's aspect, and so\nplanetarily swift the ever-contracting circles he made, that he seemed\nhorizontally swooping upon them. And though the other boats, unharmed,\nstill hovered hard by; still they dared not pull into the eddy to\nstrike, lest that should be the signal for the instant destruction of\nthe jeopardized castaways, Ahab and all; nor in that case could they\nthemselves hope to escape. With straining eyes, then, they remained on\nthe outer edge of the direful zone, whose centre had now become the old\nman's head.\n\nMeantime, from the beginning all this had been descried from the ship's\nmast heads; and squaring her yards, she had borne down upon the scene;\nand was now so nigh, that Ahab in the water hailed her!--\"Sail on\nthe\"--but that moment a breaking sea dashed on him from Moby Dick, and\nwhelmed him for the time. But struggling out of it again, and chancing\nto rise on a towering crest, he shouted,--\"Sail on the whale!--Drive him\noff!\"\n\nThe Pequod's prows were pointed; and breaking up the charmed circle, she\neffectually parted the white whale from his victim. As he sullenly swam\noff, the boats flew to the rescue.\n\nDragged into Stubb's boat with blood-shot, blinded eyes, the white brine\ncaking in his wrinkles; the long tension of Ahab's bodily strength did\ncrack, and helplessly he yielded to his body's doom: for a time, lying\nall crushed in the bottom of Stubb's boat, like one trodden under foot\nof herds of elephants. Far inland, nameless wails came from him, as\ndesolate sounds from out ravines.\n\nBut this intensity of his physical prostration did but so much the more\nabbreviate it. In an instant's compass, great hearts sometimes condense\nto one deep pang, the sum total of those shallow pains kindly diffused\nthrough feebler men's whole lives. And so, such hearts, though summary\nin each one suffering; still, if the gods decree it, in their\nlife-time aggregate a whole age of woe, wholly made up of instantaneous\nintensities; for even in their pointless centres, those noble natures\ncontain the entire circumferences of inferior souls.\n\n\"The harpoon,\" said Ahab, half way rising, and draggingly leaning on one\nbended arm--\"is it safe?\"\n\n\"Aye, sir, for it was not darted; this is it,\" said Stubb, showing it.\n\n\"Lay it before me;--any missing men?\"\n\n\"One, two, three, four, five;--there were five oars, sir, and here are\nfive men.\"\n\n\"That's good.--Help me, man; I wish to stand. So, so, I see him! there!\nthere! going to leeward still; what a leaping spout!--Hands off from me!\nThe eternal sap runs up in Ahab's bones again! Set the sail; out oars;\nthe helm!\"\n\nIt is often the case that when a boat is stove, its crew, being picked\nup by another boat, help to work that second boat; and the chase is thus\ncontinued with what is called double-banked oars. It was thus now. But\nthe added power of the boat did not equal the added power of the whale,\nfor he seemed to have treble-banked his every fin; swimming with a\nvelocity which plainly showed, that if now, under these circumstances,\npushed on, the chase would prove an indefinitely prolonged, if not a\nhopeless one; nor could any crew endure for so long a period, such an\nunintermitted, intense straining at the oar; a thing barely tolerable\nonly in some one brief vicissitude. The ship itself, then, as it\nsometimes happens, offered the most promising intermediate means of\novertaking the chase. Accordingly, the boats now made for her, and were\nsoon swayed up to their cranes--the two parts of the wrecked boat having\nbeen previously secured by her--and then hoisting everything to her\nside, and stacking her canvas high up, and sideways outstretching it\nwith stun-sails, like the double-jointed wings of an albatross; the\nPequod bore down in the leeward wake of Moby-Dick. At the well known,\nmethodic intervals, the whale's glittering spout was regularly announced\nfrom the manned mast-heads; and when he would be reported as just gone\ndown, Ahab would take the time, and then pacing the deck, binnacle-watch\nin hand, so soon as the last second of the allotted hour expired, his\nvoice was heard.--\"Whose is the doubloon now? D'ye see him?\" and if the\nreply was, No, sir! straightway he commanded them to lift him to his\nperch. In this way the day wore on; Ahab, now aloft and motionless;\nanon, unrestingly pacing the planks.\n\nAs he was thus walking, uttering no sound, except to hail the men aloft,\nor to bid them hoist a sail still higher, or to spread one to a still\ngreater breadth--thus to and fro pacing, beneath his slouched hat, at\nevery turn he passed his own wrecked boat, which had been dropped upon\nthe quarter-deck, and lay there reversed; broken bow to shattered stern.\nAt last he paused before it; and as in an already over-clouded sky fresh\ntroops of clouds will sometimes sail across, so over the old man's face\nthere now stole some such added gloom as this.\n\nStubb saw him pause; and perhaps intending, not vainly, though, to\nevince his own unabated fortitude, and thus keep up a valiant place in\nhis Captain's mind, he advanced, and eyeing the wreck exclaimed--\"The\nthistle the ass refused; it pricked his mouth too keenly, sir; ha! ha!\"\n\n\"What soulless thing is this that laughs before a wreck? Man, man! did\nI not know thee brave as fearless fire (and as mechanical) I could swear\nthou wert a poltroon. Groan nor laugh should be heard before a wreck.\"\n\n\"Aye, sir,\" said Starbuck drawing near, \"'tis a solemn sight; an omen,\nand an ill one.\"\n\n\"Omen? omen?--the dictionary! If the gods think to speak outright to\nman, they will honourably speak outright; not shake their heads, and\ngive an old wives' darkling hint.--Begone! Ye two are the opposite poles\nof one thing; Starbuck is Stubb reversed, and Stubb is Starbuck; and\nye two are all mankind; and Ahab stands alone among the millions of\nthe peopled earth, nor gods nor men his neighbors! Cold, cold--I\nshiver!--How now? Aloft there! D'ye see him? Sing out for every spout,\nthough he spout ten times a second!\"\n\nThe day was nearly done; only the hem of his golden robe was rustling.\nSoon, it was almost dark, but the look-out men still remained unset.\n\n\"Can't see the spout now, sir;--too dark\"--cried a voice from the air.\n\n\"How heading when last seen?\"\n\n\"As before, sir,--straight to leeward.\"\n\n\"Good! he will travel slower now 'tis night. Down royals and top-gallant\nstun-sails, Mr. Starbuck. We must not run over him before morning; he's\nmaking a passage now, and may heave-to a while. Helm there! keep her\nfull before the wind!--Aloft! come down!--Mr. Stubb, send a fresh hand\nto the fore-mast head, and see it manned till morning.\"--Then advancing\ntowards the doubloon in the main-mast--\"Men, this gold is mine, for I\nearned it; but I shall let it abide here till the White Whale is dead;\nand then, whosoever of ye first raises him, upon the day he shall be\nkilled, this gold is that man's; and if on that day I shall again raise\nhim, then, ten times its sum shall be divided among all of ye! Away\nnow!--the deck is thine, sir!\"\n\nAnd so saying, he placed himself half way within the scuttle, and\nslouching his hat, stood there till dawn, except when at intervals\nrousing himself to see how the night wore on.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 134. The Chase--Second Day.\n\n\nAt day-break, the three mast-heads were punctually manned afresh.\n\n\"D'ye see him?\" cried Ahab after allowing a little space for the light\nto spread.\n\n\"See nothing, sir.\"\n\n\"Turn up all hands and make sail! he travels faster than I thought\nfor;--the top-gallant sails!--aye, they should have been kept on her all\nnight. But no matter--'tis but resting for the rush.\"\n\nHere be it said, that this pertinacious pursuit of one particular whale,\ncontinued through day into night, and through night into day, is a thing\nby no means unprecedented in the South sea fishery. For such is the\nwonderful skill, prescience of experience, and invincible confidence\nacquired by some great natural geniuses among the Nantucket commanders;\nthat from the simple observation of a whale when last descried, they\nwill, under certain given circumstances, pretty accurately foretell both\nthe direction in which he will continue to swim for a time, while out of\nsight, as well as his probable rate of progression during that period.\nAnd, in these cases, somewhat as a pilot, when about losing sight of\na coast, whose general trending he well knows, and which he desires\nshortly to return to again, but at some further point; like as this\npilot stands by his compass, and takes the precise bearing of the\ncape at present visible, in order the more certainly to hit aright\nthe remote, unseen headland, eventually to be visited: so does the\nfisherman, at his compass, with the whale; for after being chased, and\ndiligently marked, through several hours of daylight, then, when night\nobscures the fish, the creature's future wake through the darkness\nis almost as established to the sagacious mind of the hunter, as the\npilot's coast is to him. So that to this hunter's wondrous skill, the\nproverbial evanescence of a thing writ in water, a wake, is to all\ndesired purposes well nigh as reliable as the steadfast land. And as the\nmighty iron Leviathan of the modern railway is so familiarly known in\nits every pace, that, with watches in their hands, men time his rate as\ndoctors that of a baby's pulse; and lightly say of it, the up train or\nthe down train will reach such or such a spot, at such or such an hour;\neven so, almost, there are occasions when these Nantucketers time that\nother Leviathan of the deep, according to the observed humor of his\nspeed; and say to themselves, so many hours hence this whale will have\ngone two hundred miles, will have about reached this or that degree of\nlatitude or longitude. But to render this acuteness at all successful in\nthe end, the wind and the sea must be the whaleman's allies; for of what\npresent avail to the becalmed or windbound mariner is the skill that\nassures him he is exactly ninety-three leagues and a quarter from his\nport? Inferable from these statements, are many collateral subtile\nmatters touching the chase of whales.\n\nThe ship tore on; leaving such a furrow in the sea as when a\ncannon-ball, missent, becomes a plough-share and turns up the level\nfield.\n\n\"By salt and hemp!\" cried Stubb, \"but this swift motion of the deck\ncreeps up one's legs and tingles at the heart. This ship and I are two\nbrave fellows!--Ha, ha! Some one take me up, and launch me, spine-wise,\non the sea,--for by live-oaks! my spine's a keel. Ha, ha! we go the gait\nthat leaves no dust behind!\"\n\n\"There she blows--she blows!--she blows!--right ahead!\" was now the\nmast-head cry.\n\n\"Aye, aye!\" cried Stubb, \"I knew it--ye can't escape--blow on and\nsplit your spout, O whale! the mad fiend himself is after ye! blow your\ntrump--blister your lungs!--Ahab will dam off your blood, as a miller\nshuts his watergate upon the stream!\"\n\nAnd Stubb did but speak out for well nigh all that crew. The frenzies\nof the chase had by this time worked them bubblingly up, like old wine\nworked anew. Whatever pale fears and forebodings some of them might\nhave felt before; these were not only now kept out of sight through the\ngrowing awe of Ahab, but they were broken up, and on all sides routed,\nas timid prairie hares that scatter before the bounding bison. The hand\nof Fate had snatched all their souls; and by the stirring perils of\nthe previous day; the rack of the past night's suspense; the fixed,\nunfearing, blind, reckless way in which their wild craft went plunging\ntowards its flying mark; by all these things, their hearts were bowled\nalong. The wind that made great bellies of their sails, and rushed the\nvessel on by arms invisible as irresistible; this seemed the symbol of\nthat unseen agency which so enslaved them to the race.\n\nThey were one man, not thirty. For as the one ship that held them all;\nthough it was put together of all contrasting things--oak, and maple,\nand pine wood; iron, and pitch, and hemp--yet all these ran into each\nother in the one concrete hull, which shot on its way, both balanced and\ndirected by the long central keel; even so, all the individualities of\nthe crew, this man's valor, that man's fear; guilt and guiltiness, all\nvarieties were welded into oneness, and were all directed to that fatal\ngoal which Ahab their one lord and keel did point to.\n\nThe rigging lived. The mast-heads, like the tops of tall palms, were\noutspreadingly tufted with arms and legs. Clinging to a spar with one\nhand, some reached forth the other with impatient wavings; others,\nshading their eyes from the vivid sunlight, sat far out on the rocking\nyards; all the spars in full bearing of mortals, ready and ripe for\ntheir fate. Ah! how they still strove through that infinite blueness to\nseek out the thing that might destroy them!\n\n\"Why sing ye not out for him, if ye see him?\" cried Ahab, when, after\nthe lapse of some minutes since the first cry, no more had been heard.\n\"Sway me up, men; ye have been deceived; not Moby Dick casts one odd jet\nthat way, and then disappears.\"\n\nIt was even so; in their headlong eagerness, the men had mistaken some\nother thing for the whale-spout, as the event itself soon proved; for\nhardly had Ahab reached his perch; hardly was the rope belayed to its\npin on deck, when he struck the key-note to an orchestra, that made the\nair vibrate as with the combined discharges of rifles. The triumphant\nhalloo of thirty buckskin lungs was heard, as--much nearer to the ship\nthan the place of the imaginary jet, less than a mile ahead--Moby Dick\nbodily burst into view! For not by any calm and indolent spoutings; not\nby the peaceable gush of that mystic fountain in his head, did the White\nWhale now reveal his vicinity; but by the far more wondrous phenomenon\nof breaching. Rising with his utmost velocity from the furthest depths,\nthe Sperm Whale thus booms his entire bulk into the pure element of\nair, and piling up a mountain of dazzling foam, shows his place to the\ndistance of seven miles and more. In those moments, the torn, enraged\nwaves he shakes off, seem his mane; in some cases, this breaching is his\nact of defiance.\n\n\"There she breaches! there she breaches!\" was the cry, as in his\nimmeasurable bravadoes the White Whale tossed himself salmon-like to\nHeaven. So suddenly seen in the blue plain of the sea, and relieved\nagainst the still bluer margin of the sky, the spray that he raised, for\nthe moment, intolerably glittered and glared like a glacier; and\nstood there gradually fading and fading away from its first sparkling\nintensity, to the dim mistiness of an advancing shower in a vale.\n\n\"Aye, breach your last to the sun, Moby Dick!\" cried Ahab, \"thy hour and\nthy harpoon are at hand!--Down! down all of ye, but one man at the fore.\nThe boats!--stand by!\"\n\nUnmindful of the tedious rope-ladders of the shrouds, the men, like\nshooting stars, slid to the deck, by the isolated backstays and\nhalyards; while Ahab, less dartingly, but still rapidly was dropped from\nhis perch.\n\n\"Lower away,\" he cried, so soon as he had reached his boat--a spare one,\nrigged the afternoon previous. \"Mr. Starbuck, the ship is thine--keep\naway from the boats, but keep near them. Lower, all!\"\n\nAs if to strike a quick terror into them, by this time being the first\nassailant himself, Moby Dick had turned, and was now coming for the\nthree crews. Ahab's boat was central; and cheering his men, he told them\nhe would take the whale head-and-head,--that is, pull straight up to his\nforehead,--a not uncommon thing; for when within a certain limit, such\na course excludes the coming onset from the whale's sidelong vision.\nBut ere that close limit was gained, and while yet all three boats were\nplain as the ship's three masts to his eye; the White Whale churning\nhimself into furious speed, almost in an instant as it were, rushing\namong the boats with open jaws, and a lashing tail, offered appalling\nbattle on every side; and heedless of the irons darted at him from every\nboat, seemed only intent on annihilating each separate plank of which\nthose boats were made. But skilfully manoeuvred, incessantly wheeling\nlike trained chargers in the field; the boats for a while eluded him;\nthough, at times, but by a plank's breadth; while all the time, Ahab's\nunearthly slogan tore every other cry but his to shreds.\n\nBut at last in his untraceable evolutions, the White Whale so crossed\nand recrossed, and in a thousand ways entangled the slack of the three\nlines now fast to him, that they foreshortened, and, of themselves,\nwarped the devoted boats towards the planted irons in him; though now\nfor a moment the whale drew aside a little, as if to rally for a more\ntremendous charge. Seizing that opportunity, Ahab first paid out more\nline: and then was rapidly hauling and jerking in upon it again--hoping\nthat way to disencumber it of some snarls--when lo!--a sight more savage\nthan the embattled teeth of sharks!\n\nCaught and twisted--corkscrewed in the mazes of the line, loose harpoons\nand lances, with all their bristling barbs and points, came flashing\nand dripping up to the chocks in the bows of Ahab's boat. Only one\nthing could be done. Seizing the boat-knife, he critically reached\nwithin--through--and then, without--the rays of steel; dragged in\nthe line beyond, passed it, inboard, to the bowsman, and then, twice\nsundering the rope near the chocks--dropped the intercepted fagot of\nsteel into the sea; and was all fast again. That instant, the White\nWhale made a sudden rush among the remaining tangles of the other lines;\nby so doing, irresistibly dragged the more involved boats of Stubb and\nFlask towards his flukes; dashed them together like two rolling husks on\na surf-beaten beach, and then, diving down into the sea, disappeared in\na boiling maelstrom, in which, for a space, the odorous cedar chips of\nthe wrecks danced round and round, like the grated nutmeg in a swiftly\nstirred bowl of punch.\n\nWhile the two crews were yet circling in the waters, reaching out after\nthe revolving line-tubs, oars, and other floating furniture, while\naslope little Flask bobbed up and down like an empty vial, twitching his\nlegs upwards to escape the dreaded jaws of sharks; and Stubb was lustily\nsinging out for some one to ladle him up; and while the old man's\nline--now parting--admitted of his pulling into the creamy pool to\nrescue whom he could;--in that wild simultaneousness of a thousand\nconcreted perils,--Ahab's yet unstricken boat seemed drawn up towards\nHeaven by invisible wires,--as, arrow-like, shooting perpendicularly\nfrom the sea, the White Whale dashed his broad forehead against its\nbottom, and sent it, turning over and over, into the air; till it fell\nagain--gunwale downwards--and Ahab and his men struggled out from under\nit, like seals from a sea-side cave.\n\nThe first uprising momentum of the whale--modifying its direction as\nhe struck the surface--involuntarily launched him along it, to a little\ndistance from the centre of the destruction he had made; and with his\nback to it, he now lay for a moment slowly feeling with his flukes from\nside to side; and whenever a stray oar, bit of plank, the least chip\nor crumb of the boats touched his skin, his tail swiftly drew back, and\ncame sideways smiting the sea. But soon, as if satisfied that his work\nfor that time was done, he pushed his pleated forehead through the\nocean, and trailing after him the intertangled lines, continued his\nleeward way at a traveller's methodic pace.\n\nAs before, the attentive ship having descried the whole fight, again\ncame bearing down to the rescue, and dropping a boat, picked up the\nfloating mariners, tubs, oars, and whatever else could be caught at, and\nsafely landed them on her decks. Some sprained shoulders, wrists, and\nankles; livid contusions; wrenched harpoons and lances; inextricable\nintricacies of rope; shattered oars and planks; all these were there;\nbut no fatal or even serious ill seemed to have befallen any one. As\nwith Fedallah the day before, so Ahab was now found grimly clinging to\nhis boat's broken half, which afforded a comparatively easy float; nor\ndid it so exhaust him as the previous day's mishap.\n\nBut when he was helped to the deck, all eyes were fastened upon him; as\ninstead of standing by himself he still half-hung upon the shoulder of\nStarbuck, who had thus far been the foremost to assist him. His ivory\nleg had been snapped off, leaving but one short sharp splinter.\n\n\"Aye, aye, Starbuck, 'tis sweet to lean sometimes, be the leaner who he\nwill; and would old Ahab had leaned oftener than he has.\"\n\n\"The ferrule has not stood, sir,\" said the carpenter, now coming up; \"I\nput good work into that leg.\"\n\n\"But no bones broken, sir, I hope,\" said Stubb with true concern.\n\n\"Aye! and all splintered to pieces, Stubb!--d'ye see it.--But even with\na broken bone, old Ahab is untouched; and I account no living bone of\nmine one jot more me, than this dead one that's lost. Nor white whale,\nnor man, nor fiend, can so much as graze old Ahab in his own proper and\ninaccessible being. Can any lead touch yonder floor, any mast scrape\nyonder roof?--Aloft there! which way?\"\n\n\"Dead to leeward, sir.\"\n\n\"Up helm, then; pile on the sail again, ship keepers! down the rest of\nthe spare boats and rig them--Mr. Starbuck away, and muster the boat's\ncrews.\"\n\n\"Let me first help thee towards the bulwarks, sir.\"\n\n\"Oh, oh, oh! how this splinter gores me now! Accursed fate! that the\nunconquerable captain in the soul should have such a craven mate!\"\n\n\"Sir?\"\n\n\"My body, man, not thee. Give me something for a cane--there, that\nshivered lance will do. Muster the men. Surely I have not seen him yet.\nBy heaven it cannot be!--missing?--quick! call them all.\"\n\nThe old man's hinted thought was true. Upon mustering the company, the\nParsee was not there.\n\n\"The Parsee!\" cried Stubb--\"he must have been caught in--\"\n\n\"The black vomit wrench thee!--run all of ye above, alow, cabin,\nforecastle--find him--not gone--not gone!\"\n\nBut quickly they returned to him with the tidings that the Parsee was\nnowhere to be found.\n\n\"Aye, sir,\" said Stubb--\"caught among the tangles of your line--I\nthought I saw him dragging under.\"\n\n\"MY line! MY line? Gone?--gone? What means that little word?--What\ndeath-knell rings in it, that old Ahab shakes as if he were the belfry.\nThe harpoon, too!--toss over the litter there,--d'ye see it?--the forged\niron, men, the white whale's--no, no, no,--blistered fool! this hand did\ndart it!--'tis in the fish!--Aloft there! Keep him nailed--Quick!--all\nhands to the rigging of the boats--collect the oars--harpooneers!\nthe irons, the irons!--hoist the royals higher--a pull on all the\nsheets!--helm there! steady, steady for your life! I'll ten times girdle\nthe unmeasured globe; yea and dive straight through it, but I'll slay\nhim yet!\"\n\n\"Great God! but for one single instant show thyself,\" cried Starbuck;\n\"never, never wilt thou capture him, old man--In Jesus' name no more of\nthis, that's worse than devil's madness. Two days chased; twice stove\nto splinters; thy very leg once more snatched from under thee; thy evil\nshadow gone--all good angels mobbing thee with warnings:--\n\n\"What more wouldst thou have?--Shall we keep chasing this murderous fish\ntill he swamps the last man? Shall we be dragged by him to the bottom\nof the sea? Shall we be towed by him to the infernal world? Oh,\noh,--Impiety and blasphemy to hunt him more!\"\n\n\"Starbuck, of late I've felt strangely moved to thee; ever since that\nhour we both saw--thou know'st what, in one another's eyes. But in this\nmatter of the whale, be the front of thy face to me as the palm of this\nhand--a lipless, unfeatured blank. Ahab is for ever Ahab, man. This\nwhole act's immutably decreed. 'Twas rehearsed by thee and me a billion\nyears before this ocean rolled. Fool! I am the Fates' lieutenant; I act\nunder orders. Look thou, underling! that thou obeyest mine.--Stand round\nme, men. Ye see an old man cut down to the stump; leaning on a shivered\nlance; propped up on a lonely foot. 'Tis Ahab--his body's part; but\nAhab's soul's a centipede, that moves upon a hundred legs. I feel\nstrained, half stranded, as ropes that tow dismasted frigates in a gale;\nand I may look so. But ere I break, ye'll hear me crack; and till ye hear\nTHAT, know that Ahab's hawser tows his purpose yet. Believe ye, men, in\nthe things called omens? Then laugh aloud, and cry encore! For ere they\ndrown, drowning things will twice rise to the surface; then rise again,\nto sink for evermore. So with Moby Dick--two days he's floated--tomorrow\nwill be the third. Aye, men, he'll rise once more,--but only to spout\nhis last! D'ye feel brave men, brave?\"\n\n\"As fearless fire,\" cried Stubb.\n\n\"And as mechanical,\" muttered Ahab. Then as the men went forward, he\nmuttered on: \"The things called omens! And yesterday I talked the same\nto Starbuck there, concerning my broken boat. Oh! how valiantly I seek\nto drive out of others' hearts what's clinched so fast in mine!--The\nParsee--the Parsee!--gone, gone? and he was to go before:--but still was\nto be seen again ere I could perish--How's that?--There's a riddle now\nmight baffle all the lawyers backed by the ghosts of the whole line\nof judges:--like a hawk's beak it pecks my brain. I'LL, I'LL solve it,\nthough!\"\n\nWhen dusk descended, the whale was still in sight to leeward.\n\nSo once more the sail was shortened, and everything passed nearly as\non the previous night; only, the sound of hammers, and the hum of the\ngrindstone was heard till nearly daylight, as the men toiled by lanterns\nin the complete and careful rigging of the spare boats and sharpening\ntheir fresh weapons for the morrow. Meantime, of the broken keel of\nAhab's wrecked craft the carpenter made him another leg; while still as\non the night before, slouched Ahab stood fixed within his scuttle; his\nhid, heliotrope glance anticipatingly gone backward on its dial; sat due\neastward for the earliest sun.\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 135. The Chase.--Third Day.\n\n\nThe morning of the third day dawned fair and fresh, and once more the\nsolitary night-man at the fore-mast-head was relieved by crowds of the\ndaylight look-outs, who dotted every mast and almost every spar.\n\n\"D'ye see him?\" cried Ahab; but the whale was not yet in sight.\n\n\"In his infallible wake, though; but follow that wake, that's all. Helm\nthere; steady, as thou goest, and hast been going. What a lovely day\nagain! were it a new-made world, and made for a summer-house to the\nangels, and this morning the first of its throwing open to them, a\nfairer day could not dawn upon that world. Here's food for thought, had\nAhab time to think; but Ahab never thinks; he only feels, feels, feels;\nTHAT'S tingling enough for mortal man! to think's audacity. God only has\nthat right and privilege. Thinking is, or ought to be, a coolness and a\ncalmness; and our poor hearts throb, and our poor brains beat too much\nfor that. And yet, I've sometimes thought my brain was very calm--frozen\ncalm, this old skull cracks so, like a glass in which the contents\nturned to ice, and shiver it. And still this hair is growing now; this\nmoment growing, and heat must breed it; but no, it's like that sort\nof common grass that will grow anywhere, between the earthy clefts of\nGreenland ice or in Vesuvius lava. How the wild winds blow it; they whip\nit about me as the torn shreds of split sails lash the tossed ship they\ncling to. A vile wind that has no doubt blown ere this through prison\ncorridors and cells, and wards of hospitals, and ventilated them, and\nnow comes blowing hither as innocent as fleeces. Out upon it!--it's\ntainted. Were I the wind, I'd blow no more on such a wicked, miserable\nworld. I'd crawl somewhere to a cave, and slink there. And yet, 'tis a\nnoble and heroic thing, the wind! who ever conquered it? In every fight\nit has the last and bitterest blow. Run tilting at it, and you but run\nthrough it. Ha! a coward wind that strikes stark naked men, but will not\nstand to receive a single blow. Even Ahab is a braver thing--a nobler\nthing than THAT. Would now the wind but had a body; but all the things\nthat most exasperate and outrage mortal man, all these things are\nbodiless, but only bodiless as objects, not as agents. There's a most\nspecial, a most cunning, oh, a most malicious difference! And yet, I\nsay again, and swear it now, that there's something all glorious and\ngracious in the wind. These warm Trade Winds, at least, that in the\nclear heavens blow straight on, in strong and steadfast, vigorous\nmildness; and veer not from their mark, however the baser currents of\nthe sea may turn and tack, and mightiest Mississippies of the land swift\nand swerve about, uncertain where to go at last. And by the eternal\nPoles! these same Trades that so directly blow my good ship on; these\nTrades, or something like them--something so unchangeable, and full as\nstrong, blow my keeled soul along! To it! Aloft there! What d'ye see?\"\n\n\"Nothing, sir.\"\n\n\"Nothing! and noon at hand! The doubloon goes a-begging! See the sun!\nAye, aye, it must be so. I've oversailed him. How, got the start? Aye,\nhe's chasing ME now; not I, HIM--that's bad; I might have known it, too.\nFool! the lines--the harpoons he's towing. Aye, aye, I have run him by\nlast night. About! about! Come down, all of ye, but the regular look\nouts! Man the braces!\"\n\nSteering as she had done, the wind had been somewhat on the Pequod's\nquarter, so that now being pointed in the reverse direction, the braced\nship sailed hard upon the breeze as she rechurned the cream in her own\nwhite wake.\n\n\"Against the wind he now steers for the open jaw,\" murmured Starbuck to\nhimself, as he coiled the new-hauled main-brace upon the rail. \"God keep\nus, but already my bones feel damp within me, and from the inside wet my\nflesh. I misdoubt me that I disobey my God in obeying him!\"\n\n\"Stand by to sway me up!\" cried Ahab, advancing to the hempen basket.\n\"We should meet him soon.\"\n\n\"Aye, aye, sir,\" and straightway Starbuck did Ahab's bidding, and once\nmore Ahab swung on high.\n\nA whole hour now passed; gold-beaten out to ages. Time itself now held\nlong breaths with keen suspense. But at last, some three points off the\nweather bow, Ahab descried the spout again, and instantly from the three\nmast-heads three shrieks went up as if the tongues of fire had voiced\nit.\n\n\"Forehead to forehead I meet thee, this third time, Moby Dick! On deck\nthere!--brace sharper up; crowd her into the wind's eye. He's too\nfar off to lower yet, Mr. Starbuck. The sails shake! Stand over that\nhelmsman with a top-maul! So, so; he travels fast, and I must down. But\nlet me have one more good round look aloft here at the sea; there's\ntime for that. An old, old sight, and yet somehow so young; aye, and\nnot changed a wink since I first saw it, a boy, from the sand-hills of\nNantucket! The same!--the same!--the same to Noah as to me. There's\na soft shower to leeward. Such lovely leewardings! They must lead\nsomewhere--to something else than common land, more palmy than the\npalms. Leeward! the white whale goes that way; look to windward,\nthen; the better if the bitterer quarter. But good bye, good bye, old\nmast-head! What's this?--green? aye, tiny mosses in these warped cracks.\nNo such green weather stains on Ahab's head! There's the difference now\nbetween man's old age and matter's. But aye, old mast, we both grow old\ntogether; sound in our hulls, though, are we not, my ship? Aye, minus\na leg, that's all. By heaven this dead wood has the better of my live\nflesh every way. I can't compare with it; and I've known some ships made\nof dead trees outlast the lives of men made of the most vital stuff of\nvital fathers. What's that he said? he should still go before me, my\npilot; and yet to be seen again? But where? Will I have eyes at the\nbottom of the sea, supposing I descend those endless stairs? and all\nnight I've been sailing from him, wherever he did sink to. Aye, aye,\nlike many more thou told'st direful truth as touching thyself, O Parsee;\nbut, Ahab, there thy shot fell short. Good-bye, mast-head--keep a good\neye upon the whale, the while I'm gone. We'll talk to-morrow, nay,\nto-night, when the white whale lies down there, tied by head and tail.\"\n\nHe gave the word; and still gazing round him, was steadily lowered\nthrough the cloven blue air to the deck.\n\nIn due time the boats were lowered; but as standing in his shallop's\nstern, Ahab just hovered upon the point of the descent, he waved to the\nmate,--who held one of the tackle-ropes on deck--and bade him pause.\n\n\"Starbuck!\"\n\n\"Sir?\"\n\n\"For the third time my soul's ship starts upon this voyage, Starbuck.\"\n\n\"Aye, sir, thou wilt have it so.\"\n\n\"Some ships sail from their ports, and ever afterwards are missing,\nStarbuck!\"\n\n\"Truth, sir: saddest truth.\"\n\n\"Some men die at ebb tide; some at low water; some at the full of\nthe flood;--and I feel now like a billow that's all one crested comb,\nStarbuck. I am old;--shake hands with me, man.\"\n\nTheir hands met; their eyes fastened; Starbuck's tears the glue.\n\n\"Oh, my captain, my captain!--noble heart--go not--go not!--see, it's a\nbrave man that weeps; how great the agony of the persuasion then!\"\n\n\"Lower away!\"--cried Ahab, tossing the mate's arm from him. \"Stand by\nthe crew!\"\n\nIn an instant the boat was pulling round close under the stern.\n\n\"The sharks! the sharks!\" cried a voice from the low cabin-window there;\n\"O master, my master, come back!\"\n\nBut Ahab heard nothing; for his own voice was high-lifted then; and the\nboat leaped on.\n\nYet the voice spake true; for scarce had he pushed from the ship, when\nnumbers of sharks, seemingly rising from out the dark waters beneath\nthe hull, maliciously snapped at the blades of the oars, every time they\ndipped in the water; and in this way accompanied the boat with their\nbites. It is a thing not uncommonly happening to the whale-boats in\nthose swarming seas; the sharks at times apparently following them in\nthe same prescient way that vultures hover over the banners of marching\nregiments in the east. But these were the first sharks that had been\nobserved by the Pequod since the White Whale had been first descried;\nand whether it was that Ahab's crew were all such tiger-yellow\nbarbarians, and therefore their flesh more musky to the senses of the\nsharks--a matter sometimes well known to affect them,--however it was,\nthey seemed to follow that one boat without molesting the others.\n\n\"Heart of wrought steel!\" murmured Starbuck gazing over the side, and\nfollowing with his eyes the receding boat--\"canst thou yet ring boldly\nto that sight?--lowering thy keel among ravening sharks, and followed by\nthem, open-mouthed to the chase; and this the critical third day?--For\nwhen three days flow together in one continuous intense pursuit; be sure\nthe first is the morning, the second the noon, and the third the evening\nand the end of that thing--be that end what it may. Oh! my God! what\nis this that shoots through me, and leaves me so deadly calm, yet\nexpectant,--fixed at the top of a shudder! Future things swim before me,\nas in empty outlines and skeletons; all the past is somehow grown dim.\nMary, girl! thou fadest in pale glories behind me; boy! I seem to\nsee but thy eyes grown wondrous blue. Strangest problems of life seem\nclearing; but clouds sweep between--Is my journey's end coming? My legs\nfeel faint; like his who has footed it all day. Feel thy heart,--beats\nit yet? Stir thyself, Starbuck!--stave it off--move, move!\nspeak aloud!--Mast-head there! See ye my boy's hand on the\nhill?--Crazed;--aloft there!--keep thy keenest eye upon the boats:--\n\n\"Mark well the whale!--Ho! again!--drive off that hawk! see! he pecks--he\ntears the vane\"--pointing to the red flag flying at the main-truck--\"Ha!\nhe soars away with it!--Where's the old man now? see'st thou that sight,\noh Ahab!--shudder, shudder!\"\n\nThe boats had not gone very far, when by a signal from the mast-heads--a\ndownward pointed arm, Ahab knew that the whale had sounded; but\nintending to be near him at the next rising, he held on his way a little\nsideways from the vessel; the becharmed crew maintaining the profoundest\nsilence, as the head-beat waves hammered and hammered against the\nopposing bow.\n\n\"Drive, drive in your nails, oh ye waves! to their uttermost heads\ndrive them in! ye but strike a thing without a lid; and no coffin and no\nhearse can be mine:--and hemp only can kill me! Ha! ha!\"\n\nSuddenly the waters around them slowly swelled in broad circles; then\nquickly upheaved, as if sideways sliding from a submerged berg of\nice, swiftly rising to the surface. A low rumbling sound was heard; a\nsubterraneous hum; and then all held their breaths; as bedraggled with\ntrailing ropes, and harpoons, and lances, a vast form shot lengthwise,\nbut obliquely from the sea. Shrouded in a thin drooping veil of mist, it\nhovered for a moment in the rainbowed air; and then fell swamping back\ninto the deep. Crushed thirty feet upwards, the waters flashed for\nan instant like heaps of fountains, then brokenly sank in a shower of\nflakes, leaving the circling surface creamed like new milk round the\nmarble trunk of the whale.\n\n\"Give way!\" cried Ahab to the oarsmen, and the boats darted forward to\nthe attack; but maddened by yesterday's fresh irons that corroded in\nhim, Moby Dick seemed combinedly possessed by all the angels that fell\nfrom heaven. The wide tiers of welded tendons overspreading his broad\nwhite forehead, beneath the transparent skin, looked knitted together;\nas head on, he came churning his tail among the boats; and once more\nflailed them apart; spilling out the irons and lances from the two\nmates' boats, and dashing in one side of the upper part of their bows,\nbut leaving Ahab's almost without a scar.\n\nWhile Daggoo and Queequeg were stopping the strained planks; and as the\nwhale swimming out from them, turned, and showed one entire flank as he\nshot by them again; at that moment a quick cry went up. Lashed round\nand round to the fish's back; pinioned in the turns upon turns in which,\nduring the past night, the whale had reeled the involutions of the lines\naround him, the half torn body of the Parsee was seen; his sable raiment\nfrayed to shreds; his distended eyes turned full upon old Ahab.\n\nThe harpoon dropped from his hand.\n\n\"Befooled, befooled!\"--drawing in a long lean breath--\"Aye, Parsee! I\nsee thee again.--Aye, and thou goest before; and this, THIS then is the\nhearse that thou didst promise. But I hold thee to the last letter of\nthy word. Where is the second hearse? Away, mates, to the ship! those\nboats are useless now; repair them if ye can in time, and return to\nme; if not, Ahab is enough to die--Down, men! the first thing that but\noffers to jump from this boat I stand in, that thing I harpoon. Ye are\nnot other men, but my arms and my legs; and so obey me.--Where's the\nwhale? gone down again?\"\n\nBut he looked too nigh the boat; for as if bent upon escaping with the\ncorpse he bore, and as if the particular place of the last encounter had\nbeen but a stage in his leeward voyage, Moby Dick was now again steadily\nswimming forward; and had almost passed the ship,--which thus far had\nbeen sailing in the contrary direction to him, though for the present\nher headway had been stopped. He seemed swimming with his utmost\nvelocity, and now only intent upon pursuing his own straight path in the\nsea.\n\n\"Oh! Ahab,\" cried Starbuck, \"not too late is it, even now, the third\nday, to desist. See! Moby Dick seeks thee not. It is thou, thou, that\nmadly seekest him!\"\n\nSetting sail to the rising wind, the lonely boat was swiftly impelled to\nleeward, by both oars and canvas. And at last when Ahab was sliding\nby the vessel, so near as plainly to distinguish Starbuck's face as he\nleaned over the rail, he hailed him to turn the vessel about, and follow\nhim, not too swiftly, at a judicious interval. Glancing upwards, he\nsaw Tashtego, Queequeg, and Daggoo, eagerly mounting to the three\nmast-heads; while the oarsmen were rocking in the two staved boats\nwhich had but just been hoisted to the side, and were busily at work in\nrepairing them. One after the other, through the port-holes, as he sped,\nhe also caught flying glimpses of Stubb and Flask, busying themselves\non deck among bundles of new irons and lances. As he saw all this; as he\nheard the hammers in the broken boats; far other hammers seemed driving\na nail into his heart. But he rallied. And now marking that the vane or\nflag was gone from the main-mast-head, he shouted to Tashtego, who had\njust gained that perch, to descend again for another flag, and a hammer\nand nails, and so nail it to the mast.\n\nWhether fagged by the three days' running chase, and the resistance\nto his swimming in the knotted hamper he bore; or whether it was some\nlatent deceitfulness and malice in him: whichever was true, the White\nWhale's way now began to abate, as it seemed, from the boat so rapidly\nnearing him once more; though indeed the whale's last start had not been\nso long a one as before. And still as Ahab glided over the waves the\nunpitying sharks accompanied him; and so pertinaciously stuck to the\nboat; and so continually bit at the plying oars, that the blades became\njagged and crunched, and left small splinters in the sea, at almost\nevery dip.\n\n\"Heed them not! those teeth but give new rowlocks to your oars. Pull on!\n'tis the better rest, the shark's jaw than the yielding water.\"\n\n\"But at every bite, sir, the thin blades grow smaller and smaller!\"\n\n\"They will last long enough! pull on!--But who can tell\"--he\nmuttered--\"whether these sharks swim to feast on the whale or on\nAhab?--But pull on! Aye, all alive, now--we near him. The helm! take the\nhelm! let me pass,\"--and so saying two of the oarsmen helped him forward\nto the bows of the still flying boat.\n\nAt length as the craft was cast to one side, and ran ranging along\nwith the White Whale's flank, he seemed strangely oblivious of its\nadvance--as the whale sometimes will--and Ahab was fairly within the\nsmoky mountain mist, which, thrown off from the whale's spout, curled\nround his great, Monadnock hump; he was even thus close to him; when,\nwith body arched back, and both arms lengthwise high-lifted to the\npoise, he darted his fierce iron, and his far fiercer curse into the\nhated whale. As both steel and curse sank to the socket, as if sucked\ninto a morass, Moby Dick sideways writhed; spasmodically rolled his nigh\nflank against the bow, and, without staving a hole in it, so suddenly\ncanted the boat over, that had it not been for the elevated part of the\ngunwale to which he then clung, Ahab would once more have been tossed\ninto the sea. As it was, three of the oarsmen--who foreknew not the\nprecise instant of the dart, and were therefore unprepared for its\neffects--these were flung out; but so fell, that, in an instant two of\nthem clutched the gunwale again, and rising to its level on a combing\nwave, hurled themselves bodily inboard again; the third man helplessly\ndropping astern, but still afloat and swimming.\n\nAlmost simultaneously, with a mighty volition of ungraduated,\ninstantaneous swiftness, the White Whale darted through the weltering\nsea. But when Ahab cried out to the steersman to take new turns with\nthe line, and hold it so; and commanded the crew to turn round on their\nseats, and tow the boat up to the mark; the moment the treacherous line\nfelt that double strain and tug, it snapped in the empty air!\n\n\"What breaks in me? Some sinew cracks!--'tis whole again; oars! oars!\nBurst in upon him!\"\n\nHearing the tremendous rush of the sea-crashing boat, the whale wheeled\nround to present his blank forehead at bay; but in that evolution,\ncatching sight of the nearing black hull of the ship; seemingly seeing\nin it the source of all his persecutions; bethinking it--it may be--a\nlarger and nobler foe; of a sudden, he bore down upon its advancing\nprow, smiting his jaws amid fiery showers of foam.\n\nAhab staggered; his hand smote his forehead. \"I grow blind; hands!\nstretch out before me that I may yet grope my way. Is't night?\"\n\n\"The whale! The ship!\" cried the cringing oarsmen.\n\n\"Oars! oars! Slope downwards to thy depths, O sea, that ere it be for\never too late, Ahab may slide this last, last time upon his mark! I see:\nthe ship! the ship! Dash on, my men! Will ye not save my ship?\"\n\nBut as the oarsmen violently forced their boat through the\nsledge-hammering seas, the before whale-smitten bow-ends of two planks\nburst through, and in an instant almost, the temporarily disabled boat\nlay nearly level with the waves; its half-wading, splashing crew, trying\nhard to stop the gap and bale out the pouring water.\n\nMeantime, for that one beholding instant, Tashtego's mast-head hammer\nremained suspended in his hand; and the red flag, half-wrapping him as\nwith a plaid, then streamed itself straight out from him, as his own\nforward-flowing heart; while Starbuck and Stubb, standing upon the\nbowsprit beneath, caught sight of the down-coming monster just as soon\nas he.\n\n\"The whale, the whale! Up helm, up helm! Oh, all ye sweet powers of air,\nnow hug me close! Let not Starbuck die, if die he must, in a woman's\nfainting fit. Up helm, I say--ye fools, the jaw! the jaw! Is this the\nend of all my bursting prayers? all my life-long fidelities? Oh, Ahab,\nAhab, lo, thy work. Steady! helmsman, steady. Nay, nay! Up helm again!\nHe turns to meet us! Oh, his unappeasable brow drives on towards one,\nwhose duty tells him he cannot depart. My God, stand by me now!\"\n\n\"Stand not by me, but stand under me, whoever you are that will now help\nStubb; for Stubb, too, sticks here. I grin at thee, thou grinning whale!\nWho ever helped Stubb, or kept Stubb awake, but Stubb's own unwinking\neye? And now poor Stubb goes to bed upon a mattrass that is all too\nsoft; would it were stuffed with brushwood! I grin at thee, thou\ngrinning whale! Look ye, sun, moon, and stars! I call ye assassins of\nas good a fellow as ever spouted up his ghost. For all that, I would yet\nring glasses with ye, would ye but hand the cup! Oh, oh! oh, oh! thou\ngrinning whale, but there'll be plenty of gulping soon! Why fly ye\nnot, O Ahab! For me, off shoes and jacket to it; let Stubb die in\nhis drawers! A most mouldy and over salted death, though;--cherries!\ncherries! cherries! Oh, Flask, for one red cherry ere we die!\"\n\n\"Cherries? I only wish that we were where they grow. Oh, Stubb, I hope\nmy poor mother's drawn my part-pay ere this; if not, few coppers will\nnow come to her, for the voyage is up.\"\n\nFrom the ship's bows, nearly all the seamen now hung inactive; hammers,\nbits of plank, lances, and harpoons, mechanically retained in their\nhands, just as they had darted from their various employments; all their\nenchanted eyes intent upon the whale, which from side to side strangely\nvibrating his predestinating head, sent a broad band of overspreading\nsemicircular foam before him as he rushed. Retribution, swift vengeance,\neternal malice were in his whole aspect, and spite of all that mortal\nman could do, the solid white buttress of his forehead smote the ship's\nstarboard bow, till men and timbers reeled. Some fell flat upon their\nfaces. Like dislodged trucks, the heads of the harpooneers aloft shook\non their bull-like necks. Through the breach, they heard the waters\npour, as mountain torrents down a flume.\n\n\"The ship! The hearse!--the second hearse!\" cried Ahab from the boat;\n\"its wood could only be American!\"\n\nDiving beneath the settling ship, the whale ran quivering along its\nkeel; but turning under water, swiftly shot to the surface again, far\noff the other bow, but within a few yards of Ahab's boat, where, for a\ntime, he lay quiescent.\n\n\"I turn my body from the sun. What ho, Tashtego! let me hear thy hammer.\nOh! ye three unsurrendered spires of mine; thou uncracked keel; and only\ngod-bullied hull; thou firm deck, and haughty helm, and Pole-pointed\nprow,--death-glorious ship! must ye then perish, and without me? Am I\ncut off from the last fond pride of meanest shipwrecked captains? Oh,\nlonely death on lonely life! Oh, now I feel my topmost greatness lies in\nmy topmost grief. Ho, ho! from all your furthest bounds, pour ye now in,\nye bold billows of my whole foregone life, and top this one piled comber\nof my death! Towards thee I roll, thou all-destroying but unconquering\nwhale; to the last I grapple with thee; from hell's heart I stab at\nthee; for hate's sake I spit my last breath at thee. Sink all coffins\nand all hearses to one common pool! and since neither can be mine, let\nme then tow to pieces, while still chasing thee, though tied to thee,\nthou damned whale! THUS, I give up the spear!\"\n\nThe harpoon was darted; the stricken whale flew forward; with igniting\nvelocity the line ran through the grooves;--ran foul. Ahab stooped to\nclear it; he did clear it; but the flying turn caught him round the\nneck, and voicelessly as Turkish mutes bowstring their victim, he was\nshot out of the boat, ere the crew knew he was gone. Next instant, the\nheavy eye-splice in the rope's final end flew out of the stark-empty\ntub, knocked down an oarsman, and smiting the sea, disappeared in its\ndepths.\n\nFor an instant, the tranced boat's crew stood still; then turned. \"The\nship? Great God, where is the ship?\" Soon they through dim, bewildering\nmediums saw her sidelong fading phantom, as in the gaseous Fata Morgana;\nonly the uppermost masts out of water; while fixed by infatuation, or\nfidelity, or fate, to their once lofty perches, the pagan harpooneers\nstill maintained their sinking lookouts on the sea. And now, concentric\ncircles seized the lone boat itself, and all its crew, and each floating\noar, and every lance-pole, and spinning, animate and inanimate, all\nround and round in one vortex, carried the smallest chip of the Pequod\nout of sight.\n\nBut as the last whelmings intermixingly poured themselves over the\nsunken head of the Indian at the mainmast, leaving a few inches of the\nerect spar yet visible, together with long streaming yards of the flag,\nwhich calmly undulated, with ironical coincidings, over the destroying\nbillows they almost touched;--at that instant, a red arm and a hammer\nhovered backwardly uplifted in the open air, in the act of nailing\nthe flag faster and yet faster to the subsiding spar. A sky-hawk that\ntauntingly had followed the main-truck downwards from its natural home\namong the stars, pecking at the flag, and incommoding Tashtego there;\nthis bird now chanced to intercept its broad fluttering wing between the\nhammer and the wood; and simultaneously feeling that etherial thrill,\nthe submerged savage beneath, in his death-gasp, kept his hammer frozen\nthere; and so the bird of heaven, with archangelic shrieks, and his\nimperial beak thrust upwards, and his whole captive form folded in the\nflag of Ahab, went down with his ship, which, like Satan, would not sink\nto hell till she had dragged a living part of heaven along with her, and\nhelmeted herself with it.\n\nNow small fowls flew screaming over the yet yawning gulf; a sullen white\nsurf beat against its steep sides; then all collapsed, and the great\nshroud of the sea rolled on as it rolled five thousand years ago.\n\n\n\n\nEpilogue\n\n\"AND I ONLY AM ESCAPED ALONE TO TELL THEE\" Job.\n\nThe drama's done. Why then here does any one step forth?--Because one\ndid survive the wreck.\n\nIt so chanced, that after the Parsee's disappearance, I was he whom the\nFates ordained to take the place of Ahab's bowsman, when that bowsman\nassumed the vacant post; the same, who, when on the last day the three\nmen were tossed from out of the rocking boat, was dropped astern. So,\nfloating on the margin of the ensuing scene, and in full sight of it,\nwhen the halfspent suction of the sunk ship reached me, I was then,\nbut slowly, drawn towards the closing vortex. When I reached it, it had\nsubsided to a creamy pool. Round and round, then, and ever contracting\ntowards the button-like black bubble at the axis of that slowly wheeling\ncircle, like another Ixion I did revolve. Till, gaining that vital\ncentre, the black bubble upward burst; and now, liberated by reason of\nits cunning spring, and, owing to its great buoyancy, rising with great\nforce, the coffin life-buoy shot lengthwise from the sea, fell over, and\nfloated by my side. Buoyed up by that coffin, for almost one whole day\nand night, I floated on a soft and dirgelike main. The unharming sharks,\nthey glided by as if with padlocks on their mouths; the savage sea-hawks\nsailed with sheathed beaks. On the second day, a sail drew near, nearer,\nand picked me up at last. It was the devious-cruising Rachel, that in\nher retracing search after her missing children, only found another\norphan.\n\n\n\n\n"}

Moby Dick: Size : 1215785chars.
First 300 chars..





MOBY DICK; OR THE WHALE

By Herman Melville




Original Transcriber's Notes:

This text is a combination of etexts, one from the now-defunct ERIS
project at Virginia Tech and one from Project Gutenberg's archives. The
proofreaders of this version are indebted to The University of Adelaide
Libr
==669654== 
==669654== HEAP SUMMARY:
==669654==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669654==   total heap usage: 6,676 allocs, 6,664 frees, 11,604,481 bytes allocated
==669654== 
==669654== LEAK SUMMARY:
==669654==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669654==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669654==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669654==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669654==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669654== 
==669654== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==669654== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test imdb_snippet.cpp full log

Build Test for test imdb_snippet.cpp

Compiling test imdb_snippet.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o imdb_snippet imdb_snippet.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test imdb_snippet.cpp

==669678== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==669678== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==669678== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==669678== Command: ./imdb_snippet 1 null null live
==669678== 
Actor-Movie Data:
	Actor: Kevin_Bacon_(I)
	Movie: He_Said,_She_Said_(1991)
==669678== 
==669678== HEAP SUMMARY:
==669678==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669678==   total heap usage: 10,316 allocs, 10,304 frees, 1,794,441 bytes allocated
==669678== 
==669678== LEAK SUMMARY:
==669678==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669678==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669678==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669678==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669678==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669678== 
==669678== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==669678== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test input_game.cpp full log

Build Test for test input_game.cpp

Compiling test input_game.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o input_game input_game.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test input_game.cpp

==669698== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==669698== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==669698== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==669698== Command: ./input_game 1 null null live
==669698== 
connecting SocketIO with http://bridges-games.herokuapp.com
[2022-07-28 03:30:11] [connect] Successful connection
[2022-07-28 03:30:12] [connect] WebSocket Connection 174.129.128.48:80 v-2 "WebSocket++/0.8.2" /socket.io/?EIO=4&transport=websocket&t=1658993410 101
connected!!
sockopen on namespace /
Sending credentials
Credentials sent
announcement something
Sending credentials
Credentials sent
Setting framelimit to 10
announcement something
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-games.herokuapp.com/assignments/1025/bridges_testing

sio closed
==669698== 
==669698== HEAP SUMMARY:
==669698==     in use at exit: 38,571 bytes in 155 blocks
==669698==   total heap usage: 7,003 allocs, 6,848 frees, 1,814,043 bytes allocated
==669698== 
==669698== 8 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 1 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x153B7E: sio::client_impl::connect(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > const&, std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x13B43C: sio::client::connect(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1206D2: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:117)
==669698==    by 0x125826: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669698==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669698==    by 0x12293A: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669698==    by 0x122CDC: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (input_game.cpp:7)
==669698==    by 0x117105: main (input_game.cpp:36)
==669698== 
==669698== 8 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 2 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x153D67: sio::client_impl::socket(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x15543E: sio::client_impl::on_open(std::weak_ptr<void>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19B21C: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x192F88: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18BFDA: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>::__call<void, std::weak_ptr<void>&&, 0ul, 1ul>(std::tuple<std::weak_ptr<void>&&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x185588: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>::operator()<std::weak_ptr<void>, void>(std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17D9E2: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x175EAC: std::enable_if<std::__and_<std::is_void<void>, std::__is_invocable<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void> > >::value, void>::type std::__invoke_r<void, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x170373: std::_Function_handler<void (std::weak_ptr<void>), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_invoke(std::_Any_data const&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18815A: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::operator()(std::weak_ptr<void>) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x198EBE: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_read_http_response(std::error_code const&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 12 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 3 of 132
==669698==    at 0x483877F: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:307)
==669698==    by 0x5113349: CRYPTO_zalloc (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669698==    by 0x510F58D: ??? (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669698==    by 0x50EF87F: ERR_get_state (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669698==    by 0x50EF9D8: ERR_clear_error (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669698==    by 0x510EC68: ??? (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669698==    by 0x493034E: __pthread_once_slow (pthread_once.c:116)
==669698==    by 0x517A178: CRYPTO_THREAD_run_once (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669698==    by 0x510F45C: OPENSSL_init_crypto (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669698==    by 0x50759F8: ??? (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669698==    by 0x510ECDF: ??? (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669698==    by 0x493034E: __pthread_once_slow (pthread_once.c:116)
==669698== 
==669698== 16 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 4 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x16B1E4: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1530CA: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x13B1BF: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669698==    by 0x125826: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669698==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669698==    by 0x12293A: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669698==    by 0x122CDC: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (input_game.cpp:7)
==669698==    by 0x117105: main (input_game.cpp:36)
==669698== 
==669698== 16 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 5 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x1AF3AF: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connection(bool, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> > const&, websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1AB209: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A7752: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A1E92: std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19BA2D: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x193965: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18CAEE: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x185DF7: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > std::allocate_shared<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > const&, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17E7A2: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > std::make_shared<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x177A31: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x171873: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 16 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 6 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x1860E2: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17EDF9: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x177F2C: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x171873: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16C5D7: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x154610: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x193495: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18C604: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x185911: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::__call<void, , 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17E02D: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::operator()<, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1769F1: void asio::asio_handler_invoke<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> >(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>&, ...) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 16 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 7 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x1668C9: asio::detail::resolver_service_base::resolver_service_base(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19BC80: asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>::resolver_service(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x193C6C: asio::execution_context::service* asio::detail::service_registry::create<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::io_context>(void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x142709: asio::detail::service_registry::do_use_service(asio::execution_context::service::key const&, asio::execution_context::service* (*)(void*), void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18CD0A: asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::detail::service_registry::use_service<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x186280: asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::use_service<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17EF66: asio::basic_io_object<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>, true>::basic_io_object(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x178220: asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>::basic_resolver(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x171E7B: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16CC9E: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x154780: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 16 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 8 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x166CFD: asio::detail::resolver_service_base::start_work_thread() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x166C2B: asio::detail::resolver_service_base::start_resolve_op(asio::detail::resolve_op*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18067C: void asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>::async_resolve<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >(std::shared_ptr<void>&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_query<asio::ip::tcp> const&, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x179801: asio::async_result<std::decay<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >::type, void (std::error_code, asio::ip::basic_resolver_results<asio::ip::tcp>)>::return_type asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>::async_resolve<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >(asio::ip::basic_resolver_query<asio::ip::tcp> const&, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x172462: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16CC9E: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x154780: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x193495: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18C604: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x185911: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::__call<void, , 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17E02D: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::operator()<, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 16 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 9 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x16A4EF: asio::detail::posix_thread::posix_thread<asio::detail::resolver_service_base::work_io_context_runner>(asio::detail::resolver_service_base::work_io_context_runner, unsigned int) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x166D15: asio::detail::resolver_service_base::start_work_thread() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x166C2B: asio::detail::resolver_service_base::start_resolve_op(asio::detail::resolve_op*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18067C: void asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>::async_resolve<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >(std::shared_ptr<void>&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_query<asio::ip::tcp> const&, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x179801: asio::async_result<std::decay<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >::type, void (std::error_code, asio::ip::basic_resolver_results<asio::ip::tcp>)>::return_type asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>::async_resolve<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >(asio::ip::basic_resolver_query<asio::ip::tcp> const&, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x172462: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16CC9E: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x154780: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x193495: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18C604: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x185911: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::__call<void, , 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 18 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 10 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x4A76F0E: void std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_construct<char const*>(char const*, char const*, std::forward_iterator_tag) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669698==    by 0x16F95C: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::endpoint(bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16AD41: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x152E7C: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x13B1BF: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669698==    by 0x125826: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669698==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669698==    by 0x12293A: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669698==    by 0x122CDC: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (input_game.cpp:7)
==669698==    by 0x117105: main (input_game.cpp:36)
==669698== 
==669698== 18 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 11 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x12D42D: void std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_construct<char*>(char*, char*, std::forward_iterator_tag) (basic_string.tcc:219)
==669698==    by 0x1AF246: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connection(bool, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> > const&, websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1AB209: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A7752: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A1E92: std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19BA2D: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x193965: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18CAEE: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x185DF7: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > std::allocate_shared<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > const&, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17E7A2: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > std::make_shared<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x177A31: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 18 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 12 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x12D42D: void std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_construct<char*>(char*, char*, std::forward_iterator_tag) (basic_string.tcc:219)
==669698==    by 0x19ACCD: std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, 0ul>(std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&, std::tuple<>&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul>, std::_Index_tuple<>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19267E: std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::piecewise_construct_t, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18B145: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::construct<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >*, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18434D: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > >::construct<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >&, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >*, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17C1DB: void std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_construct_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >*, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x173E45: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16E3E3: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x168C32: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x15DCC8: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::replace_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1C8A63: websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client_handshake_request(websocketpp::http::parser::request&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::vector<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > const&) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 21 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 13 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x12D42D: void std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_construct<char*>(char*, char*, std::forward_iterator_tag) (basic_string.tcc:219)
==669698==    by 0x19ACCD: std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, 0ul>(std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&, std::tuple<>&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul>, std::_Index_tuple<>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19267E: std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::piecewise_construct_t, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18B145: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::construct<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >*, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18434D: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > >::construct<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >&, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >*, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17C1DB: void std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_construct_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >*, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x173E45: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16E3E3: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x168C32: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x15DBB8: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::append_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x15E61A: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::process_header(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<char*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<char*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 22 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 14 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x12D42D: void std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_construct<char*>(char*, char*, std::forward_iterator_tag) (basic_string.tcc:219)
==669698==    by 0x19ACCD: std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, 0ul>(std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&, std::tuple<>&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul>, std::_Index_tuple<>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19267E: std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::piecewise_construct_t, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18B145: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::construct<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >*, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18434D: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > >::construct<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >&, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >*, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17C1DB: void std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_construct_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >*, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x173E45: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16E3E3: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x168C32: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x15DCC8: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::replace_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1C8723: websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client_handshake_request(websocketpp::http::parser::request&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::vector<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > const&) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 15 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x18BCED: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel>*>(websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18524E: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel>*>(websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel>*, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17D44B: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel>, void>(websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x175720: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel>, void>(websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16F8FA: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::endpoint(bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16AD41: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x152E7C: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x13B1BF: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669698==    by 0x125826: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669698==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669698== 
==669698== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 16 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x18BD73: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel>*>(websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x185284: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel>*>(websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel>*, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17D493: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel>, void>(websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x175746: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel>, void>(websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16F92F: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::endpoint(bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16AD41: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x152E7C: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x13B1BF: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669698==    by 0x125826: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669698==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669698== 
==669698== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 17 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x192E25: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp>*>(asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18BF1E: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp>*>(asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp>*, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x185531: std::__shared_ptr<asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp>, void>(asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17D90A: std::enable_if<std::__sp_is_constructible<asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp> >::value, void>::type std::__shared_ptr<asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::reset<asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x175D12: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17018B: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16B221: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1530CA: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x13B1BF: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669698==    by 0x125826: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669698== 
==669698== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 18 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x17DA15: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x175F4E: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1703EA: std::_Function_handler<void (std::weak_ptr<void>), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x176014: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::function(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x170474: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::operator=(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16B442: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::set_open_handler(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x15314B: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x13B1BF: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669698==    by 0x125826: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669698==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669698== 
==669698== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 19 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x17DA15: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x175F4E: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1703EA: std::_Function_handler<void (std::weak_ptr<void>), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x176014: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::function(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x170474: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::operator=(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16B4DC: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::set_close_handler(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1531DB: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x13B1BF: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669698==    by 0x125826: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669698==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669698== 
==669698== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 20 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x17DA15: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x175F4E: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1703EA: std::_Function_handler<void (std::weak_ptr<void>), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x176014: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::function(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x170474: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::operator=(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16B576: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::set_fail_handler(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x15326B: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x13B1BF: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669698==    by 0x125826: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669698==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669698== 
==669698== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 21 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x17DBB2: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x176240: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x170674: std::_Function_handler<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x176306: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)>::function(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1706FE: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)>::operator=(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16B77E: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::set_message_handler(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x153302: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x13B1BF: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669698==    by 0x125826: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669698==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669698== 
==669698== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 22 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x17DCC7: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::packet const&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1764A0: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::packet const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1708A1: std::_Function_handler<void (sio::packet const&), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::packet const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1D4482: std::function<void (sio::packet const&)>::function(std::function<void (sio::packet const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1D32F6: std::function<void (sio::packet const&)>::operator=(std::function<void (sio::packet const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1D17AE: sio::packet_manager::set_decode_callback(std::function<void (sio::packet const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x153386: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x13B1BF: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669698==    by 0x125826: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669698==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669698== 
==669698== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 23 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x17DDDA: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(bool, std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const> const&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17662C: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(bool, std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const> const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x170A60: std::_Function_handler<void (bool, std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const> const&), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(bool, std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const> const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1D456C: std::function<void (bool, std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const> const&)>::function(std::function<void (bool, std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const> const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1D333E: std::function<void (bool, std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const> const&)>::operator=(std::function<void (bool, std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const> const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1D17D8: sio::packet_manager::set_encode_callback(std::function<void (bool, std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const> const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x153405: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x13B1BF: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669698==    by 0x125826: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669698==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669698== 
==669698== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 24 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x12E226: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*))()> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (std_function.h:161)
==669698==    by 0x12C0D6: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*))()> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:196)
==669698==    by 0x12895D: std::_Function_handler<void (), std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*))()> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:283)
==669698==    by 0x13D894: std::function<void ()>::function(std::function<void ()> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x13D26A: std::function<void ()>::operator=(std::function<void ()> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x13CCF3: sio::client_impl::set_open_listener(std::function<void ()> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x13B249: sio::client::set_open_listener(std::function<void ()> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x12042E: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:101)
==669698==    by 0x125826: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669698==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669698==    by 0x12293A: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669698== 
==669698== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 25 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x12E381: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::client::close_reason const&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (std_function.h:161)
==669698==    by 0x12C2EC: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::client::close_reason const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:196)
==669698==    by 0x128B64: std::_Function_handler<void (sio::client::close_reason const&), std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::client::close_reason const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:283)
==669698==    by 0x13DA68: std::function<void (sio::client::close_reason const&)>::function(std::function<void (sio::client::close_reason const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x13D2FA: std::function<void (sio::client::close_reason const&)>::operator=(std::function<void (sio::client::close_reason const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x13CDAB: sio::client_impl::set_close_listener(std::function<void (sio::client::close_reason const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x13B29D: sio::client::set_close_listener(std::function<void (sio::client::close_reason const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1204BE: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:102)
==669698==    by 0x125826: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669698==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669698==    by 0x12293A: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669698== 
==669698== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 26 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x12E226: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*))()> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (std_function.h:161)
==669698==    by 0x12C0D6: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*))()> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:196)
==669698==    by 0x12895D: std::_Function_handler<void (), std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*))()> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:283)
==669698==    by 0x13D894: std::function<void ()>::function(std::function<void ()> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x13D26A: std::function<void ()>::operator=(std::function<void ()> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x13CD21: sio::client_impl::set_fail_listener(std::function<void ()> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x13B273: sio::client::set_fail_listener(std::function<void ()> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x12054A: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:103)
==669698==    by 0x125826: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669698==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669698==    by 0x12293A: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669698== 
==669698== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 27 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x12E548: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(unsigned int, unsigned int)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (std_function.h:161)
==669698==    by 0x12C55E: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(unsigned int, unsigned int)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:196)
==669698==    by 0x128DC5: std::_Function_handler<void (unsigned int, unsigned int), std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(unsigned int, unsigned int)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:283)
==669698==    by 0x13D97E: std::function<void (unsigned int, unsigned int)>::function(std::function<void (unsigned int, unsigned int)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x13D2B2: std::function<void (unsigned int, unsigned int)>::operator=(std::function<void (unsigned int, unsigned int)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x13CD4F: sio::client_impl::set_reconnect_listener(std::function<void (unsigned int, unsigned int)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x13B2F1: sio::client::set_reconnect_listener(std::function<void (unsigned int, unsigned int)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1205D2: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:104)
==669698==    by 0x125826: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669698==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669698==    by 0x12293A: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669698== 
==669698== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 28 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x12E63F: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (std_function.h:161)
==669698==    by 0x12C6DE: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:196)
==669698==    by 0x128F4F: std::_Function_handler<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:283)
==669698==    by 0x13DB52: std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::function(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x13D342: std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::operator=(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x13CDD9: sio::client_impl::set_socket_open_listener(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x13B2C7: sio::client::set_socket_open_listener(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x120647: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:105)
==669698==    by 0x125826: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669698==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669698==    by 0x12293A: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669698== 
==669698== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 29 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x1BB2A0: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_init_functor(std::_Any_data&, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1B817D: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_init_functor(std::_Any_data&, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1B3C2A: std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::function<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, void, void>(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1AF1D9: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connection(bool, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> > const&, websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1AB209: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A7752: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A1E92: std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19BA2D: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x193965: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18CAEE: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x185DF7: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > std::allocate_shared<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > const&, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 30 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x1BB41E: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)> >::_M_init_functor(std::_Any_data&, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1B82C7: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)> >::_M_init_functor(std::_Any_data&, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1B3D18: std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>::function<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>, void, void>(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1AF229: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connection(bool, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> > const&, websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1AB209: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A7752: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A1E92: std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19BA2D: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x193965: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18CAEE: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x185DF7: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > std::allocate_shared<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > const&, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 31 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x1BD505: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >*>(websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1BB57A: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >*>(websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >*, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1B83B5: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, void>(websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1B3D98: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > >::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, void>(websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1AF3D4: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connection(bool, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> > const&, websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1AB209: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A7752: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A1E92: std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19BA2D: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x193965: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18CAEE: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 32 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x17DA15: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x175F4E: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1703EA: std::_Function_handler<void (std::weak_ptr<void>), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x176014: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::function(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x170474: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::operator=(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17E90F: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::set_open_handler(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x177ADA: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x171873: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16C5D7: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x154610: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x193495: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 33 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x17DA15: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x175F4E: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1703EA: std::_Function_handler<void (std::weak_ptr<void>), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x176014: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::function(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x170474: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::operator=(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17E93D: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::set_close_handler(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x177B2D: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x171873: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16C5D7: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x154610: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x193495: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 34 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x17DA15: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x175F4E: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1703EA: std::_Function_handler<void (std::weak_ptr<void>), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x176014: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::function(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x170474: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::operator=(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17E96B: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::set_fail_handler(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x177B80: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x171873: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16C5D7: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x154610: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x193495: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 35 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x17DBB2: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x176240: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x170674: std::_Function_handler<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x176306: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)>::function(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1706FE: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)>::operator=(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17EC57: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::set_message_handler(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x177DB6: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x171873: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16C5D7: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x154610: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x193495: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 36 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x1A1F73: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::io_context::strand*>(asio::io_context::strand*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19BB52: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::io_context::strand*>(asio::io_context::strand*, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x193B77: std::__shared_ptr<asio::io_context::strand, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<asio::io_context::strand, void>(asio::io_context::strand*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18CC92: std::enable_if<std::__sp_is_constructible<asio::io_context::strand, asio::io_context::strand>::value, void>::type std::__shared_ptr<asio::io_context::strand, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::reset<asio::io_context::strand>(asio::io_context::strand*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x186101: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17EDF9: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x177F2C: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x171873: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16C5D7: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x154610: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x193495: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 37 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x17D2CD: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>*>(asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17533C: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>*>(asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>*, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16F63B: std::__shared_ptr<asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>, void>(asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16A99C: std::enable_if<std::__sp_is_constructible<asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp> >::value, void>::type std::__shared_ptr<asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::reset<asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x167A70: websocketpp::transport::asio::basic_socket::connection::init_asio(asio::io_context*, std::shared_ptr<asio::io_context::strand>, bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x186141: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17EDF9: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x177F2C: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x171873: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16C5D7: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x154610: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 38 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x171E5B: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16CC9E: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x154780: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x193495: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18C604: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x185911: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::__call<void, , 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17E02D: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::operator()<, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1769F1: void asio::asio_handler_invoke<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> >(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>&, ...) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x170EC0: void asio_handler_invoke_helpers::invoke<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> >(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>&, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17E132: void asio::detail::handler_work<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>, asio::system_executor>::complete<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> >(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>&, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x176C60: asio::detail::completion_handler<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> >::do_complete(void*, asio::detail::scheduler_operation*, std::error_code const&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 39 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x192BBC: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Sp_counted_deleter<void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter, std::allocator<void>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18BB38: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_deleter<void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter, std::allocator<void>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_deleter<void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter, std::allocator<void>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x185029: std::__allocated_ptr<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_deleter<void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter, std::allocator<void>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > > std::__allocate_guarded<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_deleter<void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter, std::allocator<void>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_deleter<void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter, std::allocator<void>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17D139: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter, std::allocator<void>, void>(void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter, std::allocator<void>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x175094: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter, void>(void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16F252: std::__shared_ptr<void, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<void, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter, void>(void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16A582: std::enable_if<std::__sp_is_constructible<void, void>::value, void>::type std::__shared_ptr<void, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::reset<void, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter>(void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x166BA8: asio::detail::resolver_service_base::construct(std::shared_ptr<void>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17EF9B: asio::basic_io_object<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>, true>::basic_io_object(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x178220: asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>::basic_resolver(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x171E7B: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 40 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x18CD33: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>*>(asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1862C2: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>*>(asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>*, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17F031: std::__shared_ptr<asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>, void>(asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x178246: std::enable_if<std::__sp_is_constructible<asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp> >::value, void>::type std::__shared_ptr<asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::reset<asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x171E8A: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16CC9E: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x154780: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x193495: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18C604: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x185911: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::__call<void, , 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17E02D: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::operator()<, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 41 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x17E251: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<sio::socket*>(sio::socket*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17701A: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<sio::socket*>(sio::socket*, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x171267: std::__shared_ptr<sio::socket, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<sio::socket, void>(sio::socket*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16BFEA: std::shared_ptr<sio::socket>::shared_ptr<sio::socket, void>(sio::socket*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x153DA5: sio::client_impl::socket(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x15543E: sio::client_impl::on_open(std::weak_ptr<void>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19B21C: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x192F88: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18BFDA: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>::__call<void, std::weak_ptr<void>&&, 0ul, 1ul>(std::tuple<std::weak_ptr<void>&&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x185588: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>::operator()<std::weak_ptr<void>, void>(std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17D9E2: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 42 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x12EAA8: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>, std::_Placeholder<3>, std::_Placeholder<4>))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (std_function.h:161)
==669698==    by 0x12CC60: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>, std::_Placeholder<3>, std::_Placeholder<4>))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:196)
==669698==    by 0x12945B: std::_Function_handler<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&), std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>, std::_Placeholder<3>, std::_Placeholder<4>))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:283)
==669698==    by 0x14D7EC: std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>::function(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x14BC8E: std::_Head_base<0ul, std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, false>::_Head_base(std::_Head_base<0ul, std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, false> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x14BCB4: std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl(std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x14BCDA: std::tuple<std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::tuple(std::tuple<std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x14BD16: std::_Bind<void (*(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&, sio::event&)>::_Bind(std::_Bind<void (*(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&, sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x14BD53: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (*(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&, sio::event&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x149500: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (*(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&, sio::event&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x147362: std::_Function_handler<void (sio::event&), std::_Bind<void (*(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&, sio::event&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 43 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x1BD366: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1BB3D8: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1B8249: std::_Function_handler<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19DBE8: std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::function(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x196612: std::_Head_base<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, false>::_Head_base(std::_Head_base<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, false> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x196638: std::_Tuple_impl<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> >::_Tuple_impl(std::_Tuple_impl<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19665E: std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> >::_Tuple_impl(std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1966A0: std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> >::tuple(std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1966E4: std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::_Bind(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19DC61: websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::custom_alloc_handler(websocketpp::transport::asio::handler_allocator&, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x196726: websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> > websocketpp::transport::asio::make_custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >(websocketpp::transport::asio::handler_allocator&, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 44 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x1BD366: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1BB3D8: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1B8249: std::_Function_handler<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19DBE8: std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::function(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x196612: std::_Head_base<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, false>::_Head_base(std::_Head_base<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, false> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x196638: std::_Tuple_impl<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> >::_Tuple_impl(std::_Tuple_impl<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19665E: std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> >::_Tuple_impl(std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1966A0: std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> >::tuple(std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1966E4: std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::_Bind(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1B13AC: websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::custom_alloc_handler(websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1C0772: asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder2<asio::detail::read_op<asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::mutable_buffers_1, asio::mutable_buffer const*, asio::detail::transfer_at_least_t, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >, std::error_code, unsigned long>, websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> > >::rewrapped_handler(asio::detail::binder2<asio::detail::read_op<asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::mutable_buffers_1, asio::mutable_buffer const*, asio::detail::transfer_at_least_t, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >, std::error_code, unsigned long>&, websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 45 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x1BD366: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1BB3D8: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1B8249: std::_Function_handler<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19DBE8: std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::function(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x196612: std::_Head_base<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, false>::_Head_base(std::_Head_base<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, false> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x196638: std::_Tuple_impl<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> >::_Tuple_impl(std::_Tuple_impl<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19665E: std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> >::_Tuple_impl(std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1966A0: std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> >::tuple(std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1966E4: std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::_Bind(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1B13AC: websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::custom_alloc_handler(websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1B13DD: asio::detail::binder2<websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >, std::error_code, unsigned long>::binder2<websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >&>(int, websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 46 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x1BD366: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1BB3D8: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1B8249: std::_Function_handler<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19DBE8: std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::function(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1BA204: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code&, unsigned long&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code&, unsigned long&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1B6406: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code&, unsigned long&>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code&, unsigned long&>(void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code&, unsigned long&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1B1775: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::__call<void, std::error_code&, unsigned long&, 0ul, 1ul, 2ul, 3ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code&, unsigned long&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul, 3ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1ACCC5: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::operator()<std::error_code&, unsigned long&, void>(std::error_code&, unsigned long&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A90FC: void websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::operator()<std::error_code, unsigned long>(std::error_code, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1BF46C: asio::detail::binder2<websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >, std::error_code, unsigned long>::operator()() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1BE53E: void asio::asio_handler_invoke<asio::detail::binder2<websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >, std::error_code, unsigned long> >(asio::detail::binder2<websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >, std::error_code, unsigned long>&, ...) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 47 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x12E82D: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::event&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (std_function.h:161)
==669698==    by 0x12C960: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::event&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:196)
==669698==    by 0x129189: std::_Function_handler<void (sio::event&), std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::event&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:283)
==669698==    by 0x1466F4: std::function<void (sio::event&)>::function(std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1459D6: std::function<void (sio::event&)>::operator=(std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x13FAF5: sio::socket::impl::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1412F1: sio::socket::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1210E0: bridges::game::SocketConnection::reconfigure_socket() (SocketConnection.h:166)
==669698==    by 0x1206FA: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:123)
==669698==    by 0x125826: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669698==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669698== 
==669698== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 48 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x12E82D: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::event&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (std_function.h:161)
==669698==    by 0x12C960: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::event&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:196)
==669698==    by 0x129189: std::_Function_handler<void (sio::event&), std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::event&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:283)
==669698==    by 0x1466F4: std::function<void (sio::event&)>::function(std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1459D6: std::function<void (sio::event&)>::operator=(std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x13FAF5: sio::socket::impl::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1412F1: sio::socket::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1211DB: bridges::game::SocketConnection::reconfigure_socket() (SocketConnection.h:167)
==669698==    by 0x1206FA: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:123)
==669698==    by 0x125826: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669698==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669698== 
==669698== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 49 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x12EB9F: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (std_function.h:161)
==669698==    by 0x12CDD2: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:196)
==669698==    by 0x1295E5: std::_Function_handler<void (std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&), std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:283)
==669698==    by 0x147414: std::function<void (std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&)>::function(std::function<void (std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x145894: std::function<void (std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&)>::operator=(std::function<void (std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x13FC49: sio::socket::impl::on_error(std::function<void (std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1413B3: sio::socket::on_error(std::function<void (std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x121387: bridges::game::SocketConnection::reconfigure_socket() (SocketConnection.h:169)
==669698==    by 0x1206FA: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:123)
==669698==    by 0x125826: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669698==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669698== 
==669698== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 50 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x130F8E: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_List_node<bridges::game::KeypressListener*> >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (new_allocator.h:115)
==669698==    by 0x12FC43: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_List_node<bridges::game::KeypressListener*> > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_List_node<bridges::game::KeypressListener*> >&, unsigned long) (alloc_traits.h:460)
==669698==    by 0x12E6C2: std::__cxx11::_List_base<bridges::game::KeypressListener*, std::allocator<bridges::game::KeypressListener*> >::_M_get_node() (stl_list.h:442)
==669698==    by 0x12C724: std::_List_node<bridges::game::KeypressListener*>* std::__cxx11::list<bridges::game::KeypressListener*, std::allocator<bridges::game::KeypressListener*> >::_M_create_node<bridges::game::KeypressListener* const&>(bridges::game::KeypressListener* const&) (stl_list.h:634)
==669698==    by 0x128F8D: void std::__cxx11::list<bridges::game::KeypressListener*, std::allocator<bridges::game::KeypressListener*> >::_M_insert<bridges::game::KeypressListener* const&>(std::_List_iterator<bridges::game::KeypressListener*>, bridges::game::KeypressListener* const&) (stl_list.h:1911)
==669698==    by 0x125149: std::__cxx11::list<bridges::game::KeypressListener*, std::allocator<bridges::game::KeypressListener*> >::push_back(bridges::game::KeypressListener* const&) (stl_list.h:1212)
==669698==    by 0x12082D: bridges::game::SocketConnection::registerKeyListener(bridges::game::KeypressListener*) (SocketConnection.h:130)
==669698==    by 0x121F93: bridges::game::GameBase::registerKeyListener(bridges::game::KeypressListener*) (GameBase.h:84)
==669698==    by 0x122A4E: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:179)
==669698==    by 0x122CDC: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (input_game.cpp:7)
==669698==    by 0x117105: main (input_game.cpp:36)
==669698== 
==669698== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 51 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x193F7D: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*>(asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18D244: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*>(asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1866A3: std::__shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >, void>(asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17F63A: std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >, void>(asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x178B9C: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::set_timer(long, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17A89D: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_close_frame(unsigned short, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, bool, bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x172AD7: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::close(unsigned short, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16CE04: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::close(std::weak_ptr<void>, unsigned short, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x154A2D: sio::client_impl::close_impl(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x193635: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, unsigned short&, char const*&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, unsigned short&, char const*&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18C8B6: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, unsigned short&, char const*&>::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, unsigned short&, char const*&>(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, unsigned short&, char const*&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 52 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x193F7D: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*>(asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18D244: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*>(asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1866A3: std::__shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >, void>(asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17F63A: std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >, void>(asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x178B9C: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::set_timer(long, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x180EBD: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_shutdown(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x179BE0: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19F9D2: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_read_frame(std::error_code const&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1C0BD1: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1C014A: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1BF703: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&, 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 31 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 53 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x4A74859: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_mutate(unsigned long, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669698==    by 0x4A74F34: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::operator+=(char) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669698==    by 0x1598AA: websocketpp::uri::uri(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A1C40: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<websocketpp::uri>::construct<websocketpp::uri, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(websocketpp::uri*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19B8F9: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> >::construct<websocketpp::uri, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>&, websocketpp::uri*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x193848: std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18C960: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(websocketpp::uri*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x185CAF: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17E6C4: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>::shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x177854: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri> std::allocate_shared<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17177C: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri> std::make_shared<websocketpp::uri, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 31 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 54 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x4A747B1: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_assign(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669698==    by 0x4A74AC9: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::operator=(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669698==    by 0x15DCDA: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::replace_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1C87CF: websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client_handshake_request(websocketpp::http::parser::request&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::vector<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > const&) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x189328: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_http_request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x181B3F: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1ADB32: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1AA07F: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A5E9E: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, 0ul, 1ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A044E: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>::operator()<std::error_code const&, void>(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x199362: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 31 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 55 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x4A747B1: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_assign(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669698==    by 0x4A74AC9: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::operator=(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669698==    by 0x15DCDA: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::replace_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1C8A63: websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client_handshake_request(websocketpp::http::parser::request&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::vector<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > const&) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x189328: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_http_request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x181B3F: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1ADB32: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1AA07F: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A5E9E: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, 0ul, 1ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A044E: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>::operator()<std::error_code const&, void>(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x199362: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 31 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 56 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x4A747B1: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_assign(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669698==    by 0x4A74AC9: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::operator=(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669698==    by 0x15DCDA: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::replace_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1894A9: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_http_request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x181B3F: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1ADB32: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1AA07F: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A5E9E: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, 0ul, 1ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A044E: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>::operator()<std::error_code const&, void>(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x199362: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x191196: std::enable_if<std::__and_<std::is_void<void>, std::__is_invocable<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&> >::value, void>::type std::__invoke_r<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&>(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 31 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 57 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x4A747B1: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_assign(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669698==    by 0x4A74AC9: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::operator=(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669698==    by 0x16071B: websocketpp::http::parser::response::set_status(websocketpp::http::status_code::value, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x160BD9: websocketpp::http::parser::response::process(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<char*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<char*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1601AA: websocketpp::http::parser::response::consume(char const*, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x198B06: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_read_http_response(std::error_code const&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1B6A5F: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1B1ADC: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1AD095: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&, 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A9301: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::operator()<std::error_code const&, unsigned long, void>(std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A4DCC: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 31 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 58 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x4A747B1: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_assign(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669698==    by 0x4A74AC9: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::operator=(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669698==    by 0x15DBCD: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::append_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x15E61A: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::process_header(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<char*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<char*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1601DD: websocketpp::http::parser::response::consume(char const*, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x198B06: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_read_http_response(std::error_code const&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1B6A5F: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1B1ADC: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1AD095: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&, 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A9301: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::operator()<std::error_code const&, unsigned long, void>(std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A4DCC: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 31 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 59 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x4A747B1: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_assign(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669698==    by 0x4A74AC9: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::operator=(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669698==    by 0x155A89: sio::client_impl::on_handshake(std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1560B2: sio::client_impl::on_decode(sio::packet const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19B552: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(sio::packet const&), sio::client_impl*&, sio::packet const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(sio::packet const&), sio::client_impl*&, sio::packet const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1931DA: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(sio::packet const&), sio::client_impl*&, sio::packet const&>::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(sio::packet const&), sio::client_impl*&, sio::packet const&>(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(sio::packet const&), sio::client_impl*&, sio::packet const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18C184: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::packet const&)>::__call<void, sio::packet const&, 0ul, 1ul>(std::tuple<sio::packet const&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x185660: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::packet const&)>::operator()<sio::packet const&, void>(sio::packet const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17DC94: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::packet const&)>&, sio::packet const&>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::packet const&)>&, sio::packet const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1763FE: std::enable_if<std::__and_<std::is_void<void>, std::__is_invocable<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::packet const&)>&, sio::packet const&> >::value, void>::type std::__invoke_r<void, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::packet const&)>&, sio::packet const&>(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::packet const&)>&, sio::packet const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17082A: std::_Function_handler<void (sio::packet const&), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::packet const&)> >::_M_invoke(std::_Any_data const&, sio::packet const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 32 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 60 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x175CEC: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17018B: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16B221: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1530CA: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x13B1BF: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669698==    by 0x125826: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669698==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669698==    by 0x12293A: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669698==    by 0x122CDC: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (input_game.cpp:7)
==669698==    by 0x117105: main (input_game.cpp:36)
==669698== 
==669698== 32 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 61 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x171094: std::unique_ptr<std::thread::_State, std::default_delete<std::thread::_State> > std::thread::_S_make_state<std::thread::_Invoker<std::tuple<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*))()> > >, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*))()> >(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*))()>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16BF01: std::thread::thread<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*))()>, , void>(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*))()>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x153B90: sio::client_impl::connect(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > const&, std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x13B43C: sio::client::connect(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1206D2: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:117)
==669698==    by 0x125826: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669698==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669698==    by 0x12293A: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669698==    by 0x122CDC: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (input_game.cpp:7)
==669698==    by 0x117105: main (input_game.cpp:36)
==669698== 
==669698== 32 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 62 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x167A51: websocketpp::transport::asio::basic_socket::connection::init_asio(asio::io_context*, std::shared_ptr<asio::io_context::strand>, bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x186141: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17EDF9: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x177F2C: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x171873: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16C5D7: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x154610: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x193495: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18C604: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x185911: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::__call<void, , 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17E02D: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::operator()<, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 32 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 63 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x199425: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x191238: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x189AE5: std::_Function_handler<void (std::error_code const&), std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18A46E: std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>::function(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A2093: std::_Head_base<2ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, false>::_Head_base<std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&>(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19BDC7: std::_Tuple_impl<2ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl<std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, void>(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x193E87: std::_Tuple_impl<1ul, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl<std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, void>(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19407B: std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, void>(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18D319: std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, true, true>(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18692D: std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::_Bind<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&>(void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&&)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17F816: std::_Bind_helper<std::__or_<std::is_integral<std::decay<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::type>, std::is_enum<std::decay<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::type> >::value, void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&>::type std::bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&>(void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&&)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 32 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 64 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x1A65A7: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A0A83: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x199F77: std::_Vector_base<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::_M_allocate(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1917F5: void std::vector<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::_M_realloc_insert<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > const&>(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >*, std::vector<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > > >, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18A275: std::vector<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::push_back(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x182578: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::write_frame() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1AEA6C: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1AAEAC: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A7223: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >))()>::__call<void, , 0ul>(std::tuple<>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A160B: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >))()>::operator()<, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19A8FF: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >))()>&>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >))()>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 35 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 65 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x4A747B1: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_assign(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669698==    by 0x4A74AC9: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::operator=(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669698==    by 0x1538ED: sio::client_impl::connect(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > const&, std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x13B43C: sio::client::connect(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1206D2: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:117)
==669698==    by 0x125826: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669698==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669698==    by 0x12293A: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669698==    by 0x122CDC: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (input_game.cpp:7)
==669698==    by 0x117105: main (input_game.cpp:36)
==669698== 
==669698== 40 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 66 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x14BD45: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (*(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&, sio::event&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x149500: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (*(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&, sio::event&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x147362: std::_Function_handler<void (sio::event&), std::_Bind<void (*(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&, sio::event&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1466F4: std::function<void (sio::event&)>::function(std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1459D6: std::function<void (sio::event&)>::operator=(std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x13FAF5: sio::socket::impl::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x13FA6E: sio::socket::impl::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x141323: sio::socket::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1212E7: bridges::game::SocketConnection::reconfigure_socket() (SocketConnection.h:168)
==669698==    by 0x1206FA: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:123)
==669698==    by 0x125826: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669698== 
==669698== 40 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 67 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x18E858: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_init_functor(std::_Any_data&, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)>&&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1886A5: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_init_functor(std::_Any_data&, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1815A8: std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>::function<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)>, void, void>(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x179BD1: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19F9D2: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_read_frame(std::error_code const&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1C0BD1: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1C014A: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1BF703: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&, 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1BE9FF: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::operator()<std::error_code const&, unsigned long, void>(std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1BD330: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1BB333: std::enable_if<std::__and_<std::is_void<void>, std::__is_invocable<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long> >::value, void>::type std::__invoke_r<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 40 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 68 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x195A15: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18E976: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x188756: std::_Function_handler<void (std::error_code const&), std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18A46E: std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>::function(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A2093: std::_Head_base<2ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, false>::_Head_base<std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&>(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19BDC7: std::_Tuple_impl<2ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl<std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, void>(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x193E87: std::_Tuple_impl<1ul, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl<std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, void>(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19407B: std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, void>(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18D319: std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, true, true>(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18692D: std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::_Bind<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&>(void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&&)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17F816: std::_Bind_helper<std::__or_<std::is_integral<std::decay<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::type>, std::is_enum<std::decay<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::type> >::value, void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&>::type std::bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&>(void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&&)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 40 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 69 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x195A15: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18E976: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x188756: std::_Function_handler<void (std::error_code const&), std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18A46E: std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>::function(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18CFE2: std::_Head_base<2ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, false>::_Head_base(std::_Head_base<2ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, false> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18D008: std::_Tuple_impl<2ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl(std::_Tuple_impl<2ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18D0B6: std::_Tuple_impl<1ul, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl(std::_Tuple_impl<1ul, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19D0D4: std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl(std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19D116: std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::tuple(std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19D15A: std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::_Bind(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19D197: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 40 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 70 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x195A15: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18E976: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x188756: std::_Function_handler<void (std::error_code const&), std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18A46E: std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>::function(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1B03F9: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1ABF1D: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&>(void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A88D1: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, 0ul, 1ul, 2ul, 3ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul, 3ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A349C: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::operator()<std::error_code const&, void>(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19D0AA: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19573E: std::enable_if<std::__and_<std::is_void<void>, std::__is_invocable<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&> >::value, void>::type std::__invoke_r<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&>(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18E69B: std::_Function_handler<void (std::error_code const&), std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_invoke(std::_Any_data const&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 48 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 71 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x19AF1E: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x192A4A: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18B945: std::__allocated_ptr<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > > std::__allocate_guarded<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x184ECE: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >>(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17CFED: std::__shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >>(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x174C32: std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >::shared_ptr<std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >>(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16EE4B: std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > std::allocate_shared<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >>(std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x169377: std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > std::make_shared<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x15E940: websocketpp::http::parser::request::request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1AF489: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connection(bool, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> > const&, websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1AB209: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 51 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 73 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x4A74859: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_mutate(unsigned long, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669698==    by 0x4A75625: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_replace(unsigned long, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669698==    by 0x16857A: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >& std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::append<__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<char const*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, void>(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<char const*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<char const*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1599E5: websocketpp::uri::uri(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A1C40: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<websocketpp::uri>::construct<websocketpp::uri, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(websocketpp::uri*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19B8F9: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> >::construct<websocketpp::uri, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>&, websocketpp::uri*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x193848: std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18C960: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(websocketpp::uri*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x185CAF: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17E6C4: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>::shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x177854: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri> std::allocate_shared<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 51 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 74 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x4A747B1: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_assign(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669698==    by 0x4A74AC9: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::operator=(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669698==    by 0x15F47D: websocketpp::http::parser::request::set_uri(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1C84E0: websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client_handshake_request(websocketpp::http::parser::request&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::vector<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > const&) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x189328: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_http_request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x181B3F: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1ADB32: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1AA07F: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A5E9E: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, 0ul, 1ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A044E: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>::operator()<std::error_code const&, void>(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x199362: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 56 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 75 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x16F8DA: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::endpoint(bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16AD41: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x152E7C: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x13B1BF: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669698==    by 0x125826: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669698==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669698==    by 0x12293A: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669698==    by 0x122CDC: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (input_game.cpp:7)
==669698==    by 0x117105: main (input_game.cpp:36)
==669698== 
==669698== 56 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 76 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x16F90F: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::endpoint(bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16AD41: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x152E7C: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x13B1BF: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669698==    by 0x125826: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669698==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669698==    by 0x12293A: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669698==    by 0x122CDC: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (input_game.cpp:7)
==669698==    by 0x117105: main (input_game.cpp:36)
==669698== 
==669698== 56 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 77 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x18BC8C: asio::execution_context::service* asio::detail::service_registry::create<asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::io_context>(void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x142709: asio::detail::service_registry::do_use_service(asio::execution_context::service::key const&, asio::execution_context::service* (*)(void*), void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18517E: asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::detail::service_registry::use_service<asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17D270: asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::use_service<asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1752B3: asio::basic_io_object<asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp>, true>::basic_io_object(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17D8E4: asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp>::basic_socket_acceptor(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x175D06: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17018B: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16B221: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1530CA: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x13B1BF: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 56 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 78 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x1365F7: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::mutex, std::allocator<std::mutex>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (new_allocator.h:115)
==669698==    by 0x13172E: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::mutex, std::allocator<std::mutex>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::mutex, std::allocator<std::mutex>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&, unsigned long) (alloc_traits.h:460)
==669698==    by 0x130AA3: std::__allocated_ptr<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::mutex, std::allocator<std::mutex>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > > std::__allocate_guarded<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::mutex, std::allocator<std::mutex>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::mutex, std::allocator<std::mutex>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&) (allocated_ptr.h:97)
==669698==    by 0x12F87C: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<std::mutex, std::allocator<std::mutex>>(std::mutex*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<std::mutex> >) (shared_ptr_base.h:680)
==669698==    by 0x12DF7B: std::__shared_ptr<std::mutex, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<std::mutex>>(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<std::mutex> >) (shared_ptr_base.h:1371)
==669698==    by 0x12BC40: std::shared_ptr<std::mutex>::shared_ptr<std::allocator<std::mutex>>(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<std::mutex> >) (shared_ptr.h:408)
==669698==    by 0x128459: std::shared_ptr<std::mutex> std::allocate_shared<std::mutex, std::allocator<std::mutex>>(std::allocator<std::mutex> const&) (shared_ptr.h:860)
==669698==    by 0x124942: std::shared_ptr<std::mutex> std::make_shared<std::mutex>() (shared_ptr.h:876)
==669698==    by 0x11FA94: std::_V2::condition_variable_any::condition_variable_any() (condition_variable:291)
==669698==    by 0x12038E: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669698==    by 0x125826: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669698== 
==669698== 56 bytes in 2 blocks are still reachable in loss record 79 of 132
==669698==    at 0x483877F: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:307)
==669698==    by 0x5A4011B: __res_context_send (res_send.c:482)
==669698==    by 0x5A3CD49: __res_context_query (res_query.c:216)
==669698==    by 0x5A3D9BE: __res_context_querydomain (res_query.c:601)
==669698==    by 0x5A3D9BE: __res_context_search (res_query.c:370)
==669698==    by 0x703AD09: ???
==669698==    by 0x4D553A5: gaih_inet.constprop.0 (getaddrinfo.c:765)
==669698==    by 0x4D56224: getaddrinfo (getaddrinfo.c:2256)
==669698==    by 0x164B80: asio::detail::socket_ops::getaddrinfo(char const*, char const*, addrinfo const&, addrinfo**, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x164C15: asio::detail::socket_ops::background_getaddrinfo(std::weak_ptr<void> const&, char const*, char const*, addrinfo const&, addrinfo**, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18E2E4: asio::detail::resolve_query_op<asio::ip::tcp, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >::do_complete(void*, asio::detail::scheduler_operation*, std::error_code const&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1612C9: asio::detail::scheduler_operation::complete(void*, std::error_code const&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x163130: asio::detail::scheduler::do_run_one(asio::detail::conditionally_enabled_mutex::scoped_lock&, asio::detail::scheduler_thread_info&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 63 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 80 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x4A74859: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_mutate(unsigned long, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669698==    by 0x4A75625: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_replace(unsigned long, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669698==    by 0x11C77C: bridges::Bridges::setServer(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (Bridges.h:335)
==669698==    by 0x121E2D: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:53)
==669698==    by 0x12293A: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669698==    by 0x122CDC: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (input_game.cpp:7)
==669698==    by 0x117105: main (input_game.cpp:36)
==669698== 
==669698== 64 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 81 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x1615EE: asio::execution_context::execution_context() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1633F2: asio::io_context::io_context() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16B1F3: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1530CA: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x13B1BF: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669698==    by 0x125826: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669698==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669698==    by 0x12293A: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669698==    by 0x122CDC: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (input_game.cpp:7)
==669698==    by 0x117105: main (input_game.cpp:36)
==669698== 
==669698== 64 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 82 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x1B2243: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >*>::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1ADCE8: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >*> >::allocate(std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >*>&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1AA238: std::_Deque_base<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::_M_allocate_map(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1BB670: std::_Deque_base<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::_M_initialize_map(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1B8411: std::_Deque_base<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::_Deque_base() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1B3DB3: std::deque<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::deque() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1B3E22: std::queue<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::deque<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > > >::queue<std::deque<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1AF42E: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connection(bool, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> > const&, websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1AB209: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A7752: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A1E92: std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 64 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 83 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x1615EE: asio::execution_context::execution_context() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16347D: asio::io_context::io_context(int) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1668DA: asio::detail::resolver_service_base::resolver_service_base(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19BC80: asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>::resolver_service(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x193C6C: asio::execution_context::service* asio::detail::service_registry::create<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::io_context>(void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x142709: asio::detail::service_registry::do_use_service(asio::execution_context::service::key const&, asio::execution_context::service* (*)(void*), void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18CD0A: asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::detail::service_registry::use_service<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x186280: asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::use_service<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17EF66: asio::basic_io_object<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>, true>::basic_io_object(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x178220: asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>::basic_resolver(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x171E7B: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 64 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 84 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x14EC99: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<sio::packet*>::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x14DAB3: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<sio::packet*> >::allocate(std::allocator<sio::packet*>&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x14C2B8: std::_Deque_base<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> >::_M_allocate_map(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x149F5C: std::_Deque_base<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> >::_M_initialize_map(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x147A09: std::_Deque_base<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> >::_Deque_base() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x145D27: std::deque<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> >::deque() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x145D96: std::queue<sio::packet, std::deque<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> > >::queue<std::deque<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> >, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x13FD23: sio::socket::impl::impl(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x141260: sio::socket::socket(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x153D92: sio::client_impl::socket(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x15543E: sio::client_impl::on_open(std::weak_ptr<void>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 64 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 85 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x1AA5F7: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<websocketpp::transport::buffer>::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A673E: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<websocketpp::transport::buffer> >::allocate(std::allocator<websocketpp::transport::buffer>&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A0D43: std::_Vector_base<websocketpp::transport::buffer, std::allocator<websocketpp::transport::buffer> >::_M_allocate(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19A1D5: void std::vector<websocketpp::transport::buffer, std::allocator<websocketpp::transport::buffer> >::_M_realloc_insert<websocketpp::transport::buffer>(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<websocketpp::transport::buffer*, std::vector<websocketpp::transport::buffer, std::allocator<websocketpp::transport::buffer> > >, websocketpp::transport::buffer&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x191B89: void std::vector<websocketpp::transport::buffer, std::allocator<websocketpp::transport::buffer> >::emplace_back<websocketpp::transport::buffer>(websocketpp::transport::buffer&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18A3C9: std::vector<websocketpp::transport::buffer, std::allocator<websocketpp::transport::buffer> >::push_back(websocketpp::transport::buffer&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x182780: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::write_frame() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1AEA6C: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1AAEAC: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A7223: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >))()>::__call<void, , 0ul>(std::tuple<>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A160B: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >))()>::operator()<, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 64 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 86 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x1AE09B: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<asio::const_buffer>::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1AA766: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<asio::const_buffer> >::allocate(std::allocator<asio::const_buffer>&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A69EF: std::_Vector_base<asio::const_buffer, std::allocator<asio::const_buffer> >::_M_allocate(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A0F81: void std::vector<asio::const_buffer, std::allocator<asio::const_buffer> >::_M_realloc_insert<asio::const_buffer>(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<asio::const_buffer*, std::vector<asio::const_buffer, std::allocator<asio::const_buffer> > >, asio::const_buffer&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19A4DF: void std::vector<asio::const_buffer, std::allocator<asio::const_buffer> >::emplace_back<asio::const_buffer>(asio::const_buffer&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x191C99: std::vector<asio::const_buffer, std::allocator<asio::const_buffer> >::push_back(asio::const_buffer&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18A6FC: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_write(std::vector<websocketpp::transport::buffer, std::allocator<websocketpp::transport::buffer> > const&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x182E6E: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::write_frame() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1AEA6C: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1AAEAC: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A7223: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >))()>::__call<void, , 0ul>(std::tuple<>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 64 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 87 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x1402E9: sio::socket::impl::close() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x14138A: sio::socket::close() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x155079: sio::client_impl::sockets_invoke_void(void (sio::socket::*)()) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x153FD2: sio::client_impl::sync_close() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x13B806: sio::client::sync_close() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x120D71: bridges::game::SocketConnection::~SocketConnection() (SocketConnection.h:159)
==669698==    by 0x1297D7: std::default_delete<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::operator()(bridges::game::SocketConnection*) const (unique_ptr.h:85)
==669698==    by 0x1257DB: std::unique_ptr<bridges::game::SocketConnection, std::default_delete<bridges::game::SocketConnection> >::~unique_ptr() (unique_ptr.h:361)
==669698==    by 0x12280D: bridges::game::GameBase::~GameBase() (GameBase.h:25)
==669698==    by 0x122C75: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::~NonBlockingGame() (NonBlockingGame.h:128)
==669698==    by 0x122F39: my_game::~my_game() (input_game.cpp:5)
==669698== 
==669698== 64 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 88 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x178B63: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::set_timer(long, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17A89D: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_close_frame(unsigned short, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, bool, bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x172AD7: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::close(unsigned short, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16CE04: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::close(std::weak_ptr<void>, unsigned short, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x154A2D: sio::client_impl::close_impl(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x193635: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, unsigned short&, char const*&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, unsigned short&, char const*&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18C8B6: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, unsigned short&, char const*&>::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, unsigned short&, char const*&>(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, unsigned short&, char const*&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x185C0D: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, unsigned short, char const*))(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::__call<void, , 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17E577: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, unsigned short, char const*))(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::operator()<, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1774BF: void asio::asio_handler_invoke<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, unsigned short, char const*))(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> >(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, unsigned short, char const*))(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>&, ...) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x171546: void asio_handler_invoke_helpers::invoke<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, unsigned short, char const*))(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, unsigned short, char const*))(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> >(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, unsigned short, char const*))(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>&, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, unsigned short, char const*))(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 64 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 89 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x150915: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry>::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x15053F: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry> >::allocate(std::allocator<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry>&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x14FEE9: std::_Vector_base<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry, std::allocator<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry> >::_M_allocate(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x14F157: void std::vector<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry, std::allocator<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry> >::_M_realloc_insert<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry const&>(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry*, std::vector<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry, std::allocator<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry> > >, asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x14DFFF: std::vector<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry, std::allocator<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry> >::push_back(asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x14CD9F: asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::enqueue_timer(std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, std::chrono::duration<long, std::ratio<1l, 1000000000l> > > const&, asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::per_timer_data&, asio::detail::wait_op*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x14AF7B: void asio::detail::epoll_reactor::schedule_timer<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >(asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >::time_type const&, asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::per_timer_data&, asio::detail::wait_op*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x186B02: void asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::async_wait<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >(asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::implementation_type&, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17F92C: asio::async_result<std::decay<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >::type, void (std::error_code)>::return_type asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >::async_wait<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >(asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x178C58: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::set_timer(long, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17A89D: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_close_frame(unsigned short, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, bool, bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 64 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 90 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x178B63: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::set_timer(long, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x180EBD: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_shutdown(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x179BE0: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19F9D2: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_read_frame(std::error_code const&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1C0BD1: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1C014A: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1BF703: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&, 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1BE9FF: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::operator()<std::error_code const&, unsigned long, void>(std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1BD330: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1BB333: std::enable_if<std::__and_<std::is_void<void>, std::__is_invocable<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long> >::value, void>::type std::__invoke_r<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1B81CF: std::_Function_handler<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_invoke(std::_Any_data const&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 65 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 91 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x142250: asio::detail::thread_info_base::allocate(asio::detail::thread_info_base*, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x142361: asio::asio_handler_allocate(unsigned long, ...) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18AD25: void* asio_handler_alloc_helpers::allocate<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)> >(unsigned long, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18394D: asio::detail::hook_allocator<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::wait_handler<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)> > >::allocate(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17B5A4: asio::detail::wait_handler<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)> >::ptr::allocate(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17309C: void asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::async_wait<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)> >(asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::implementation_type&, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16D36E: asio::async_result<std::decay<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)> >::type, void (std::error_code)>::return_type asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >::async_wait<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)> >(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x15640F: sio::client_impl::update_ping_timeout_timer() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x155D22: sio::client_impl::on_handshake(std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1560B2: sio::client_impl::on_decode(sio::packet const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19B552: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(sio::packet const&), sio::client_impl*&, sio::packet const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(sio::packet const&), sio::client_impl*&, sio::packet const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 65 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 92 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x142250: asio::detail::thread_info_base::allocate(asio::detail::thread_info_base*, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x142361: asio::asio_handler_allocate(unsigned long, ...) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x14E195: void* asio_handler_alloc_helpers::allocate<std::_Bind<void (sio::socket::impl::*(sio::socket::impl*))()> >(unsigned long, std::_Bind<void (sio::socket::impl::*(sio::socket::impl*))()>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x14CF33: asio::detail::hook_allocator<std::_Bind<void (sio::socket::impl::*(sio::socket::impl*))()>, asio::detail::wait_handler<std::_Bind<void (sio::socket::impl::*(sio::socket::impl*))()> > >::allocate(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x14B0D2: asio::detail::wait_handler<std::_Bind<void (sio::socket::impl::*(sio::socket::impl*))()> >::ptr::allocate(std::_Bind<void (sio::socket::impl::*(sio::socket::impl*))()>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x14845A: void asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::async_wait<std::_Bind<void (sio::socket::impl::*(sio::socket::impl*))()> >(asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::implementation_type&, std::_Bind<void (sio::socket::impl::*(sio::socket::impl*))()>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1462F8: asio::async_result<std::decay<std::_Bind<void (sio::socket::impl::*(sio::socket::impl*))()> >::type, void (std::error_code)>::return_type asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >::async_wait<std::_Bind<void (sio::socket::impl::*(sio::socket::impl*))()> >(std::_Bind<void (sio::socket::impl::*(sio::socket::impl*))()>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1403D2: sio::socket::impl::close() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x14138A: sio::socket::close() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x155079: sio::client_impl::sockets_invoke_void(void (sio::socket::*)()) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x153FD2: sio::client_impl::sync_close() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 69 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 93 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x4A74859: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_mutate(unsigned long, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669698==    by 0x4A75E7A: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_append(char const*, unsigned long) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669698==    by 0x1234A9: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > std::operator+<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, char const*) (basic_string.h:6073)
==669698==    by 0x11C7CF: bridges::Bridges::setServer(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (Bridges.h:339)
==669698==    by 0x121E2D: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:53)
==669698==    by 0x12293A: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669698==    by 0x122CDC: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (input_game.cpp:7)
==669698==    by 0x117105: main (input_game.cpp:36)
==669698== 
==669698== 80 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 94 of 132
==669698==    at 0x483950F: operator new[](unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:431)
==669698==    by 0x12B87E: bridges::datastructure::Grid<bridges::game::GameCell>::allocateGrid() (Grid.h:37)
==669698==    by 0x1282B9: bridges::datastructure::Grid<bridges::game::GameCell>::setDimensions(int, int) (Grid.h:160)
==669698==    by 0x124824: bridges::datastructure::Grid<bridges::game::GameCell>::Grid(int, int) (Grid.h:84)
==669698==    by 0x11EB3A: bridges::game::GameGrid::GameGrid(int, int) (GameGrid.h:481)
==669698==    by 0x121DC0: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:52)
==669698==    by 0x12293A: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669698==    by 0x122CDC: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (input_game.cpp:7)
==669698==    by 0x117105: main (input_game.cpp:36)
==669698== 
==669698== 80 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 95 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x19D189: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1957E0: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18E712: std::_Function_handler<void (std::error_code const&), std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18A46E: std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>::function(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A2093: std::_Head_base<2ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, false>::_Head_base<std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&>(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19BDC7: std::_Tuple_impl<2ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl<std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, void>(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x193E87: std::_Tuple_impl<1ul, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl<std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, void>(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19407B: std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, void>(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18D319: std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, true, true>(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18692D: std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::_Bind<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&>(void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&&)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17F816: std::_Bind_helper<std::__or_<std::is_integral<std::decay<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::type>, std::is_enum<std::decay<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::type> >::value, void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&>::type std::bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&>(void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&&)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 80 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 96 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x18C6AB: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x185A76: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17E2D6: std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const>, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > > >::_M_get_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x177049: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const>, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > > >::_M_create_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> >&>(std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1712C8: std::pair<std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > >, bool> std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const>, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > > >::_M_emplace_unique<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> >&>(std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16C06F: std::enable_if<std::is_constructible<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> >&>::value, std::pair<std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > >, bool> >::type std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket>, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const>, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > > >::insert<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> >&>(std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x153DEB: sio::client_impl::socket(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x15543E: sio::client_impl::on_open(std::weak_ptr<void>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19B21C: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x192F88: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18BFDA: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>::__call<void, std::weak_ptr<void>&&, 0ul, 1ul>(std::tuple<std::weak_ptr<void>&&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 80 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 97 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x1956C3: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_init_functor(std::_Any_data&, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>&&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18E661: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_init_functor(std::_Any_data&, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x187DB0: std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>::function<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, void, void>(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x180F84: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_shutdown(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x179BE0: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19F9D2: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_read_frame(std::error_code const&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1C0BD1: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1C014A: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1BF703: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&, 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1BE9FF: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::operator()<std::error_code const&, unsigned long, void>(std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1BD330: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 96 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 98 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x14DD2E: asio::execution_context::service* asio::detail::service_registry::create<asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, asio::io_context>(void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x142709: asio::detail::service_registry::do_use_service(asio::execution_context::service::key const&, asio::execution_context::service* (*)(void*), void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x14C87E: asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >& asio::detail::service_registry::use_service<asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > > >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x14A988: asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >& asio::use_service<asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > > >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x147F93: asio::basic_io_object<asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, true>::basic_io_object(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17F5A1: asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >::basic_waitable_timer(asio::io_context&, std::chrono::duration<long, std::ratio<1l, 1000000000l> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x178B86: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::set_timer(long, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17232F: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16CC9E: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x154780: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x193495: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 96 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 99 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x18B0C8: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1842E9: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17C148: std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_get_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x173DFE: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16E3E3: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x168C32: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x15DBB8: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::append_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1C85BB: websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client_handshake_request(websocketpp::http::parser::request&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::vector<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > const&) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x189328: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_http_request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x181B3F: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1ADB32: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 96 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 100 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x18B0C8: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1842E9: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17C148: std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_get_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x173DFE: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16E3E3: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x168C32: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x15DBB8: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::append_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1C866F: websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client_handshake_request(websocketpp::http::parser::request&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::vector<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > const&) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x189328: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_http_request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x181B3F: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1ADB32: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 96 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 101 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x18B0C8: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1842E9: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17C148: std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_get_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x173DFE: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16E3E3: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x168C32: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x15DCC8: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::replace_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1C8723: websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client_handshake_request(websocketpp::http::parser::request&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::vector<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > const&) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x189328: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_http_request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x181B3F: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1ADB32: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 96 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 102 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x18B0C8: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1842E9: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17C148: std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_get_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x173DFE: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16E3E3: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x168C32: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x15DCC8: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::replace_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1C87CF: websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client_handshake_request(websocketpp::http::parser::request&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::vector<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > const&) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x189328: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_http_request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x181B3F: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1ADB32: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 96 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 103 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x18B0C8: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1842E9: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17C148: std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_get_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x173DFE: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16E3E3: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x168C32: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x15DCC8: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::replace_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1C8A63: websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client_handshake_request(websocketpp::http::parser::request&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::vector<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > const&) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x189328: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_http_request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x181B3F: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1ADB32: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 96 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 104 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x18B0C8: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1842E9: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17C148: std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_get_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x173DFE: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16E3E3: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x168C32: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x15DCC8: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::replace_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1894A9: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_http_request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x181B3F: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1ADB32: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1AA07F: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 96 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 105 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x14EA70: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x14D865: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x14BDEA: std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::_M_get_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x14965A: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1475B7: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x145998: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::function<void (sio::event&)>, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x13FAE3: sio::socket::impl::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1412F1: sio::socket::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1210E0: bridges::game::SocketConnection::reconfigure_socket() (SocketConnection.h:166)
==669698==    by 0x121967: bridges::game::SocketConnection::on_socketopen(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (SocketConnection.h:203)
==669698==    by 0x136B72: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), bridges::game::SocketConnection*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), bridges::game::SocketConnection*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (invoke.h:73)
==669698== 
==669698== 96 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 106 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x14EA70: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x14D865: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x14BDEA: std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::_M_get_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x14965A: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1475B7: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x145998: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::function<void (sio::event&)>, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x13FAE3: sio::socket::impl::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1412F1: sio::socket::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1211DB: bridges::game::SocketConnection::reconfigure_socket() (SocketConnection.h:167)
==669698==    by 0x121967: bridges::game::SocketConnection::on_socketopen(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (SocketConnection.h:203)
==669698==    by 0x136B72: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), bridges::game::SocketConnection*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), bridges::game::SocketConnection*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (invoke.h:73)
==669698== 
==669698== 96 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 107 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x14EA70: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x14D865: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x14BDEA: std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::_M_get_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x14965A: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1475B7: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x145998: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::function<void (sio::event&)>, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x13FAE3: sio::socket::impl::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x13FA6E: sio::socket::impl::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x141323: sio::socket::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1212E7: bridges::game::SocketConnection::reconfigure_socket() (SocketConnection.h:168)
==669698==    by 0x121967: bridges::game::SocketConnection::on_socketopen(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (SocketConnection.h:203)
==669698== 
==669698== 104 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 108 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x165A74: asio::detail::strand_service::construct(asio::detail::strand_service::strand_impl*&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x165D52: asio::io_context::strand::strand(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1860F5: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17EDF9: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x177F2C: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x171873: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16C5D7: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x154610: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x193495: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18C604: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x185911: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::__call<void, , 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 120 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 109 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x1A1B87: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19B818: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1936DF: std::__allocated_ptr<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > > std::__allocate_guarded<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18C908: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(websocketpp::uri*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x185CAF: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17E6C4: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>::shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x177854: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri> std::allocate_shared<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17177C: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri> std::make_shared<websocketpp::uri, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16C56D: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x154610: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x193495: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 128 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 110 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x193C5A: asio::execution_context::service* asio::detail::service_registry::create<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::io_context>(void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x142709: asio::detail::service_registry::do_use_service(asio::execution_context::service::key const&, asio::execution_context::service* (*)(void*), void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18CD0A: asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::detail::service_registry::use_service<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x186280: asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::use_service<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17EF66: asio::basic_io_object<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>, true>::basic_io_object(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x178220: asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>::basic_resolver(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x171E7B: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16CC9E: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x154780: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x193495: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18C604: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 137 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 111 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x142250: asio::detail::thread_info_base::allocate(asio::detail::thread_info_base*, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x142361: asio::asio_handler_allocate(unsigned long, ...) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19C0C7: void* asio_handler_alloc_helpers::allocate<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >(unsigned long, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A222C: void* asio::detail::asio_handler_allocate<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>(unsigned long, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19BF9A: void* asio_handler_alloc_helpers::allocate<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >(unsigned long, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x194169: asio::detail::hook_allocator<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, asio::detail::wait_handler<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> > >::allocate(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18D3C8: asio::detail::wait_handler<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >::ptr::allocate(asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x186AA4: void asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::async_wait<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >(asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::implementation_type&, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17F92C: asio::async_result<std::decay<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >::type, void (std::error_code)>::return_type asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >::async_wait<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >(asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x178C58: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::set_timer(long, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x180EBD: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_shutdown(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 168 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 113 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x16EFC6: asio::detail::epoll_reactor::descriptor_state* asio::detail::object_pool_access::create<asio::detail::epoll_reactor::descriptor_state, bool>(bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1698D1: asio::detail::epoll_reactor::descriptor_state* asio::detail::object_pool<asio::detail::epoll_reactor::descriptor_state>::alloc<bool>(bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x162629: asio::detail::epoll_reactor::allocate_descriptor_state() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x161A9C: asio::detail::epoll_reactor::register_descriptor(int, asio::detail::epoll_reactor::descriptor_state*&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x165198: asio::detail::reactive_socket_service_base::do_open(asio::detail::reactive_socket_service_base::base_implementation_type&, int, int, int, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1948FE: asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp>::open(asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp>::implementation_type&, asio::ip::tcp const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18DA20: asio::async_result<std::decay<asio::detail::iterator_connect_op<asio::ip::tcp, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::detail::default_connect_condition, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> > >::type, void (std::error_code)>::return_type asio::basic_socket<asio::ip::tcp>::async_connect<asio::detail::iterator_connect_op<asio::ip::tcp, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::detail::default_connect_condition, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> > >(asio::ip::basic_endpoint<asio::ip::tcp> const&, asio::detail::iterator_connect_op<asio::ip::tcp, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::detail::default_connect_condition, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1874B9: asio::detail::iterator_connect_op<asio::ip::tcp, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::detail::default_connect_condition, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >::operator()(std::error_code, int) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1802E0: asio::async_result<std::decay<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >::type, void (std::error_code, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>::return_type asio::async_connect<asio::ip::tcp, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >(asio::basic_socket<asio::ip::tcp>&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&&, std::enable_if<!asio::is_endpoint_sequence<asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp> >::value, void>::type*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1794F3: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::handle_resolve(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1B8DE2: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>), websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_results<asio::ip::tcp> const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>), websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_results<asio::ip::tcp> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 176 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 114 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x125817: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669698==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669698==    by 0x12293A: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669698==    by 0x122CDC: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (input_game.cpp:7)
==669698==    by 0x117105: main (input_game.cpp:36)
==669698== 
==669698== 184 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 115 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x1B7022: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1B1FAC: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1AD861: std::__allocated_ptr<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > > std::__allocate_guarded<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A987C: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool, bool const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > const&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool&&, bool const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > const&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A519F: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool, bool const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > const&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool&&, bool const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > const&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19F1CA: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool, bool const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > const&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool&&, bool const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > const&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19877E: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > std::allocate_shared<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool, bool const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > const&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > const&, bool&&, bool const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > const&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x190A6E: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > std::make_shared<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool, bool const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > const&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(bool&&, bool const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > const&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x189194: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_processor(int) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x181B07: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1ADB32: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 201 bytes in 1 blocks are definitely lost in loss record 116 of 132
==669698==    at 0x483877F: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:307)
==669698==    by 0x4CFBA40: __libc_alloc_buffer_allocate (alloc_buffer_allocate.c:26)
==669698==    by 0x4D8C5C8: alloc_buffer_allocate (alloc_buffer.h:143)
==669698==    by 0x4D8C5C8: __resolv_conf_allocate (resolv_conf.c:411)
==669698==    by 0x4D8A84D: __resolv_conf_load (res_init.c:592)
==669698==    by 0x4D8C1D5: __resolv_conf_get_current (resolv_conf.c:163)
==669698==    by 0x4D8AB34: __res_vinit (res_init.c:614)
==669698==    by 0x4D8B92A: maybe_init (resolv_context.c:122)
==669698==    by 0x4D8BAB2: context_get (resolv_context.c:184)
==669698==    by 0x4D8BAB2: context_get (resolv_context.c:176)
==669698==    by 0x4D8BAB2: __resolv_context_get (resolv_context.c:195)
==669698==    by 0x4D5579A: gaih_inet.constprop.0 (getaddrinfo.c:747)
==669698==    by 0x4D56224: getaddrinfo (getaddrinfo.c:2256)
==669698==    by 0x164B80: asio::detail::socket_ops::getaddrinfo(char const*, char const*, addrinfo const&, addrinfo**, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x164C15: asio::detail::socket_ops::background_getaddrinfo(std::weak_ptr<void> const&, char const*, char const*, addrinfo const&, addrinfo**, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 208 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 117 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x149300: asio::execution_context::service* asio::detail::service_registry::create<asio::detail::epoll_reactor, asio::io_context>(void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x142709: asio::detail::service_registry::do_use_service(asio::execution_context::service::key const&, asio::execution_context::service* (*)(void*), void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x147164: asio::detail::epoll_reactor& asio::detail::service_registry::use_service<asio::detail::epoll_reactor>(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1455B4: asio::detail::epoll_reactor& asio::use_service<asio::detail::epoll_reactor>(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x164E3A: asio::detail::reactive_socket_service_base::reactive_socket_service_base(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x192CF2: asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp>::reactive_socket_service(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18BC9E: asio::execution_context::service* asio::detail::service_registry::create<asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::io_context>(void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x142709: asio::detail::service_registry::do_use_service(asio::execution_context::service::key const&, asio::execution_context::service* (*)(void*), void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18517E: asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::detail::service_registry::use_service<asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17D270: asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::use_service<asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1752B3: asio::basic_io_object<asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp>, true>::basic_io_object(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 217 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 118 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x142250: asio::detail::thread_info_base::allocate(asio::detail::thread_info_base*, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x142361: asio::asio_handler_allocate(unsigned long, ...) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19C0C7: void* asio_handler_alloc_helpers::allocate<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >(unsigned long, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1BD717: void* asio::detail::asio_handler_allocate<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >(unsigned long, asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1BB9B6: void* asio_handler_alloc_helpers::allocate<asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> > >(unsigned long, asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1B86E9: asio::detail::hook_allocator<asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >, asio::detail::completion_handler<asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> > > >::allocate(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1B4145: asio::detail::completion_handler<asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> > >::ptr::allocate(asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1AF97F: void asio::detail::strand_service::dispatch<asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> > >(asio::detail::strand_service::strand_impl*&, asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1AB33C: asio::async_result<std::decay<asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> > >::type, void ()>::return_type asio::io_context::strand::dispatch<asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> > >(asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A7ACD: void asio::detail::asio_handler_invoke<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>(asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>&, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A2295: void asio_handler_invoke_helpers::invoke<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >(asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>&, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 240 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 119 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x1633FC: asio::io_context::io_context() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16B1F3: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1530CA: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x13B1BF: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669698==    by 0x125826: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669698==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669698==    by 0x12293A: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669698==    by 0x122CDC: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (input_game.cpp:7)
==669698==    by 0x117105: main (input_game.cpp:36)
==669698== 
==669698== 240 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 120 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x163487: asio::io_context::io_context(int) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1668DA: asio::detail::resolver_service_base::resolver_service_base(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19BC80: asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>::resolver_service(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x193C6C: asio::execution_context::service* asio::detail::service_registry::create<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::io_context>(void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x142709: asio::detail::service_registry::do_use_service(asio::execution_context::service::key const&, asio::execution_context::service* (*)(void*), void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18CD0A: asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::detail::service_registry::use_service<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x186280: asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::use_service<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17EF66: asio::basic_io_object<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>, true>::basic_io_object(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x178220: asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>::basic_resolver(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x171E7B: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16CC9E: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 247 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 121 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x4A74859: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_mutate(unsigned long, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669698==    by 0x4A75625: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_replace(unsigned long, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669698==    by 0x4A6EB36: std::__cxx11::basic_stringstream<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::str() const (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669698==    by 0x15F250: websocketpp::http::parser::request::raw[abi:cxx11]() const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x189553: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_http_request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x181B3F: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1ADB32: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1AA07F: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A5E9E: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, 0ul, 1ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A044E: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>::operator()<std::error_code const&, void>(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x199362: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 300 bytes in 10 blocks are still reachable in loss record 122 of 132
==669698==    at 0x483950F: operator new[](unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:431)
==669698==    by 0x12B8C5: bridges::datastructure::Grid<bridges::game::GameCell>::allocateGrid() (Grid.h:39)
==669698==    by 0x1282B9: bridges::datastructure::Grid<bridges::game::GameCell>::setDimensions(int, int) (Grid.h:160)
==669698==    by 0x124824: bridges::datastructure::Grid<bridges::game::GameCell>::Grid(int, int) (Grid.h:84)
==669698==    by 0x11EB3A: bridges::game::GameGrid::GameGrid(int, int) (GameGrid.h:481)
==669698==    by 0x121DC0: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:52)
==669698==    by 0x12293A: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669698==    by 0x122CDC: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (input_game.cpp:7)
==669698==    by 0x117105: main (input_game.cpp:36)
==669698== 
==669698== 360 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 125 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x141246: sio::socket::socket(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x153D92: sio::client_impl::socket(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x15543E: sio::client_impl::on_open(std::weak_ptr<void>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19B21C: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x192F88: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18BFDA: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>::__call<void, std::weak_ptr<void>&&, 0ul, 1ul>(std::tuple<std::weak_ptr<void>&&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x185588: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>::operator()<std::weak_ptr<void>, void>(std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17D9E2: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x175EAC: std::enable_if<std::__and_<std::is_void<void>, std::__is_invocable<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void> > >::value, void>::type std::__invoke_r<void, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x170373: std::_Function_handler<void (std::weak_ptr<void>), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_invoke(std::_Any_data const&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18815A: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::operator()(std::weak_ptr<void>) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 384 bytes in 4 blocks are still reachable in loss record 126 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x18B0C8: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1842E9: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17C148: std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_get_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x173DFE: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16E3E3: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x168C32: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x15DBB8: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::append_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x15E61A: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::process_header(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<char*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<char*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1601DD: websocketpp::http::parser::response::consume(char const*, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x198B06: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_read_http_response(std::error_code const&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1B6A5F: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 480 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 127 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x14F92C: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<sio::packet>::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x14E854: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<sio::packet> >::allocate(std::allocator<sio::packet>&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x14D451: std::_Deque_base<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> >::_M_allocate_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x14C320: std::_Deque_base<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> >::_M_create_nodes(sio::packet**, sio::packet**) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x149FB2: std::_Deque_base<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> >::_M_initialize_map(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x147A09: std::_Deque_base<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> >::_Deque_base() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x145D27: std::deque<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> >::deque() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x145D96: std::queue<sio::packet, std::deque<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> > >::queue<std::deque<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> >, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x13FD23: sio::socket::impl::impl(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x141260: sio::socket::socket(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x153D92: sio::client_impl::socket(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 512 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 128 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x1A65A7: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A0A83: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A0695: std::_Deque_base<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::_M_allocate_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1BD61E: std::_Deque_base<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::_M_create_nodes(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >**, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >**) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1BB6C6: std::_Deque_base<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::_M_initialize_map(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1B8411: std::_Deque_base<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::_Deque_base() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1B3DB3: std::deque<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::deque() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1B3E22: std::queue<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::deque<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > > >::queue<std::deque<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1AF42E: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connection(bool, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> > const&, websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1AB209: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A7752: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 584 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 129 of 132
==669698==    at 0x483877F: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:307)
==669698==    by 0x5113349: CRYPTO_zalloc (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669698==    by 0x50EF86D: ERR_get_state (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669698==    by 0x50EF9D8: ERR_clear_error (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669698==    by 0x510EC68: ??? (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669698==    by 0x493034E: __pthread_once_slow (pthread_once.c:116)
==669698==    by 0x517A178: CRYPTO_THREAD_run_once (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669698==    by 0x510F45C: OPENSSL_init_crypto (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669698==    by 0x50759F8: ??? (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669698==    by 0x510ECDF: ??? (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669698==    by 0x493034E: __pthread_once_slow (pthread_once.c:116)
==669698==    by 0x517A178: CRYPTO_THREAD_run_once (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669698== 
==669698== 1,640 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 130 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x17502A: asio::execution_context::service* asio::detail::service_registry::create<asio::detail::strand_service, asio::io_context>(void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x142709: asio::detail::service_registry::do_use_service(asio::execution_context::service::key const&, asio::execution_context::service* (*)(void*), void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16F16A: asio::detail::strand_service& asio::detail::service_registry::use_service<asio::detail::strand_service>(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16A057: asio::detail::strand_service& asio::use_service<asio::detail::strand_service>(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x165D31: asio::io_context::strand::strand(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1860F5: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17EDF9: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x177F2C: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x171873: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16C5D7: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x154610: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== 6,384 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 131 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x13B1B4: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x120343: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669698==    by 0x125826: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669698==    by 0x121E5C: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669698==    by 0x12293A: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669698==    by 0x122CDC: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (input_game.cpp:7)
==669698==    by 0x117105: main (input_game.cpp:36)
==669698== 
==669698== 20,304 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 132 of 132
==669698==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669698==    by 0x1AB0F4: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A761A: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x1A1CD1: std::__allocated_ptr<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > > std::__allocate_guarded<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x19B96F: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x193965: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x18CAEE: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x185DF7: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > std::allocate_shared<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > const&, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x17E7A2: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > std::make_shared<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x177A31: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x171873: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698==    by 0x16C5D7: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/input_game)
==669698== 
==669698== LEAK SUMMARY:
==669698==    definitely lost: 201 bytes in 1 blocks
==669698==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669698==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669698==    still reachable: 37,474 bytes in 140 blocks
==669698==         suppressed: 896 bytes in 14 blocks
==669698== 
==669698== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==669698== ERROR SUMMARY: 1 errors from 1 contexts (suppressed: 2 from 2)
could not run test

Test kdt.cpp full log

Build Test for test kdt.cpp

Compiling test kdt.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o kdt kdt.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test kdt.cpp

==669723== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==669723== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==669723== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==669723== Command: ./kdt 1 null null live
==669723== 
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1026/bridges_testing

==669723== 
==669723== HEAP SUMMARY:
==669723==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669723==   total heap usage: 7,404 allocs, 7,392 frees, 554,819 bytes allocated
==669723== 
==669723== LEAK SUMMARY:
==669723==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669723==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669723==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669723==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669723==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669723== 
==669723== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==669723== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test linechart.cpp full log

Build Test for test linechart.cpp

Compiling test linechart.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o linechart linechart.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test linechart.cpp

==669742== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==669742== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==669742== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==669742== Command: ./linechart 1 null null live
==669742== 
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1027/bridges_testing

Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1027/bridges_testing

Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1027/bridges_testing

Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1027/bridges_testing

==669742== 
==669742== HEAP SUMMARY:
==669742==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669742==   total heap usage: 6,163 allocs, 6,151 frees, 850,779 bytes allocated
==669742== 
==669742== LEAK SUMMARY:
==669742==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669742==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669742==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669742==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669742==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669742== 
==669742== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==669742== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test minimal_game.cpp full log

Build Test for test minimal_game.cpp

Compiling test minimal_game.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o minimal_game minimal_game.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test minimal_game.cpp

==669764== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==669764== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==669764== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==669764== Command: ./minimal_game 1 null null live
==669764== 
connecting SocketIO with http://bridges-games.herokuapp.com
[2022-07-28 03:30:37] [connect] Successful connection
[2022-07-28 03:30:38] [connect] WebSocket Connection 174.129.128.48:80 v-2 "WebSocket++/0.8.2" /socket.io/?EIO=4&transport=websocket&t=1658993436 101
connected!!
sockopen on namespace /
Sending credentials
Credentials sent
announcement something
Sending credentials
Credentials sent
Setting framelimit to 10
announcement something
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-games.herokuapp.com/assignments/1028/bridges_testing

sio closed
==669764== 
==669764== HEAP SUMMARY:
==669764==     in use at exit: 38,571 bytes in 155 blocks
==669764==   total heap usage: 7,003 allocs, 6,848 frees, 1,814,043 bytes allocated
==669764== 
==669764== 8 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 1 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x153850: sio::client_impl::connect(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > const&, std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x13B10E: sio::client::connect(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x120684: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:117)
==669764==    by 0x12550A: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669764==    by 0x121E0E: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669764==    by 0x122804: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669764==    by 0x122B86: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (minimal_game.cpp:7)
==669764==    by 0x117105: main (minimal_game.cpp:19)
==669764== 
==669764== 8 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 2 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x153A39: sio::client_impl::socket(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x155110: sio::client_impl::on_open(std::weak_ptr<void>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19AEEE: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x192C5A: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18BCAC: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>::__call<void, std::weak_ptr<void>&&, 0ul, 1ul>(std::tuple<std::weak_ptr<void>&&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18525A: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>::operator()<std::weak_ptr<void>, void>(std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17D6B4: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x175B7E: std::enable_if<std::__and_<std::is_void<void>, std::__is_invocable<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void> > >::value, void>::type std::__invoke_r<void, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x170045: std::_Function_handler<void (std::weak_ptr<void>), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_invoke(std::_Any_data const&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x187E2C: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::operator()(std::weak_ptr<void>) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x198B90: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_read_http_response(std::error_code const&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 12 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 3 of 132
==669764==    at 0x483877F: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:307)
==669764==    by 0x5113349: CRYPTO_zalloc (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669764==    by 0x510F58D: ??? (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669764==    by 0x50EF87F: ERR_get_state (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669764==    by 0x50EF9D8: ERR_clear_error (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669764==    by 0x510EC68: ??? (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669764==    by 0x493034E: __pthread_once_slow (pthread_once.c:116)
==669764==    by 0x517A178: CRYPTO_THREAD_run_once (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669764==    by 0x510F45C: OPENSSL_init_crypto (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669764==    by 0x50759F8: ??? (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669764==    by 0x510ECDF: ??? (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669764==    by 0x493034E: __pthread_once_slow (pthread_once.c:116)
==669764== 
==669764== 16 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 4 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x16AEB6: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x152D9C: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x13AE91: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1202F5: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669764==    by 0x12550A: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669764==    by 0x121E0E: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669764==    by 0x122804: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669764==    by 0x122B86: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (minimal_game.cpp:7)
==669764==    by 0x117105: main (minimal_game.cpp:19)
==669764== 
==669764== 16 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 5 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x1AF081: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connection(bool, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> > const&, websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1AAEDB: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A7424: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A1B64: std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19B6FF: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x193637: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18C7C0: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x185AC9: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > std::allocate_shared<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > const&, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17E474: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > std::make_shared<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x177703: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x171545: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 16 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 6 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x185DB4: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17EACB: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x177BFE: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x171545: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16C2A9: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1542E2: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x193167: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18C2D6: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1855E3: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::__call<void, , 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17DCFF: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::operator()<, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1766C3: void asio::asio_handler_invoke<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> >(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>&, ...) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 16 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 7 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x16659B: asio::detail::resolver_service_base::resolver_service_base(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19B952: asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>::resolver_service(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19393E: asio::execution_context::service* asio::detail::service_registry::create<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::io_context>(void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1423DB: asio::detail::service_registry::do_use_service(asio::execution_context::service::key const&, asio::execution_context::service* (*)(void*), void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18C9DC: asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::detail::service_registry::use_service<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x185F52: asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::use_service<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17EC38: asio::basic_io_object<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>, true>::basic_io_object(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x177EF2: asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>::basic_resolver(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x171B4D: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16C970: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x154452: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 16 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 8 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x1669CF: asio::detail::resolver_service_base::start_work_thread() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1668FD: asio::detail::resolver_service_base::start_resolve_op(asio::detail::resolve_op*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18034E: void asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>::async_resolve<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >(std::shared_ptr<void>&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_query<asio::ip::tcp> const&, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1794D3: asio::async_result<std::decay<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >::type, void (std::error_code, asio::ip::basic_resolver_results<asio::ip::tcp>)>::return_type asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>::async_resolve<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >(asio::ip::basic_resolver_query<asio::ip::tcp> const&, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x172134: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16C970: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x154452: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x193167: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18C2D6: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1855E3: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::__call<void, , 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17DCFF: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::operator()<, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 16 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 9 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x16A1C1: asio::detail::posix_thread::posix_thread<asio::detail::resolver_service_base::work_io_context_runner>(asio::detail::resolver_service_base::work_io_context_runner, unsigned int) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1669E7: asio::detail::resolver_service_base::start_work_thread() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1668FD: asio::detail::resolver_service_base::start_resolve_op(asio::detail::resolve_op*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18034E: void asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>::async_resolve<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >(std::shared_ptr<void>&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_query<asio::ip::tcp> const&, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1794D3: asio::async_result<std::decay<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >::type, void (std::error_code, asio::ip::basic_resolver_results<asio::ip::tcp>)>::return_type asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>::async_resolve<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >(asio::ip::basic_resolver_query<asio::ip::tcp> const&, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x172134: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16C970: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x154452: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x193167: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18C2D6: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1855E3: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::__call<void, , 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 18 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 10 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x4A76F0E: void std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_construct<char const*>(char const*, char const*, std::forward_iterator_tag) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669764==    by 0x16F62E: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::endpoint(bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16AA13: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x152B4E: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x13AE91: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1202F5: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669764==    by 0x12550A: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669764==    by 0x121E0E: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669764==    by 0x122804: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669764==    by 0x122B86: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (minimal_game.cpp:7)
==669764==    by 0x117105: main (minimal_game.cpp:19)
==669764== 
==669764== 18 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 11 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x12D0FF: void std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_construct<char*>(char*, char*, std::forward_iterator_tag) (basic_string.tcc:219)
==669764==    by 0x1AEF18: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connection(bool, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> > const&, websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1AAEDB: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A7424: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A1B64: std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19B6FF: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x193637: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18C7C0: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x185AC9: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > std::allocate_shared<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > const&, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17E474: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > std::make_shared<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x177703: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 18 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 12 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x12D0FF: void std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_construct<char*>(char*, char*, std::forward_iterator_tag) (basic_string.tcc:219)
==669764==    by 0x19A99F: std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, 0ul>(std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&, std::tuple<>&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul>, std::_Index_tuple<>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x192350: std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::piecewise_construct_t, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18AE17: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::construct<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >*, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18401F: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > >::construct<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >&, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >*, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17BEAD: void std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_construct_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >*, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x173B17: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16E0B5: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x168904: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x15D99A: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::replace_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1C8735: websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client_handshake_request(websocketpp::http::parser::request&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::vector<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > const&) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 21 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 13 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x12D0FF: void std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_construct<char*>(char*, char*, std::forward_iterator_tag) (basic_string.tcc:219)
==669764==    by 0x19A99F: std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, 0ul>(std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&, std::tuple<>&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul>, std::_Index_tuple<>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x192350: std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::piecewise_construct_t, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18AE17: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::construct<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >*, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18401F: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > >::construct<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >&, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >*, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17BEAD: void std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_construct_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >*, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x173B17: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16E0B5: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x168904: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x15D88A: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::append_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x15E2EC: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::process_header(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<char*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<char*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 22 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 14 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x12D0FF: void std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_construct<char*>(char*, char*, std::forward_iterator_tag) (basic_string.tcc:219)
==669764==    by 0x19A99F: std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, 0ul>(std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&, std::tuple<>&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul>, std::_Index_tuple<>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x192350: std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::piecewise_construct_t, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18AE17: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::construct<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >*, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18401F: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > >::construct<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >&, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >*, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17BEAD: void std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_construct_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >*, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x173B17: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16E0B5: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x168904: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x15D99A: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::replace_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1C83F5: websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client_handshake_request(websocketpp::http::parser::request&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::vector<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > const&) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 15 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x18B9BF: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel>*>(websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x184F20: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel>*>(websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel>*, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17D11D: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel>, void>(websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1753F2: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel>, void>(websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16F5CC: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::endpoint(bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16AA13: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x152B4E: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x13AE91: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1202F5: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669764==    by 0x12550A: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669764==    by 0x121E0E: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669764== 
==669764== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 16 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x18BA45: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel>*>(websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x184F56: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel>*>(websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel>*, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17D165: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel>, void>(websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x175418: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel>, void>(websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16F601: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::endpoint(bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16AA13: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x152B4E: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x13AE91: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1202F5: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669764==    by 0x12550A: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669764==    by 0x121E0E: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669764== 
==669764== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 17 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x192AF7: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp>*>(asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18BBF0: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp>*>(asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp>*, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x185203: std::__shared_ptr<asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp>, void>(asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17D5DC: std::enable_if<std::__sp_is_constructible<asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp> >::value, void>::type std::__shared_ptr<asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::reset<asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1759E4: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16FE5D: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16AEF3: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x152D9C: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x13AE91: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1202F5: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669764==    by 0x12550A: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669764== 
==669764== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 18 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x17D6E7: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x175C20: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1700BC: std::_Function_handler<void (std::weak_ptr<void>), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x175CE6: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::function(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x170146: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::operator=(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16B114: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::set_open_handler(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x152E1D: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x13AE91: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1202F5: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669764==    by 0x12550A: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669764==    by 0x121E0E: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669764== 
==669764== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 19 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x17D6E7: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x175C20: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1700BC: std::_Function_handler<void (std::weak_ptr<void>), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x175CE6: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::function(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x170146: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::operator=(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16B1AE: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::set_close_handler(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x152EAD: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x13AE91: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1202F5: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669764==    by 0x12550A: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669764==    by 0x121E0E: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669764== 
==669764== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 20 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x17D6E7: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x175C20: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1700BC: std::_Function_handler<void (std::weak_ptr<void>), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x175CE6: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::function(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x170146: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::operator=(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16B248: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::set_fail_handler(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x152F3D: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x13AE91: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1202F5: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669764==    by 0x12550A: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669764==    by 0x121E0E: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669764== 
==669764== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 21 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x17D884: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x175F12: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x170346: std::_Function_handler<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x175FD8: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)>::function(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1703D0: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)>::operator=(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16B450: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::set_message_handler(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x152FD4: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x13AE91: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1202F5: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669764==    by 0x12550A: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669764==    by 0x121E0E: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669764== 
==669764== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 22 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x17D999: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::packet const&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x176172: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::packet const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x170573: std::_Function_handler<void (sio::packet const&), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::packet const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1D4154: std::function<void (sio::packet const&)>::function(std::function<void (sio::packet const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1D2FC8: std::function<void (sio::packet const&)>::operator=(std::function<void (sio::packet const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1D1480: sio::packet_manager::set_decode_callback(std::function<void (sio::packet const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x153058: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x13AE91: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1202F5: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669764==    by 0x12550A: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669764==    by 0x121E0E: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669764== 
==669764== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 23 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x17DAAC: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(bool, std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const> const&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1762FE: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(bool, std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const> const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x170732: std::_Function_handler<void (bool, std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const> const&), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(bool, std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const> const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1D423E: std::function<void (bool, std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const> const&)>::function(std::function<void (bool, std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const> const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1D3010: std::function<void (bool, std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const> const&)>::operator=(std::function<void (bool, std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const> const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1D14AA: sio::packet_manager::set_encode_callback(std::function<void (bool, std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const> const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1530D7: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x13AE91: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1202F5: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669764==    by 0x12550A: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669764==    by 0x121E0E: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669764== 
==669764== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 24 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x12DEF8: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*))()> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (std_function.h:161)
==669764==    by 0x12BDA8: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*))()> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:196)
==669764==    by 0x12862F: std::_Function_handler<void (), std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*))()> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:283)
==669764==    by 0x13D566: std::function<void ()>::function(std::function<void ()> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x13CF3C: std::function<void ()>::operator=(std::function<void ()> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x13C9C5: sio::client_impl::set_open_listener(std::function<void ()> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x13AF1B: sio::client::set_open_listener(std::function<void ()> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1203E0: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:101)
==669764==    by 0x12550A: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669764==    by 0x121E0E: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669764==    by 0x122804: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669764== 
==669764== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 25 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x12E053: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::client::close_reason const&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (std_function.h:161)
==669764==    by 0x12BFBE: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::client::close_reason const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:196)
==669764==    by 0x128836: std::_Function_handler<void (sio::client::close_reason const&), std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::client::close_reason const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:283)
==669764==    by 0x13D73A: std::function<void (sio::client::close_reason const&)>::function(std::function<void (sio::client::close_reason const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x13CFCC: std::function<void (sio::client::close_reason const&)>::operator=(std::function<void (sio::client::close_reason const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x13CA7D: sio::client_impl::set_close_listener(std::function<void (sio::client::close_reason const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x13AF6F: sio::client::set_close_listener(std::function<void (sio::client::close_reason const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x120470: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:102)
==669764==    by 0x12550A: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669764==    by 0x121E0E: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669764==    by 0x122804: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669764== 
==669764== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 26 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x12DEF8: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*))()> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (std_function.h:161)
==669764==    by 0x12BDA8: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*))()> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:196)
==669764==    by 0x12862F: std::_Function_handler<void (), std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*))()> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:283)
==669764==    by 0x13D566: std::function<void ()>::function(std::function<void ()> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x13CF3C: std::function<void ()>::operator=(std::function<void ()> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x13C9F3: sio::client_impl::set_fail_listener(std::function<void ()> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x13AF45: sio::client::set_fail_listener(std::function<void ()> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1204FC: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:103)
==669764==    by 0x12550A: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669764==    by 0x121E0E: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669764==    by 0x122804: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669764== 
==669764== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 27 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x12E21A: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(unsigned int, unsigned int)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (std_function.h:161)
==669764==    by 0x12C230: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(unsigned int, unsigned int)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:196)
==669764==    by 0x128A97: std::_Function_handler<void (unsigned int, unsigned int), std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(unsigned int, unsigned int)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:283)
==669764==    by 0x13D650: std::function<void (unsigned int, unsigned int)>::function(std::function<void (unsigned int, unsigned int)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x13CF84: std::function<void (unsigned int, unsigned int)>::operator=(std::function<void (unsigned int, unsigned int)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x13CA21: sio::client_impl::set_reconnect_listener(std::function<void (unsigned int, unsigned int)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x13AFC3: sio::client::set_reconnect_listener(std::function<void (unsigned int, unsigned int)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x120584: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:104)
==669764==    by 0x12550A: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669764==    by 0x121E0E: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669764==    by 0x122804: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669764== 
==669764== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 28 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x12E311: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (std_function.h:161)
==669764==    by 0x12C3B0: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:196)
==669764==    by 0x128C21: std::_Function_handler<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:283)
==669764==    by 0x13D824: std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::function(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x13D014: std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::operator=(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x13CAAB: sio::client_impl::set_socket_open_listener(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x13AF99: sio::client::set_socket_open_listener(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1205F9: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:105)
==669764==    by 0x12550A: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669764==    by 0x121E0E: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669764==    by 0x122804: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669764== 
==669764== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 29 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x1BAF72: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_init_functor(std::_Any_data&, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1B7E4F: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_init_functor(std::_Any_data&, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1B38FC: std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::function<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, void, void>(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1AEEAB: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connection(bool, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> > const&, websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1AAEDB: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A7424: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A1B64: std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19B6FF: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x193637: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18C7C0: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x185AC9: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > std::allocate_shared<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > const&, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 30 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x1BB0F0: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)> >::_M_init_functor(std::_Any_data&, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1B7F99: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)> >::_M_init_functor(std::_Any_data&, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1B39EA: std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>::function<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>, void, void>(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1AEEFB: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connection(bool, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> > const&, websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1AAEDB: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A7424: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A1B64: std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19B6FF: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x193637: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18C7C0: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x185AC9: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > std::allocate_shared<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > const&, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 31 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x1BD1D7: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >*>(websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1BB24C: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >*>(websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >*, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1B8087: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, void>(websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1B3A6A: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > >::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, void>(websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1AF0A6: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connection(bool, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> > const&, websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1AAEDB: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A7424: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A1B64: std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19B6FF: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x193637: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18C7C0: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 32 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x17D6E7: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x175C20: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1700BC: std::_Function_handler<void (std::weak_ptr<void>), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x175CE6: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::function(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x170146: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::operator=(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17E5E1: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::set_open_handler(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1777AC: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x171545: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16C2A9: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1542E2: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x193167: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 33 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x17D6E7: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x175C20: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1700BC: std::_Function_handler<void (std::weak_ptr<void>), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x175CE6: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::function(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x170146: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::operator=(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17E60F: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::set_close_handler(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1777FF: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x171545: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16C2A9: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1542E2: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x193167: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 34 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x17D6E7: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x175C20: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1700BC: std::_Function_handler<void (std::weak_ptr<void>), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x175CE6: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::function(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x170146: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::operator=(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17E63D: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::set_fail_handler(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x177852: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x171545: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16C2A9: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1542E2: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x193167: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 35 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x17D884: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x175F12: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x170346: std::_Function_handler<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x175FD8: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)>::function(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1703D0: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)>::operator=(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17E929: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::set_message_handler(std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x177A88: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x171545: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16C2A9: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1542E2: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x193167: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 36 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x1A1C45: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::io_context::strand*>(asio::io_context::strand*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19B824: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::io_context::strand*>(asio::io_context::strand*, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x193849: std::__shared_ptr<asio::io_context::strand, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<asio::io_context::strand, void>(asio::io_context::strand*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18C964: std::enable_if<std::__sp_is_constructible<asio::io_context::strand, asio::io_context::strand>::value, void>::type std::__shared_ptr<asio::io_context::strand, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::reset<asio::io_context::strand>(asio::io_context::strand*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x185DD3: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17EACB: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x177BFE: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x171545: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16C2A9: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1542E2: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x193167: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 37 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x17CF9F: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>*>(asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17500E: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>*>(asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>*, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16F30D: std::__shared_ptr<asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>, void>(asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16A66E: std::enable_if<std::__sp_is_constructible<asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp> >::value, void>::type std::__shared_ptr<asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::reset<asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x167742: websocketpp::transport::asio::basic_socket::connection::init_asio(asio::io_context*, std::shared_ptr<asio::io_context::strand>, bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x185E13: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17EACB: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x177BFE: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x171545: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16C2A9: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1542E2: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 38 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x171B2D: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16C970: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x154452: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x193167: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18C2D6: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1855E3: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::__call<void, , 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17DCFF: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::operator()<, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1766C3: void asio::asio_handler_invoke<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> >(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>&, ...) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x170B92: void asio_handler_invoke_helpers::invoke<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> >(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>&, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17DE04: void asio::detail::handler_work<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>, asio::system_executor>::complete<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> >(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>&, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x176932: asio::detail::completion_handler<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> >::do_complete(void*, asio::detail::scheduler_operation*, std::error_code const&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 39 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x19288E: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Sp_counted_deleter<void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter, std::allocator<void>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18B80A: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_deleter<void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter, std::allocator<void>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_deleter<void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter, std::allocator<void>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x184CFB: std::__allocated_ptr<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_deleter<void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter, std::allocator<void>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > > std::__allocate_guarded<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_deleter<void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter, std::allocator<void>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_deleter<void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter, std::allocator<void>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17CE0B: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter, std::allocator<void>, void>(void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter, std::allocator<void>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x174D66: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter, void>(void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16EF24: std::__shared_ptr<void, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<void, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter, void>(void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16A254: std::enable_if<std::__sp_is_constructible<void, void>::value, void>::type std::__shared_ptr<void, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::reset<void, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter>(void*, asio::detail::socket_ops::noop_deleter) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16687A: asio::detail::resolver_service_base::construct(std::shared_ptr<void>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17EC6D: asio::basic_io_object<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>, true>::basic_io_object(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x177EF2: asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>::basic_resolver(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x171B4D: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 40 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x18CA05: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>*>(asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x185F94: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>*>(asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>*, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17ED03: std::__shared_ptr<asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>, void>(asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x177F18: std::enable_if<std::__sp_is_constructible<asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp> >::value, void>::type std::__shared_ptr<asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::reset<asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x171B5C: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16C970: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x154452: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x193167: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18C2D6: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1855E3: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::__call<void, , 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17DCFF: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::operator()<, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 41 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x17DF23: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<sio::socket*>(sio::socket*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x176CEC: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<sio::socket*>(sio::socket*, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x170F39: std::__shared_ptr<sio::socket, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<sio::socket, void>(sio::socket*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16BCBC: std::shared_ptr<sio::socket>::shared_ptr<sio::socket, void>(sio::socket*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x153A77: sio::client_impl::socket(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x155110: sio::client_impl::on_open(std::weak_ptr<void>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19AEEE: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x192C5A: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18BCAC: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>::__call<void, std::weak_ptr<void>&&, 0ul, 1ul>(std::tuple<std::weak_ptr<void>&&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18525A: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>::operator()<std::weak_ptr<void>, void>(std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17D6B4: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 42 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x12E77A: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>, std::_Placeholder<3>, std::_Placeholder<4>))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (std_function.h:161)
==669764==    by 0x12C932: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>, std::_Placeholder<3>, std::_Placeholder<4>))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:196)
==669764==    by 0x12912D: std::_Function_handler<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&), std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>, std::_Placeholder<3>, std::_Placeholder<4>))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:283)
==669764==    by 0x14D4BE: std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>::function(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x14B960: std::_Head_base<0ul, std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, false>::_Head_base(std::_Head_base<0ul, std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, false> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x14B986: std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl(std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x14B9AC: std::tuple<std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::tuple(std::tuple<std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x14B9E8: std::_Bind<void (*(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&, sio::event&)>::_Bind(std::_Bind<void (*(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&, sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x14BA25: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (*(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&, sio::event&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1491D2: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (*(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&, sio::event&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x147034: std::_Function_handler<void (sio::event&), std::_Bind<void (*(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&, sio::event&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 43 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x1BD038: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1BB0AA: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1B7F1B: std::_Function_handler<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19D8BA: std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::function(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1962E4: std::_Head_base<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, false>::_Head_base(std::_Head_base<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, false> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19630A: std::_Tuple_impl<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> >::_Tuple_impl(std::_Tuple_impl<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x196330: std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> >::_Tuple_impl(std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x196372: std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> >::tuple(std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1963B6: std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::_Bind(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19D933: websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::custom_alloc_handler(websocketpp::transport::asio::handler_allocator&, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1963F8: websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> > websocketpp::transport::asio::make_custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >(websocketpp::transport::asio::handler_allocator&, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 44 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x1BD038: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1BB0AA: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1B7F1B: std::_Function_handler<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19D8BA: std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::function(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1962E4: std::_Head_base<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, false>::_Head_base(std::_Head_base<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, false> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19630A: std::_Tuple_impl<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> >::_Tuple_impl(std::_Tuple_impl<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x196330: std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> >::_Tuple_impl(std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x196372: std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> >::tuple(std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1963B6: std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::_Bind(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1B107E: websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::custom_alloc_handler(websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1C0444: asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder2<asio::detail::read_op<asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::mutable_buffers_1, asio::mutable_buffer const*, asio::detail::transfer_at_least_t, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >, std::error_code, unsigned long>, websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> > >::rewrapped_handler(asio::detail::binder2<asio::detail::read_op<asio::basic_stream_socket<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::mutable_buffers_1, asio::mutable_buffer const*, asio::detail::transfer_at_least_t, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >, std::error_code, unsigned long>&, websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 45 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x1BD038: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1BB0AA: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1B7F1B: std::_Function_handler<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19D8BA: std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::function(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1962E4: std::_Head_base<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, false>::_Head_base(std::_Head_base<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, false> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19630A: std::_Tuple_impl<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> >::_Tuple_impl(std::_Tuple_impl<1ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x196330: std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> >::_Tuple_impl(std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x196372: std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> >::tuple(std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1963B6: std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::_Bind(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1B107E: websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::custom_alloc_handler(websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1B10AF: asio::detail::binder2<websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >, std::error_code, unsigned long>::binder2<websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >&>(int, websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 46 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x1BD038: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1BB0AA: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1B7F1B: std::_Function_handler<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19D8BA: std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::function(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1B9ED6: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code&, unsigned long&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code&, unsigned long&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1B60D8: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code&, unsigned long&>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code&, unsigned long&>(void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code&, unsigned long&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1B1447: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::__call<void, std::error_code&, unsigned long&, 0ul, 1ul, 2ul, 3ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code&, unsigned long&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul, 3ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1AC997: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::operator()<std::error_code&, unsigned long&, void>(std::error_code&, unsigned long&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A8DCE: void websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::operator()<std::error_code, unsigned long>(std::error_code, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1BF13E: asio::detail::binder2<websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >, std::error_code, unsigned long>::operator()() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1BE210: void asio::asio_handler_invoke<asio::detail::binder2<websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >, std::error_code, unsigned long> >(asio::detail::binder2<websocketpp::transport::asio::custom_alloc_handler<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::function<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>, std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >, std::error_code, unsigned long>&, ...) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 47 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x12E4FF: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::event&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (std_function.h:161)
==669764==    by 0x12C632: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::event&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:196)
==669764==    by 0x128E5B: std::_Function_handler<void (sio::event&), std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::event&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:283)
==669764==    by 0x1463C6: std::function<void (sio::event&)>::function(std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1456A8: std::function<void (sio::event&)>::operator=(std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x13F7C7: sio::socket::impl::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x140FC3: sio::socket::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x121092: bridges::game::SocketConnection::reconfigure_socket() (SocketConnection.h:166)
==669764==    by 0x1206AC: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:123)
==669764==    by 0x12550A: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669764==    by 0x121E0E: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669764== 
==669764== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 48 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x12E4FF: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::event&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (std_function.h:161)
==669764==    by 0x12C632: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::event&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:196)
==669764==    by 0x128E5B: std::_Function_handler<void (sio::event&), std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::event&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:283)
==669764==    by 0x1463C6: std::function<void (sio::event&)>::function(std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1456A8: std::function<void (sio::event&)>::operator=(std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x13F7C7: sio::socket::impl::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x140FC3: sio::socket::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x12118D: bridges::game::SocketConnection::reconfigure_socket() (SocketConnection.h:167)
==669764==    by 0x1206AC: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:123)
==669764==    by 0x12550A: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669764==    by 0x121E0E: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669764== 
==669764== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 49 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x12E871: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (std_function.h:161)
==669764==    by 0x12CAA4: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:196)
==669764==    by 0x1292B7: std::_Function_handler<void (std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&), std::_Bind<void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*(bridges::game::SocketConnection*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (std_function.h:283)
==669764==    by 0x1470E6: std::function<void (std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&)>::function(std::function<void (std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x145566: std::function<void (std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&)>::operator=(std::function<void (std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x13F91B: sio::socket::impl::on_error(std::function<void (std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x141085: sio::socket::on_error(std::function<void (std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x121339: bridges::game::SocketConnection::reconfigure_socket() (SocketConnection.h:169)
==669764==    by 0x1206AC: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:123)
==669764==    by 0x12550A: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669764==    by 0x121E0E: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669764== 
==669764== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 50 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x130C60: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_List_node<bridges::game::KeypressListener*> >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (new_allocator.h:115)
==669764==    by 0x12F915: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_List_node<bridges::game::KeypressListener*> > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_List_node<bridges::game::KeypressListener*> >&, unsigned long) (alloc_traits.h:460)
==669764==    by 0x12E394: std::__cxx11::_List_base<bridges::game::KeypressListener*, std::allocator<bridges::game::KeypressListener*> >::_M_get_node() (stl_list.h:442)
==669764==    by 0x12C3F6: std::_List_node<bridges::game::KeypressListener*>* std::__cxx11::list<bridges::game::KeypressListener*, std::allocator<bridges::game::KeypressListener*> >::_M_create_node<bridges::game::KeypressListener* const&>(bridges::game::KeypressListener* const&) (stl_list.h:634)
==669764==    by 0x128C5F: void std::__cxx11::list<bridges::game::KeypressListener*, std::allocator<bridges::game::KeypressListener*> >::_M_insert<bridges::game::KeypressListener* const&>(std::_List_iterator<bridges::game::KeypressListener*>, bridges::game::KeypressListener* const&) (stl_list.h:1911)
==669764==    by 0x124E2D: std::__cxx11::list<bridges::game::KeypressListener*, std::allocator<bridges::game::KeypressListener*> >::push_back(bridges::game::KeypressListener* const&) (stl_list.h:1212)
==669764==    by 0x1207DF: bridges::game::SocketConnection::registerKeyListener(bridges::game::KeypressListener*) (SocketConnection.h:130)
==669764==    by 0x121F45: bridges::game::GameBase::registerKeyListener(bridges::game::KeypressListener*) (GameBase.h:84)
==669764==    by 0x122918: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:179)
==669764==    by 0x122B86: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (minimal_game.cpp:7)
==669764==    by 0x117105: main (minimal_game.cpp:19)
==669764== 
==669764== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 51 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x193C4F: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*>(asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18CF16: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*>(asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x186375: std::__shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >, void>(asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17F30C: std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >, void>(asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17886E: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::set_timer(long, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17A56F: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_close_frame(unsigned short, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, bool, bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1727A9: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::close(unsigned short, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16CAD6: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::close(std::weak_ptr<void>, unsigned short, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1546FF: sio::client_impl::close_impl(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x193307: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, unsigned short&, char const*&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, unsigned short&, char const*&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18C588: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, unsigned short&, char const*&>::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, unsigned short&, char const*&>(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, unsigned short&, char const*&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 52 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x193C4F: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*>(asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18CF16: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*>(asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x186375: std::__shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >, void>(asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17F30C: std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >, void>(asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17886E: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::set_timer(long, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x180B8F: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_shutdown(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1798B2: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19F6A4: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_read_frame(std::error_code const&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1C08A3: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1BFE1C: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1BF3D5: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&, 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 31 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 53 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x4A74859: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_mutate(unsigned long, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669764==    by 0x4A74F34: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::operator+=(char) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669764==    by 0x15957C: websocketpp::uri::uri(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A1912: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<websocketpp::uri>::construct<websocketpp::uri, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(websocketpp::uri*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19B5CB: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> >::construct<websocketpp::uri, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>&, websocketpp::uri*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19351A: std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18C632: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(websocketpp::uri*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x185981: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17E396: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>::shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x177526: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri> std::allocate_shared<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17144E: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri> std::make_shared<websocketpp::uri, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 31 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 54 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x4A747B1: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_assign(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669764==    by 0x4A74AC9: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::operator=(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669764==    by 0x15D9AC: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::replace_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1C84A1: websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client_handshake_request(websocketpp::http::parser::request&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::vector<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > const&) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x188FFA: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_http_request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x181811: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1AD804: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A9D51: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A5B70: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, 0ul, 1ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A0120: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>::operator()<std::error_code const&, void>(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x199034: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 31 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 55 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x4A747B1: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_assign(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669764==    by 0x4A74AC9: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::operator=(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669764==    by 0x15D9AC: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::replace_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1C8735: websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client_handshake_request(websocketpp::http::parser::request&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::vector<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > const&) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x188FFA: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_http_request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x181811: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1AD804: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A9D51: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A5B70: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, 0ul, 1ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A0120: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>::operator()<std::error_code const&, void>(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x199034: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 31 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 56 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x4A747B1: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_assign(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669764==    by 0x4A74AC9: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::operator=(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669764==    by 0x15D9AC: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::replace_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18917B: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_http_request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x181811: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1AD804: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A9D51: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A5B70: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, 0ul, 1ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A0120: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>::operator()<std::error_code const&, void>(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x199034: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x190E68: std::enable_if<std::__and_<std::is_void<void>, std::__is_invocable<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&> >::value, void>::type std::__invoke_r<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&>(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 31 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 57 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x4A747B1: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_assign(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669764==    by 0x4A74AC9: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::operator=(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669764==    by 0x1603ED: websocketpp::http::parser::response::set_status(websocketpp::http::status_code::value, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1608AB: websocketpp::http::parser::response::process(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<char*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<char*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x15FE7C: websocketpp::http::parser::response::consume(char const*, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1987D8: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_read_http_response(std::error_code const&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1B6731: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1B17AE: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1ACD67: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&, 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A8FD3: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::operator()<std::error_code const&, unsigned long, void>(std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A4A9E: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 31 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 58 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x4A747B1: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_assign(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669764==    by 0x4A74AC9: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::operator=(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669764==    by 0x15D89F: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::append_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x15E2EC: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::process_header(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<char*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<char*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x15FEAF: websocketpp::http::parser::response::consume(char const*, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1987D8: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_read_http_response(std::error_code const&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1B6731: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1B17AE: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1ACD67: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&, 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A8FD3: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::operator()<std::error_code const&, unsigned long, void>(std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A4A9E: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 31 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 59 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x4A747B1: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_assign(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669764==    by 0x4A74AC9: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::operator=(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669764==    by 0x15575B: sio::client_impl::on_handshake(std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x155D84: sio::client_impl::on_decode(sio::packet const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19B224: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(sio::packet const&), sio::client_impl*&, sio::packet const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(sio::packet const&), sio::client_impl*&, sio::packet const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x192EAC: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(sio::packet const&), sio::client_impl*&, sio::packet const&>::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(sio::packet const&), sio::client_impl*&, sio::packet const&>(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(sio::packet const&), sio::client_impl*&, sio::packet const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18BE56: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::packet const&)>::__call<void, sio::packet const&, 0ul, 1ul>(std::tuple<sio::packet const&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x185332: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::packet const&)>::operator()<sio::packet const&, void>(sio::packet const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17D966: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::packet const&)>&, sio::packet const&>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::packet const&)>&, sio::packet const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1760D0: std::enable_if<std::__and_<std::is_void<void>, std::__is_invocable<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::packet const&)>&, sio::packet const&> >::value, void>::type std::__invoke_r<void, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::packet const&)>&, sio::packet const&>(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::packet const&)>&, sio::packet const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1704FC: std::_Function_handler<void (sio::packet const&), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(sio::packet const&)> >::_M_invoke(std::_Any_data const&, sio::packet const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 32 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 60 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x1759BE: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16FE5D: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16AEF3: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x152D9C: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x13AE91: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1202F5: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669764==    by 0x12550A: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669764==    by 0x121E0E: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669764==    by 0x122804: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669764==    by 0x122B86: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (minimal_game.cpp:7)
==669764==    by 0x117105: main (minimal_game.cpp:19)
==669764== 
==669764== 32 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 61 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x170D66: std::unique_ptr<std::thread::_State, std::default_delete<std::thread::_State> > std::thread::_S_make_state<std::thread::_Invoker<std::tuple<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*))()> > >, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*))()> >(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*))()>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16BBD3: std::thread::thread<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*))()>, , void>(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*))()>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x153862: sio::client_impl::connect(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > const&, std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x13B10E: sio::client::connect(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x120684: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:117)
==669764==    by 0x12550A: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669764==    by 0x121E0E: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669764==    by 0x122804: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669764==    by 0x122B86: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (minimal_game.cpp:7)
==669764==    by 0x117105: main (minimal_game.cpp:19)
==669764== 
==669764== 32 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 62 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x167723: websocketpp::transport::asio::basic_socket::connection::init_asio(asio::io_context*, std::shared_ptr<asio::io_context::strand>, bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x185E13: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17EACB: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x177BFE: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x171545: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16C2A9: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1542E2: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x193167: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18C2D6: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1855E3: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::__call<void, , 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17DCFF: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::operator()<, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 32 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 63 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x1990F7: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x190F0A: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1897B7: std::_Function_handler<void (std::error_code const&), std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18A140: std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>::function(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A1D65: std::_Head_base<2ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, false>::_Head_base<std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&>(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19BA99: std::_Tuple_impl<2ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl<std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, void>(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x193B59: std::_Tuple_impl<1ul, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl<std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, void>(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x193D4D: std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, void>(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18CFEB: std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, true, true>(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1865FF: std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::_Bind<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&>(void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&&)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17F4E8: std::_Bind_helper<std::__or_<std::is_integral<std::decay<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::type>, std::is_enum<std::decay<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::type> >::value, void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&>::type std::bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&>(void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&&)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 32 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 64 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x1A6279: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A0755: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x199C49: std::_Vector_base<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::_M_allocate(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1914C7: void std::vector<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::_M_realloc_insert<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > const&>(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >*, std::vector<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > > >, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x189F47: std::vector<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::push_back(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18224A: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::write_frame() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1AE73E: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1AAB7E: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A6EF5: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >))()>::__call<void, , 0ul>(std::tuple<>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A12DD: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >))()>::operator()<, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19A5D1: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >))()>&>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >))()>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 35 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 65 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x4A747B1: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_assign(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669764==    by 0x4A74AC9: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::operator=(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669764==    by 0x1535BF: sio::client_impl::connect(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > const&, std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x13B10E: sio::client::connect(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x120684: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:117)
==669764==    by 0x12550A: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669764==    by 0x121E0E: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669764==    by 0x122804: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669764==    by 0x122B86: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (minimal_game.cpp:7)
==669764==    by 0x117105: main (minimal_game.cpp:19)
==669764== 
==669764== 40 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 66 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x14BA17: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (*(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&, sio::event&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1491D2: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (*(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&, sio::event&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x147034: std::_Function_handler<void (sio::event&), std::_Bind<void (*(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&, sio::event&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1463C6: std::function<void (sio::event&)>::function(std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1456A8: std::function<void (sio::event&)>::operator=(std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x13F7C7: sio::socket::impl::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x13F740: sio::socket::impl::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x140FF5: sio::socket::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x121299: bridges::game::SocketConnection::reconfigure_socket() (SocketConnection.h:168)
==669764==    by 0x1206AC: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:123)
==669764==    by 0x12550A: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669764== 
==669764== 40 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 67 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x18E52A: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_init_functor(std::_Any_data&, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)>&&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x188377: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_init_functor(std::_Any_data&, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18127A: std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>::function<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)>, void, void>(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1798A3: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19F6A4: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_read_frame(std::error_code const&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1C08A3: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1BFE1C: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1BF3D5: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&, 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1BE6D1: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::operator()<std::error_code const&, unsigned long, void>(std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1BD002: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1BB005: std::enable_if<std::__and_<std::is_void<void>, std::__is_invocable<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long> >::value, void>::type std::__invoke_r<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 40 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 68 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x1956E7: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18E648: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x188428: std::_Function_handler<void (std::error_code const&), std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18A140: std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>::function(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A1D65: std::_Head_base<2ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, false>::_Head_base<std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&>(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19BA99: std::_Tuple_impl<2ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl<std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, void>(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x193B59: std::_Tuple_impl<1ul, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl<std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, void>(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x193D4D: std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, void>(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18CFEB: std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, true, true>(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1865FF: std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::_Bind<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&>(void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&&)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17F4E8: std::_Bind_helper<std::__or_<std::is_integral<std::decay<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::type>, std::is_enum<std::decay<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::type> >::value, void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&>::type std::bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&>(void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&&)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 40 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 69 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x1956E7: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18E648: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x188428: std::_Function_handler<void (std::error_code const&), std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18A140: std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>::function(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18CCB4: std::_Head_base<2ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, false>::_Head_base(std::_Head_base<2ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, false> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18CCDA: std::_Tuple_impl<2ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl(std::_Tuple_impl<2ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18CD88: std::_Tuple_impl<1ul, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl(std::_Tuple_impl<1ul, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19CDA6: std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl(std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19CDE8: std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::tuple(std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19CE2C: std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::_Bind(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19CE69: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 40 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 70 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x1956E7: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18E648: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x188428: std::_Function_handler<void (std::error_code const&), std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::_Placeholder<1>))(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate_status, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18A140: std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>::function(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1B00CB: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1ABBEF: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&>(void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A85A3: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, 0ul, 1ul, 2ul, 3ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul, 3ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A316E: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::operator()<std::error_code const&, void>(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19CD7C: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x195410: std::enable_if<std::__and_<std::is_void<void>, std::__is_invocable<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&> >::value, void>::type std::__invoke_r<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&>(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18E36D: std::_Function_handler<void (std::error_code const&), std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_invoke(std::_Any_data const&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 48 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 71 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x19ABF0: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19271C: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18B617: std::__allocated_ptr<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > > std::__allocate_guarded<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x184BA0: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >>(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17CCBF: std::__shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >>(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x174904: std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >::shared_ptr<std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >>(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16EB1D: std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > std::allocate_shared<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >>(std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x169049: std::shared_ptr<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > std::make_shared<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x15E612: websocketpp::http::parser::request::request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1AF15B: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connection(bool, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> > const&, websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1AAEDB: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 51 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 73 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x4A74859: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_mutate(unsigned long, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669764==    by 0x4A75625: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_replace(unsigned long, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669764==    by 0x16824C: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >& std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::append<__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<char const*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, void>(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<char const*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<char const*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1596B7: websocketpp::uri::uri(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A1912: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<websocketpp::uri>::construct<websocketpp::uri, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(websocketpp::uri*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19B5CB: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> >::construct<websocketpp::uri, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>&, websocketpp::uri*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19351A: std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18C632: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(websocketpp::uri*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x185981: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17E396: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>::shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x177526: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri> std::allocate_shared<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 51 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 74 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x4A747B1: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_assign(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669764==    by 0x4A74AC9: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::operator=(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669764==    by 0x15F14F: websocketpp::http::parser::request::set_uri(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1C81B2: websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client_handshake_request(websocketpp::http::parser::request&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::vector<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > const&) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x188FFA: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_http_request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x181811: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1AD804: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A9D51: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A5B70: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, 0ul, 1ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A0120: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>::operator()<std::error_code const&, void>(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x199034: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 56 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 75 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x16F5AC: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::endpoint(bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16AA13: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x152B4E: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x13AE91: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1202F5: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669764==    by 0x12550A: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669764==    by 0x121E0E: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669764==    by 0x122804: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669764==    by 0x122B86: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (minimal_game.cpp:7)
==669764==    by 0x117105: main (minimal_game.cpp:19)
==669764== 
==669764== 56 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 76 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x16F5E1: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::endpoint(bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16AA13: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x152B4E: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x13AE91: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1202F5: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669764==    by 0x12550A: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669764==    by 0x121E0E: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669764==    by 0x122804: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669764==    by 0x122B86: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (minimal_game.cpp:7)
==669764==    by 0x117105: main (minimal_game.cpp:19)
==669764== 
==669764== 56 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 77 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x18B95E: asio::execution_context::service* asio::detail::service_registry::create<asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::io_context>(void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1423DB: asio::detail::service_registry::do_use_service(asio::execution_context::service::key const&, asio::execution_context::service* (*)(void*), void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x184E50: asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::detail::service_registry::use_service<asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17CF42: asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::use_service<asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x174F85: asio::basic_io_object<asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp>, true>::basic_io_object(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17D5B6: asio::basic_socket_acceptor<asio::ip::tcp>::basic_socket_acceptor(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1759D8: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16FE5D: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16AEF3: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x152D9C: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x13AE91: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 56 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 78 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x1362C9: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::mutex, std::allocator<std::mutex>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (new_allocator.h:115)
==669764==    by 0x131400: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::mutex, std::allocator<std::mutex>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::mutex, std::allocator<std::mutex>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&, unsigned long) (alloc_traits.h:460)
==669764==    by 0x130775: std::__allocated_ptr<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::mutex, std::allocator<std::mutex>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > > std::__allocate_guarded<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::mutex, std::allocator<std::mutex>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<std::mutex, std::allocator<std::mutex>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&) (allocated_ptr.h:97)
==669764==    by 0x12F54E: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<std::mutex, std::allocator<std::mutex>>(std::mutex*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<std::mutex> >) (shared_ptr_base.h:680)
==669764==    by 0x12DC4D: std::__shared_ptr<std::mutex, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<std::mutex>>(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<std::mutex> >) (shared_ptr_base.h:1371)
==669764==    by 0x12B912: std::shared_ptr<std::mutex>::shared_ptr<std::allocator<std::mutex>>(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<std::mutex> >) (shared_ptr.h:408)
==669764==    by 0x12812B: std::shared_ptr<std::mutex> std::allocate_shared<std::mutex, std::allocator<std::mutex>>(std::allocator<std::mutex> const&) (shared_ptr.h:860)
==669764==    by 0x124626: std::shared_ptr<std::mutex> std::make_shared<std::mutex>() (shared_ptr.h:876)
==669764==    by 0x11FA46: std::_V2::condition_variable_any::condition_variable_any() (condition_variable:291)
==669764==    by 0x120340: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669764==    by 0x12550A: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669764== 
==669764== 56 bytes in 2 blocks are still reachable in loss record 79 of 132
==669764==    at 0x483877F: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:307)
==669764==    by 0x5A4011B: __res_context_send (res_send.c:482)
==669764==    by 0x5A3CD49: __res_context_query (res_query.c:216)
==669764==    by 0x5A3D9BE: __res_context_querydomain (res_query.c:601)
==669764==    by 0x5A3D9BE: __res_context_search (res_query.c:370)
==669764==    by 0x703AD09: ???
==669764==    by 0x4D553A5: gaih_inet.constprop.0 (getaddrinfo.c:765)
==669764==    by 0x4D56224: getaddrinfo (getaddrinfo.c:2256)
==669764==    by 0x164852: asio::detail::socket_ops::getaddrinfo(char const*, char const*, addrinfo const&, addrinfo**, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1648E7: asio::detail::socket_ops::background_getaddrinfo(std::weak_ptr<void> const&, char const*, char const*, addrinfo const&, addrinfo**, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18DFB6: asio::detail::resolve_query_op<asio::ip::tcp, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >::do_complete(void*, asio::detail::scheduler_operation*, std::error_code const&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x160F9B: asio::detail::scheduler_operation::complete(void*, std::error_code const&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x162E02: asio::detail::scheduler::do_run_one(asio::detail::conditionally_enabled_mutex::scoped_lock&, asio::detail::scheduler_thread_info&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 63 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 80 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x4A74859: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_mutate(unsigned long, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669764==    by 0x4A75625: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_replace(unsigned long, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669764==    by 0x11C77C: bridges::Bridges::setServer(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (Bridges.h:335)
==669764==    by 0x121DDF: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:53)
==669764==    by 0x122804: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669764==    by 0x122B86: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (minimal_game.cpp:7)
==669764==    by 0x117105: main (minimal_game.cpp:19)
==669764== 
==669764== 64 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 81 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x1612C0: asio::execution_context::execution_context() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1630C4: asio::io_context::io_context() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16AEC5: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x152D9C: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x13AE91: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1202F5: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669764==    by 0x12550A: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669764==    by 0x121E0E: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669764==    by 0x122804: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669764==    by 0x122B86: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (minimal_game.cpp:7)
==669764==    by 0x117105: main (minimal_game.cpp:19)
==669764== 
==669764== 64 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 82 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x1B1F15: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >*>::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1AD9BA: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >*> >::allocate(std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >*>&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A9F0A: std::_Deque_base<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::_M_allocate_map(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1BB342: std::_Deque_base<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::_M_initialize_map(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1B80E3: std::_Deque_base<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::_Deque_base() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1B3A85: std::deque<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::deque() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1B3AF4: std::queue<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::deque<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > > >::queue<std::deque<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1AF100: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connection(bool, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> > const&, websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1AAEDB: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A7424: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A1B64: std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 64 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 83 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x1612C0: asio::execution_context::execution_context() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16314F: asio::io_context::io_context(int) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1665AC: asio::detail::resolver_service_base::resolver_service_base(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19B952: asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>::resolver_service(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19393E: asio::execution_context::service* asio::detail::service_registry::create<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::io_context>(void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1423DB: asio::detail::service_registry::do_use_service(asio::execution_context::service::key const&, asio::execution_context::service* (*)(void*), void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18C9DC: asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::detail::service_registry::use_service<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x185F52: asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::use_service<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17EC38: asio::basic_io_object<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>, true>::basic_io_object(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x177EF2: asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>::basic_resolver(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x171B4D: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 64 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 84 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x14E96B: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<sio::packet*>::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x14D785: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<sio::packet*> >::allocate(std::allocator<sio::packet*>&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x14BF8A: std::_Deque_base<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> >::_M_allocate_map(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x149C2E: std::_Deque_base<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> >::_M_initialize_map(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1476DB: std::_Deque_base<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> >::_Deque_base() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1459F9: std::deque<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> >::deque() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x145A68: std::queue<sio::packet, std::deque<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> > >::queue<std::deque<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> >, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x13F9F5: sio::socket::impl::impl(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x140F32: sio::socket::socket(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x153A64: sio::client_impl::socket(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x155110: sio::client_impl::on_open(std::weak_ptr<void>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 64 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 85 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x1AA2C9: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<websocketpp::transport::buffer>::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A6410: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<websocketpp::transport::buffer> >::allocate(std::allocator<websocketpp::transport::buffer>&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A0A15: std::_Vector_base<websocketpp::transport::buffer, std::allocator<websocketpp::transport::buffer> >::_M_allocate(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x199EA7: void std::vector<websocketpp::transport::buffer, std::allocator<websocketpp::transport::buffer> >::_M_realloc_insert<websocketpp::transport::buffer>(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<websocketpp::transport::buffer*, std::vector<websocketpp::transport::buffer, std::allocator<websocketpp::transport::buffer> > >, websocketpp::transport::buffer&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19185B: void std::vector<websocketpp::transport::buffer, std::allocator<websocketpp::transport::buffer> >::emplace_back<websocketpp::transport::buffer>(websocketpp::transport::buffer&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18A09B: std::vector<websocketpp::transport::buffer, std::allocator<websocketpp::transport::buffer> >::push_back(websocketpp::transport::buffer&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x182452: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::write_frame() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1AE73E: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1AAB7E: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A6EF5: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >))()>::__call<void, , 0ul>(std::tuple<>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A12DD: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >))()>::operator()<, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 64 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 86 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x1ADD6D: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<asio::const_buffer>::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1AA438: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<asio::const_buffer> >::allocate(std::allocator<asio::const_buffer>&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A66C1: std::_Vector_base<asio::const_buffer, std::allocator<asio::const_buffer> >::_M_allocate(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A0C53: void std::vector<asio::const_buffer, std::allocator<asio::const_buffer> >::_M_realloc_insert<asio::const_buffer>(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<asio::const_buffer*, std::vector<asio::const_buffer, std::allocator<asio::const_buffer> > >, asio::const_buffer&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19A1B1: void std::vector<asio::const_buffer, std::allocator<asio::const_buffer> >::emplace_back<asio::const_buffer>(asio::const_buffer&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19196B: std::vector<asio::const_buffer, std::allocator<asio::const_buffer> >::push_back(asio::const_buffer&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18A3CE: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_write(std::vector<websocketpp::transport::buffer, std::allocator<websocketpp::transport::buffer> > const&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x182B40: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::write_frame() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1AE73E: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1AAB7E: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A6EF5: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >))()>::__call<void, , 0ul>(std::tuple<>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 64 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 87 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x13FFBB: sio::socket::impl::close() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x14105C: sio::socket::close() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x154D4B: sio::client_impl::sockets_invoke_void(void (sio::socket::*)()) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x153CA4: sio::client_impl::sync_close() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x13B4D8: sio::client::sync_close() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x120D23: bridges::game::SocketConnection::~SocketConnection() (SocketConnection.h:159)
==669764==    by 0x1294A9: std::default_delete<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::operator()(bridges::game::SocketConnection*) const (unique_ptr.h:85)
==669764==    by 0x1254BF: std::unique_ptr<bridges::game::SocketConnection, std::default_delete<bridges::game::SocketConnection> >::~unique_ptr() (unique_ptr.h:361)
==669764==    by 0x1226D7: bridges::game::GameBase::~GameBase() (GameBase.h:25)
==669764==    by 0x122B1F: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::~NonBlockingGame() (NonBlockingGame.h:128)
==669764==    by 0x122C1D: my_game::~my_game() (minimal_game.cpp:5)
==669764== 
==669764== 64 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 88 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x178835: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::set_timer(long, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17A56F: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_close_frame(unsigned short, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, bool, bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1727A9: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::close(unsigned short, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16CAD6: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::close(std::weak_ptr<void>, unsigned short, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1546FF: sio::client_impl::close_impl(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x193307: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, unsigned short&, char const*&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, unsigned short&, char const*&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18C588: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, unsigned short&, char const*&>::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, unsigned short&, char const*&>(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, unsigned short&, char const*&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1858DF: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, unsigned short, char const*))(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::__call<void, , 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17E249: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, unsigned short, char const*))(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::operator()<, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x177191: void asio::asio_handler_invoke<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, unsigned short, char const*))(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> >(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, unsigned short, char const*))(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>&, ...) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x171218: void asio_handler_invoke_helpers::invoke<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, unsigned short, char const*))(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, unsigned short, char const*))(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)> >(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, unsigned short, char const*))(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>&, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, unsigned short, char const*))(unsigned short const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 64 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 89 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x1505E7: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry>::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x150211: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry> >::allocate(std::allocator<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry>&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x14FBBB: std::_Vector_base<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry, std::allocator<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry> >::_M_allocate(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x14EE29: void std::vector<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry, std::allocator<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry> >::_M_realloc_insert<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry const&>(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry*, std::vector<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry, std::allocator<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry> > >, asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x14DCD1: std::vector<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry, std::allocator<asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry> >::push_back(asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::heap_entry const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x14CA71: asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::enqueue_timer(std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, std::chrono::duration<long, std::ratio<1l, 1000000000l> > > const&, asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::per_timer_data&, asio::detail::wait_op*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x14AC4D: void asio::detail::epoll_reactor::schedule_timer<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >(asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >::time_type const&, asio::detail::timer_queue<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::per_timer_data&, asio::detail::wait_op*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1867D4: void asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::async_wait<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >(asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::implementation_type&, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17F5FE: asio::async_result<std::decay<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >::type, void (std::error_code)>::return_type asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >::async_wait<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >(asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17892A: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::set_timer(long, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17A56F: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_close_frame(unsigned short, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, bool, bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 64 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 90 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x178835: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::set_timer(long, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x180B8F: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_shutdown(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1798B2: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19F6A4: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_read_frame(std::error_code const&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1C08A3: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1BFE1C: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1BF3D5: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&, 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1BE6D1: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::operator()<std::error_code const&, unsigned long, void>(std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1BD002: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1BB005: std::enable_if<std::__and_<std::is_void<void>, std::__is_invocable<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long> >::value, void>::type std::__invoke_r<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1B7EA1: std::_Function_handler<void (std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)> >::_M_invoke(std::_Any_data const&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 65 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 91 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x141F22: asio::detail::thread_info_base::allocate(asio::detail::thread_info_base*, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x142033: asio::asio_handler_allocate(unsigned long, ...) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18A9F7: void* asio_handler_alloc_helpers::allocate<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)> >(unsigned long, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18361F: asio::detail::hook_allocator<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::wait_handler<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)> > >::allocate(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17B276: asio::detail::wait_handler<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)> >::ptr::allocate(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x172D6E: void asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::async_wait<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)> >(asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::implementation_type&, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16D040: asio::async_result<std::decay<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)> >::type, void (std::error_code)>::return_type asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >::async_wait<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)> >(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1560E1: sio::client_impl::update_ping_timeout_timer() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1559F4: sio::client_impl::on_handshake(std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x155D84: sio::client_impl::on_decode(sio::packet const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19B224: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(sio::packet const&), sio::client_impl*&, sio::packet const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(sio::packet const&), sio::client_impl*&, sio::packet const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 65 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 92 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x141F22: asio::detail::thread_info_base::allocate(asio::detail::thread_info_base*, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x142033: asio::asio_handler_allocate(unsigned long, ...) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x14DE67: void* asio_handler_alloc_helpers::allocate<std::_Bind<void (sio::socket::impl::*(sio::socket::impl*))()> >(unsigned long, std::_Bind<void (sio::socket::impl::*(sio::socket::impl*))()>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x14CC05: asio::detail::hook_allocator<std::_Bind<void (sio::socket::impl::*(sio::socket::impl*))()>, asio::detail::wait_handler<std::_Bind<void (sio::socket::impl::*(sio::socket::impl*))()> > >::allocate(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x14ADA4: asio::detail::wait_handler<std::_Bind<void (sio::socket::impl::*(sio::socket::impl*))()> >::ptr::allocate(std::_Bind<void (sio::socket::impl::*(sio::socket::impl*))()>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x14812C: void asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::async_wait<std::_Bind<void (sio::socket::impl::*(sio::socket::impl*))()> >(asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::implementation_type&, std::_Bind<void (sio::socket::impl::*(sio::socket::impl*))()>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x145FCA: asio::async_result<std::decay<std::_Bind<void (sio::socket::impl::*(sio::socket::impl*))()> >::type, void (std::error_code)>::return_type asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >::async_wait<std::_Bind<void (sio::socket::impl::*(sio::socket::impl*))()> >(std::_Bind<void (sio::socket::impl::*(sio::socket::impl*))()>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1400A4: sio::socket::impl::close() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x14105C: sio::socket::close() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x154D4B: sio::client_impl::sockets_invoke_void(void (sio::socket::*)()) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x153CA4: sio::client_impl::sync_close() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 69 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 93 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x4A74859: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_mutate(unsigned long, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669764==    by 0x4A75E7A: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_append(char const*, unsigned long) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669764==    by 0x12318D: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > std::operator+<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, char const*) (basic_string.h:6073)
==669764==    by 0x11C7CF: bridges::Bridges::setServer(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (Bridges.h:339)
==669764==    by 0x121DDF: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:53)
==669764==    by 0x122804: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669764==    by 0x122B86: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (minimal_game.cpp:7)
==669764==    by 0x117105: main (minimal_game.cpp:19)
==669764== 
==669764== 80 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 94 of 132
==669764==    at 0x483950F: operator new[](unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:431)
==669764==    by 0x12B550: bridges::datastructure::Grid<bridges::game::GameCell>::allocateGrid() (Grid.h:37)
==669764==    by 0x127F8B: bridges::datastructure::Grid<bridges::game::GameCell>::setDimensions(int, int) (Grid.h:160)
==669764==    by 0x124508: bridges::datastructure::Grid<bridges::game::GameCell>::Grid(int, int) (Grid.h:84)
==669764==    by 0x11EAEC: bridges::game::GameGrid::GameGrid(int, int) (GameGrid.h:481)
==669764==    by 0x121D72: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:52)
==669764==    by 0x122804: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669764==    by 0x122B86: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (minimal_game.cpp:7)
==669764==    by 0x117105: main (minimal_game.cpp:19)
==669764== 
==669764== 80 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 95 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x19CE5B: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_clone(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1954B2: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18E3E4: std::_Function_handler<void (std::error_code const&), std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_manager(std::_Any_data&, std::_Any_data const&, std::_Manager_operation) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18A140: std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>::function(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A1D65: std::_Head_base<2ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, false>::_Head_base<std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&>(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19BA99: std::_Tuple_impl<2ul, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl<std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, void>(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x193B59: std::_Tuple_impl<1ul, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl<std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, void>(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x193D4D: std::_Tuple_impl<0ul, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::_Tuple_impl<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, void>(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18CFEB: std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1> >::tuple<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&, true, true>(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1865FF: std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::_Bind<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&>(void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&&)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17F4E8: std::_Bind_helper<std::__or_<std::is_integral<std::decay<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::type>, std::is_enum<std::decay<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>::type> >::value, void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&>::type std::bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&>(void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&&)(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::_Placeholder<1> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 80 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 96 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x18C37D: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x185748: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17DFA8: std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const>, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > > >::_M_get_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x176D1B: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const>, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > > >::_M_create_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> >&>(std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x170F9A: std::pair<std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > >, bool> std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const>, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > > >::_M_emplace_unique<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> >&>(std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16BD41: std::enable_if<std::is_constructible<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> >&>::value, std::pair<std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > >, bool> >::type std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket>, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const>, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> > > >::insert<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> >&>(std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::shared_ptr<sio::socket> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x153ABD: sio::client_impl::socket(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x155110: sio::client_impl::on_open(std::weak_ptr<void>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19AEEE: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x192C5A: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18BCAC: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>::__call<void, std::weak_ptr<void>&&, 0ul, 1ul>(std::tuple<std::weak_ptr<void>&&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 80 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 97 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x195395: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_init_functor(std::_Any_data&, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>&&, std::integral_constant<bool, false>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18E333: std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >::_M_init_functor(std::_Any_data&, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x187A82: std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>::function<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, void, void>(std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x180C56: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_shutdown(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1798B2: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::terminate(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19F6A4: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_read_frame(std::error_code const&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1C08A3: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1BFE1C: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1BF3D5: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&, 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1BE6D1: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>::operator()<std::error_code const&, unsigned long, void>(std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1BD002: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, std::_Placeholder<1>, std::_Placeholder<2>))(std::error_code const&, unsigned long)>&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 96 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 98 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x14DA00: asio::execution_context::service* asio::detail::service_registry::create<asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, asio::io_context>(void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1423DB: asio::detail::service_registry::do_use_service(asio::execution_context::service::key const&, asio::execution_context::service* (*)(void*), void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x14C550: asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >& asio::detail::service_registry::use_service<asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > > >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x14A65A: asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >& asio::use_service<asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > > >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x147C65: asio::basic_io_object<asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, true>::basic_io_object(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17F273: asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >::basic_waitable_timer(asio::io_context&, std::chrono::duration<long, std::ratio<1l, 1000000000l> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x178858: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::set_timer(long, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x172001: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16C970: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x154452: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x193167: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 96 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 99 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x18AD9A: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x183FBB: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17BE1A: std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_get_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x173AD0: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16E0B5: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x168904: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x15D88A: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::append_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1C828D: websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client_handshake_request(websocketpp::http::parser::request&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::vector<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > const&) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x188FFA: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_http_request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x181811: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1AD804: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 96 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 100 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x18AD9A: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x183FBB: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17BE1A: std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_get_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x173AD0: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16E0B5: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x168904: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x15D88A: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::append_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1C8341: websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client_handshake_request(websocketpp::http::parser::request&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::vector<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > const&) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x188FFA: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_http_request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x181811: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1AD804: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 96 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 101 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x18AD9A: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x183FBB: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17BE1A: std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_get_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x173AD0: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16E0B5: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x168904: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x15D99A: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::replace_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1C83F5: websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client_handshake_request(websocketpp::http::parser::request&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::vector<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > const&) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x188FFA: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_http_request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x181811: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1AD804: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 96 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 102 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x18AD9A: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x183FBB: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17BE1A: std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_get_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x173AD0: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16E0B5: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x168904: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x15D99A: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::replace_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1C84A1: websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client_handshake_request(websocketpp::http::parser::request&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::vector<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > const&) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x188FFA: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_http_request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x181811: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1AD804: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 96 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 103 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x18AD9A: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x183FBB: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17BE1A: std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_get_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x173AD0: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16E0B5: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x168904: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x15D99A: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::replace_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1C8735: websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::client_handshake_request(websocketpp::http::parser::request&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::vector<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::allocator<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > const&) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x188FFA: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_http_request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x181811: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1AD804: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 96 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 104 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x18AD9A: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x183FBB: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17BE1A: std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_get_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x173AD0: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16E0B5: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x168904: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x15D99A: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::replace_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18917B: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_http_request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x181811: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1AD804: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A9D51: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 96 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 105 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x14E742: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x14D537: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x14BABC: std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::_M_get_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x14932C: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x147289: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x14566A: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::function<void (sio::event&)>, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x13F7B5: sio::socket::impl::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x140FC3: sio::socket::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x121092: bridges::game::SocketConnection::reconfigure_socket() (SocketConnection.h:166)
==669764==    by 0x121919: bridges::game::SocketConnection::on_socketopen(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (SocketConnection.h:203)
==669764==    by 0x136844: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), bridges::game::SocketConnection*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), bridges::game::SocketConnection*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (invoke.h:73)
==669764== 
==669764== 96 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 106 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x14E742: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x14D537: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x14BABC: std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::_M_get_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x14932C: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x147289: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x14566A: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::function<void (sio::event&)>, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x13F7B5: sio::socket::impl::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x140FC3: sio::socket::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x12118D: bridges::game::SocketConnection::reconfigure_socket() (SocketConnection.h:167)
==669764==    by 0x121919: bridges::game::SocketConnection::on_socketopen(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (SocketConnection.h:203)
==669764==    by 0x136844: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), bridges::game::SocketConnection*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (bridges::game::SocketConnection::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), bridges::game::SocketConnection*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (invoke.h:73)
==669764== 
==669764== 96 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 107 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x14E742: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x14D537: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x14BABC: std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::_M_get_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x14932C: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x147289: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x14566A: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::function<void (sio::event&)>, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::function<void (sio::event&)> > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x13F7B5: sio::socket::impl::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (sio::event&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x13F740: sio::socket::impl::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x140FF5: sio::socket::on(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::function<void (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&, bool, sio::message::list&)> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x121299: bridges::game::SocketConnection::reconfigure_socket() (SocketConnection.h:168)
==669764==    by 0x121919: bridges::game::SocketConnection::on_socketopen(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (SocketConnection.h:203)
==669764== 
==669764== 104 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 108 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x165746: asio::detail::strand_service::construct(asio::detail::strand_service::strand_impl*&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x165A24: asio::io_context::strand::strand(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x185DC7: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17EACB: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x177BFE: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x171545: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16C2A9: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1542E2: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x193167: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18C2D6: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1855E3: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >))(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)>::__call<void, , 0ul, 1ul, 2ul>(std::tuple<>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul, 2ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 120 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 109 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x1A1859: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19B4EA: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1933B1: std::__allocated_ptr<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > > std::__allocate_guarded<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18C5DA: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(websocketpp::uri*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x185981: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17E396: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>::shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x177526: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri> std::allocate_shared<websocketpp::uri, std::allocator<websocketpp::uri>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::allocator<websocketpp::uri> const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17144E: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri> std::make_shared<websocketpp::uri, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16C23F: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1542E2: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x193167: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 128 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 110 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x19392C: asio::execution_context::service* asio::detail::service_registry::create<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::io_context>(void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1423DB: asio::detail::service_registry::do_use_service(asio::execution_context::service::key const&, asio::execution_context::service* (*)(void*), void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18C9DC: asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::detail::service_registry::use_service<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x185F52: asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::use_service<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17EC38: asio::basic_io_object<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>, true>::basic_io_object(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x177EF2: asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>::basic_resolver(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x171B4D: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16C970: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x154452: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x193167: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18C2D6: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&>(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&), sio::client_impl*&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 137 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 111 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x141F22: asio::detail::thread_info_base::allocate(asio::detail::thread_info_base*, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x142033: asio::asio_handler_allocate(unsigned long, ...) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19BD99: void* asio_handler_alloc_helpers::allocate<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >(unsigned long, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A1EFE: void* asio::detail::asio_handler_allocate<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>(unsigned long, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19BC6C: void* asio_handler_alloc_helpers::allocate<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >(unsigned long, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x193E3B: asio::detail::hook_allocator<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, asio::detail::wait_handler<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> > >::allocate(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18D09A: asio::detail::wait_handler<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >::ptr::allocate(asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x186776: void asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::async_wait<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >(asio::detail::deadline_timer_service<asio::detail::chrono_time_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >::implementation_type&, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17F5FE: asio::async_result<std::decay<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >::type, void (std::error_code)>::return_type asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> >::async_wait<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >(asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17892A: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::set_timer(long, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x180B8F: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_shutdown(std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 168 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 113 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x16EC98: asio::detail::epoll_reactor::descriptor_state* asio::detail::object_pool_access::create<asio::detail::epoll_reactor::descriptor_state, bool>(bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1695A3: asio::detail::epoll_reactor::descriptor_state* asio::detail::object_pool<asio::detail::epoll_reactor::descriptor_state>::alloc<bool>(bool) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1622FB: asio::detail::epoll_reactor::allocate_descriptor_state() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16176E: asio::detail::epoll_reactor::register_descriptor(int, asio::detail::epoll_reactor::descriptor_state*&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x164E6A: asio::detail::reactive_socket_service_base::do_open(asio::detail::reactive_socket_service_base::base_implementation_type&, int, int, int, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1945D0: asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp>::open(asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp>::implementation_type&, asio::ip::tcp const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18D6F2: asio::async_result<std::decay<asio::detail::iterator_connect_op<asio::ip::tcp, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::detail::default_connect_condition, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> > >::type, void (std::error_code)>::return_type asio::basic_socket<asio::ip::tcp>::async_connect<asio::detail::iterator_connect_op<asio::ip::tcp, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::detail::default_connect_condition, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> > >(asio::ip::basic_endpoint<asio::ip::tcp> const&, asio::detail::iterator_connect_op<asio::ip::tcp, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::detail::default_connect_condition, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18718B: asio::detail::iterator_connect_op<asio::ip::tcp, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::detail::default_connect_condition, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >::operator()(std::error_code, int) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17FFB2: asio::async_result<std::decay<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >::type, void (std::error_code, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>)>::return_type asio::async_connect<asio::ip::tcp, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >(asio::basic_socket<asio::ip::tcp>&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&&, std::enable_if<!asio::is_endpoint_sequence<asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp> >::value, void>::type*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1791C5: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::handle_resolve(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1B8AB4: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>), websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_results<asio::ip::tcp> const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*&)(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_iterator<asio::ip::tcp>), websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>*&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >&, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >&, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&, asio::ip::basic_resolver_results<asio::ip::tcp> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 176 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 114 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x1254FB: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669764==    by 0x121E0E: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669764==    by 0x122804: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669764==    by 0x122B86: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (minimal_game.cpp:7)
==669764==    by 0x117105: main (minimal_game.cpp:19)
==669764== 
==669764== 184 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 115 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x1B6CF4: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1B1C7E: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1AD533: std::__allocated_ptr<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > > std::__allocate_guarded<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A954E: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool, bool const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > const&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool&&, bool const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > const&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A4E71: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool, bool const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > const&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool&&, bool const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > const&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19EE9C: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool, bool const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > const&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool&&, bool const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > const&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x198450: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > std::allocate_shared<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool, bool const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > const&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > const&, bool&&, bool const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > const&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x190740: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > std::make_shared<websocketpp::processor::hybi13<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool, bool const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > const&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(bool&&, bool const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > const&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x188E66: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_processor(int) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1817D9: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1AD804: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 201 bytes in 1 blocks are definitely lost in loss record 116 of 132
==669764==    at 0x483877F: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:307)
==669764==    by 0x4CFBA40: __libc_alloc_buffer_allocate (alloc_buffer_allocate.c:26)
==669764==    by 0x4D8C5C8: alloc_buffer_allocate (alloc_buffer.h:143)
==669764==    by 0x4D8C5C8: __resolv_conf_allocate (resolv_conf.c:411)
==669764==    by 0x4D8A84D: __resolv_conf_load (res_init.c:592)
==669764==    by 0x4D8C1D5: __resolv_conf_get_current (resolv_conf.c:163)
==669764==    by 0x4D8AB34: __res_vinit (res_init.c:614)
==669764==    by 0x4D8B92A: maybe_init (resolv_context.c:122)
==669764==    by 0x4D8BAB2: context_get (resolv_context.c:184)
==669764==    by 0x4D8BAB2: context_get (resolv_context.c:176)
==669764==    by 0x4D8BAB2: __resolv_context_get (resolv_context.c:195)
==669764==    by 0x4D5579A: gaih_inet.constprop.0 (getaddrinfo.c:747)
==669764==    by 0x4D56224: getaddrinfo (getaddrinfo.c:2256)
==669764==    by 0x164852: asio::detail::socket_ops::getaddrinfo(char const*, char const*, addrinfo const&, addrinfo**, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1648E7: asio::detail::socket_ops::background_getaddrinfo(std::weak_ptr<void> const&, char const*, char const*, addrinfo const&, addrinfo**, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 208 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 117 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x148FD2: asio::execution_context::service* asio::detail::service_registry::create<asio::detail::epoll_reactor, asio::io_context>(void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1423DB: asio::detail::service_registry::do_use_service(asio::execution_context::service::key const&, asio::execution_context::service* (*)(void*), void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x146E36: asio::detail::epoll_reactor& asio::detail::service_registry::use_service<asio::detail::epoll_reactor>(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x145286: asio::detail::epoll_reactor& asio::use_service<asio::detail::epoll_reactor>(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x164B0C: asio::detail::reactive_socket_service_base::reactive_socket_service_base(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1929C4: asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp>::reactive_socket_service(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18B970: asio::execution_context::service* asio::detail::service_registry::create<asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::io_context>(void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1423DB: asio::detail::service_registry::do_use_service(asio::execution_context::service::key const&, asio::execution_context::service* (*)(void*), void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x184E50: asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::detail::service_registry::use_service<asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17CF42: asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::use_service<asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x174F85: asio::basic_io_object<asio::detail::reactive_socket_service<asio::ip::tcp>, true>::basic_io_object(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 217 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 118 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x141F22: asio::detail::thread_info_base::allocate(asio::detail::thread_info_base*, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x142033: asio::asio_handler_allocate(unsigned long, ...) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19BD99: void* asio_handler_alloc_helpers::allocate<std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >(unsigned long, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1BD3E9: void* asio::detail::asio_handler_allocate<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >(unsigned long, asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1BB688: void* asio_handler_alloc_helpers::allocate<asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> > >(unsigned long, asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1B83BB: asio::detail::hook_allocator<asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >, asio::detail::completion_handler<asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> > > >::allocate(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1B3E17: asio::detail::completion_handler<asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> > >::ptr::allocate(asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1AF651: void asio::detail::strand_service::dispatch<asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> > >(asio::detail::strand_service::strand_impl*&, asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1AB00E: asio::async_result<std::decay<asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> > >::type, void ()>::return_type asio::io_context::strand::dispatch<asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> > >(asio::detail::rewrapped_handler<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A779F: void asio::detail::asio_handler_invoke<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>(asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>&, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A1F67: void asio_handler_invoke_helpers::invoke<asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running> >(asio::detail::binder1<asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>, std::error_code>&, asio::detail::wrapped_handler<asio::io_context::strand, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::shared_ptr<asio::basic_waitable_timer<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock, asio::wait_traits<std::chrono::_V2::steady_clock> > >, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>, std::error_code const&)>, asio::detail::is_continuation_if_running>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 240 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 119 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x1630CE: asio::io_context::io_context() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16AEC5: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x152D9C: sio::client_impl::client_impl() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x13AE91: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1202F5: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669764==    by 0x12550A: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669764==    by 0x121E0E: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669764==    by 0x122804: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669764==    by 0x122B86: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (minimal_game.cpp:7)
==669764==    by 0x117105: main (minimal_game.cpp:19)
==669764== 
==669764== 240 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 120 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x163159: asio::io_context::io_context(int) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1665AC: asio::detail::resolver_service_base::resolver_service_base(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19B952: asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>::resolver_service(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19393E: asio::execution_context::service* asio::detail::service_registry::create<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>, asio::io_context>(void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1423DB: asio::detail::service_registry::do_use_service(asio::execution_context::service::key const&, asio::execution_context::service* (*)(void*), void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18C9DC: asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::detail::service_registry::use_service<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x185F52: asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>& asio::use_service<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp> >(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17EC38: asio::basic_io_object<asio::detail::resolver_service<asio::ip::tcp>, true>::basic_io_object(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x177EF2: asio::ip::basic_resolver<asio::ip::tcp>::basic_resolver(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x171B4D: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::async_connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::function<void (std::error_code const&)>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16C970: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connect(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 247 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 121 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x4A74859: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_mutate(unsigned long, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669764==    by 0x4A75625: std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_replace(unsigned long, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669764==    by 0x4A6EB36: std::__cxx11::basic_stringstream<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::str() const (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
==669764==    by 0x15EF22: websocketpp::http::parser::request::raw[abi:cxx11]() const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x189225: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::send_http_request() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x181811: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_transport_init(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1AD804: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A9D51: std::__invoke_result<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>::type std::__invoke<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&>(void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A5B70: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>::__call<void, std::error_code const&, 0ul, 1ul>(std::tuple<std::error_code const&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A0120: void std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>::operator()<std::error_code const&, void>(std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x199034: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&>(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::error_code const&)>&, std::error_code const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 300 bytes in 10 blocks are still reachable in loss record 122 of 132
==669764==    at 0x483950F: operator new[](unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:431)
==669764==    by 0x12B597: bridges::datastructure::Grid<bridges::game::GameCell>::allocateGrid() (Grid.h:39)
==669764==    by 0x127F8B: bridges::datastructure::Grid<bridges::game::GameCell>::setDimensions(int, int) (Grid.h:160)
==669764==    by 0x124508: bridges::datastructure::Grid<bridges::game::GameCell>::Grid(int, int) (Grid.h:84)
==669764==    by 0x11EAEC: bridges::game::GameGrid::GameGrid(int, int) (GameGrid.h:481)
==669764==    by 0x121D72: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:52)
==669764==    by 0x122804: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669764==    by 0x122B86: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (minimal_game.cpp:7)
==669764==    by 0x117105: main (minimal_game.cpp:19)
==669764== 
==669764== 360 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 125 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x140F18: sio::socket::socket(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x153A64: sio::client_impl::socket(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x155110: sio::client_impl::on_open(std::weak_ptr<void>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19AEEE: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x192C5A: std::__invoke_result<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >::type std::__invoke<void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(void (sio::client_impl::*&)(std::weak_ptr<void>), sio::client_impl*&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18BCAC: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>::__call<void, std::weak_ptr<void>&&, 0ul, 1ul>(std::tuple<std::weak_ptr<void>&&>&&, std::_Index_tuple<0ul, 1ul>) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18525A: void std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>::operator()<std::weak_ptr<void>, void>(std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17D6B4: void std::__invoke_impl<void, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(std::__invoke_other, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x175B7E: std::enable_if<std::__and_<std::is_void<void>, std::__is_invocable<std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void> > >::value, void>::type std::__invoke_r<void, std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void> >(std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)>&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x170045: std::_Function_handler<void (std::weak_ptr<void>), std::_Bind<void (sio::client_impl::*(sio::client_impl*, std::_Placeholder<1>))(std::weak_ptr<void>)> >::_M_invoke(std::_Any_data const&, std::weak_ptr<void>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x187E2C: std::function<void (std::weak_ptr<void>)>::operator()(std::weak_ptr<void>) const (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 384 bytes in 4 blocks are still reachable in loss record 126 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x18AD9A: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x183FBB: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17BE1A: std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_get_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x173AD0: std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_create_node<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16E0B5: std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x168904: std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, websocketpp::utility::ci_less, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::operator[](std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x15D88A: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::append_header(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x15E2EC: websocketpp::http::parser::parser::process_header(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<char*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<char*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x15FEAF: websocketpp::http::parser::response::consume(char const*, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1987D8: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::handle_read_http_response(std::error_code const&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1B6731: void std::__invoke_impl<void, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long>(std::__invoke_memfun_deref, void (websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::*&)(std::error_code const&, unsigned long), std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, std::error_code const&, unsigned long&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 480 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 127 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x14F5FE: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<sio::packet>::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x14E526: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<sio::packet> >::allocate(std::allocator<sio::packet>&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x14D123: std::_Deque_base<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> >::_M_allocate_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x14BFF2: std::_Deque_base<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> >::_M_create_nodes(sio::packet**, sio::packet**) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x149C84: std::_Deque_base<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> >::_M_initialize_map(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1476DB: std::_Deque_base<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> >::_Deque_base() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1459F9: std::deque<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> >::deque() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x145A68: std::queue<sio::packet, std::deque<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> > >::queue<std::deque<sio::packet, std::allocator<sio::packet> >, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x13F9F5: sio::socket::impl::impl(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x140F32: sio::socket::socket(sio::client_impl*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<sio::message> const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x153A64: sio::client_impl::socket(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 512 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 128 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x1A6279: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A0755: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A0367: std::_Deque_base<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::_M_allocate_node() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1BD2F0: std::_Deque_base<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::_M_create_nodes(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >**, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >**) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1BB398: std::_Deque_base<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::_M_initialize_map(unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1B80E3: std::_Deque_base<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::_Deque_base() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1B3A85: std::deque<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >::deque() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1B3AF4: std::queue<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::deque<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > > >::queue<std::deque<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> >, std::allocator<std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::message_buffer::message<websocketpp::message_buffer::alloc::con_msg_manager> > > >, void>() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1AF100: websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::connection(bool, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> > const&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> > const&, websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic>&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1AAEDB: void __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A7424: void std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >::construct<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >&, websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 584 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 129 of 132
==669764==    at 0x483877F: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:307)
==669764==    by 0x5113349: CRYPTO_zalloc (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669764==    by 0x50EF86D: ERR_get_state (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669764==    by 0x50EF9D8: ERR_clear_error (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669764==    by 0x510EC68: ??? (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669764==    by 0x493034E: __pthread_once_slow (pthread_once.c:116)
==669764==    by 0x517A178: CRYPTO_THREAD_run_once (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669764==    by 0x510F45C: OPENSSL_init_crypto (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669764==    by 0x50759F8: ??? (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669764==    by 0x510ECDF: ??? (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669764==    by 0x493034E: __pthread_once_slow (pthread_once.c:116)
==669764==    by 0x517A178: CRYPTO_THREAD_run_once (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.1)
==669764== 
==669764== 1,640 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 130 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x174CFC: asio::execution_context::service* asio::detail::service_registry::create<asio::detail::strand_service, asio::io_context>(void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1423DB: asio::detail::service_registry::do_use_service(asio::execution_context::service::key const&, asio::execution_context::service* (*)(void*), void*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16EE3C: asio::detail::strand_service& asio::detail::service_registry::use_service<asio::detail::strand_service>(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x169D29: asio::detail::strand_service& asio::use_service<asio::detail::strand_service>(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x165A03: asio::io_context::strand::strand(asio::io_context&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x185DC7: websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init_asio(asio::io_context*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17EACB: websocketpp::transport::asio::endpoint<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config>::init(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::transport::asio::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client::transport_config> >) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x177BFE: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x171545: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16C2A9: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1542E2: sio::client_impl::connect_impl(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== 6,384 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 131 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x13AE86: sio::client::client() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1202F5: bridges::game::SocketConnection::SocketConnection(bridges::Bridges&) (SocketConnection.h:100)
==669764==    by 0x12550A: std::_MakeUniq<bridges::game::SocketConnection>::__single_object std::make_unique<bridges::game::SocketConnection, bridges::Bridges&>(bridges::Bridges&) (unique_ptr.h:962)
==669764==    by 0x121E0E: bridges::game::GameBase::GameBase(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (GameBase.h:55)
==669764==    by 0x122804: bridges::game::NonBlockingGame::NonBlockingGame(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, int) (NonBlockingGame.h:170)
==669764==    by 0x122B86: my_game::my_game(int, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >) (minimal_game.cpp:7)
==669764==    by 0x117105: main (minimal_game.cpp:19)
==669764== 
==669764== 20,304 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 132 of 132
==669764==    at 0x4838DEF: operator new(unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:342)
==669764==    by 0x1AADC6: __gnu_cxx::new_allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >::allocate(unsigned long, void const*) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A72EC: std::allocator_traits<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >::allocate(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&, unsigned long) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x1A19A3: std::__allocated_ptr<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > > std::__allocate_guarded<std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> > >(std::allocator<std::_Sp_counted_ptr_inplace<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2> >&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x19B641: std::__shared_count<(__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_count<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>*&, std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x193637: std::__shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, (__gnu_cxx::_Lock_policy)2>::__shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x18C7C0: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >::shared_ptr<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x185AC9: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > std::allocate_shared<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> >, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(std::allocator<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > const&, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x17E474: std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client> > std::make_shared<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> > >(bool const&, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::alevel> >&, std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::log::basic<websocketpp::concurrency::basic, websocketpp::log::elevel> >&, std::reference_wrapper<websocketpp::random::random_device::int_generator<unsigned int, websocketpp::concurrency::basic> >&&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x177703: websocketpp::endpoint<websocketpp::connection<websocketpp::config::asio_client>, websocketpp::config::asio_client>::create_connection() (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x171545: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::shared_ptr<websocketpp::uri>, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764==    by 0x16C2A9: websocketpp::client<websocketpp::config::asio_client>::get_connection(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, std::error_code&) (in /home/bridges-testing/bridges-client-testing/c++/web_tutorial_testing/minimal_game)
==669764== 
==669764== LEAK SUMMARY:
==669764==    definitely lost: 201 bytes in 1 blocks
==669764==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669764==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669764==    still reachable: 37,474 bytes in 140 blocks
==669764==         suppressed: 896 bytes in 14 blocks
==669764== 
==669764== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==669764== ERROR SUMMARY: 1 errors from 1 contexts (suppressed: 2 from 2)
could not run test

Test mixed_assignments.cpp full log

Build Test for test mixed_assignments.cpp

Compiling test mixed_assignments.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o mixed_assignments mixed_assignments.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test mixed_assignments.cpp

==669786== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==669786== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==669786== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==669786== Command: ./mixed_assignments 1 null null live
==669786== 
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1029/bridges_testing

Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1029/bridges_testing

Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1029/bridges_testing

Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1029/bridges_testing

Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1029/bridges_testing

==669786== 
==669786== HEAP SUMMARY:
==669786==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669786==   total heap usage: 8,364 allocs, 8,352 frees, 1,069,159 bytes allocated
==669786== 
==669786== LEAK SUMMARY:
==669786==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669786==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669786==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669786==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669786==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669786== 
==669786== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==669786== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test mllist.cpp full log

Build Test for test mllist.cpp

Compiling test mllist.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o mllist mllist.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test mllist.cpp

==669809== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==669809== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==669809== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==669809== Command: ./mllist 1 null null live
==669809== 
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1030/bridges_testing

==669809== 
==669809== HEAP SUMMARY:
==669809==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669809==   total heap usage: 7,558 allocs, 7,546 frees, 564,208 bytes allocated
==669809== 
==669809== LEAK SUMMARY:
==669809==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669809==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669809==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669809==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669809==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669809== 
==669809== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==669809== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test osm.cpp full log

Build Test for test osm.cpp

Compiling test osm.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o osm osm.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test osm.cpp

==669829== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==669829== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==669829== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==669829== Command: ./osm 1 null null live
==669829== 
Checking the cache:  hash code: http://bridges-data-server-osm.bridgesuncc.org/hash?minLon=-80.750000&minLat=35.280000&maxLon=-80.710000&maxLat=35.320000&level=default
Hitting data URL: http://bridges-data-server-osm.bridgesuncc.org/coords?minLon=-80.750000&minLat=35.280000&maxLon=-80.710000&maxLat=35.320000&level=default
Hitting hash URL: b5f843ad4095197c06d382cda999cc80
Exception while storing in cache. Weird but not critical.
Tried to store hash=b5f843ad4095197c06d382cda999cc80 key = {
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  "meta": {
    "lat_min": 35.280046,
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    "name": "temp_map"
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}
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1031/bridges_testing

==669829== 
==669829== HEAP SUMMARY:
==669829==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669829==   total heap usage: 43,471 allocs, 43,459 frees, 5,525,224 bytes allocated
==669829== 
==669829== LEAK SUMMARY:
==669829==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669829==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669829==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669829==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669829==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669829== 
==669829== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==669829== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test osm_amenity_snippet.cpp full log

Build Test for test osm_amenity_snippet.cpp

Compiling test osm_amenity_snippet.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o osm_amenity_snippet osm_amenity_snippet.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test osm_amenity_snippet.cpp

==669853== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==669853== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==669853== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==669853== Command: ./osm_amenity_snippet 1 null null live
==669853== 
Checking the cache:  hash code: http://bridges-data-server-osm.bridgesuncc.org/hash?minLon=-77.209180&minLat=38.776570&maxLon=-76.899900&maxLat=39.031980&amenity=food
Hitting data URL: http://bridges-data-server-osm.bridgesuncc.org/amenity?minLon=-77.209180&minLat=38.776570&maxLon=-76.899900&maxLat=39.031980&amenity=food
Hitting hash URL: c6ef9c5919ea894f786bd56e25c6a6bc
Exception while storing in cache. Weird but not critical.
Tried to store hash=c6ef9c5919ea894f786bd56e25c6a6bc key = {
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      38.8975779,
      -77.0115048,
      "The Ministry",
      "cafe"
    ],
    [
      8155517517,
      38.9071281,
      -77.0074886,
      "Sweet Science Coffee",
      "cafe"
    ],
    [
      8165041764,
      38.912762,
      -77.0314451,
      "Bluestone Lane",
      "cafe"
    ],
    [
      8165129736,
      38.9157286,
      -77.0324453,
      "Ice Cream Jubilee",
      "ice_cream"
    ],
    [
      8165129737,
      38.9133226,
      -77.0322251,
      "Mexicue",
      "restaurant"
    ],
    [
      8165129739,
      38.9090523,
      -77.0321674,
      "Players Club",
      "bar"
    ],
    [
      8171276603,
      38.9570438,
      -77.0113942,
      "La Coop",
      "cafe"
    ],
    [
      8203806929,
      38.9093521,
      -77.0230929,
      "Oyster Oyster",
      "restaurant"
    ],
    [
      8211398245,
      38.914336,
      -77.0414892,
      "Pupatella",
      "restaurant"
    ],
    [
      8243438665,
      38.8771108,
      -77.1247256,
      "Layalina",
      "restaurant"
    ],
    [
      8265748861,
      38.879826,
      -77.112999,
      "World Of Beer",
      "restaurant"
    ],
    [
      8285408134,
      38.9620065,
      -76.934938,
      "250Texas BBQ",
      "restaurant"
    ],
    [
      8306044270,
      38.8946141,
      -77.1910444,
      "McDonald's",
      "fast_food"
    ],
    [
      8313618687,
      38.9420645,
      -77.0246838,
      "Menya Hosaki",
      "restaurant"
    ],
    [
      8370211915,
      38.9148424,
      -76.9841159,
      "Baker's Daughter",
      "restaurant"
    ],
    [
      8379503793,
      38.9472869,
      -77.0790803,
      "Mayflower Chinese Food",
      "restaurant"
    ],
    [
      1000000606784749,
      38.8122042,
      -77.1841288,
      "Starbucks Bradlick",
      "cafe"
    ]
  ],
  "meta": {
    "count": 3262,
    "minlat": 38.7766,
    "minlon": -77.2092,
    "maxlat": 39.032,
    "maxlon": -76.8999
  }
}
Total Amenities: 3262
The first 5 amenities:
[0]:
	Name: Cafe Saint Ex
	Id: 60471261
	Name: Cafe Saint Ex
	Latitude: 38.9154
	Longitude: -77.0317
[1]:
	Name: Starbucks
	Id: 340148262
	Name: Starbucks
	Latitude: 38.9168
	Longitude: -77.0294
[2]:
	Name: Milkboy Arthouse
	Id: 344569889
	Name: Milkboy Arthouse
	Latitude: 38.9814
	Longitude: -76.9382
[3]:
	Name: Meatball Nation
	Id: 367144451
	Name: Meatball Nation
	Latitude: 38.8921
	Longitude: -77.0047
[4]:
	Name: Millie’s
	Id: 388247153
	Name: Millie’s
	Latitude: 38.945
	Longitude: -77.0963
==669853== 
==669853== HEAP SUMMARY:
==669853==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669853==   total heap usage: 7,519 allocs, 7,507 frees, 3,293,659 bytes allocated
==669853== 
==669853== LEAK SUMMARY:
==669853==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669853==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669853==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669853==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669853==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669853== 
==669853== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==669853== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test osm_snippet.cpp full log

Build Test for test osm_snippet.cpp

Compiling test osm_snippet.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o osm_snippet osm_snippet.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test osm_snippet.cpp

==669876== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==669876== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==669876== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==669876== Command: ./osm_snippet 1 null null live
==669876== 
Checking the cache:  hash code: http://bridges-data-server-osm.bridgesuncc.org/hash?minLon=-98.025937&minLat=41.031332&maxLon=-97.945312&maxLat=42.008577&level=default
Hitting data URL: http://bridges-data-server-osm.bridgesuncc.org/coords?minLon=-98.025937&minLat=41.031332&maxLon=-97.945312&maxLat=42.008577&level=default
Hitting hash URL: 09b9408c91555b7d79876122f6cb988b
Exception while storing in cache. Weird but not critical.
Tried to store hash=09b9408c91555b7d79876122f6cb988b key = {
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  ],
  "meta": {
    "lat_min": 41.031637,
    "lat_max": 42.007372,
    "lon_min": -98.0258663,
    "lon_max": -97.945303,
    "name": "temp_map"
  }
}
Number of Vertices [Charlotte]:1387
Number of Edges [Charlotte]:3015
Location of first vertex [Cartesian Coord]: -657.974,-4700.22
==669876== 
==669876== HEAP SUMMARY:
==669876==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669876==   total heap usage: 5,607 allocs, 5,595 frees, 2,772,959 bytes allocated
==669876== 
==669876== LEAK SUMMARY:
==669876==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669876==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669876==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669876==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669876==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669876== 
==669876== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==669876== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test reddit.cpp full log

Build Test for test reddit.cpp

Compiling test reddit.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o reddit reddit.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test reddit.cpp

==669901== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==669901== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==669901== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==669901== Command: ./reddit 1 null null live
==669901== 
getting subreddits:
hitting url: http://bridges-data-server-reddit.bridgesuncc.org/listJSON
Returned JSON:["gadgets","sports","gaming","pics","worldnews","videos","AskReddit","aww","Music","funny","news","movies","blog","books","history","food","philosophy","Jokes","Art","DIY","space","Documentaries","askscience","nottheonion","todayilearned","gifs","listentothis","IAmA","announcements","TwoXChromosomes","creepy","nosleep","GetMotivated","WritingPrompts","LifeProTips","EarthPorn","explainlikeimfive","Showerthoughts","Futurology","photoshopbattles","mildlyinteresting","dataisbeautiful","tifu","OldSchoolCool","UpliftingNews","InternetIsBeautiful","science"]

gadgets
sports
gaming
pics
worldnews
videos
AskReddit
aww
Music
funny
news
movies
blog
books
history
food
philosophy
Jokes
Art
DIY
space
Documentaries
askscience
nottheonion
todayilearned
gifs
listentothis
IAmA
announcements
TwoXChromosomes
creepy
nosleep
GetMotivated
WritingPrompts
LifeProTips
EarthPorn
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Futurology
photoshopbattles
mildlyinteresting
dataisbeautiful
tifu
OldSchoolCool
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science
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Returned JSON:{"v0m24k":{"author":"BerryGrapeBeard","comment_count":486,"id":"v0m24k","post_time":1653863412.0,"score":4074,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"If so, which ones? \n\nIf not, how did they manage to survive nearly a year of lockdowns? How did they adapt?\n\nEdit: spelling","title":"Were any viruses or diseases eradicated during the pandemic due to global lockdowns?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v0m24k/were_any_viruses_or_diseases_eradicated_during/","vote_ratio":0.92},"v0nyqv":{"author":"CookieCat698","comment_count":195,"id":"v0nyqv","post_time":1653869810.0,"score":1248,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Can a person\u2019s aching joints actually predict a storm?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v0nyqv/can_a_persons_aching_joints_actually_predict_a/","vote_ratio":0.93},"v12ux7":{"author":"SharkMan247","comment_count":62,"id":"v12ux7","post_time":1653924956.0,"score":829,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Also could you survive in the same cave as a lava river?","title":"Are Caves with lava rivers/pools (like in minecraft) realistic?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v12ux7/are_caves_with_lava_riverspools_like_in_minecraft/","vote_ratio":0.91},"v192mz":{"author":"JBsquiddy","comment_count":6,"id":"v192mz","post_time":1653942450.0,"score":115,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Just really really curious what people know about this detail. I've seen 1 video where the MHC II gives the antigen to the TCR, but I cannot find a verification anywhere on the internet. Thought I'd give it a shot in here, maybe there are some experts? :D\n\nTitle of the video: 'The Adaptive Immune System'\nBy 'Vaccine Makers Project'. It happens at 30 seconds.","title":"When a antigen-presenting cell activates a Th-cell, does the Th-cell take the antigen? Or does the antigen-presenting cell keep it?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v192mz/when_a_antigenpresenting_cell_activates_a_thcell/","vote_ratio":0.86},"v1apr8":{"author":"Kenpoaj","comment_count":326,"id":"v1apr8","post_time":1653947103.0,"score":2898,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Title. Is it something to do with the fertilizer like ecoli? Or is Hep A something that survives in the soil?","title":"How do strawberries get infected with hep A?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1apr8/how_do_strawberries_get_infected_with_hep_a/","vote_ratio":0.94},"v1ereg":{"author":"empathyboi","comment_count":3,"id":"v1ereg","post_time":1653959955.0,"score":9,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Since these formations took millions of years to form, wouldn\u2019t it be a subtle change over time? \n\nAnd yet, when I look at the formations, the colors seem to change quickly. Why is this?","title":"Why do rock sediment layers change color so suddenly?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1ereg/why_do_rock_sediment_layers_change_color_so/","vote_ratio":0.81},"v1fa7f":{"author":"TheSentinelsSorrow","comment_count":2,"id":"v1fa7f","post_time":1653961685.0,"score":19,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"If you have a slightly damaged liver, but donate or otherwise remove a portion of it. will the liver as a whole be healthier once it fully regenerates?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1fa7f/if_you_have_a_slightly_damaged_liver_but_donate/","vote_ratio":0.92},"v1hguf":{"author":"slushhead_00","comment_count":12,"id":"v1hguf","post_time":1653969066.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Is tobacco by itself cancerous? If so, what makes it that way?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1hguf/is_tobacco_by_itself_cancerous_if_so_what_makes/","vote_ratio":0.75},"v1iakc":{"author":"Jaranon","comment_count":30,"id":"v1iakc","post_time":1653972091.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Do galaxies beyond the bounds of the currently observable universe become visible as their light reaches Earth or are they simply too far away or obscured to ever be observed?","title":"Do new galaxies become visible as their light reaches Earth?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1iakc/do_new_galaxies_become_visible_as_their_light/","vote_ratio":0.88},"v1jsrw":{"author":"dash_o_truth","comment_count":8,"id":"v1jsrw","post_time":1653978025.0,"score":22,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Hello, I just watched Prehistoric Planet and then perused the Wikipedia pages of some of the featured dinosaurs. For example, how would they know that the Dreadnoughtus males go into the desert to compete to mate? (I suppose they found a whole bunch of male fossils?)\n\nOr the father T-rex wants to eat first?\n\nOr the group of Triceratops journeying through a cave to find an underground clay lick, to protect themselves from eating toxic plants by lining their stomachs?\n\nOr the pterosaurs fighting back against the Velociraptor hunting them?\n\nOr the Quetzalcoatlus (I think it was) crushing the other's eggs?\n\nThe Edmontosaurus loves fire or something like that?\n\nOr a smaller Barbaridactylus fools the bigger males into getting to mate with females? \n\nI haven't researched it further but none of this is in the respective Wikipedia pages, how much of this is educative guesses and story telling?","title":"How would palaeontologists know the social structure of dinosaurs?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1jsrw/how_would_palaeontologists_know_the_social/","vote_ratio":0.88},"v1k8e8":{"author":"autoantinatalist","comment_count":12,"id":"v1k8e8","post_time":1653979859.0,"score":16,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I saw a bunch of studies and assertions that it ruins REM sleep. But I also saw stuff that says it's a miracle for sleep and anxiety and nightmares. These things don't seem to coalesce into one pattern; if it helps with anxiety, then it can't also not let you get real rest, becuase over time you would get worse anxiety from not being able to sleep. Bad sleep=more anxiety. Ditto nightmares, if you can't get real rest, then you get more nightmares. \n\nSo what's going on? Is the data conflicting, does it matter who's being studied and why they're taking the drug, does it matter what particular type of thing they're taking, what ingestion method?","title":"What is the data on medical marijuana messing with REM sleep?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1k8e8/what_is_the_data_on_medical_marijuana_messing/","vote_ratio":0.84},"v1lgbh":{"author":"SkepticOnHGH","comment_count":7,"id":"v1lgbh","post_time":1653985344.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why is glycemic index of sucrose lower than all purpose flour even though all purpose flour isn't as sweet as sugar?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1lgbh/why_is_glycemic_index_of_sucrose_lower_than_all/","vote_ratio":0.77},"v1mfbs":{"author":"Peiranthus","comment_count":12,"id":"v1mfbs","post_time":1653989756.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Can you tell from the ECG if the pacemaker is activated?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1mfbs/can_you_tell_from_the_ecg_if_the_pacemaker_is/","vote_ratio":0.77},"v1namv":{"author":"Wreckit-Jon","comment_count":2,"id":"v1namv","post_time":1653993433.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I was reading some health (diet) related articles and they were talking about possible health concerns of diets due to the way ringworms reacted when subjected to said diet. That sounds super strange to me because...I'm not a worm...\n\nWas just wondering if those articles should just be dismissed or if using worms for studies related to humans is actually a scientifically sound practice.","title":"Are studies related to humans that use worms as the subject relevant to human living?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1namv/are_studies_related_to_humans_that_use_worms_as/","vote_ratio":0.59},"v1nzjq":{"author":"ShavenJohnCravens","comment_count":8,"id":"v1nzjq","post_time":1653996120.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"My understanding of vapour pressure is that it is the pressure exerted by a vapour above a liquid when at equilibrium. Physically, this arises because some molecules have enough energy to escape from the liquid phase in to the gas phase, and at equilibrium the number of molecules vapourising is the same as the number condensing. \n\nMy question is does the vapour pressure depend on the external pressure? For example, if a volatile solvent was placed in a sealed flask, and it was pressurised with an inert gas, would the additional gas molecules hinder the evaporation from the liquid phase?","title":"Does vapour pressure depend on external pressure?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1nzjq/does_vapour_pressure_depend_on_external_pressure/","vote_ratio":0.82},"v1okq2":{"author":"twinfiresigns14","comment_count":402,"id":"v1okq2","post_time":1653998263.0,"score":4848,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"And does being immunocompromised make a difference?\n\n**ETA:** I\u2019m not immunocompromised, sorry, didn\u2019t realise people would draw that conclusion. I was just curious about what would happen if an immunocompromised person *did* lick a cut. Clearly, it\u2019s nothing good.\n\nThe reddit app isn\u2019t letting me reply to posts, but thanks to all who\u2019ve answered so far!","title":"Is licking a minor wound (such as a small cut) generally effective or harmful?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1okq2/is_licking_a_minor_wound_such_as_a_small_cut/","vote_ratio":0.94},"v1p4mj":{"author":"None","comment_count":7,"id":"v1p4mj","post_time":1654000055.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Offered my golden retriever my breakfast scraps and noticed he carefully looked down at all the bits of eggs, toast and bacon before raises his head back up and then accurately licking each tidbit without looking? Did his doggy brain create a map of the food bits or was his brain \u201cshowing\u201d him the plate even though his adorable snout was in the way?","title":"The human mind compensates for our noses and blind spots, but what is known of animals with long snouts like dogs and horses? How about creatures like stingrays?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1p4mj/the_human_mind_compensates_for_our_noses_and/","vote_ratio":0.56},"v1pw7l":{"author":"toonzman92","comment_count":28,"id":"v1pw7l","post_time":1654002464.0,"score":101,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"So, here\u2019s my simplistic understanding of the two terms:\nElectricity- the flow of electrons\nHeat - the general movement of particles/molecules.\n\nWhile these are not perfect definitions, I think they are fairly accurate. \nIf you have electrical signals flowing through a copper cable, why can heat not change the bits being transmitted by disrupting the flow?\n\nI realize that heat is a problem in computing, but usually that is at the processing points and affects materials in the computer rather than the signals, right?","title":"Can heat affect electric signals?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1pw7l/can_heat_affect_electric_signals/","vote_ratio":0.85},"v1q5pe":{"author":"WhatisBondage","comment_count":29,"id":"v1q5pe","post_time":1654003274.0,"score":119,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I live in Minneapolis, MN and now that it's summer there have been a few big thunderstorms. I was wondering if the large city affects how these storms behave.","title":"do large Cities affect weather in any significant way?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1q5pe/do_large_cities_affect_weather_in_any_significant/","vote_ratio":0.88},"v1qejy":{"author":"Saturnalliia","comment_count":20,"id":"v1qejy","post_time":1654004015.0,"score":22,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How do flash floods happen?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1qejy/how_do_flash_floods_happen/","vote_ratio":0.67},"v1sled":{"author":"foodtower","comment_count":2,"id":"v1sled","post_time":1654010154.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Melting ice sheets lead to isostatic rebound and earthquakes. Are any mountain glaciers big enough to cause detectable earthquakes by the same process?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1sled/melting_ice_sheets_lead_to_isostatic_rebound_and/","vote_ratio":0.65},"v1xyo9":{"author":"zsdrfty","comment_count":74,"id":"v1xyo9","post_time":1654025384.0,"score":304,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I understand why we can\u2019t see infrared light, because it\u2019s way less energetic than visible light, but ultraviolet is even higher energy and I thought it would still make sense for it to excite our retinas.\n\nThe only answer I can find is \u201cbecause your eyes only see blue light\u201d, but that doesn\u2019t really answer the question of how or why that mechanism actually works.","title":"Why, physically, can\u2019t we see ultraviolet light?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1xyo9/why_physically_cant_we_see_ultraviolet_light/","vote_ratio":0.88},"v225sb":{"author":"SirQuaverton","comment_count":6,"id":"v225sb","post_time":1654036778.0,"score":38,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How is a cold virus able to target specific areas of the body, ie the throat?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v225sb/how_is_a_cold_virus_able_to_target_specific_areas/","vote_ratio":0.84},"v296nc":{"author":"Metropolis49","comment_count":5,"id":"v296nc","post_time":1654059882.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I know melatonin is naturally produced in the pineal gland, but how is melatonin made for gummies or supplements?\n\nIs a pure melatonin liquid made and then mixed with the gummies? How is it made, I cannot find it anywhere only a breakdown of the natural biological process","title":"How is melatonin for supplements made?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v296nc/how_is_melatonin_for_supplements_made/","vote_ratio":0.92},"v29nj0":{"author":"Lukeintoyoureyes","comment_count":2,"id":"v29nj0","post_time":1654061654.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How do mountain rivers formed and how do they look like at the mountain top?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v29nj0/how_do_mountain_rivers_formed_and_how_do_they/","vote_ratio":0.39},"v29pew":{"author":"MoiJaimeLesCrepes","comment_count":142,"id":"v29pew","post_time":1654061859.0,"score":2047,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I notice that wind turbines have only three very long blades, yet windmills and water pump windmills have many more. Likewise, home fans can have three, five, or more blades, and there is a lot of variation in the lengths available. How do you determine what's optimized for a given usage?","title":"What determines the ideal number, length, width and shape for the blades of wind turbines, wind mills, or even interior fans?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v29pew/what_determines_the_ideal_number_length_width_and/","vote_ratio":0.94},"v2a0oh":{"author":"Fuxurmother91","comment_count":7,"id":"v2a0oh","post_time":1654063123.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I noticed today that when using two different brands of synthetic fertilizers with almost identical NPK levels I was getting a significantly higher EC. the PK levels of one brand of nutrient were higher but I did that math for both nutrient companies in order to ensure I was using identical amounts of RAW NPK. I found that I needed to use significantly more nutrients from one brand to get the same levels of raw nitrogen phosphorus and potassium than the other. After adding the nutrients of the \"low quality\" brand I noticed the EC was significantly higher (2.3) than the \"higher quality\" nutrients (1.9) but I'm still adding the same amount of RAW NPK to each tank. \nSo my question is this, what exactly is causing the EC to be higher from one brand to the next, is it all the filler from using more nutrients to achieve the same NPK causing this? Or do cheaper/lower quality nutrients use more Iron boron calcium magnesium etc to synthesize their nutrients?","title":"do lower quality synthetic nutrients have higher levels of heavy metals?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2a0oh/do_lower_quality_synthetic_nutrients_have_higher/","vote_ratio":0.88},"v2ahou":{"author":"Choice_Ad_6775","comment_count":7,"id":"v2ahou","post_time":1654065102.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I\u2019ve yet to find an online source that goes into depth about ctdna and the processes involved with its detection (how is it detected? Comparing it with the more regular occurring dna after gel electrophoresis to get the DNA sequences of both?), how it is isolated( from the rest of the cfdna and the plasma), how is it analyzed( what does the sequence tell us, maybe you can find common mutation regions but then what does this mean and how could anything correlate to things like developing resistance against chemo chemicals), and what can we do about it (can we develop better treatments for cancer tutors when analyzing ctdna of the tumour, how is that even possible)\n\nIf anyone is well educated on the relatively new topic of ctdna, please offer your help and explaining these topics to me\u2026 in detail (explaining when processes like pcr are used and why they are used there). Thank you","title":"How is circulating tumor dna isolated and analyzed?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2ahou/how_is_circulating_tumor_dna_isolated_and_analyzed/","vote_ratio":0.78},"v2d9sn":{"author":"_lucalibre","comment_count":3,"id":"v2d9sn","post_time":1654077123.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Since we share a lot of common behavior with other big primates this question popped in my mind.\nDo they sleep in pairs, groups or even cuddling?","title":"Do monkeys sleep together?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2d9sn/do_monkeys_sleep_together/","vote_ratio":0.67},"v2dtsx":{"author":"benedictholland","comment_count":19,"id":"v2dtsx","post_time":1654079373.0,"score":56,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I was taught that when the solar system was forming, the sun pulled in the planets that were heavier, so rocky planets are closest to the sun. Thats why lighter planets (gas giants) are further away. \n\nBut what about the ice planets? are they lighter than the gas giants? were they once in a gaseous state? \n\nwhats the deal with Pluto in all this?","title":"why are the ice giants furthest away?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2dtsx/why_are_the_ice_giants_furthest_away/","vote_ratio":0.81},"v2e182":{"author":"SBsenior","comment_count":2,"id":"v2e182","post_time":1654080227.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Question is up there\\^. I have been trying to find an answer for it, But google-ing it either gives unsatisfactory answers like \"It's more stable\" or such.   \nI need a satisfactory and understandable answer. Thanks in advance for helping me out.","title":"Can someone explain to me why does Lanthanum has electronic configuration of [Xe] 6s2 5d1 instead of [Xe]6s2 4f1?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2e182/can_someone_explain_to_me_why_does_lanthanum_has/","vote_ratio":0.5},"v2e7ks":{"author":"NorthboundFox","comment_count":15,"id":"v2e7ks","post_time":1654080931.0,"score":16,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Are there any hydraulic systems that use granular solids like sand or polymer beads with low surface friction as a medium instead of air/liquid?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2e7ks/are_there_any_hydraulic_systems_that_use_granular/","vote_ratio":0.75},"v2e8mc":{"author":"tristan_noel_safonov","comment_count":17,"id":"v2e8mc","post_time":1654081056.0,"score":20,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"What animal species has a hierarchy of roles based on biological differences?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2e8mc/what_animal_species_has_a_hierarchy_of_roles/","vote_ratio":0.75},"v2eaob":{"author":"AskScienceModerator","comment_count":63,"id":"v2eaob","post_time":1654081245.0,"score":129,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"We can now program cells as if they were tiny computers. What happens when anyone can manipulate organisms - or even create new ones? My new book, [The Genesis Machine](https://www.amazon.com/Genesis-Machine-Rewrite-Synthetic-Biology/dp/1541797914), gives you the background you need to think differently about research underway now, and what that could mean for humanity's futures. What questions do you have for [me](https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/01/10/amy-webb-talks-crispr-ivf-5g/), Redditors? I'll be on from 2-4pmET (18-20 UT), AMA!\n\n\n\n\nUsername: /u/Amy_Webb","title":"AskScience AMA Series: I'm Futurist Amy Webb, and I just wrote a new book about a wild emerging technology called synthetic biology. AMA!","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2eaob/askscience_ama_series_im_futurist_amy_webb_and_i/","vote_ratio":0.81},"v2glh3":{"author":"inna_hey","comment_count":62,"id":"v2glh3","post_time":1654088752.0,"score":276,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I guess the question is, what's the difference between subspecies and species, at least in the plant world? *Is* there even a clear distinction?","title":"Why aren't the *sub*species of brassica rapa just considered different *species*?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2glh3/why_arent_the_subspecies_of_brassica_rapa_just/","vote_ratio":0.86},"v2gtb1":{"author":"Nervous_Weather_5272","comment_count":1,"id":"v2gtb1","post_time":1654089423.0,"score":9,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Doerig and colleagues (2021) present four proposed criteria for a theory of consciousness in the article \"Hard Criteria for Empirical Theories of Consciousness\". One of these is the unfolding argument. Can't seem to find any literature on how Zekis\u00b4 theory of the disunity of consciousness relates to this argument. He provides no function for consciousness, is he therefore subject to the unfolding argument, and could be considered a casual structure theory such as Lammes\u00b4 recurrent processing theory (2006) and Tononis\u00b4 information integration theory (2004)?","title":"How does Zeki (2003) relate to the unfolding argument?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2gtb1/how_does_zeki_2003_relate_to_the_unfolding/","vote_ratio":0.69},"v2ho32":{"author":"AutoModerator","comment_count":64,"id":"v2ho32","post_time":1654092012.0,"score":98,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on **Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science**\n\nDo you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: \"What would happen if...\", \"How will the future...\", \"If all the rules for 'X' were different...\", \"Why does my...\".\n\n**Asking Questions:**\n\nPlease post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.\n\n**Answering Questions:**\n\nPlease only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. [The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/wiki/index#wiki_answering_askscience). In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.\n\nIf you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, [please refer to the information provided here](https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/about/sticky).\n\nPast AskAnythingWednesday posts [can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/search?q=flair%3A%27meta%27&restrict_sr=on&sort=new&t=all). Ask away!","title":"Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2ho32/ask_anything_wednesday_engineering_mathematics/","vote_ratio":0.89},"v2hx4l":{"author":"abusivethrowaway13","comment_count":16,"id":"v2hx4l","post_time":1654092688.0,"score":39,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Language isn't my strong suit so let me explain my question. If I was to make a faraday cage to protect a peice of equipment but I was trying to do so cheaply and get the most EMP protection possible could I use a metal mesh, then an insulating layer, then a foil layer, then more insulation? And would the mesh add to the protection? Or is the amount of protection limited by the most effective layer and all additional layers effectively do nothing. \n\nBonus question: under what circumstances would I have to ground the faraday cage to properly EMP protect the equipment?","title":"are the effects of faraday cages made of multiple materials aditional to each other?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2hx4l/are_the_effects_of_faraday_cages_made_of_multiple/","vote_ratio":0.77},"v2lxhs":{"author":"Portalrules123","comment_count":7,"id":"v2lxhs","post_time":1654103418.0,"score":33,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"After you donate blood, considering that it takes like 3-4 weeks to fully replenish the lost red blood cells that carry oxygen, is your endurance/stamina measurably affected afterwards for some time?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2lxhs/after_you_donate_blood_considering_that_it_takes/","vote_ratio":0.94},"v2pcv8":{"author":"Solberg907","comment_count":8,"id":"v2pcv8","post_time":1654112271.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"If I understand it right, hydrocarbons are hydrophobic because of the non-polar interactions. But what makes Fluorocarbons MORE hydrophobic? Fluor-carbon interaction are very polar aren't they? so wouldn't that make them soluble in water?","title":"Why is Fluorocarbon hydrophobic?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2pcv8/why_is_fluorocarbon_hydrophobic/","vote_ratio":0.87},"v2tyc0":{"author":"Dzugavili","comment_count":5,"id":"v2tyc0","post_time":1654124022.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Genetic modification in the 20th century was a bit of a crapshoot -- literally. You'd put a bunch of DNA on some pellets and shoot them into a plant with an air gun, it's honestly so hilariously basic, it's surprising that it works. That, and Sanford is just a crazy person now. But that's another story.\n\nBut the genes get inserted pretty randomly, which is weird to me. Do we just practically test the organisms afterwards to see which ones got the insertion right?\n\nOr can we predict when or how often a gene will be expressed from its contents and location in the genome?\n\nOr do we not know this yet?","title":"Can we predict when a gene will be expressed?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2tyc0/can_we_predict_when_a_gene_will_be_expressed/","vote_ratio":0.78},"v2u8v7":{"author":"sempered","comment_count":16,"id":"v2u8v7","post_time":1654124793.0,"score":54,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"\nExactly as the post says.\n\nI\u2019m curious on how vitamins are made both from the natural and organic side to the synthetic.\n\nHow does it get from something like an a\u00e7a\u00ed berry to vitamin B12. Or how is an orange turned into vitamin c?\n\nThanks for all the help!","title":"How are vitamins made?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2u8v7/how_are_vitamins_made/","vote_ratio":0.89},"v2waae":{"author":"celo753","comment_count":617,"id":"v2waae","post_time":1654130363.0,"score":11033,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"You'd just have to build a detector sensitive to the specific molecule or group of molecules that cause the smell, right? And while we are at it, can't we have a bomb-sniffing and drug-sniffing machine, the same way dogs do? Or is there something about dog morphology that allows them to detect these smells better than any machine we can currently make?\n\n[Article I saw about dogs sniffing covid](https://www.reddit.com/r/science/comments/v2ndcz/trained_dogs_sniff_out_covid19_as_well_as_lab/)","title":"Dogs can smell COVID infections in patients, with as much accuracy as a PCR test. What's stopping us from building a machine that 'smells' the patients and detects it as well, if not better, than a dog?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2waae/dogs_can_smell_covid_infections_in_patients_with/","vote_ratio":0.91},"v2xq4m":{"author":"_GenderNotFound","comment_count":12,"id":"v2xq4m","post_time":1654134671.0,"score":22,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Also, how close are we to a cure?","title":"How exactly do prion diseases work and how can they be prevented?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2xq4m/how_exactly_do_prion_diseases_work_and_how_can/","vote_ratio":0.92},"v36i31":{"author":"Grayfox4","comment_count":31,"id":"v36i31","post_time":1654168564.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"If you run a current through a wire, you create a magnetic field, and that magnetic field has a direction relative to the flow of the current. So if you were to explain to the aliens with no concept of left and right, you could tell them to set up an experiment where they connect a battery to a wire with the negative pole in a specified direction and the positive pole in the other. \n\nThen all you need to do is state that when viewing the wire from a perspective relative to the flow of the electrons, you observe the direction of rotation of the magnetic field, and at the \"up\" position (opposite the direction of gravity) is either right or left depending on the perspective relative to electron flow? Or am I missing something?","title":"Can the concepts of right and left be objectively explained using magnetic fields?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v36i31/can_the_concepts_of_right_and_left_be_objectively/","vote_ratio":0.69},"v3fkle":{"author":"Ethan_Carlton","comment_count":7,"id":"v3fkle","post_time":1654194804.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Say, the subject is doing a Gordon Ramsay impression when they're testifying","title":"Can speech and body language experts tell whether someone is lying if they don't talk like they usually do?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3fkle/can_speech_and_body_language_experts_tell_whether/","vote_ratio":0.33},"v3fptz":{"author":"SamisSmashSamis","comment_count":2,"id":"v3fptz","post_time":1654195200.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"See title. Thanks!","title":"What are the mechanisms that cause Skeeter Syndrome and other extreme skin reactions to bug bites? Has there been any advances in cures or treatments?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3fptz/what_are_the_mechanisms_that_cause_skeeter/","vote_ratio":0.81},"v3g4w5":{"author":"Bastiproton","comment_count":7,"id":"v3g4w5","post_time":1654196344.0,"score":14,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Since the soundwaves would travel through a medium that is moving away from the receiver faster than the speed of the soundwaves itself.\n\nAdditionally, can wind cause Doppler effects?","title":"If a sound is produced in an environment where there is wind blowing that goes faster than the speed of sound, can you hear that sound if the receiver is \"upstream\" of the wind?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3g4w5/if_a_sound_is_produced_in_an_environment_where/","vote_ratio":0.94},"v3g7hl":{"author":"themoment326","comment_count":27,"id":"v3g7hl","post_time":1654196520.0,"score":37,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"For example, 1 2 3 4 5 6 exhibits a pattern. Each element is the previous plus one. \n\nBut what if say, you know beforehand, the elements of a sequence are between 1 - 6 like in a dice. You\u2019re trying to figure out if a certain sampling method is random. Say you get 3 2 1 2 2 1 3 1 2 2 1 3 2 1 1 2 3 1. The sequence itself doesn\u2019t seem to exhibit a pattern yet they all share the same property of being within the set {1,2,3} and excluding the set {4,5,6}\n\nRandomness is often defined as the lack of a pattern. This sequence by the face of it doesn\u2019t seem to have a pattern yet we know it\u2019s not coming from a uniform random distribution from 1-6 given 4 5 and 6 aren\u2019t selected. How do you explain this?","title":"What is a pattern? Is randomness the inverse of a pattern? And does the definition of a pattern include shared properties between elements?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3g7hl/what_is_a_pattern_is_randomness_the_inverse_of_a/","vote_ratio":0.87},"v3im3k":{"author":"dgladush","comment_count":8,"id":"v3im3k","post_time":1654203145.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Is there any experiment that proves that the speed of light does not depend on the speed of observer?\n\nPopular science often tells that Mickelson Morley experiment proves it, but all parts of it are stationary relatively to each other.\n\nSo I would say it proves only that the speed of light is C if the source and the observer are in the same frame of reference, as far as I understand. Is there anything else?\n\nThanks.","title":"Which exactly experiment proves that the speed of light does not depend on the speed of observer?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3im3k/which_exactly_experiment_proves_that_the_speed_of/","vote_ratio":0.59},"v3m3qi":{"author":"SlyGuyontheFly","comment_count":10,"id":"v3m3qi","post_time":1654213100.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"This question was inspired by my understanding of immune response: A host becomes infected > pathogen replicates until disease > immune response > eradication. At some point between infection and eradication there exists a critical mass of the pathogen such that the host becomes infectious.\n\nAn immunized host has memory cells that reduce immune response time. Is that shortened response time enough to prevent the host from becoming infectious before the pathogen is eradicated?\n\nI figure this varies wildly from pathogen so let's just stick to COVID-19 (although additional examples would be great).\n\nA few more things:\n\nFirst, I'm out of my area of expertise (obviously) so please excuse any misuse of terminology, and please point it out.\nSecond, please don't hold back with your answers. If I wanted a simple explanation for something as if I was five years old I'd go to another sub (my post was auto deleted for referencing it). If I don't understand something I can go look it up. Hit me with your best shot =)\nThird, please don't forget to cite your sources (or expertise) so I have somewhere to go for more information.","title":"Is there a period of time between infection and eradication of a pathogen in an immunized host wherein the host is still infectious?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3m3qi/is_there_a_period_of_time_between_infection_and/","vote_ratio":0.81},"v3vcx2":{"author":"fragileMystic","comment_count":2,"id":"v3vcx2","post_time":1654247534.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Let's take glutamine synthetase as an example. It creates Glutamine by catalyzing the reaction:\n\n Glutamate + ATP + NH3 \u2192 Glutamine + ADP + phosphate\n\nBut does this mean that if Glutamine concentration is high enough, Glutamate can be generated while producing ATP?\n\nIs there database cataloguing which enzyme reactions are reversible or irreversible? Are there general principles by which I can predict if a reaction is or isn't reversible?","title":"To what degree are all enzyme reactions reversible? How can I tell if a reaction is or isn't?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3vcx2/to_what_degree_are_all_enzyme_reactions/","vote_ratio":0.78},"v3vdjc":{"author":"bakugouchaan","comment_count":2,"id":"v3vdjc","post_time":1654247611.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"We're conducting a research about using the extracted epicuticular wax from near spoling cabbage leaves. However, we wish to know if the spoiling of this cabbage, or any plant, affects the effectiveness of the hydrophobicity property of their epicuticular wax.","title":"Does the epicuticular wax of plant leaves disappear, or become inefficient when that certain plant is near spoiling/spoiled?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3vdjc/does_the_epicuticular_wax_of_plant_leaves/","vote_ratio":0.73},"v3vlz6":{"author":"synthroidgay","comment_count":10,"id":"v3vlz6","post_time":1654248682.0,"score":9,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I don't mean how long until the vaccine takes effect, I mean how long is there a pocket of liquid sitting there inside unabsorbed? Could you hypothetically stick in another needle into the exact same spot, draw the liquid back out, and unnvaccinate yourself? I don't actually want to do this, if it needs to be said","title":"How long does it take for a vaccine to be absorbed into muscle?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3vlz6/how_long_does_it_take_for_a_vaccine_to_be/","vote_ratio":0.65},"v3ygvr":{"author":"BlueAdjacent","comment_count":5,"id":"v3ygvr","post_time":1654259880.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Can you get Monkeypox more than once?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3ygvr/can_you_get_monkeypox_more_than_once/","vote_ratio":0.41},"v3z56d":{"author":"None","comment_count":356,"id":"v3z56d","post_time":1654262037.0,"score":4828,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why do viruses like herpes or hpv stay forever, while flu viruses don't?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3z56d/why_do_viruses_like_herpes_or_hpv_stay_forever/","vote_ratio":0.94},"v3za0x":{"author":"SquisherBeMe","comment_count":89,"id":"v3za0x","post_time":1654262467.0,"score":544,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I was in some heavy rain and it made me wonder how it compared. Not looking for the most rain to fall in a day or an hour, but something closer to minute or less.","title":"What is the heaviest recorded rainfall? What is the theoretical limit?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3za0x/what_is_the_heaviest_recorded_rainfall_what_is/","vote_ratio":0.92},"v40ixk":{"author":"idek300","comment_count":4,"id":"v40ixk","post_time":1654266205.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"So I was researching translation and something that everyone mentions but no one explains - why are there 3 possible reading frames for an mRNA, if translation starts at AUG codon? If translation starts at this codon, then the only reading frame possible is the one dictated by AUG ie. there can only be one, so how would it even be theoretically possible for two other reading frames?\n\ne.g. 5\\` GUCGAUGCUUGGUAGUAAG......... 3\\`\n\nThe only potential initiation site is AUG, so why do we say that this could encode 3 different proteins?","title":"How are there multiple reading frames if it starts AUG?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v40ixk/how_are_there_multiple_reading_frames_if_it/","vote_ratio":0.6},"v41aw2":{"author":"Pistolenkrebs","comment_count":65,"id":"v41aw2","post_time":1654268462.0,"score":362,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Did we discover any unknown islands after humanity first used satellite photography?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v41aw2/did_we_discover_any_unknown_islands_after/","vote_ratio":0.92},"v422pa":{"author":"legomyeggopls","comment_count":19,"id":"v422pa","post_time":1654270661.0,"score":27,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"When theres\u2019s 20,000 people in the crowd, and speakers that are 50 feet high, how do these microphone not constantly pick up all that sound around them?  It almost seems impossible, so how can the singer\u2019s vocals be so clear?","title":"Why don\u2019t microphones on stage at huge stadium concerts have constant feedback?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v422pa/why_dont_microphones_on_stage_at_huge_stadium/","vote_ratio":0.85},"v48dc9":{"author":"2AM_Tale","comment_count":4,"id":"v48dc9","post_time":1654288442.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Quite a bit of my family has it, and my understanding is that most of the population has it, so I was wondering, besides saliva and sharing objects/water; does HSV-1 bind with your gametes (or can you be born with it?)? I\u2019ve tried to google but I haven\u2019t found anything, or anything relating to blood/birth at least.","title":"Is HSV-1 (Cold Sores) contractible through blood/gametes?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v48dc9/is_hsv1_cold_sores_contractible_through/","vote_ratio":0.67},"v4c2xp":{"author":"DarthWoo","comment_count":24,"id":"v4c2xp","post_time":1654299441.0,"score":177,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How does the body produce the sense of impending doom associated with incompatible blood transfusions, imminent heart attacks, etc?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4c2xp/how_does_the_body_produce_the_sense_of_impending/","vote_ratio":0.91},"v4d2m4":{"author":"biggerthanUSsteel","comment_count":12,"id":"v4d2m4","post_time":1654302763.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I heard that your strength of your bones are built in your teens and early twenties and that peak is maintained until 30. So basically, my weightlifting and calcium  won't help my bones get stronger","title":"Is it true that your bones don't get any stronger after your early twenties?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4d2m4/is_it_true_that_your_bones_dont_get_any_stronger/","vote_ratio":0.63},"v4f8nd":{"author":"KittyScholar","comment_count":8,"id":"v4f8nd","post_time":1654310143.0,"score":26,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"And if so, why? Any other wild adaptions that make them the only flying mammals?","title":"I heard bats apparently have insanely good immune systems. Is this true?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4f8nd/i_heard_bats_apparently_have_insanely_good_immune/","vote_ratio":0.77},"v4gu2b":{"author":"arunningturtle","comment_count":80,"id":"v4gu2b","post_time":1654315896.0,"score":640,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Where do we get raw elements from? Ie. Neon, helium.","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4gu2b/where_do_we_get_raw_elements_from_ie_neon_helium/","vote_ratio":0.9},"v4gw62":{"author":"The_Freight_Train","comment_count":6,"id":"v4gw62","post_time":1654316095.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"How visually accurate/realistic are the current animations of cellular biology as presented by HarvardX, WEHImovies, and the like?\n\nUsing this video as an example:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vkYEYjintqU\n\nIs what we see here truly physically occurring, or artist representation of what we theorize is occurring?  \n\nr/AskScience, please tell me that protons literally spin microscopic turbines to create ATP.\n\n\nEdit:  Thanks guys, my questions are fairly answered and given me more food for thought and direction to focus study.  My general takeaway from the thread is that these videos are close enough to \"reality\" to be presented to a student as such, with some small disclaimers that do not necessarily detract from the animations' accuracy.","title":"How visually accurate/realistic are the current animations of cellular biology as presented by HarvardX, WEHImovies, and the like?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4gw62/how_visually_accuraterealistic_are_the_current/","vote_ratio":0.71},"v4l4rd":{"author":"gabbie_the_gay","comment_count":16,"id":"v4l4rd","post_time":1654334056.0,"score":18,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"What are the risks of consuming an excess of vitamins and nutrients? E.G. consuming 1200% of the recommended daily value of Vitamin D, every day?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4l4rd/what_are_the_risks_of_consuming_an_excess_of/","vote_ratio":0.83},"v4lcfg":{"author":"owenbananaman","comment_count":250,"id":"v4lcfg","post_time":1654335056.0,"score":1810,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I was reading about the different types of alloys used in rockets, and many of them are labeled as 'corrosion resistant'; does this actually matter or is it just a useless byproduct of the alloys that rockets use? (btw, sorry if I used the wrong flair.)","title":"Why are rockets/ spacecraft corrosion resistant, if there is no oxygen in space?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4lcfg/why_are_rockets_spacecraft_corrosion_resistant_if/","vote_ratio":0.92},"v4ngex":{"author":"DeviantDahlia","comment_count":6,"id":"v4ngex","post_time":1654344175.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"My friend believes drinking alcohol fights snake venom when you\u2019re bitten - I believe it can increase circulation and put you more at risk. However, she\u2019s not happy with MayoClinic as a source. So are there any better sources I could link her, or am I wrong to begin with?","title":"Is there any scientific substantiation that alcohol does/doesn\u2019t combat snake venom?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4ngex/is_there_any_scientific_substantiation_that/","vote_ratio":0.68},"v4o42c":{"author":"Havoc098","comment_count":77,"id":"v4o42c","post_time":1654346626.0,"score":286,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"As per title, even if hippos don't suffer from inbreeding to the same extent, surely over so many generations it has to have some effect? \nEstimates put the population at around 100 with potential to grow higher.","title":"How are the Columbian Hippos (Escobar's Hippos) not horribly inbred if they started from a population of 4?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4o42c/how_are_the_columbian_hippos_escobars_hippos_not/","vote_ratio":0.92},"v4osgy":{"author":"exomyth","comment_count":7,"id":"v4osgy","post_time":1654348937.0,"score":9,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"So from my very basic understanding, I understand that there are certain hormones that affect certain parts of the human body. Like oestrogen influences growth of breast tissue for example and there is this other hormone that affects growth and there are many other hormones that affect all kinds of stuff. Correct?\n\nSo that has me wondering, if you had this very unethical  experiment where you could inject babies with some hormone cocktails, how much could you control by just controlling their hormones.\n\nFor example: Would you have enough control to have a baby turn into 6ft tall adult, with wide hips a big butt, large boobs and a 10 inch penis? Or how much of that would be coded into the DNA?","title":"How much do hormones affect how our bodies 'turn out' as adults?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4osgy/how_much_do_hormones_affect_how_our_bodies_turn/","vote_ratio":0.66},"v4pc8x":{"author":"meowmeowfuzzyface111","comment_count":17,"id":"v4pc8x","post_time":1654350793.0,"score":39,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"If muscle cell never divide, how does people become muscular ? How do they build muscle ? How does a child grow?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4pc8x/if_muscle_cell_never_divide_how_does_people/","vote_ratio":0.72},"v4pcl0":{"author":"amiibohunter2015","comment_count":4,"id":"v4pcl0","post_time":1654350825.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Can salmonella be spread through air transmission such as a fan?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4pcl0/can_salmonella_be_spread_through_air_transmission/","vote_ratio":0.44},"v4pkfd":{"author":"phoinex711","comment_count":10,"id":"v4pkfd","post_time":1654351487.0,"score":22,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"For example, Dolly the sheep. Other than age is there any biological way to identify the clone from the original?","title":"If you clone an animal is there a biological method to differentiate the clone from the original?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4pkfd/if_you_clone_an_animal_is_there_a_biological/","vote_ratio":0.76},"v4qg7n":{"author":"gone_to_kroatan","comment_count":484,"id":"v4qg7n","post_time":1654354267.0,"score":2816,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I almost exclusively eat late, ranging anywhere from 9pm to 11pm. I just need to be relaxed and have time to enjoy eating. When my kids are awake I have to be alert and take care of them,so I don't eat just a few bites with them and prepare dinner after they are asleep.\nPeople who know about of this habit tend to state that it's not healthy as you gain weight and sleep bad. Now I'm interested, is this just a myth or are there any studies or explanations supporting this?","title":"Is there any scientific evidence or reason that you gain weight by eating late?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4qg7n/is_there_any_scientific_evidence_or_reason_that/","vote_ratio":0.92},"v4qzt2":{"author":"Odd_Explanation_9951","comment_count":11,"id":"v4qzt2","post_time":1654355861.0,"score":9,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Are there any fish that live in shallow-ish water that use lures like deep-sea angler fish do?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4qzt2/are_there_any_fish_that_live_in_shallowish_water/","vote_ratio":0.65},"v4xy3e":{"author":"The_Real_Mr_F","comment_count":109,"id":"v4xy3e","post_time":1654376348.0,"score":3588,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"You often hear that a rock is 1 billion years old or 300 million years old or whatever age it may be. What is the starting point for a rock\u2019s age? I assume it might vary based on the type of rock, like maybe volcanic rocks are \u201cborn\u201d when they emerge from a volcano, or sedimentary rocks are \u201cborn\u201d when they harden from whatever swampy material they were before, but I\u2019m not sure, and Googling mainly tells me that Dwayne Johnson was born in 1972, which is interesting but not helpful. Since just about every rock is made of material that has been around since the Big Bang, it\u2019s confusing to know what science considers the start of a rock\u2019s existence. What defines a rock\u2019s birthday?","title":"When is a rock considered to be \u201cborn\u201d?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4xy3e/when_is_a_rock_considered_to_be_born/","vote_ratio":0.94},"v4yvuk":{"author":"Enceing","comment_count":19,"id":"v4yvuk","post_time":1654379232.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"If a 40 year old has a baby, aren\u2019t the babies DNA going to be deprecated just as much as the 40 year old\u2019s? for example a baby is not born with 40 year old wrinkly skin, but new, healthy skin with no DNA defects due to replication over time.","title":"Why are babies born with \u201cyoung\u201d DNA?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4yvuk/why_are_babies_born_with_young_dna/","vote_ratio":0.65},"v577pt":{"author":"Cl1ky","comment_count":2,"id":"v577pt","post_time":1654409168.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"According to Wikipedia page of Dengue Fever, The incubation period of the disease is 2-14 days. Next it states that it's clinical course has 3 phases: Febrile, critical, and recovery.\n\nOut of these, febrile lasts 2-7 days. Now my question is this, is the febrile phase assimilated into the incubation OR does it start after the ending of incubation?","title":"Is the Incubation Period and Febrile Phase same?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v577pt/is_the_incubation_period_and_febrile_phase_same/","vote_ratio":0.6},"v588i4":{"author":"BuilderDahomey","comment_count":3,"id":"v588i4","post_time":1654413699.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"What are these so called weak spots within a tectonic plate? I live near one of the most geologically active regions, so I was curious.","title":"What places have the most Intraplate earthquakes? How destructive can they get?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v588i4/what_places_have_the_most_intraplate_earthquakes/","vote_ratio":0.58},"v5b1rt":{"author":"goldfishpaws","comment_count":23,"id":"v5b1rt","post_time":1654426935.0,"score":44,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"At an interested engineer, totally not a biologist level, I can smell things.  When I try to understand how smell works, though, I get confused.  I've heard a couple of answers which I'm not convinced by, so thought I'd get some clarity.\n\n* Resonating bonds between atoms in molecules.  This sounds semi plausible, but it doesn't account for handedness, where (AIUI) for instance a left hand identical arrangement of atoms smells of lemon and the same atoms arranged right-handed smell of mint.\n\n* That suggests shape is the driver, which seems compelling, but then why do brand new molecules we never evolved for have a smell?  Not perfume blends, that's obvious, but molecularly.  If we don't have a receptor for a molecule shape, how could we smell it, and how could we evolve a receptor for something that doesn't exist?\n\n* Smell buds, and every aroma is a unique combination of the nose equivalent of bitter/sweet/salt/acid/umami.  This seems pretty unconvincing to me as with shape alone - how could novel molecules smell?\n\n* Nose as a diffraction column.  Doesn't seem intuitive, but unique graphs for aromas at least includes the possibility of novel molecules having a smell, but we return to the handedness question.\n\nWhat am I missing?  Am I overthinking it all, missing something obvious?  I mean it seems like something we should know, but I'm not seeing consensus.\n\nThanks for your ideas about this, it's troubled me a while!","title":"How does smell work?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5b1rt/how_does_smell_work/","vote_ratio":0.76},"v5d9n3":{"author":"caleblewis94","comment_count":10,"id":"v5d9n3","post_time":1654435364.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Good morning from Atlanta, I am a college student studying History, though I am also interested in Biology and taking a course with a lab this Summer. I am learning about Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic organisms and their functions and noted that a key difference is that most Prokaryoteshave a cell wall to protect them from bursting due to water absorption. I also remember from prior knowledge knowing that our intestines contain a bunch of prokaryotes to aid in breaking down waste, etc. I was curious and didn't want to bother my professor with these random questions that pop up as I'm reading the textbook, so I figured I'd turn to you kind folks on here to enlighten me on this random burning question of mine:\n\nAre there any diseases that can damage/destroy the cell walls of prokaryotes, causing them to absorb water throughout the body, i.e. the intestines and burst? \n\nThanks!","title":"Are There Any Diseases That Can Destroy Prokaryote Cell Walls?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5d9n3/are_there_any_diseases_that_can_destroy/","vote_ratio":0.7},"v5do7n":{"author":"H_Badran","comment_count":6,"id":"v5do7n","post_time":1654436746.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How do i differentiate between Protista and Fungi cells?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5do7n/how_do_i_differentiate_between_protista_and_fungi/","vote_ratio":0.67},"v5e00t":{"author":"Mycellanious","comment_count":244,"id":"v5e00t","post_time":1654437803.0,"score":3464,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How significantly do plastic dental appliances, things like retainers, Invisalign, or night guards, contribute to the build up of microplastics in the body?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5e00t/how_significantly_do_plastic_dental_appliances/","vote_ratio":0.9},"v5fek1":{"author":"ResidentRunner1","comment_count":3,"id":"v5fek1","post_time":1654442049.0,"score":13,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How were the Columbia, Fraser, Klamath and Pit Rivers able to work their way through mountain ranges? Are there any other examples out there too?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5fek1/how_were_the_columbia_fraser_klamath_and_pit/","vote_ratio":1.0},"v5ft2n":{"author":"None","comment_count":6,"id":"v5ft2n","post_time":1654443199.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Well, the question in the title? Why wouldn't it work? What's the physics behind the not working? Not enough force to cause an action-reaction?\n\nThanks in advance!","title":"Why wouldn't plasma propulsion work within the atmosphere of the earth?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5ft2n/why_wouldnt_plasma_propulsion_work_within_the/","vote_ratio":0.72},"v5hhnp":{"author":"Less-Talk-More-Bach","comment_count":2,"id":"v5hhnp","post_time":1654448160.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"General intelligence (g), physical attractiveness, lifetime income, positive health outcomes, and subjective happiness are all tightly correlated. \n\nTo what extent is the relationship between intelligence and attractiveness causal? Does it come down to a more higher order factor one could call general fitness? What implications does this fact pose for public policy or ethics?","title":"To what extent is general intelligence (g) correlated to higher levels of physical attractiveness?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5hhnp/to_what_extent_is_general_intelligence_g/","vote_ratio":0.54},"v5idwp":{"author":"wandernomad2020","comment_count":11,"id":"v5idwp","post_time":1654450785.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"My girlfriend and I were having a heated discussion about this.  I was adamant it was based on the fitness of a given variant, but I struggled to explain how that actually plays out in the real world.  She had other ideas that I won't try to explain as I wouldn't be doing her justice.\n\nCan anyone explain this to us, ideally with some actual research papers backing points up?  Ideally with real world examples, e.g. why was Delta pushed out by Omicron and how that plays out on a smaller scale, e.g. even within a single host, and how that interaction changes thing in small but significantly as the macro level. Any help, pointers, etc would be appreciated.","title":"Why do specific variants of COVID19 become dominant over other variants?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5idwp/why_do_specific_variants_of_covid19_become/","vote_ratio":0.43},"v5kd1y":{"author":"Salted_One","comment_count":64,"id":"v5kd1y","post_time":1654456512.0,"score":673,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Likewise, would the same apply to a planet within a nebula? If the affect wouldn\u2019t be enough to make a difference visible to the naked eye, are we inside a nebula or some gas \u201ccloud\u201d ourselves?","title":"I read that there are high concentrations of interstellar dust and gas near the center of the galaxy that make it difficult to resolve stars. If Earth were orbiting a planet very near to the galactic center, would space appear \u201chazy\u201d instead of clear and black?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5kd1y/i_read_that_there_are_high_concentrations_of/","vote_ratio":0.94},"v5pf4f":{"author":"Mikey_Sheridan","comment_count":8,"id":"v5pf4f","post_time":1654471755.0,"score":16,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"When a star runs out of fuel and collapses, does it happen all at once or does is slowly \u201cdeflate?\u201d","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5pf4f/when_a_star_runs_out_of_fuel_and_collapses_does/","vote_ratio":1.0},"v5ppp9":{"author":"BeingKindToAnimals","comment_count":32,"id":"v5ppp9","post_time":1654472711.0,"score":83,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"I searched, and cannot find the answer to: which of our eight planets is the newest?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5ppp9/i_searched_and_cannot_find_the_answer_to_which_of/","vote_ratio":0.79},"v5qwut":{"author":"PurpleMollusc","comment_count":1,"id":"v5qwut","post_time":1654476664.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I'm looking for inspiration to draw something and gorgonopsids and synapsids in general have started to captivate me and I've started to wonder, which ones had horns? I'm talking about those similar to horns we see today like in undulates.","title":"Which (if any) gorgonopsids have horns?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5qwut/which_if_any_gorgonopsids_have_horns/","vote_ratio":0.65},"v5rizp":{"author":"Meal-Ready","comment_count":354,"id":"v5rizp","post_time":1654478693.0,"score":1962,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why does it hurt when you put alcohol or peroxide on a wound?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5rizp/why_does_it_hurt_when_you_put_alcohol_or_peroxide/","vote_ratio":0.94},"v5u5pr":{"author":"Green_Agar","comment_count":1,"id":"v5u5pr","post_time":1654487874.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Isn\u2019t diffusion of molecules affected principally by charge, size, and amount, irrespective of the type of molecule? Why would alteration of a molecule render it immune to the effects of a concentration gradient?","title":"During active transport in a cell, why does modification of a molecule exempt it from violating a concentration gradient?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5u5pr/during_active_transport_in_a_cell_why_does/","vote_ratio":0.67},"v5v383":{"author":"killakam86437","comment_count":8,"id":"v5v383","post_time":1654491406.0,"score":13,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I just got done watching prehistoric planet by apple tv. It depicted trex with a scaley body, with what looked like slight hair, like an elephant would have. What is the current consensus on whether or not trex had feathers and why would the show depict them the way they did?","title":"what is the current consensus on T-rex and feathers?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5v383/what_is_the_current_consensus_on_trex_and_feathers/","vote_ratio":0.85},"v5vbbn":{"author":"TigreSauvage","comment_count":1,"id":"v5vbbn","post_time":1654492276.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Medical science has always progressed along with regular advancements in other fields. For example, these days advances in Chemistry and Genetics allows us uncover the secrets of human biochemistry. \n\nWe have obviously discovered many diseases over the years, but are we still discovering new ones?  I other words, are people still stumping scientists with disease they have never seen before and are completely novel?","title":"Are we still discovering new diseases regularly?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5vbbn/are_we_still_discovering_new_diseases_regularly/","vote_ratio":0.77},"v5vhbk":{"author":"Snapple207","comment_count":3,"id":"v5vhbk","post_time":1654492958.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"You often hear about the Mariana trench being the deepest trench in the world but which one is the least? Google doesn't seem to provide a good answer on the subject and my searches were dominated with the \"deepest\" results and unrelated things.","title":"What is the shallowest ocean trench?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5vhbk/what_is_the_shallowest_ocean_trench/","vote_ratio":0.59},"v5z4pv":{"author":"astro_billions","comment_count":13,"id":"v5z4pv","post_time":1654508176.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"is Sagittarius A a new black hole or just discovered?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5z4pv/is_sagittarius_a_a_new_black_hole_or_just/","vote_ratio":0.69},"v60m2p":{"author":"A-Delonix-Regia","comment_count":13,"id":"v60m2p","post_time":1654512373.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"According to an air pressure calculator I found on Google, the air at 2 km above MSL would be about 0.8 atm and at 2.5 km above MSL it would be about 0.75 atm.\n\nAs per my understanding, getting 20-25% less oxygen per breath would mean that a high-altitude athlete's body would have more RBCs, bigger lungs, and a bigger heart, and that should give a noticeable advantage to the high altitude athlete.\n\nBut from personal experience (as someone who is rather unfit, and has always lived in coastal cities), when I visited a hill station at 2.25 km above MSL I didn't really notice anything that made me breathe faster or deeper, so I guess the 20-25% less oxygen actually translates to just about 5% more breathing and 5% less physical strength.\n\nSo, suppose we take two athletes:\n\n1. A person who has spent most of his life in towns at 2-2.5 km above sea level\n2. A person who has always lived in coastal cities\n\nAnd suppose both athletes are capable of doing the same sports with identical performance in their hometowns.\n\nI agree that the high-altitude athlete would have the advantage when competing, regardless of whether the athletes were competing at sea level or at high altitude, but suppose we were to have a way to accurately measure peak strength and endurance as two separate parameters.\n\nHow big would the advantage (in each of the two parameters) realistically be in favour of the high-altitude athlete, if both of them were competing at mean sea level? My guess is that peak strength is equal and the high-altitude athlete has maybe 10% more endurance. (if endurance is measured as \"how long the athlete can do some exercise at a given intensity level for\")\n\nNote: I've chosen the 2-2.5 km range because the highest major cities in my country and in the USA are in that altitude range\n\nNote 2: I made a similar post 2 hours ago but since that post was removed by Reddit's spam filters for linking to the air pressure calculator, I am reposting this and deleting that post.","title":"How big of an advantage does high-altitude training actually give to athletes? (say, at 2-2.5 km above mean sea level so with 20-25% less oxygen)","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v60m2p/how_big_of_an_advantage_does_highaltitude/","vote_ratio":0.73},"v60um3":{"author":"AskScienceModerator","comment_count":385,"id":"v60um3","post_time":1654513202.0,"score":2381,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Lyme disease, an infection caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi that is primarily transmitted by Ixodes scapularis (also known as blacklegged or deer ticks), [affects between 30,000 and 500,000 Americans every year](https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/datasurveillance/index.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Flyme%2Fstats%2Findex.html). Beyond the characteristic erythema migrans (\"bullseye\") rash, symptoms range from arthritis to damaging nervous and cardiac systems. With so many cases every year, it is imperative that everyone learn what steps can be taken to minimize and prevent Lyme disease infections while also getting up to date on the current scientific and medical interventions being used to treat and cure Lyme disease in infected individuals.\n\nJoin us today at 2 PM ET (18 UT) for a discussion, organized by the American Society for Microbiology, about all aspects of Lyme disease (and other tickborne diseases). We'll take your questions and discuss what people can do to prevent Lyme disease, how Lyme disease is best diagnosed and treated, and what to do if you suspect that you have Lyme disease. Ask us anything!\n\nWith us today are:\n\n+ [Dr. Paul Auwaerter, M.D., M.B.A.](https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/profiles/details/paul-auwaerter) (u/Paul_Auwaerter_MD) - Clinical Director, Division of Infectious Diseases, Sherrilyn and Ken Fisher Professor of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine\n+ [Dr. Alan Barbour, M.D.](https://spiro.mmg.uci.edu/) (u/UC_zoonoses_doc) - Professor of Medicine and Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine\n+ [Lillian Rainer Butler](https://www.linkedin.com/in/lillian-butler-808625225/) (u/UMSOM_ticks) - PhD Student, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore\n+ [Dr. Job Lopez, Ph.D.](https://www.bcm.edu/people-search/job-lopez-25566) (u/BCM_TickBorneDis) - Associate Professor, Pediatrics-Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine\n+ [Dr. Jean Tsao, Ph.D.](https://www.canr.msu.edu/people/jean_tsao) (u/MSUTickEcologist) - Associate Professor, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University\n\nLinks:\n\n+ [Lyme Disease information from the Center for Disease Control](https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/index.html)\n+ [An mRNA Vaccine Against Ticks (podcast)](https://asm.org/Podcasts/TWiM/Episodes/An-mRNA-Vaccine-Against-Ticks-TWiM-256)\n\nPlease note that we will NOT be making medical diagnoses or recommending any medical treatments or procedures for individuals.","title":"AskScience AMA Series: Summer is tick season. We are experts on the science of Lyme disease (and other tickborne illnesses), and we are here to answer your questions. AUA!","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v60um3/askscience_ama_series_summer_is_tick_season_we/","vote_ratio":0.94},"v623n9":{"author":"opteryx5","comment_count":17,"id":"v623n9","post_time":1654517532.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Do we still have 1/1,073,741,824th of that drug we took 10 years ago still coursing through our veins?","title":"If all drugs have a half-life, how can the body ever truly eliminate a drug?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v623n9/if_all_drugs_have_a_halflife_how_can_the_body/","vote_ratio":0.57},"v62ye3":{"author":"Kortonox","comment_count":3,"id":"v62ye3","post_time":1654520319.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"So I tried to find some information on this topic, especially the difference between medical reactions observed between male and female (Biological not Gender), and how transitioning can change reactions to treatment.\n\nWhat I found was [this](https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/1201/p1254.html#:~:text=Pharmacodynamic%20differences%20in%20women%20include,experience%20an%20adverse%20drug%20reaction) \" Pharmacodynamic differences in women include **greater sensitivity to and enhanced effectiveness of beta blockers, opioids, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and typical antipsychotics**. Additionally, women are 50 to 75 percent more likely than men to experience an adverse drug reaction. \"\n\n**So my question is, does transitioning with hormones (lets say a Transwoman/ Male to Female) have an effect on how the body reacts to medical treatment?** \n\nAlso other interesting things I would like to know regarding that topic, are there differences in blood values between male and female, and how do transpeople get evaluated with that in mind.\n\n&#x200B;\n\n(I would greatly apreciate it if you could also link studies if they exist, I tried to find studies, but couldnt find any and I dont know how to find them if they exist. I know that it could probably be a topic that is not well researched).","title":"Are medicin effects different in transpeople that take hormones compared to their assigned sex at birth?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v62ye3/are_medicin_effects_different_in_transpeople_that/","vote_ratio":0.51},"v63fng":{"author":"SapproLappro","comment_count":4,"id":"v63fng","post_time":1654521784.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Hi! I am studying a program in Sweden which will allow me to work as a counsellor.\n\nI'd be super grateful if anybody wants to take time out of their day to help me! :)\n\nA study can be found if searched for via google, with the title:\n\nPositive Effects of Methylphenidate on Social Communication and Self-Regulation in Children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders and Hyperactivity\n\nIt's on the website of NCBI. \n\nWithin the study, under 'Discussion', in the last paragraph, the word \"clinical effect\" is mentioned: \"the greatest clinical effect was seen with the medium dose\" (Jahromi., et al 2008).\n\nPrecisely what is meant by \"clinical effect\" in that context?\n\nAnother sentence found in the last paragraph under discussion is: \"there may be greater disparity in dose-response across different domains for optimal change\" (Jahromi., et al 2008).\n\nPrecisely what is meant by \"domains\"?\n\nThanks in advance!","title":"What is meant by \"clinical effect\" and \"domains\" in this context?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v63fng/what_is_meant_by_clinical_effect_and_domains_in/","vote_ratio":0.71},"v64lqp":{"author":"argyyle_styyle","comment_count":11,"id":"v64lqp","post_time":1654525160.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Do fish have set number of eggs for life?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v64lqp/do_fish_have_set_number_of_eggs_for_life/","vote_ratio":0.75},"v65q1i":{"author":"manosinistra","comment_count":24,"id":"v65q1i","post_time":1654528214.0,"score":59,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"You\u2019d think something that looks so simple (three rods on a pole) wouldn\u2019t have a Wikipedia article that reads like something out of a Startrek technical manual.","title":"How does a yagi antenna work? None of my education prepared me for the Wikipedia article.","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v65q1i/how_does_a_yagi_antenna_work_none_of_my_education/","vote_ratio":0.8},"v69ltp":{"author":"Powerpuff_Rangers","comment_count":8,"id":"v69ltp","post_time":1654538641.0,"score":16,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why is integration much more difficult than differentiation, despite them being just the inverse operations of each other?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v69ltp/why_is_integration_much_more_difficult_than/","vote_ratio":0.84},"v6be17":{"author":"ilovegorillas1776","comment_count":8,"id":"v6be17","post_time":1654543456.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"If I recall correctly, the most distantly animals can be related to still be able to reproduce is being from different genera, but still in the same family. I'm wondering, though, which two specific animals that can be bred together are the least related?","title":"What animal hybrid (either existing or theoretically possible) has/can have the most distantly related parents?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6be17/what_animal_hybrid_either_existing_or/","vote_ratio":0.75},"v6c32m":{"author":"patdashuri","comment_count":21,"id":"v6c32m","post_time":1654545331.0,"score":34,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"What does warm blooded really mean? How do we create our own heat when reptiles can\u2019t?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6c32m/what_does_warm_blooded_really_mean_how_do_we/","vote_ratio":0.86},"v6cl1l":{"author":"Chocolatethrowaway19","comment_count":2,"id":"v6cl1l","post_time":1654546699.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"And if it's the latter doesn't that mean deep sea fish have less oxygen because presumably its harder for oxygen to get way down there from the churning waves on the surface? Are there pockets of ocean that are oxygen deserts for fish because of lack of plants? How do deep sea creatures compensate for the reduced oxygen? Is bit comparable to land animals living on really tall mountains?","title":"Do fish gills separate hydrogen from oxygen molecularly or just take dissolved oxygen from the water?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6cl1l/do_fish_gills_separate_hydrogen_from_oxygen/","vote_ratio":0.89},"v6ez57":{"author":"jamirocky888","comment_count":4,"id":"v6ez57","post_time":1654553074.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"If Police turn up at a crime scene and there is a particular smell present, is there any way to sample that smell for forensic purposes, or is the smell simply noted as being present (ie. what the smell smells like) by a number of the people at the scene?","title":"Is there a forensic method for sampling the smell of something?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6ez57/is_there_a_forensic_method_for_sampling_the_smell/","vote_ratio":0.89},"v6j1vp":{"author":"ArmandoAlvarezWF","comment_count":44,"id":"v6j1vp","post_time":1654565204.0,"score":202,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"[Here](https://youtu.be/708q7LjMGso?t=154) is the interview.\n\nHe says \n\n>There\u2019s a great seam, a famous seam-a world famous one-- which I believe is called the Great Atlantic Fault. And it starts in northern Spain in the Basque Country, and it goes under the Bay of Biscay and comes up in south Wales. Then it goes under the Atlantic and comes up in Pennsylvania. So that if you took a Basque miner, or a Welsh miner or Pennsylvanian miner, and you could blindfold them and transport them, and they will recognise the coalface the moment they see it.  I believe it's four feet, six inches.\n\nIt's a beautiful interview and it seems believable enough.  But I can't find any references to the \"Great Atlantic Fault,\" outside of quotes of the interview or from the 2014 movie \"Pride\" where Bill Nighy's character closely paraphrase's Burton's speech.  Granted Burton says, \"I believe it's called the Great Atlantic Fault\" so maybe he just got the name wrong.  But is this a real geological feature?","title":"In an interview with Dick Cavett, Richard Burton described a coal seam called \"the Great Atlantic fault,\" that goes from Spain through Wales under the Atlantic to Pennsylvania. Was he full of it?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6j1vp/in_an_interview_with_dick_cavett_richard_burton/","vote_ratio":0.89},"v6jj92":{"author":"Kritical02","comment_count":3,"id":"v6jj92","post_time":1654566709.0,"score":30,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Is the power of each solar storm more likely to be stronger?\n\nOr is it simply that there are more solar events likely to occur during that period?","title":"During a solar maximum is it only the frequency of storms or does the average power of said events also increase?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6jj92/during_a_solar_maximum_is_it_only_the_frequency/","vote_ratio":0.79},"v6jpep":{"author":"Ganymede25","comment_count":0,"id":"v6jpep","post_time":1654567226.0,"score":75,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"My  background is in molecular virology of lentiviruses such as HIV, SIV  and FIV. However, my clinical background is rather lacking. While I  understand that HIV can be present in vaginal fluids, and perhaps the  main contributor of this may be the Bartholin glands, I have not found  any information on the presence of HIV in Skene's glands. Is HIV absent  in this fluid? If so, is that due to certain factors within the fluid  that make the virus unstable as with the case of saliva?\n\nAny publications or links would be greatly appreciated as I don't want to go down a long Pubmed rabbit hole.","title":"Is HIV-1 present in Skene's gland fluid?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6jpep/is_hiv1_present_in_skenes_gland_fluid/","vote_ratio":0.83},"v6jvdf":{"author":"Ixmath","comment_count":10,"id":"v6jvdf","post_time":1654567728.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I'm talking about these guys who claim they can find undeground water sources using sticks, metal rods and/or pendulums. They start walking and wait for the selected item to react in any way to indicate direction of the water or the exact spot of the water source. It sounds like a pseudoscience but there are testimonies of people who claim they work. Like a guy who said their parents digged out lots of holes at their land, but never found water until they hired a dowser.  \n\n\nAlso, please excuse my english, not my native language. And forgive me if I used the wrong tag, I didn't know which one fitted the best.","title":"Do dowsers actually work? If they do work, is there any scientific reason behind it? If they dont, is there any scientific reason why it could, even under extremely special and rare circumstances, theoretically work in the slightest?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6jvdf/do_dowsers_actually_work_if_they_do_work_is_there/","vote_ratio":0.47},"v6l6te":{"author":"Puzzleheaded_Cow_716","comment_count":7,"id":"v6l6te","post_time":1654571881.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I know that if Tritium and Deuterium fuse to form Helium, and that a side product is a neutron.\n\nDoes this neutron decay into hydrogen, or does it join another atom? where does it go?","title":"Does the fusion of tritium and deuterium end up creating hydrogen as a byproduct?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6l6te/does_the_fusion_of_tritium_and_deuterium_end_up/","vote_ratio":0.73},"v6l8tw":{"author":"veenell","comment_count":12,"id":"v6l8tw","post_time":1654572066.0,"score":17,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"additionally, if you sucked all of the air out of something like a metal or glass bottle (that floats if it is filled with air and sealed) so that it contained a near or complete vacuum, would it still be buoyant and would it still float?","title":"is a container of compressed air more bouyant in water, than the same container filled with normal air at sea level pressure, assuming both containers are the same volume? if not, what determines how bouyant a sealed air filled container is?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6l8tw/is_a_container_of_compressed_air_more_bouyant_in/","vote_ratio":0.71},"v6lhny":{"author":"DoubleZOfficial07","comment_count":7,"id":"v6lhny","post_time":1654572862.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"So I've found out that each peripheral nerve in our body supplies a patch of area, and organ failure radiates out to these areas called 'referred pain'. So if each area is supplied by only one nerve, how can we feel specific point contacts as there is no change in the signal produced?","title":"If each cutaneous nerve on the body supplies a particular area (a 'dermatome'), then how can we feel point contacts on our skin?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6lhny/if_each_cutaneous_nerve_on_the_body_supplies_a/","vote_ratio":0.63},"v6m180":{"author":"ahhhcola","comment_count":9,"id":"v6m180","post_time":1654574660.0,"score":18,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I can probably understand why eating or smelling something nasty would provoke a gag reflex and induce vomiting. I guess when there is something in your body that couldn\u2019t be accepted, gagging and vomiting act as ways to expel it. I could be misinformed so pardon my ignorance. \n\nHowever it dawned on me that even without taste or smell, we can experience the same physical reactions. For instance, I find spit, pee, vomit, certain kinds of food to be disgusting. Looking at these things can make me gag, tear up, and make me feel like I need to vomit. Even thinking about them alone can sometimes provoke such reactions. \n\nWhy does that happen? Why does the body resort to a gag reflex and vomiting when the disgusting things aren\u2019t directly affecting the body, especially internally? Is it because the brain already associates smell, texture, and taste with these objects we\u2019ve come to experience so merely looking or thinking about these objects is similar to us being directly impacted by it?","title":"Why do we gag and sometimes vomit in response to disgusting things?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6m180/why_do_we_gag_and_sometimes_vomit_in_response_to/","vote_ratio":0.7},"v6n1e4":{"author":"bigjocker","comment_count":8,"id":"v6n1e4","post_time":1654578192.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Pretty much the title \u2026 are all life forms on earth descendant of one single ancestor? Or has life appeared multiple times?","title":"Is it known how many times has life spontaneously appeared in earth?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6n1e4/is_it_known_how_many_times_has_life_spontaneously/","vote_ratio":0.93},"v6np2o":{"author":"un-chien-galicia","comment_count":7,"id":"v6np2o","post_time":1654580626.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Keeping aquariums, including crawfish, shrimp, and crabs, I have obviously noticed that crawfish visually look a lot more like a shrimp than the average crab. In fact, at the store I work at, it takes a trained eye to distinguish between young crawfish and shrimp. I am assuming much of this applies to young lobsters as well, though all the ones I\u2019ve seen have more distinguishable claws from an early age.\n\nAnyways, I am trying to understand oceanic evolution through time and I\u2019ve read that decapoda evolved into reptantia (lobsters and crabs) and natantia (shrimp). Does this suggest that lobsters are more closely related to crabs than shrimp, or am I misunderstanding something?","title":"Are lobsters more closely related to crabs or shrimp?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6np2o/are_lobsters_more_closely_related_to_crabs_or/","vote_ratio":0.75},"v6pnvj":{"author":"None","comment_count":6,"id":"v6pnvj","post_time":1654588185.0,"score":26,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I can never quite remember at what point I fall asleep. Is there a certain point after the last memory I have from the night before where I'm asleep","title":"How soon after our last memory do we fall asleep?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6pnvj/how_soon_after_our_last_memory_do_we_fall_asleep/","vote_ratio":0.86},"v6q4m9":{"author":"shmoopdogg","comment_count":7,"id":"v6q4m9","post_time":1654590114.0,"score":14,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"For context I\u2019m watching House, which obviously as a TV show is not a 100% accurate medical resource, but in it a man needs a new kidney and gets it donated by his teenage daughter. They make a joke about him having a small kidney meaning he won\u2019t have to pee as much, which made me wonder if and why it wouldn\u2019t continue to grow to full size once transplanted.","title":"If a child donates a kidney, will it continue to grow in the recipient\u2019s body?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6q4m9/if_a_child_donates_a_kidney_will_it_continue_to/","vote_ratio":1.0},"v6qz8g":{"author":"owenbananaman","comment_count":7,"id":"v6qz8g","post_time":1654593749.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"A diagram of an RS - 25 rocket engine showcased valves that allow the flow of the main fuel, main oxidizer, pre-burner, and chamber coolant. How are these valves 'turned' within the rocket engine?","title":"How are valves within rocket engines 'turned'?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6qz8g/how_are_valves_within_rocket_engines_turned/","vote_ratio":0.73},"v6qzd0":{"author":"supermaq","comment_count":7,"id":"v6qzd0","post_time":1654593765.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I have this noob question because yesterday I voiced my opinion in saying polyesters like in my jackets are a by-product result in the production of car fuels. The opposing party stated that it is within its own production proces, these fabric producing companies  just buy crude oil for manufacturing their products. Who can shed a light on this matter for me?","title":"Polymers and Plastics, are these deratives in the production of Petroleum?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6qzd0/polymers_and_plastics_are_these_deratives_in_the/","vote_ratio":0.83},"v6rke0":{"author":"idiotsyncrazy","comment_count":12,"id":"v6rke0","post_time":1654596161.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"If so then what is the stance on preserving the species?","title":"Are there any animals we're aware of that are currently endangered for reasons other than human activity?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6rke0/are_there_any_animals_were_aware_of_that_are/","vote_ratio":0.9},"v6rre8":{"author":"skovalen","comment_count":671,"id":"v6rre8","post_time":1654596923.0,"score":11480,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"The fact that I have to choose one \"flair\" for this question pisses me off.","title":"I know there is a correlation between elevation/altitude and suicide. I moved to a place at 8000 ft 7 years ago. I now have 6 people I know that have killed themselves. I had zero before moving here (in my 40's). Why?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6rre8/i_know_there_is_a_correlation_between/","vote_ratio":0.92},"v6tc5l":{"author":"ScenePuzzled","comment_count":18,"id":"v6tc5l","post_time":1654602532.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"The closest thing I can think of might be the femur in the hip bone, using Google/Oxford's definition: <a circular object that revolves on an axle and is fixed below a vehicle or other object to enable it to move [easily over the ground]>. There has to be something more wheel like! Maybe used in movement in a type of aquatic organism? What about in plants at any capacity? Where are all the nonhuman wheels?","title":"Where are there examples of wheels in nature/living beings, or even in some nonliving process?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6tc5l/where_are_there_examples_of_wheels_in/","vote_ratio":0.67},"v6xako":{"author":"mukavastinumb","comment_count":14,"id":"v6xako","post_time":1654612409.0,"score":9,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I assume that the average temperature of Earth changes based on multiple variables: Distance from the sea/ocean, altitude, hours of daylight, time of day etc. What are the criteria for measuring the average temperature of Earth?\n\nI also assume that each nation gives their own averages, but how do we determine the weights for each country? For example Russia is a lot bigger than Luxembourg, so Russia should have more variation in temperatures and their landmass should represent a larger proportion of the average temperatures.","title":"How do we determine and measure the average temperature of Earth?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6xako/how_do_we_determine_and_measure_the_average/","vote_ratio":0.73},"v6xq3c":{"author":"ProneMasturbationMan","comment_count":4,"id":"v6xq3c","post_time":1654613364.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I'm interested in the chemical reactions that happen between antioxidants and free radicals. There seems to be very little explanation on the internet of the actual chemistry that happens, and if there is it seems a bit too complicated for me.\n\nFree radical = species with unpaired electron. Are all free radicals electrically neutral (not positive nor negative?)\n\nFrom what I can see, antioxidants are also free radicals. They give an unpaired electron to a free radical. After this, both species have no unpaired electrons. Would they both have a charge of +1 or -1 now?\n\nThis makes antioxidants 'good for you' because they result in the free radical now having no unpaired electron, and there are no more chain reactions that occur. I am also curious: when a free radical takes an electron from a different molecule, what makes this reaction 'dangerous' for the body? Which molecule now would go on to be unstable and cause more dangerous reactions, is it the free radical that has been reduced or the other molecule that has been oxidised?","title":"Are antioxidants also free radicals?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6xq3c/are_antioxidants_also_free_radicals/","vote_ratio":0.5},"v6xrmq":{"author":"cool_eagle7","comment_count":2,"id":"v6xrmq","post_time":1654613455.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"They have same internal build. Few holes and seeds on the holes.","title":"Are Ladies' finger and Chillies from same family of plants?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6xrmq/are_ladies_finger_and_chillies_from_same_family/","vote_ratio":0.5},"v7005h":{"author":"noobycheese","comment_count":3,"id":"v7005h","post_time":1654618289.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I\u2019ve tried to Google this but I can\u2019t really find a straight answer and I don\u2019t necessarily trust the very basic explanations given on Tiktok. Thank you!!","title":"How does a hydrocolloid bandage actually work?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7005h/how_does_a_hydrocolloid_bandage_actually_work/","vote_ratio":0.86},"v71uh8":{"author":"ShiBoGod","comment_count":6,"id":"v71uh8","post_time":1654622194.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Clearly, it's not just a phase change due to temperature. Does anyone know what is actually happening? If you kept on heating an egg past its boiling point, would it become liquid again?","title":"How come eggs become solid after heating them?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v71uh8/how_come_eggs_become_solid_after_heating_them/","vote_ratio":0.56},"v7857j":{"author":"ThermalFlask","comment_count":301,"id":"v7857j","post_time":1654637083.0,"score":2212,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I constantly see \"anti-inflammatory properties\" listed as a health benefit of various nutrients in healthy foods, but my understanding is that inflammation is a natural process of the human body. So anti-inflammatory foods are basically inhibiting a normal biological process.\n\nWhy do we need to do that to be healthy? Why do we have a self-destructive inflammatory behavior in the human body anyway?","title":"If inflammation is bad, why does our body do it?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7857j/if_inflammation_is_bad_why_does_our_body_do_it/","vote_ratio":0.94},"v7e8xv":{"author":"TheSentinelsSorrow","comment_count":159,"id":"v7e8xv","post_time":1654654223.0,"score":671,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Since the moon is moving away from us, will it remain tidally locked to Earth or will its rotation one day become out of sync with its orbit?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7e8xv/since_the_moon_is_moving_away_from_us_will_it/","vote_ratio":0.94},"v7g03q":{"author":"QueryRIT","comment_count":47,"id":"v7g03q","post_time":1654659685.0,"score":45,"subreddit":"askscience","text":" You'd think that it would take a few hours or anything more than just 10 minutes for human brain to get severely affected. But even 10 minutes of heart failure and lack of oxygen to brain is devastating. Why? It just sounds so baffling.... is everything in our body like that","title":"If the human brain is oxygen deprived for even 10 minutes it's very dangerous. Why?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7g03q/if_the_human_brain_is_oxygen_deprived_for_even_10/","vote_ratio":0.69},"v7jjnn":{"author":"MayureshMJ","comment_count":9,"id":"v7jjnn","post_time":1654672622.0,"score":31,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Lets say a new cretaceous dinosaur species is living near the bank of a river, The river is continuously eroding the rock on which the cretaceous dinosaur stands on exposing triassic rocks, the cretaceous dinosaur dies near the exposed triassic rocks and gets buried and fossilized.\n\nWe humans then find this fossil of new cretaceous dinosaur along with the triassic rocks and triassic fossils, So how do we avoid not misjudging that the Dinosaur is triassic or the Sedimentary rocks surrounding it are Cretaceous?\n\nOther than absolute dating methods.","title":"What happens when a newer fossil of unknown species is found in an older rock strata?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7jjnn/what_happens_when_a_newer_fossil_of_unknown/","vote_ratio":0.87},"v7kmsp":{"author":"whatman640","comment_count":12,"id":"v7kmsp","post_time":1654677110.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Every single explanation of non-polar/polar interactions essentially says \u201cnon-polar substances have random slight charges that constantly change across the molecule and so are not attracted to the dipoles of water molecules.\u201d I can\u2019t, however, find any explanation to why the two substances (lets say water and oil) actually seperate. I saw a video of someone mixing the oil and water in space and the result was globules of oil randomly dispersed through the water. So in the case of separation of oil and water on earth is it just a case of the water molecules being attracted to each other, \u201cslipping\u201d past the oil and sitting at the bottom of the container due to density and in turn forcing the oil together?","title":"What is the actual mechanism for separating polar and non-polar substances?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7kmsp/what_is_the_actual_mechanism_for_separating_polar/","vote_ratio":0.87},"v7mv9w":{"author":"AskScienceModerator","comment_count":150,"id":"v7mv9w","post_time":1654686017.0,"score":1070,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"OceanX scientists have had rare encounters with a giant purpleback flying squid, identified a potentially region-altering tsunami risk in the Red Sea, and come face-to-face with the elusive sixgill shark, descended from animals that roamed the planet over 200 million years ago. We're currently on mission on our marine research vessel, OceanXplorer, conducting daily sub dives, scuba and ROV ops, and helicopter scouting - and documenting it all to share with the world. Next, we'll be hosting 15 future scientists for a ten-day immersive program aboard our ship.\n\nWe're broadcasting live from the Red Sea and have a whole crew of experts from OceanX ready to answer your questions about all things ocean science-exploration, engineering, research, testing, identification - and science education and communications! We are:\n\n+ Mattie Rodrigue, OceanX Head of Science Operations;\n+ Dr. Tiara Moore, Scientist and Black in Marine Science Program Lead at The Nature Conservancy;\n+ Toby Mitchell, OceanX Submersible Team Leader;\n+ Buck Taylor, OceanX Submersible Pilot;\n+ Olaf Dieckhoff, OceanX ROV Pilot;\n+ Ben Neel, OceanX Helicopter Pilot;\n+ Eben Hall, OceanX Executive Producer;\n+ Richard Barden, OceanX Dive Team;\n+ Roger Solem, Captain of OceanXplorer;\n+ Marko Cagalj, Chief Officer of OceanXplorer;\n+ Jesse Boulton, Second Officer of OceanXplorer;\n+ and Ross Davison-Harmer, Second Officer of OceanXplorer.\n\n\nWe'll be answering questions live from the Red Sea starting around 12 PM EDT (4:00 PM UTC), ask us anything!\n\nUsername: /u/oceanxorg\n\n@Oceanx on Social Media","title":"AskScience AMA Series: We're a global nonprofit ocean exploration organization conducting science research missions in the most unexplored areas of the world, from the Galapagos Islands to the Arctic Ocean. Ask us anything!","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7mv9w/askscience_ama_series_were_a_global_nonprofit/","vote_ratio":0.92},"v7qboc":{"author":"AutoModerator","comment_count":51,"id":"v7qboc","post_time":1654696811.0,"score":61,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on **Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology**\n\nDo you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: \"What would happen if...\", \"How will the future...\", \"If all the rules for 'X' were different...\", \"Why does my...\".\n\n**Asking Questions:**\n\nPlease post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.\n\n**Answering Questions:**\n\nPlease only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. [The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/wiki/index#wiki_answering_askscience). In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.\n\nIf you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, [please refer to the information provided here](https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/about/sticky).\n\nPast AskAnythingWednesday posts [can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/search?q=flair%3A%27meta%27&restrict_sr=on&sort=new&t=all). Ask away!","title":"Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7qboc/ask_anything_wednesday_biology_chemistry/","vote_ratio":0.81},"v7rd8z":{"author":"LaughterCo","comment_count":2,"id":"v7rd8z","post_time":1654699699.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I'm wondering how they figured out the function of reverse transciptase and integrase.","title":"What experiments or observations did Scientists use to figure out how Retroviruses work?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7rd8z/what_experiments_or_observations_did_scientists/","vote_ratio":0.82},"v7sma8":{"author":"godyaev","comment_count":14,"id":"v7sma8","post_time":1654703030.0,"score":13,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Is it possible to hide the fact of a test nuclear explosion if someone wants to hide it from the world?","title":"Can a nuclear test go undetected?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7sma8/can_a_nuclear_test_go_undetected/","vote_ratio":0.72},"v7tk9k":{"author":"Peacefulber","comment_count":187,"id":"v7tk9k","post_time":1654705475.0,"score":1959,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Either via genetics, epigenetics or any other factors.","title":"If twins are born via IVF, are those twins any more likely to have natural twins or their own?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7tk9k/if_twins_are_born_via_ivf_are_those_twins_any/","vote_ratio":0.91},"v7vkcv":{"author":"strq3","comment_count":2,"id":"v7vkcv","post_time":1654710674.0,"score":13,"subreddit":"askscience","text":" I tried looking up some research on the subject, but could not find an answer.\n\nTo be more specific, birth control pills are associated with side effects relating to mood. The person in question is suffering from depression and brain fog after taking the pills, in addition to disrupted sleep patterns. We were wondering how the hormonal levels from the pills might be affecting the production of other hormones such as serotonin or melatonin (not an expert here but those are the two I mostly hear about).","title":"What is the effect of hormonal birth control pills (estrogen and progesterone) on other hormonal pathways?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7vkcv/what_is_the_effect_of_hormonal_birth_control/","vote_ratio":0.89},"v803cc":{"author":"AnxiouslyPessimistic","comment_count":36,"id":"v803cc","post_time":1654722521.0,"score":131,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"When something like an artery is repaired and stitched together how does it become sealed? Is it just regular clotting the way blood repairs skin cuts etc or something else?","title":"How do things like arteries stay \u201cwatertight\u201d after being stitched together in an operation?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v803cc/how_do_things_like_arteries_stay_watertight_after/","vote_ratio":0.92},"v8cuxk":{"author":"Kkashmironline","comment_count":0,"id":"v8cuxk","post_time":1654766591.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why does Vishanshar Lake of Kashmir Great Lakes Trek change colours as the day proceeds?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8cuxk/why_does_vishanshar_lake_of_kashmir_great_lakes/","vote_ratio":1.0},"v8e901":{"author":"AskScienceModerator","comment_count":635,"id":"v8e901","post_time":1654772442.0,"score":2567,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"**TL;DR:**\nA year ago, we did an [AMA](https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/m5i6g5/askscience_ama_series_hi_reddit_we_are_group_of/) answering science or technology questions on any topic from Reddit. We had a blast and so we're back again! So please ask us any questions any of you have to do with science or technology and how they affect your life. There are no silly questions - ask us anything and we will try to give an easy-to-understand answer and, wherever possible, provide some further sources to enable you to do your own research/reading.\n\n\nOur goal is simply to advance everyone's understanding of science, engineering, and technology and to help people be better informed about the issues likely to affect them and their families.\n\n**More info / Longer read:**\nCSES is a registered charity in the UK, founded in 1920. We're a volunteer group of over 250 members and our key strength is our diversity and interdisciplinary expertise. Our members come from a variety of educational, social, and economic backgrounds, from industry and academia and a multitude of age groups, representing groups from the millennials all the way to the Silent Generation (our oldest member being 98)!\n\nThere has been growing dis-information globally in the last 20 years. Today's global interconnectedness, while being hugely beneficial for making information easily accessible to everyone, has made it ever more difficult to determine 'truth' and who to trust. As an independent charity, not affiliated or biased to any particular group, but with broad knowledge we are here to answer any questions you may have and to hopefully point you to further reading!\n\nOur goal is simply to answer as many of your questions as we can - but we aren't able to give advice on things - sorry! We will also be clear where what we are saying is the experience-based opinion of someone in our team.\n\nSo, Reddit... Ask us anything!\n\nCSES will draw from its large pool of volunteers to answer your questions, however some of the people standing by to answer comments are:\n\n+ **Professor David Humber**: Over 30 years' experience as a researcher, lecturer and senior university manager, specialising in immuno-biology and the life sciences.\n+ **David Whyte BEM**: Technologist and Chartered Engineer with over 10 years' R&D experience and 16 international patents across a wide range of technologies. Honoured by The Queen with a BEM, for services to engineering and technology.\n+ **Amy Knight**: Science teacher and artist experienced in art/science collaborations with organisations like Soapbox Science and The Royal Society; her work has been featured at the Tate Modern's \"Tate Exchange\".\n+ **Anthony McQuiggan**: 10 years of engineering experience and 30 years as a serial entrepreneur having built a number of very successful start-up SME technology companies in the UK, Japan, and the USA.\n+ **Roger Pittock**: Active retired engineer with 37 years' experience in electronics, software, mechanical, electrical, process, and safety systems. Avid supporter of the Consumers' Association having been elected to their Council for many years.\n+ **Adam Wood - President of CSES**: Chartered Engineer with over 13 years' experience in electronics, software, and systems engineering - working in the medical / healthcare, transport, and aerospace industries.\n\nUsername: /u/chelmsfordses\n\n-----\n\nEDI: We will be answering intermittently throughout the night and will stop taking new questions at 9 am BST tomorrow morning, but we will answer as many submitted before that time as we possibly can!","title":"AskScience AMA Series: Hi Reddit - we are group of 250 engineers, scientists, innovators, technologists, digital experts, and designers with a collected 45 PhDs / Professors and 35 members representing national science or engineering institutions. AUA!","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8e901/askscience_ama_series_hi_reddit_we_are_group_of/","vote_ratio":0.91},"v8levm":{"author":"lilFireMermaid","comment_count":16,"id":"v8levm","post_time":1654794057.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Have heard evaporation is the answer but this doesn\u2019t seem to make sense as that rate is variable depending on heat and humidity (?) so how can it always be true?\n\nThank you in advance! \ud83d\ude4f \ud83e\uddca","title":"Could someone please explain why you can fill a glass with ice and also fill it all the way to the top with water and the ice can melt completely but the glass will never overflow?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8levm/could_someone_please_explain_why_you_can_fill_a/","vote_ratio":0.62},"v8s6vq":{"author":"GasMaskGhou1","comment_count":9,"id":"v8s6vq","post_time":1654812234.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Is it possible to keep a detached limb \"alive\" or prevent it from rotting for an extended period of time?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8s6vq/is_it_possible_to_keep_a_detached_limb_alive_or/","vote_ratio":0.93},"v8s9k8":{"author":"ebpomtl","comment_count":8,"id":"v8s9k8","post_time":1654812437.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Hi !\n\nIt is a stupid question but I'm in a middle of cooking and it just came to me.\n\nLet's say I'm cooking diced chicken, in a big pan. Not enough to fill up the whole pan.\n\nWould the pieces cook faster if they are all together and touching or would they cook faster if spread on the pan ?\n\nI'm assuming the pan is heating evenly.\n\nThanks !!","title":"Does distance of food in a pan matters when cooking ?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8s9k8/does_distance_of_food_in_a_pan_matters_when/","vote_ratio":0.8},"v8tbaq":{"author":"KingaisKhan","comment_count":6,"id":"v8tbaq","post_time":1654815466.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Asking because a friend told me that bacterial dna is added to plants to make them resistent to herbicide (GMO), and they could transfer their dna to other plants via pollen. This friend is pretty wack, but my genetics class was too long ago for me to remember anything so who knows!!","title":"Can bacterial DNA be transferred into a plant genome?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8tbaq/can_bacterial_dna_be_transferred_into_a_plant/","vote_ratio":1.0},"v8tht3":{"author":"HatZinn","comment_count":11,"id":"v8tht3","post_time":1654815979.0,"score":24,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I am aware that it is possible for bacteria to become resistant to antibiotics and for some viruses to gain resistance to anti-viral meds. But is it also possible for them to become resistant to antibodies produced by the immune system?","title":"Are there any bacteria or viruses which are resistant/immune to antibodies?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8tht3/are_there_any_bacteria_or_viruses_which_are/","vote_ratio":0.73},"v8u2tu":{"author":"4thDevilsAdvocate","comment_count":6,"id":"v8u2tu","post_time":1654817741.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Let's assume that, for some reason, a cell is using [active transport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_transport) to move water out of itself or an organelle within itself - why, I don't know, but it is, perhaps it's trying to pull the water out of an [aqueous solution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueous_solution) within itself, or perhaps trying to self-desiccate.\n\nHow much ATP would the cellular pump in question consume per water molecule it transports this way? Does it depend on the concentration of water on either side of the pump? Is there a correlation between the atomic mass of a molecule in [daltons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalton_(unit)) and the amount of ATP required to force it through a pump?","title":"How much ATP does it cost for a cell to actively transport 1 molecule of water?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8u2tu/how_much_atp_does_it_cost_for_a_cell_to_actively/","vote_ratio":0.75},"v8vm86":{"author":"The_Codeword_Is_Bunk","comment_count":4,"id":"v8vm86","post_time":1654822585.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I apologize if this question is too unclear or vague - I haven\u2019t done too much research on this topic and am merely spouting off my far-fetched shower thoughts after a high school biology class.","title":"Would the pharmaceutical inhibition of dopamine receptor downregulation prevent the effects of addiction, both mental and physical? And if so, do we currently have a method of doing so?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8vm86/would_the_pharmaceutical_inhibition_of_dopamine/","vote_ratio":0.86},"v8zai9":{"author":"Delicious-Yoghurt-50","comment_count":19,"id":"v8zai9","post_time":1654834766.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How many calories does the human body burn on average per day naturally when not excersising and just doing everyday things?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8zai9/how_many_calories_does_the_human_body_burn_on/","vote_ratio":0.71},"v8zlgj":{"author":"ackzilla","comment_count":11,"id":"v8zlgj","post_time":1654835854.0,"score":21,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Do people who have bullets or bullet fragments lodged in their bodies subsequently show symptoms of lead poisoning?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8zlgj/do_people_who_have_bullets_or_bullet_fragments/","vote_ratio":0.88},"v8ztyc":{"author":"Super_Shock_5765","comment_count":1,"id":"v8ztyc","post_time":1654836749.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"This should include bears, coyotes, wolves, racoons, etc. I'm not specialized in evolutionary history and wikipedia lingo is kinda hard to understand sometimes.","title":"Did all Caniforms evolve in North America?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8ztyc/did_all_caniforms_evolve_in_north_america/","vote_ratio":0.75},"v90rz8":{"author":"SocksAndPi","comment_count":3,"id":"v90rz8","post_time":1654840255.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I've been told many times that it can interact poorly with medication (like increased drowsiness, irritability, etc.), but I've never been given a reason as to why it increases the risk of seizure when you drink, or how it affects our brains differently than non-epileptics.","title":"Why does alcohol increase the likelihood of seizures in epileptics?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v90rz8/why_does_alcohol_increase_the_likelihood_of/","vote_ratio":0.75},"v90xzo":{"author":"SYwaves","comment_count":11,"id":"v90xzo","post_time":1654840903.0,"score":28,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Can Maillard reaction happen by boiling food in conditions that raises water's boiling point (e.g. salted water or high atmospheric pressure)?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v90xzo/can_maillard_reaction_happen_by_boiling_food_in/","vote_ratio":0.89},"v918wu":{"author":"janedoecurious","comment_count":5,"id":"v918wu","post_time":1654842127.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"If the live virus smallpox vaccine can cause serious reactions in people with eczema\u2014even just by being near someone vaccinated\u2014how can someone with eczema safely move about society?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v918wu/if_the_live_virus_smallpox_vaccine_can_cause/","vote_ratio":0.44},"v91xcr":{"author":"PatientReference8497","comment_count":8,"id":"v91xcr","post_time":1654844946.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I am in my mid 30s, and have had pretty severe nasal congestion caused by hayfever every summer for as long as I rememeber.\n\nI have noticed that I cannot smell lighter or faint smells, contrasted by my wife who must have supersmelly powers","title":"Can lifelong hayfever cause a reduced sense of smell?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v91xcr/can_lifelong_hayfever_cause_a_reduced_sense_of/","vote_ratio":0.7},"v93g2o":{"author":"Awilta","comment_count":33,"id":"v93g2o","post_time":1654851594.0,"score":365,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Can you develop Autoantibodies against your own Blood group antigens?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v93g2o/can_you_develop_autoantibodies_against_your_own/","vote_ratio":0.88},"v93v9x":{"author":"LeagueOfRobots","comment_count":1,"id":"v93v9x","post_time":1654853351.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Do animals with four legs utilise inverted pendulum gait to walk, or do they 'drag' their weight along one step at a time?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v93v9x/do_animals_with_four_legs_utilise_inverted/","vote_ratio":0.75},"v94m8d":{"author":"SS7Hamzeh","comment_count":316,"id":"v94m8d","post_time":1654856451.0,"score":1252,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Edit: Thank you for those who made helpful, scientific replies! There are too many of you for me to thank individually, so, thanks to all of you!","title":"I can switch between breathing from my mouth, my nose, or both, even with both of my mouth and nose open. Anatomically and physiologically, how does this happen? Also, how does the body switch between the right and left nostrils?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v94m8d/i_can_switch_between_breathing_from_my_mouth_my/","vote_ratio":0.9},"v94nzm":{"author":"Stevetrov","comment_count":377,"id":"v94nzm","post_time":1654856653.0,"score":2652,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I have a scientific background mainly in math and computer science and some parts of evolution make sense to me like birds evolving better suited beaks or viruses evolving to spread faster. These things evolve in small changes each of which has a benefit.\n\nBut a circulation system needs a number of different parts to work, you need a heart at least 1 lung, blood vessels and blood to carry the oxygen around. Each of these very complex and has multicellular structure (except blood).\n\nI see how having a circulation system gives an organism an advantage but not how we got here.\n\nThe only explanation I have found on the Internet is that we can see genetic similarities between us and organisms without a circulation system but that feels very weak evidence.\n\nTo my computer science brain evolution feels like making a series of small tweaks to a computer program, changing a variable or adding a line of code. Adding a circulation system feels a lot more than a tweak and would be the equivalent of adding a new features that required multiple changes across many files and probably the introduction whole new components and those changes need to be done to work together to achieve the overall goal.\n\nMany thx\n\nEDIT Thanks for all the responses so far, I have only had time to skim through them so far. In particular thanks to those that have given possible evolutionary paths to evolve form a simple organism to a human with a complex circulation system.","title":"How did complex systems like our circulation system evolve?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v94nzm/how_did_complex_systems_like_our_circulation/","vote_ratio":0.91},"v96wyd":{"author":"EmuVerges","comment_count":10,"id":"v96wyd","post_time":1654864929.0,"score":37,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How can we switch from automatic unconscious breathing to counscious breathing? How does it work in our brain, nerves and diaphragm?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v96wyd/how_can_we_switch_from_automatic_unconscious/","vote_ratio":0.83},"v976k5":{"author":"findallthebears","comment_count":4,"id":"v976k5","post_time":1654865825.0,"score":65,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"As they're both fluids, they share things like currents, buoyancy, wind, waves. But is there something like rain underwater? Could it hail underwater?\n\nI am familiar with the \"snow\" made of falling biomass, and I also have questions about that. Does it condense from tiny particles, or break up from much larger falling pieces?","title":"Is there weather underwater to match atmospheric weather?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v976k5/is_there_weather_underwater_to_match_atmospheric/","vote_ratio":0.91},"v97k2i":{"author":"adwaitdixit_da_man","comment_count":6,"id":"v97k2i","post_time":1654867021.0,"score":20,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why does a skin/layer form on the surface of hot milk?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v97k2i/why_does_a_skinlayer_form_on_the_surface_of_hot/","vote_ratio":0.88},"v980w2":{"author":"HellfuckinYEAHImAFag","comment_count":59,"id":"v980w2","post_time":1654868476.0,"score":487,"subreddit":"askscience","text":" \n\nI  haven't been able to get precise  answers on this one -- moving from sea  level to 10,000 ft for 3mos. of  work, I was advised to \"drink as much water as you possibly can\", \"avoid  heavy drinking and caffeine\", and to  \"eat at any time you're hungry at  all\" (for the whole time I'm at this  elevation).\n\nWhat  is the exact  reason for this ? Does it have to do with less oxygen at  altitude ? What  makes the body fall to pieces if you don't practice  this constantly at high elevations ?","title":"Why Do We Need To Eat And Drink More At Altitude?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v980w2/why_do_we_need_to_eat_and_drink_more_at_altitude/","vote_ratio":0.91},"v98wnu":{"author":"JimPlaysGames","comment_count":2,"id":"v98wnu","post_time":1654871018.0,"score":13,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Given that a galaxy is thousands of light years wide wouldn't the light from a nearer part of it reach us sooner than light from a further part of it? Why aren't the images of galaxies smeared sideways sometimes because the galaxy is moving sideways across the sky relative to us? Or are some of them like that?","title":"Are the shapes of galaxies we see distored by the light from different parts of it getting to us later than others?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v98wnu/are_the_shapes_of_galaxies_we_see_distored_by_the/","vote_ratio":0.77},"v9bac8":{"author":"good_god_lemon1","comment_count":3,"id":"v9bac8","post_time":1654877624.0,"score":9,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"What\u2019s the difference between a deinosuchus and sarcosuchus? Are they closely related?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9bac8/whats_the_difference_between_a_deinosuchus_and/","vote_ratio":0.74},"v9fop4":{"author":"TnecnivTrebor","comment_count":13,"id":"v9fop4","post_time":1654889802.0,"score":298,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2201445","title":"Is this paper on a treatment for rectal cancer as promising as it sounds?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9fop4/is_this_paper_on_a_treatment_for_rectal_cancer_as/","vote_ratio":0.89},"v9hzif":{"author":"octacilio1","comment_count":69,"id":"v9hzif","post_time":1654896268.0,"score":769,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"As an undergrad student, I used the Schr\u00f6dinger equation to solve the Hydrogen atom, but the result would lead to missing transitions. The professor then said that the Dirac equation would give a better result, but it would still lack some corrections from the hyperfine structure and quantum field theory. \n\nSo, my questions are:\n\n1) Are all the known corrections enough? Or are there transitions that happen using a state that shouldn't exist according to the model? I.e., are all states from the Hydrogen atom in the model?\n\n2) Do these corrections make a closed formula, or are they had to be done using numerical methods?","title":"Is the Hydrogen spectrum fully solved?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9hzif/is_the_hydrogen_spectrum_fully_solved/","vote_ratio":0.92},"v9jkem":{"author":"cowox93112","comment_count":8,"id":"v9jkem","post_time":1654900820.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"For the Riemann zeta function at positive even values, we have the well known closed expression in terms of powers of pi and the Bernoulli numbers. I know there are no proven expressions for odd values, but are there similar formulas that are at least empirically valid up to high precision and could be plausible candidate for an exact formula? Has there been a systematic search?","title":"Are there simple speculative formulas for zeta(odd integer number)?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9jkem/are_there_simple_speculative_formulas_for_zetaodd/","vote_ratio":0.73},"v9kajc":{"author":"Seths_dad","comment_count":18,"id":"v9kajc","post_time":1654902985.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"What are the actual consequences for researchers performing a study without informed consent? I would think that being unable to actually publish that work would be a given, but can researchers be held criminally or civilly liable? Is this kind of liability different from something like a medical malpractice case in say a drug trial?\n\nEdit: I apologize for some added confusion on my part. I need to make an edit here because I think I didn't word my question correctly. \n\nI mean what if I ( or anyone else's) had participated in a study where proper consent was not given because of some kind of error on the part of the researchers. Like someone gave their consent, but it wasn't properly informed consent because of something like an omission of the risks, or failing to outline the responsibilities of the subject.","title":"What would happen if I didn't give my informed consent to participate in a study?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9kajc/what_would_happen_if_i_didnt_give_my_informed/","vote_ratio":0.5},"v9leeh":{"author":"byf_43","comment_count":10,"id":"v9leeh","post_time":1654906531.0,"score":68,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I was recently thinking about multi grade motor oil and had a hard time understanding viscosity as a function of temperature.  So far as I understand, the idea is that the oil is less viscous when cold so it\u2019ll run through a cold engine faster, ergo 10w30 would be a viscosity of 10 when cold and then 30 when warm.  But logically that makes zero sense to me; wouldn\u2019t hot oil be less viscous?  One example a website gave was a marble being dropped into honey at two different temperatures and as expected the marble through warm honey traveled faster than the marble in cold honey.  So what am I missing here?","title":"What am I missing on how multi grade motor oil viscosity is affected by temperature?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9leeh/what_am_i_missing_on_how_multi_grade_motor_oil/","vote_ratio":0.82},"v9qtcu":{"author":"bonobeaux","comment_count":6,"id":"v9qtcu","post_time":1654925973.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Has anyone accumulated enough scent juice from ants\u2019 scent glands for someone to be able to know what they smell like?","title":"Do we know what ant scent trails smell like?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9qtcu/do_we_know_what_ant_scent_trails_smell_like/","vote_ratio":0.77},"v9rmis":{"author":"VonDerBerg","comment_count":5,"id":"v9rmis","post_time":1654929358.0,"score":20,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How high concentration or radon are in mountainous and rocky places? Are these the hotspots for radon gas?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9rmis/how_high_concentration_or_radon_are_in/","vote_ratio":0.72},"v9vmcm":{"author":"amBrollachan","comment_count":175,"id":"v9vmcm","post_time":1654946958.0,"score":1339,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"On a clear night, without light pollution, I can follow the path from Cassiopeia to the Andromeda galaxy, which appears as a dim smear of light. \nI assume that the closer I travel towards Andromeda (as impossible as that is) the brighter and more visible it will be and therefore it stands to reason that if I am *inside* Andromeda it will be incredibly bright. I mean, I'd be standing inside something which is giving off enough light to be seen from *Earth* in a whole other galaxy.\n\nI assume our galaxy looks the similar from the perspective of an Andromedan so why does it ever get dark?","title":"Why isn't it always light?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9vmcm/why_isnt_it_always_light/","vote_ratio":0.89},"v9ykko":{"author":"tallwarm1","comment_count":49,"id":"v9ykko","post_time":1654957248.0,"score":286,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I have heard that sea turtles travel hundreds of miles and return to their place of birth to lay their eggs.   I have heard that fresh water turtles can travel two or more miles by land to their place of birth to lay their eggs.   And I have always been told not relocate land turtles, like box turtles, since they will try to get back to where  you found them or where they were going.      \nBut how do all these species determine their direction for such long distances whether on land or in the water?","title":"How do turtles navigate?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9ykko/how_do_turtles_navigate/","vote_ratio":0.89},"v9zegd":{"author":"beatbox2sleep","comment_count":7,"id":"v9zegd","post_time":1654959851.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Have there been any efforts to recover fossils from under sea level?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9zegd/have_there_been_any_efforts_to_recover_fossils/","vote_ratio":0.82},"v9zj2r":{"author":"Little_Quest","comment_count":7,"id":"v9zj2r","post_time":1654960234.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How do scientists know what's about to happen to the Milky Way Galaxy and the Andromeda Galaxy in billions of years?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9zj2r/how_do_scientists_know_whats_about_to_happen_to/","vote_ratio":0.65},"va0qir":{"author":"potatoface183","comment_count":1610,"id":"va0qir","post_time":1654963792.0,"score":5263,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"This may be a dumb question. But yeah in a previous post I saw that turtles tracks their home via geomagnetic signature or something. Does humans used to have any senses that we lost through evolution ??","title":"Does early humans have any special abilities that was lost through evolution?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/va0qir/does_early_humans_have_any_special_abilities_that/","vote_ratio":0.91},"va1off":{"author":"DarnHeather","comment_count":49,"id":"va1off","post_time":1654966586.0,"score":200,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why does human skin get so thin and fragile as people age?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/va1off/why_does_human_skin_get_so_thin_and_fragile_as/","vote_ratio":0.92},"va2fni":{"author":"OldschoolSysadmin","comment_count":20,"id":"va2fni","post_time":1654968859.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Adam Savage pointed out that humanity's ability to adapt to our environment (and adapt our environment to ourselves)^1 has been a major evolutionary advantage.  Clothing seems like the earliest example of this kind of adaptation.  Unlike tool use for hunting/gathering, which definitely predated homo sapiens and shows up in other species, is use of tools for creating habitats unique to us?\n\n1) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vjOOD70T_fM#t=13m39s","title":"Are there any other species that use tools to \"improve\" their environment?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/va2fni/are_there_any_other_species_that_use_tools_to/","vote_ratio":0.69},"va2heu":{"author":"n00ntel","comment_count":3,"id":"va2heu","post_time":1654969012.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How did Quality of Life become one of the standard evaluation metrics in therapeutics?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/va2heu/how_did_quality_of_life_become_one_of_the/","vote_ratio":0.4},"va2jxj":{"author":"n00ntel","comment_count":9,"id":"va2jxj","post_time":1654969219.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How do I scientifically measure quality of life in a therapeutic procedure?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/va2jxj/how_do_i_scientifically_measure_quality_of_life/","vote_ratio":0.36},"vafu59":{"author":"PrestigiousCommand85","comment_count":62,"id":"vafu59","post_time":1655014805.0,"score":152,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Asking because I have fake nails I glue onto my fingers, which means I\u2019m in skin contact with plastic for weeks and through hot showers. I\u2019ve heard BPA is a big issue in both these situations so I\u2019m a bit concerned. Is there any way to test this at home? For example, through their reaction with alcohol or through testing their melting point?","title":"Is there a way to tell if a product is made from BPA plastics over say, another plastic like ABS, if there are no recycling symbols given?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vafu59/is_there_a_way_to_tell_if_a_product_is_made_from/","vote_ratio":0.86},"vak2p2":{"author":"ParsleyLion","comment_count":5,"id":"vak2p2","post_time":1655033612.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I know a new species description can be conducted by comparison with other relatives, and they can be described with descriptions and illustrations and studied over time to show their are a unique species, but when some sort of genetics are extracted and analysed, how does this happen ?  \nThanks AskScience!","title":"How do scientists get the new genetic code from a newly discovered species to show it is a new species, what machine/process do they use?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vak2p2/how_do_scientists_get_the_new_genetic_code_from_a/","vote_ratio":0.63},"val9tu":{"author":"Just-Another-Lesbian","comment_count":6,"id":"val9tu","post_time":1655038080.0,"score":43,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I was using some silicone rubber (the kind you use to seal gaps between tiles) and some of it got on my hand. When I went to wash it off in the sink with some hand soap I noticed that the soap wasn't foaming, no matter how much soap I put on my hands. After drying off my hands I tried it again and this time the soap was foaming as usual, so my guess is it must have had something to do with the silicone on my hands","title":"Does RTV-1 Silicone Rubber react with hand soap in a way that prevents the soap from foaming?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/val9tu/does_rtv1_silicone_rubber_react_with_hand_soap_in/","vote_ratio":0.78},"vannn2":{"author":"Qeezio","comment_count":162,"id":"vannn2","post_time":1655045707.0,"score":1851,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Specialized cells have telomers which protect their DNA from damaging, but when cell divides, some telomer is lost and daughter cells have it less than parent cell. After some time, DNA is complitly un protected and so, cell dies. Why then stem cells can divide endlessly ?","title":"Why stem cells can divide endlessly ?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vannn2/why_stem_cells_can_divide_endlessly/","vote_ratio":0.91},"vasxtj":{"author":"G_I_B_B_E_R_I_S_H_","comment_count":21,"id":"vasxtj","post_time":1655060857.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Like is there something that prevents our hands from growing significantly larger that the other or our bones from growing through our skin?","title":"Is there a genetic code or mechanism that makes sure that our body grows uniformly?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vasxtj/is_there_a_genetic_code_or_mechanism_that_makes/","vote_ratio":0.73},"vat28f":{"author":"dafrankenstein2","comment_count":18,"id":"vat28f","post_time":1655061194.0,"score":14,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How much water is required to produce a single computer chip?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vat28f/how_much_water_is_required_to_produce_a_single/","vote_ratio":0.72},"vax6cd":{"author":"Scienc3_HS","comment_count":8,"id":"vax6cd","post_time":1655072830.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Does salt intake (directly or indirectly) affect mental health?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vax6cd/does_salt_intake_directly_or_indirectly_affect/","vote_ratio":0.6},"vaxy15":{"author":"fish5196","comment_count":12,"id":"vaxy15","post_time":1655075096.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Does live footage take up more or less data than animated when similar resolutions and stuff is accounted for? Or are there any other differences that I'm just not thinking of at all?","title":"Is there a difference between a pixel of live footage and animated?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vaxy15/is_there_a_difference_between_a_pixel_of_live/","vote_ratio":0.6},"vazfya":{"author":"Half_Smashed_Face","comment_count":17,"id":"vazfya","post_time":1655079875.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I was hit by a van a little while ago and ever since I've had double vision when looking up, down and left. So I've been mainly using my left  eye to focus on things. I think I've noticed that my right doesn't seem to be the same quality as my left. \n\nDoes your vision quality decrease if you don't \"exercise\" the eye enough?","title":"Does your vision decrease if you use one eye. ore than the other? Read tho whole thing to understand","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vazfya/does_your_vision_decrease_if_you_use_one_eye_ore/","vote_ratio":0.6},"vb4lzd":{"author":"Jas6881","comment_count":7,"id":"vb4lzd","post_time":1655097302.0,"score":17,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How is Milky way and Andromeda galaxy going to colloid if the universe is expanding and everything is going further apart?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vb4lzd/how_is_milky_way_and_andromeda_galaxy_going_to/","vote_ratio":0.77},"vb6o58":{"author":"pensimen","comment_count":74,"id":"vb6o58","post_time":1655105825.0,"score":36,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Do all animals have XX chromosomes for female and XY for male?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vb6o58/do_all_animals_have_xx_chromosomes_for_female_and/","vote_ratio":0.78},"vb9isb":{"author":"AskScienceModerator","comment_count":94,"id":"vb9isb","post_time":1655118049.0,"score":3150,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I am Dr. Helen Okoye, MBBS, FMCPath, FWACP. I am a haematologist currently working as an Attending Physician and Thrombosis Specialist at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital in Enugu, Nigeria. My clinical work focuses on thrombosis and haemostasis with a special interest in women's health. I see all kinds of patients with thrombotic disorders including obstetric and cancer patients. I am passionate about women's health and helping my patients to overcome barriers to health care here in Nigeria, many of which are due to cost and/or lack of resources. I am here to answer your questions about what it is like to work as a female clinician in Nigeria. I will be here at 12 p.m. noon US ET (16 UT), AMA!\n\nUsername: /u/WorldThrombosisDay","title":"AskScience AMA Series: I am Dr. Helen Okoye. As an attending physician and thrombosis specialist at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, I am passionate about women's health and helping to overcome barriers to health care here in Nigeria. AMA!","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vb9isb/askscience_ama_series_i_am_dr_helen_okoye_as_an/","vote_ratio":0.93},"vbgk00":{"author":"Defiant_Performer_56","comment_count":10,"id":"vbgk00","post_time":1655138854.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"There are so many websites claiming it heals all sorts of injuries but they all seem to be doctors selling the product.","title":"How effective is platelet-rich plasma (PRP) as healing ligaments and tendons?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vbgk00/how_effective_is_plateletrich_plasma_prp_as/","vote_ratio":0.78},"vbmdfy":{"author":"smittysomething","comment_count":242,"id":"vbmdfy","post_time":1655154167.0,"score":1229,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"If I take a big strong spring and compress it between my arms, it takes a continuous amount of energy for me to hold it there.\n\nHowever if I put that same spring in a vice and use some of my energy to close the vice, it'll happily sit there closed without me needing to add extra energy to the vice.\n\nWhat's the difference here? Why do I seemingly need an infinite amount of energy to hold the spring closed but the vice doesn't? Where is that energy from me going?","title":"Why do I need infinite energy to keep a spring compressed, but a vice doesn't?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vbmdfy/why_do_i_need_infinite_energy_to_keep_a_spring/","vote_ratio":0.88},"vbn88s":{"author":"RustyShadeOfRed","comment_count":6,"id":"vbn88s","post_time":1655156416.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Could a meteor impact split apart a tectonic plate?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vbn88s/could_a_meteor_impact_split_apart_a_tectonic_plate/","vote_ratio":0.74},"vbq88d":{"author":"AlarmingAffect0","comment_count":265,"id":"vbq88d","post_time":1655164948.0,"score":1584,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I thought that was exclusive to mammals and maybe birds, that the [Ancient Reptilian Brains](https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Triune_brain) literally had not developed the \u201clayers\u201d responsible for what we'd call \u201cemotions\u201d (allegedly, the [Limbic System](https://www.wikiwand.com/en/lymbic%20system)?). Yet, I'm finding out many anecdotal examples of reptiles being loyal or physically affectionate. I'm very confused by this.\n\nEDIT: a poster has brought up that we may be confusing \u201caffection,\u201d which only mammals can do, with \u201cimprinting,\u201d which \u201csimpler\u201d brains can manage. What are the differences between the two, in practice? Can one design tests to distinguish one process from the other, on a behavioral, empirical, tangible, objective level?","title":"Are reptiles capable of affection and forming bonds?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vbq88d/are_reptiles_capable_of_affection_and_forming/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vbsa4o":{"author":"RexMcMuffin","comment_count":8,"id":"vbsa4o","post_time":1655171472.0,"score":17,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"An increase in severe weather events and anomalies is something scientists attribute to climate change. Does this mean weather in some places is more difficult to predict? \n\nDoes climate change make it harder to create accurate weather forecasts? Or is weather forecast technology able to keep up with changing climates?","title":"Has climate change affected weather forecasting?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vbsa4o/has_climate_change_affected_weather_forecasting/","vote_ratio":0.68},"vbszj3":{"author":"keenanpepper","comment_count":16,"id":"vbszj3","post_time":1655173667.0,"score":46,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I know that on the one hand black holes \"have no hair\" (any two with the same mass, change, and spin are identical), while on the other hand normal stars can be different from each other by having different concentrations of elements (hydrogen-rich vs metal-rich etc.).\n\nWhich of these extremes is more similar to neutron stars? What material properties, if any, could be different in one neutron star vs another?","title":"Do different neutron stars differ in composition?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vbszj3/do_different_neutron_stars_differ_in_composition/","vote_ratio":0.82},"vbum84":{"author":"topdotter","comment_count":6,"id":"vbum84","post_time":1655179067.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Assuming we're only concerned with currently known elements, is the number of possible materials and compounds that can be made limited? Because there's only a finite number of ways you can join and arrange the basic elements? Or is there something else at play that makes for potentially infinite derivatives? Why?","title":"Is there a limit to the number of materials and compounds that can be made or is it theoretically infinite?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vbum84/is_there_a_limit_to_the_number_of_materials_and/","vote_ratio":0.88},"vby8gm":{"author":"JInglink","comment_count":3,"id":"vby8gm","post_time":1655192968.0,"score":22,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"What Chemical/Physical/Electric actions are taking place in the brain?","title":"What exactly is happening in the brain when you try to remember something but can't?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vby8gm/what_exactly_is_happening_in_the_brain_when_you/","vote_ratio":0.96},"vc1f5l":{"author":"Mr_Hughman","comment_count":4,"id":"vc1f5l","post_time":1655206361.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Specifically I'm asking about the edge of the gaseous matter surrounding the earth. Does it experience a tide? Does it flare up like the surface of the sun?","title":"What goes on at the edge of the atmosphere?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vc1f5l/what_goes_on_at_the_edge_of_the_atmosphere/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vc1xhs":{"author":"detoxiccity2","comment_count":3,"id":"vc1xhs","post_time":1655208151.0,"score":21,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I don't really know much about o chem or chemistry much in general, so I'm just wondering.","title":"Why and how does radiation cause dipole rotation in proteins/amino acids?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vc1xhs/why_and_how_does_radiation_cause_dipole_rotation/","vote_ratio":0.75},"vc3r1j":{"author":"InfinitelyThirsting","comment_count":2,"id":"vc3r1j","post_time":1655214018.0,"score":21,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I've had this question stuck in my brain for a few days. We know that light pollution affects a lot of animals in myriad ways, and that artificial blue lights really screw with our time clocks and sleep, and spending time in green space has both physical and mental health benefits. \n\nSo, if spending time in green space is something we seem to need to thrive, what about the stars themselves? A big percentage of people have never seen the Milky Way at night because it's too bright at night now. I know people who didn't know it was something you could see with the naked eye, and had almost spiritual experiences seeing a proper night sky. Maybe it's a silly question, or maybe impossible to really study separately from the impact of artificial light in general. But I am curious if anyone has looked into whether the lack of stars at night has any effects on our health?","title":"Has any research been done on the effects of light pollution and the lack of visible stars on humans, similar to how the effects of green space have been studied?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vc3r1j/has_any_research_been_done_on_the_effects_of/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vc4hvr":{"author":"quinnbutnotreally","comment_count":10,"id":"vc4hvr","post_time":1655216226.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Sunburns, chemical burns, and burns from high heat all look and feel similar, but their causes are very different. What do they all have in common, and more broadly what makes an injury a burn rather than something else?","title":"Why are sunburns, chemical burns, and burns from high heat all burns?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vc4hvr/why_are_sunburns_chemical_burns_and_burns_from/","vote_ratio":0.86},"vc5lsg":{"author":"MarionberryOrnery446","comment_count":31,"id":"vc5lsg","post_time":1655219300.0,"score":47,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"obviously most of the universe is H and He so this would never occur, but in principle if we got a sufficient amount of say oxygen atoms together ( a very large amount yes) could its own self gravity initiate nuclear fusion in the core and begin the main sequence of a star?","title":"Can you make a star out of elements other than hydrogen and helium?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vc5lsg/can_you_make_a_star_out_of_elements_other_than/","vote_ratio":0.78},"vc7j1t":{"author":"aggasalk","comment_count":3,"id":"vc7j1t","post_time":1655224464.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Is there some kind of concept of evolutionary permanence that I can read about?\n\nLike, of course there's DNA: no creature will ever evolve on Earth that is not based in DNA. Right? And probably something similar, if weaker, applies to all the various crazy proteins and other stuff that makes a cell work. Like, look at how conserved photopigments are across the animal kingdom (even beyond, you can find photopigments in non-animals that might be evolutionarily related to the opsins in human and fly retinas, etc etc).\n\nThen you can get up to bigger scales, to things like cell types. Like, will there ever be a descendant of animals that has no neurons? It seems like, since neurons first evolved, they are *stuck*. I read a paper a while back on similarities between invertebrate and vertebrate neurons, and was amazed. They even use more-or-less the same neurotransmitters (if in different roles).\n\nThen bigger: since insects invented wings, virtually none of them have lost them (ants, sort of - and a few other very weird examples). And insects always have that exoskeleton and always will - no insect will ever evolve with an endoskeleton, right?\n\nAnd how tetrapods all have this 1-arm-bone then 2-arm-bone then lots-of-bones plan for their arms and legs (since they all started as fins-on-pegs). It seems like that just will never go away (though you might lose your arms and legs, like a snake, if you have them they always follow that plan).\n\nWhat do we call this phenomenon?","title":"How to think about conservation or permanence in evolution?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vc7j1t/how_to_think_about_conservation_or_permanence_in/","vote_ratio":0.69},"vc7lpd":{"author":"solipsistrealist","comment_count":391,"id":"vc7lpd","post_time":1655224658.0,"score":3477,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Has the amount of COVID deaths caused the global population to decline when combined with other deaths from other causes?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vc7lpd/has_the_amount_of_covid_deaths_caused_the_global/","vote_ratio":0.88},"vca4fv":{"author":"Surrender_monkey21","comment_count":14,"id":"vca4fv","post_time":1655231399.0,"score":79,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Do gravitational waves move at different speeds through different media like electromagnetic radiation?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vca4fv/do_gravitational_waves_move_at_different_speeds/","vote_ratio":0.91},"vcg57z":{"author":"LAMBKING","comment_count":11,"id":"vcg57z","post_time":1655248217.0,"score":9,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I need to settle a debate with someone. To be clear, we are talking about your average, everyday pendulum like you'd find in a clock or by tying a washer to the end of a string, standing on earth. \n\nFrom what I've always learned, the equation T = 2\u03c0\u221a(L/g) defines the period of a pendulum. Neither the mass of the bob nor the amplitude have any affect on the period of the pendulum, only the length of said pendulum can change the amplitude.\n\nThis person whom I'm debating is stating that with a \"huge change in amplitude\" (but didn't specify what \"huge change\" meant) the period will change. As I understand it, acceleration increases proportionally with amplitude and therefore the two cancel each other out.\n\nWhen I brought that up, they said, \"an elliptic integral usually approximated with a series far too long for me to get into.\" and gave no other explanation. I have never studied this. I've asked for an explanation, but he's gone dark other than to say, \"it's too complicated to get into.\" \n\nSo, can a \"huge\" change in amplitude change the period, and what exactly did he mean by the elliptical integral comment?","title":"Is there any instance in which the amplitude can change the period of a pendulum?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vcg57z/is_there_any_instance_in_which_the_amplitude_can/","vote_ratio":0.74},"vckrq6":{"author":"Crafty_Sort","comment_count":10,"id":"vckrq6","post_time":1655262658.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Are there any side effects attributed to frequent blood donation?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vckrq6/are_there_any_side_effects_attributed_to_frequent/","vote_ratio":1.0},"vcmk9b":{"author":"Bad_Pnguin","comment_count":11,"id":"vcmk9b","post_time":1655268873.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I know the Earth isn't in the same rotational position everytime exactly, but how do we know the Earth wasn't farther in or out in the Solar system? Maybe the age of dinosaurs isn't a far enough time gap for the Earth to move that far, but ya' know?","title":"How do we know Earth was in the same place in space when, for example, when the dinos lived?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vcmk9b/how_do_we_know_earth_was_in_the_same_place_in/","vote_ratio":0.29},"vcmtwt":{"author":"SurprisedPotato","comment_count":6,"id":"vcmtwt","post_time":1655269847.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I can't see any obvious reason why the quarks it's composed of wouldn't be, potentially, in an excited energy state. Is there something that forbids this? If individual protons (or neutrons) have multiple energy levels, roughly what's the typical energy difference between them?","title":"Does an individual proton have multiple energy levels?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vcmtwt/does_an_individual_proton_have_multiple_energy/","vote_ratio":0.62},"vcp5w9":{"author":"red-cried","comment_count":3,"id":"vcp5w9","post_time":1655279162.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"These creatures are small and dont seem to possess some understanding so I would like to know if they can release oxytocin and some feelings?","title":"In nature, can lesser emotionally looking organisms like bugs and starfish still feel a sexual attractiveness?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vcp5w9/in_nature_can_lesser_emotionally_looking/","vote_ratio":0.33},"vcpzg6":{"author":"l1v1ng","comment_count":8,"id":"vcpzg6","post_time":1655282797.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I don't know a huge amount about testosterone supplementation or hyperandrogenism, but I do know that hyperandrogenism in females is usually associated with an increased risk of diabetes, obesity, and insulin resistance. \n\nHowever, as far as I can tell, those risks are not increased in the case of people, female or otherwise, taking testosterone intentionally. (For example, transgender men who use HRT, or bodybuilders who use steroids that increase testosterone.)\n\nWhy is that? Does it have something to do with the conditions that naturally cause hyperandrogenism?","title":"Why can hyperandrogenism cause insulin resistance and Type II diabetes in conditions like PCOS, but not in people who take testosterone intentionally?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vcpzg6/why_can_hyperandrogenism_cause_insulin_resistance/","vote_ratio":0.87},"vcr27s":{"author":"Xavion251","comment_count":20,"id":"vcr27s","post_time":1655287481.0,"score":18,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Something I've been thinking about. Generally, if we picture extreme heat wiping out life - we imagine the heat causing evaporation and creating a dry, lifeless desert. \n\nBut hypothetically, if a climate was hot enough - but was still wet/humid/receiving large quantities of rainfall, could you get a \"desert\" (as in, dead/lifeless) that is still quite wet - but can't support life because of the extreme heat?\n\nIn other words, **how hot does it have to get** before plant/animal life can no longer survive **even** in the presence of large quantities of water?","title":"Could a \"Wet\" or \"Humid\" desert exist from extreme heat?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vcr27s/could_a_wet_or_humid_desert_exist_from_extreme/","vote_ratio":0.68},"vcrw2g":{"author":"AskScienceModerator","comment_count":157,"id":"vcrw2g","post_time":1655290832.0,"score":764,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"\"We\" are part of [REN21](https://www.ren21.net/)'s team, a network made up of academia, NGOs, industry, govt, and individuals who are supporting the world to transition to renewable energy.\n\nWe recently released the Renewables 2022 Global Status Report (#GSR2022) so we're hosting an AMA to talk about renewables, energy, the future, and everything in between.\n\nMultiple people from the team are joining including:\n\n+ Nathalie Ledanois is a Research Analyst & Project Manager of the Renewables 2022 Global Status Report, Nathalie is our expert in anything investment-finance-economy related.\n+ Hend Yaqoob is also a Research Analyst at REN21 who led on coordinating the chapter on distributed #renewables for energy access (DREA).\n+ Nematullah Wafa is our intern who is a very valued member of the team who brought the #GSR2022 together.\n\nWe'll be going live from 11am ET (15 UT), so ask us anything!\n\nUsername: /u/ren21community","title":"AskScience AMA Series: We just crunched the numbers on how the transition to a renewable-based future is progressing & we want to talk about it! Go ahead & ask us anything (we're renewable energy experts but we're up for any & all questions)!","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vcrw2g/askscience_ama_series_we_just_crunched_the/","vote_ratio":0.87},"vcubet":{"author":"Altyrmadiken","comment_count":4,"id":"vcubet","post_time":1655299014.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"What is the mechanism or process by which dry springs can become active again if the area is reforested?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vcubet/what_is_the_mechanism_or_process_by_which_dry/","vote_ratio":0.78},"vcukvg":{"author":"APoisonousMushroom","comment_count":19,"id":"vcukvg","post_time":1655299804.0,"score":24,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"And if so, what is the scientific explanation for this?","title":"Does locking your knees while standing actually cause you to pass out?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vcukvg/does_locking_your_knees_while_standing_actually/","vote_ratio":0.79},"vcv6ln":{"author":"AutoModerator","comment_count":0,"id":"vcv6ln","post_time":1655301610.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on **Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology**\n\nDo you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: \"What would happen if...\", \"How will the future...\", \"If all the rules for 'X' were different...\", \"Why does my...\".\n\n**Asking Questions:**\n\nPlease post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.\n\n**Answering Questions:**\n\nPlease only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. [The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/wiki/index#wiki_answering_askscience). In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.\n\nIf you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, [please refer to the information provided here](https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/about/sticky).\n\nPast AskAnythingWednesday posts [can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/search?q=flair%3A%27meta%27&restrict_sr=on&sort=new&t=all). Ask away!","title":"Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vcv6ln/ask_anything_wednesday_economics_political/","vote_ratio":1.0},"vcvtok":{"author":"markaamorossi","comment_count":441,"id":"vcvtok","post_time":1655303407.0,"score":6870,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Assuming any we ever found were *only* bones","title":"If all forms of elephant went extinct before we came to be, and all we had were fossils, could we figure out that they had long trunks?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vcvtok/if_all_forms_of_elephant_went_extinct_before_we/","vote_ratio":0.95},"vczhdk":{"author":"asmosdeus","comment_count":3,"id":"vczhdk","post_time":1655313194.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How much effect does the concentration of Argon in Earths atmosphere have on the occurrence of lightning strikes?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vczhdk/how_much_effect_does_the_concentration_of_argon/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vczmbn":{"author":"BuzzMonkey","comment_count":14,"id":"vczmbn","post_time":1655313564.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"The engineering of the LLRV and LLTV is pretty wild, but in order to construct them, NASA had to be certain of the moon's gravitational force on the actual lunar lander. How did NASA engineers gather knowledge of the moon's gravity prior to the Apollo missions?","title":"How did NASA Apollo engineers know that the moon's gravity was 1/6th that of Earth? Without this knowledge, they wouldn't have been able to construct the training vehicles (LLTV, LLRV) used to simulate landing on the moon.","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vczmbn/how_did_nasa_apollo_engineers_know_that_the_moons/","vote_ratio":0.8},"vd0pv6":{"author":"AnDraoi","comment_count":5,"id":"vd0pv6","post_time":1655316393.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I understand how the redox reaction works, but I can\u2019t understand why electrons seemingly spontaneously decide to move across the wire to the cathode from the anode.\n\nIn the example of zinc and copper in an aqueous solution, it\u2019s obvious why copper oxidizes zinc: they\u2019re in physical contact. However in a galvanic cell they are separated by considerable distance. \n\nHow is it that the cathode just *knows* the anode is there and current starts flowing when there\u2019s no direct interaction between the oxidant and reductant?","title":"Why does a galvanic cell cause a redox reaction?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vd0pv6/why_does_a_galvanic_cell_cause_a_redox_reaction/","vote_ratio":0.5},"vd1n7t":{"author":"TheActualSoul","comment_count":2,"id":"vd1n7t","post_time":1655318854.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Can Painted turtles live in salt water?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vd1n7t/can_painted_turtles_live_in_salt_water/","vote_ratio":0.38},"vd2vy9":{"author":"FidelisScutum","comment_count":5,"id":"vd2vy9","post_time":1655322279.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Are a ton of animals born intersex, just because of the size of their populations, but we never think of it because we only study such a small percentage of individuals?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vd2vy9/are_a_ton_of_animals_born_intersex_just_because/","vote_ratio":0.3},"vd2wrc":{"author":"Solerien","comment_count":4,"id":"vd2wrc","post_time":1655322354.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why would someone be prohibited from donating blood after a clinical trial?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vd2wrc/why_would_someone_be_prohibited_from_donating/","vote_ratio":0.64},"vd3ky7":{"author":"DeeDee_Z","comment_count":3,"id":"vd3ky7","post_time":1655324148.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"In this case, I am concerned only about charge rate, not data transfer rates; but I understand just enough to grasp that this also depends on USB standard level.\n\n[ELI70:] So, consider the case where there are -four- pieces in the chain: Host, \"adapter\", cable, device.  Example: in my (old) car, I have a little adapter that plugs into the cig lighter socket; the cable plugs into that; and my phone then charges.  (Until recently, I na\u00efvely thought it was nothing more than a voltage converter.)\n\n* Does EVERY piece need to be at the same level of USB standard in order to get the higher charge rate?  IOW, if the little 12V adapter is 10+ years old, it's probably USB 1.0 and can't possibly deliver 100W even if the cable and device would like it, right?\n * (If that's the case, how does one address this issue?)\n* What about these household [combination wall outlets](https://www.acehardware.com/departments/lighting-and-electrical/switches-outlets-and-plugs/outlets/3496551) : What USB version / charge rate will I likely get -- even WITH a USB-C cable?\n\nMany thanks.  Apologies if this has been asked before; I -did- search but didn't recognise anything I could understand \ud83d\ude09 .","title":"Yet another USB cable/charger question: does the USB standard level of the -adapter- also play a role in charge rate?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vd3ky7/yet_another_usb_cablecharger_question_does_the/","vote_ratio":0.56},"vd4m8e":{"author":"Malkozaine","comment_count":19,"id":"vd4m8e","post_time":1655326957.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How do the Atomic Clocks in GPS Satellites and Home Clocks account for Light speed lag when syncing with the one in Colorado?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vd4m8e/how_do_the_atomic_clocks_in_gps_satellites_and/","vote_ratio":0.73},"vd4sgp":{"author":"Johncena1738425","comment_count":3,"id":"vd4sgp","post_time":1655327423.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I'm talking about one of the blue medical masks mad of plastic.","title":"How Long Would a Covid Mask Take To Biodegrade?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vd4sgp/how_long_would_a_covid_mask_take_to_biodegrade/","vote_ratio":0.5},"vd4wzj":{"author":"FanficResearcher","comment_count":18,"id":"vd4wzj","post_time":1655327760.0,"score":28,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Could there ever be a situation where a poisonous/toxic creature could be harmed/killed by its own poisons/toxins?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vd4wzj/could_there_ever_be_a_situation_where_a/","vote_ratio":0.76},"vd88up":{"author":"tskee2","comment_count":4,"id":"vd88up","post_time":1655337062.0,"score":20,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I recently read this preprint, which suggests that triple vaccinated individuals showed zero neutralizing antibodies and zero B- and T-cell recognition of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abq1841\n\nHowever, real world data clearly show that triple vaccinated individuals are well protected against severe illness and death from all VoCs so far, including Omicron and its subvariants. \n\nMy question is, then, what is the immunological mechanism that provides that protection?","title":"How do the current vaccines prevent severe illness and death against Omicron while showing \u201cno antibody or T-cell recognition\u201d?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vd88up/how_do_the_current_vaccines_prevent_severe/","vote_ratio":0.66},"vdfljf":{"author":"CremeCrimson","comment_count":20,"id":"vdfljf","post_time":1655361694.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"According to the great interwebs Europa has 13.4% of Europe's gravity. Would you feel the 13.4% or would being underwater (assuming there's an ocean underneath the ice sheet) affect that? \n\nQuestion is inspired by a game called Barotrauma.","title":"If you were on a submarine underneath the ice of Jupiter's moon: Europa. What would the gravity be like?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdfljf/if_you_were_on_a_submarine_underneath_the_ice_of/","vote_ratio":0.82},"vdhfjv":{"author":"humbug77","comment_count":1,"id":"vdhfjv","post_time":1655369433.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"The synaptic density in the human brain supposedly does not change much throughout adult life. And yet i hear there is still some forming of new synapses and elimination of others. How dynamic is this equlibrium? Has the actual level of adult synaptogenesis been quantified?\n\nThank you!","title":"How much synaptogenesis takes place in the adult brain?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdhfjv/how_much_synaptogenesis_takes_place_in_the_adult/","vote_ratio":0.9},"vdkhky":{"author":"Throwaway_Crocheter","comment_count":3,"id":"vdkhky","post_time":1655381237.0,"score":13,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I've heard that human lungs finish developing between the ages of 20-25. What sort of additional development do the lungs still have to undergo through after puberty?","title":"what development do lungs undergo through between the end of puberty and the ages of 20-25?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdkhky/what_development_do_lungs_undergo_through_between/","vote_ratio":0.77},"vdkij7":{"author":"kempff","comment_count":6,"id":"vdkij7","post_time":1655381324.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why is the humidity of the air above open ocean not 100%?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdkij7/why_is_the_humidity_of_the_air_above_open_ocean/","vote_ratio":0.79},"vdkkzc":{"author":"Derelyk","comment_count":14,"id":"vdkkzc","post_time":1655381528.0,"score":49,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I did some quick intertube research and found a vet manual showing sheep and cattle pretty much reach the danger zone from 29 to 33c.. and this map [https://www.weather.gov/tsa/wbgt](https://www.weather.gov/tsa/wbgt) show wet bulb in the midwest exceeding this temp.\n\n&#x200B;\n\nthis question was triggered by the 10k dead cattle in kansas headlines today.","title":"I've been aware of wet bulb temp, with it's possible danger to mankind for a few years. I never considered it's impact on livestock. How critical is wet bulb temps when it comes to sheep and cattle?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdkkzc/ive_been_aware_of_wet_bulb_temp_with_its_possible/","vote_ratio":0.82},"vdktvy":{"author":"kempff","comment_count":17,"id":"vdktvy","post_time":1655382310.0,"score":24,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Do they need to avoid touching walls, for example?","title":"Are people with latex allergies allergic to latex house paint?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdktvy/are_people_with_latex_allergies_allergic_to_latex/","vote_ratio":0.86},"vdl34y":{"author":"egnirceravog","comment_count":13,"id":"vdl34y","post_time":1655383171.0,"score":104,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"i hear this over and over again in media, tv, books, etc that river flooding is good for agriculture because it deposits sediment, but the flood dont wash away the topsoil? \n\nafaik rivers have plenty of sand and sand is not very good for agriculture because there is no water retention, do the sediment type differ from one river to another so in some cases can be good but it other case would do harm?\n\n\nthanks in advance \n\n*note: there is no flair for agriculture so i picked biology*","title":"[agriculture] River flooding is that excellent for agriculture?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdl34y/agriculture_river_flooding_is_that_excellent_for/","vote_ratio":0.89},"vdm9g0":{"author":"FridaysMan","comment_count":6,"id":"vdm9g0","post_time":1655386778.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I've been wondering about non/low alcoholic beer, and how difficult the process to remove (and retain) alcohol could be from a live fermentation process. Would high pressures be possible without stopping the fermentation process? Could it be done in a home/garden environment?","title":"[Organic Chemistry] Can reverse osmosis be used in live fermentation to remove alcohols as they form?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdm9g0/organic_chemistry_can_reverse_osmosis_be_used_in/","vote_ratio":0.56},"vdmmsc":{"author":"bad8everything","comment_count":463,"id":"vdmmsc","post_time":1655387870.0,"score":3824,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I like painting scifi/fantasy miniatures and for one of my projects I was thinking about how road/construction workers here on Earth often tag asphalt surfaces with markings where they believe pipes/cables or other utilities are.\n\nI was thinking of incorporating that into the design of the base of one of my miniatures (where I think it has an Apollo-retro meets Space-Roughneck kinda vibe) but then I wasn't entirely sure whether that's even physically plausible...\n\nObviously cans pressurised for use here on Earth would probably explode or be dangerous in a vacuum - but could you make a canned spray paint for use in space, using less or a different propellant, or would it evaporate too quickly to be controllable?","title":"Can you spray paint in space?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdmmsc/can_you_spray_paint_in_space/","vote_ratio":0.94},"vdnm4h":{"author":"VeggieSmooth","comment_count":17,"id":"vdnm4h","post_time":1655390634.0,"score":53,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Is it balanced so perfectly that the oxygen released by the plants is utilised by microorganisms that in turn provide carbon dioxide and nitrogen/waste, which feeds the plants and the cycle restarts? I'd just imagine there being some offset that causes gas accumulation eventually causing the glass jar to explode. \n\nEspecially when the animals within, snails and such, piggybacking on the plants I introduce, begin to breed? \n\nSimilarly to when I did sauerkraut that one time and didn't provide a release valve \ud83d\ude05\n\nHow can these jars stay sealed for years with no mishap it's amazing!","title":"Why don't sealed terrariums explode?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdnm4h/why_dont_sealed_terrariums_explode/","vote_ratio":0.76},"vdof56":{"author":"cubelith","comment_count":28,"id":"vdof56","post_time":1655392849.0,"score":43,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"When driving through extemely heavy rainfall, I noticed that rain appears to have roughly coherent torrents (or \"streaks\") of higher density (on the scale of meters). Why is that? Is it an optical illusion? The nature of pseudo-randomness (but then why would the \"period\" be as big as a meter)? Is it some sort of \"oscillation\" of wind?\n\nI don't think I've ever noticed this with regular rain, so maybe it happens only with very heavy rain? The doplets were definitely big.","title":"Why does rain (appear to) fall non-uniformly?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdof56/why_does_rain_appear_to_fall_nonuniformly/","vote_ratio":0.7},"vdpqy9":{"author":"Trozuns","comment_count":4,"id":"vdpqy9","post_time":1655396456.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I've learned today that obsidian is a type of glass, and was wondering if opal was too. Wikipedia defined \"glass\" as any solid formed by rapid melt quenching, which would exclud opal, or more generally as any amorphous solid (like opal) that exibits glass transition when heated toward liquid state. So my question is \"do opal exibit glass transition?\"  \n\n\nI've tried to look on google, but when I look for \"opal\" and \"glass\", I find stuff for \"opal glass\"...","title":"Is opal glass? Do opal exibit glass transition when heated?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdpqy9/is_opal_glass_do_opal_exibit_glass_transition/","vote_ratio":0.86},"vdpr0o":{"author":"mantitty4416","comment_count":3,"id":"vdpr0o","post_time":1655396461.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I know spirits and turpentine can kill, but I've always wondered if the mechanism for that is similar to that of CO and cyanide.\n\nWas reading through this thread: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/4jiwj2/on_a_molecular_level_why_is_inhaling_cyanide_hcn/,\n\n and looking up the symptoms of inhalant poisoning. A lot of the symptoms of oxygen deprivation (lightheadedness, faint feeling, headache) seemed similar, if not entirely identical to that of CO poisoning. \n\nOnly difference I could find is that turpentine can cause a buildup of fluid in the lungs?","title":"How does turpentine/paint thinner/spirits cause the symptoms of oxygen deprivation?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdpr0o/how_does_turpentinepaint_thinnerspirits_cause_the/","vote_ratio":0.57},"vdpywv":{"author":"badbioinformagician","comment_count":6,"id":"vdpywv","post_time":1655397056.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Perhaps this is a dumb question. Recently I've started using programs with machine learning tools and I was posed a question I didn't quite know the full answer to: \"what is being trained during model training? ie: what is being modified/adjusted during training\"  \n\n\nIf the architecture of the program is CNN into RNN (LSTM) into MLP, is it just the MLP layer that has the weights/connections/etc modified during training?","title":"Machine Learning (CNN/RNN/MLP): What is \"trained\" during training?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdpywv/machine_learning_cnnrnnmlp_what_is_trained_during/","vote_ratio":0.46},"vdq3kx":{"author":"Angelstone2056","comment_count":9,"id":"vdq3kx","post_time":1655397409.0,"score":55,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why are some cancers more prevalent in children than in adults?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdq3kx/why_are_some_cancers_more_prevalent_in_children/","vote_ratio":0.87},"vdr65g":{"author":"BoredDiabolicGod","comment_count":4,"id":"vdr65g","post_time":1655400219.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I mean to ask this question both in total with all factors as well as if you disregarded humans transporting earth between different areas and the rising water levels due to climate change (which I guess answers the total, but I am not sure).\n\nWhat I do know is that volcanoes erupting and the lava cooling down can create new islands, so I wondered whether more earth, sand and mass eroded into the sea or more surfaced due to lava.\n\nWhen disregarding the continents and only looking at all islands (including new ones) it would also be a very interesting statistic. I have for example heard that the tallest volcano of spain on Tenerife was once a lot taller, but collapsed due to not being stable enough. I would guess that this made the total area over water bigger but reduced the mass over water.","title":"Does the earth gain or lose solid surface area?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdr65g/does_the_earth_gain_or_lose_solid_surface_area/","vote_ratio":0.69},"vdrtd8":{"author":"Zircon_72","comment_count":11,"id":"vdrtd8","post_time":1655401981.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Is it possible to reverse inflation while increasing minimum wage or creating a \"living wage\"? If it is possible, how can it be done feasibly?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdrtd8/is_it_possible_to_reverse_inflation_while/","vote_ratio":0.47},"vds3tw":{"author":"None","comment_count":9,"id":"vds3tw","post_time":1655402757.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Wouldn't they need something in space?","title":"If Radio Waves bounce off the ionosphere for communications, how can SETI hear anything through the ionosphere?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vds3tw/if_radio_waves_bounce_off_the_ionosphere_for/","vote_ratio":0.77},"vdt5yh":{"author":"Atothezman","comment_count":7,"id":"vdt5yh","post_time":1655405629.0,"score":14,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"With NASA's planned Orbilander going to Enceladus, could it host a small rotorcraft like Perseverance did with Ingenuity? I read it does have an atmosphere of water vapor.","title":"Could you fly a helicopter/drone on Enceladus?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdt5yh/could_you_fly_a_helicopterdrone_on_enceladus/","vote_ratio":0.84},"vdtead":{"author":"chopchunk","comment_count":1,"id":"vdtead","post_time":1655406244.0,"score":13,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"As many of you already know, the Quetzalcoatlus was the largest flying animal to have ever taken to the skies. According to Wikipedia, the Quetzalcoatlus was well adapted for the ground as well as the air. It says that the Quetzalcoatlus's main diet was smaller dinosaurs that it could pluck from the ground, akin to today's stork. However, there is one sentence that really caught my eye:\n\n\"Though Quetzalcoatlus, like other pterosaurs, was a quadruped when on the ground, Quetzalcoatlus and other azhdarchids have fore and hind limb proportions more similar to modern running ungulate mammals than to their smaller cousins, implying that they were uniquely suited to a terrestrial lifestyle\"\n\nThe mention of Quetzalcoatlus's limb structures being similar to known running animals is really fascinating to me. Could a Quetzalcoatlus give chase to a small animal on foot if it had to, galloping after it's prey like a horse?","title":"Could the Quetzalcoatlus and other large Azhdarchid pterosaurs run after prey on land?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdtead/could_the_quetzalcoatlus_and_other_large/","vote_ratio":0.81},"vdtl7s":{"author":"stoelguus","comment_count":9,"id":"vdtl7s","post_time":1655406776.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"\nIsn\u2019t the skin waterproof? Also, some say that they restore natural ph levels, ph is -log[H3O^+] and H3O^+ is in a solution. Your skin isn\u2019t a solution, but a solid. Isn\u2019t applying skin care stuff useless, because the matter won\u2019t come in? If this is really off topic I will remove this.","title":"How do skin care products work? This is more of a science topic but r/science is only urls.","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdtl7s/how_do_skin_care_products_work_this_is_more_of_a/","vote_ratio":0.69},"vdvsl1":{"author":"Independent_Cry7562","comment_count":3,"id":"vdvsl1","post_time":1655413086.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I\u2019ve just completed my second thermos course and I still am not 100% sure what fugacity is. I know how to apply it and use it in calculations but I realised I can\u2019t give just give a basic definition of what it actually is. I know this topic is a running joke amongst chemical engineers but if actually really like to understand this concept better","title":"What is a basic definition of fugacity?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdvsl1/what_is_a_basic_definition_of_fugacity/","vote_ratio":0.7},"vdwkf3":{"author":"KoLobotomy","comment_count":6,"id":"vdwkf3","post_time":1655415161.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I understand ice cores from deep glaciers can tell us the makeup of the atmosphere for the last few hundred thousand years but how do we know what makeup of the atmosphere from before the glaciers existed?","title":"How do we know the amount of carbon in the atmosphere in the past?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdwkf3/how_do_we_know_the_amount_of_carbon_in_the/","vote_ratio":0.84},"vdxqbk":{"author":"Dragon012345","comment_count":2,"id":"vdxqbk","post_time":1655418403.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Like would hot metal dissolve faster than cold metal? (for this example the metal is disolvable)  \nTo clarify, I am NOT asking if the temperature of the acid affects the dissolving speed, as I know it does.  \n\n\n(If this Question is removed again it would be very kind if I could be provided a reason because I am not aware of any rules my post should have broken)","title":"Does the temperature of a material dissolved in acid affect the speed at which it is dissolved?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdxqbk/does_the_temperature_of_a_material_dissolved_in/","vote_ratio":1.0},"vdxvca":{"author":"PinkElephantSpy","comment_count":27,"id":"vdxvca","post_time":1655418800.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I\u2019ve read a couple articles that state studies that show men who drink milk have a ~27% higher risk of developing prostate cancer. I\u2019m debating whether it\u2019s worth paying more for milk alternatives in my protein shake.","title":"Do milk alternatives (Soy, Almond, Oat, etc.) also increase your risk of prostate cancer like regular milk does?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdxvca/do_milk_alternatives_soy_almond_oat_etc_also/","vote_ratio":0.55},"vdylir":{"author":"c5608313","comment_count":1,"id":"vdylir","post_time":1655420973.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Title says it, do adenoviruses remain dormant in the body?\n\nBecause I've been taking interest in \"latent viruses\", I found detailed articles about how the simplex, zoster, hiv and other retroviruses remain in the body (there is even a detailed wikipedia table describing the location of the latency). However I wasn't able to find detailed information regarding the latency of adenoviruses on the same level as I found on herpes viruses and retroviruses.\n\nAnd do other \"common cold\"/flu-like viruses do latency?","title":"Does the Adenovirus remain dormant(Latent) in the system after initial infection?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdylir/does_the_adenovirus_remain_dormantlatent_in_the/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vee9hp":{"author":"AcademicF","comment_count":143,"id":"vee9hp","post_time":1655475552.0,"score":1961,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I had a recent urine test and failed to show any of the medication that should have been present (I had last taken it 30 hours earlier but the internet says it usually stays detectable 48-98 hours.)\n\nJust wondering if a high acidity level in my blood/urine or diabetes itself could cause the medication to excretes faster than normal.","title":"Does diabetes (or a high PH level) cause your body to excrete pharmaceutical drugs in your urine faster than a normal, healthy individual?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vee9hp/does_diabetes_or_a_high_ph_level_cause_your_body/","vote_ratio":0.9},"ven5vd":{"author":"cragwatcher","comment_count":42,"id":"ven5vd","post_time":1655491788.0,"score":20,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Asked in golf with a large number of 'physics says yes' answers from people who know nothing about physics. \n\nAre there any conditions where a putt would be rendered impossible. For example, a downhill putt where it is not possible for the ball to roll slowly enough to drop into the hole.","title":"Are all putts on a golf green possible?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/ven5vd/are_all_putts_on_a_golf_green_possible/","vote_ratio":0.68},"vexl3v":{"author":"EverydayPigeon","comment_count":13,"id":"vexl3v","post_time":1655523913.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"This sounds like a \"high thought\", and I think the answer is no but I was just thinking earlier: How do rivers traverse the landscape? Do they always go downhill on 100% of their journey from mountain down to sea? When they have obstacles they can go around or underground, but is that the end of the story? \n\nCan anyone talk around this subject a little? Thanks!","title":"Do rivers ever go uphill?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vexl3v/do_rivers_ever_go_uphill/","vote_ratio":0.49},"vf1esj":{"author":"mts89","comment_count":114,"id":"vf1esj","post_time":1655539397.0,"score":976,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Just come across one of these in real life.\n\nhttps://www.rosewoodpet.com/dog/travel/options-cooling-accessories/chillax-cool-pad-large\n\nLying on it genuinely feels nice and cold. \n\nHow on earth does it work?","title":"Unpowered cooling mats - how do they work?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vf1esj/unpowered_cooling_mats_how_do_they_work/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vf1tvy":{"author":"dkysh","comment_count":12,"id":"vf1tvy","post_time":1655541214.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Beekeepers remove the honey from hives and bees must keep working and keep on pollinating flowers.\n\nBut I've read in another thread that wild bee hives don't slack, and once the hive is full of honey, they swarm and start a new hive with a new queen somewhere else.\n\nWhich of the two methods is better for the ecosystem? I would dare to guess that beekeept hives are better for orchards and fruit trees, as they keep a hive always nearby at full work, while wild hives are better for the wilderness as the colonies are more spread and and reach a larger area?\n\nAlso, aren't bees basically almost clones? Don't wild hives promote genetic diversity and are better posed for survival? (if not for a given hive, at least for a number of hives in the area)","title":"Are wild bee hives better or worse pollinators than beekeeper managed ones?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vf1tvy/are_wild_bee_hives_better_or_worse_pollinators/","vote_ratio":1.0},"vf670b":{"author":"XtremeConfusion","comment_count":58,"id":"vf670b","post_time":1655558704.0,"score":373,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"And on a different note, can they even reform? Would the glaciers be new and would they settle in a different place compared to where they were before? Or would they grow from existing ones?","title":"Glaciers have been melting for decades now. What conditions would need to happen for them to reform?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vf670b/glaciers_have_been_melting_for_decades_now_what/","vote_ratio":0.86},"vf6ors":{"author":"geeleegulu","comment_count":95,"id":"vf6ors","post_time":1655560289.0,"score":1868,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"[https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media/images/Change%20in%20new%20HIV%20infections%20and%20aids-related%20deaths.png](https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media/images/Change%20in%20new%20HIV%20infections%20and%20aids-related%20deaths.png)\n\nThis region seems to really stand out in this graph from UNAIDS. Over the last decade, the only other region with a rise in incidence was Middle East And North Africa, but it was only a 7% increase, vs +43% in Eastern Europe And Central Asia.     \n\n\n\n[https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media\\_asset/2021-global-aids-update\\_en.pdf](https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/2021-global-aids-update_en.pdf)\n\nI gathered from this document by UNAIDS that the major disease burden in this region is on IV drug users, and the main hurdles to controlling the disease are punitive laws and social stigma (p.336, 338). But why is this region handling the disease so much worse than other regions, specifically Middle East And North Africa?           \n\nIt seems that these 2 regions have similarly oppressive political climate and legislature (Table 18.2 & 19.2). The minorities also appears to be similarly marginalized. And according to the document, Eastern Europe And Central Asia had more resources available than Middle East And North Africa did (\\~40% vs 20% of the resource needed for achieving 2025 goals) (Fig. 18.10 & 19.6).      \n\n\n\nI understand that this is probably a complicated issue with a myriad of factors at play. And I must admit that I do not know much about the political and cultural situation of these regions. To sum up, my question is: \n\n>What are the major impetus to the remarkably worse HIV control in Eastern Europe And Central Asia, as compared to Middle East And North Africa, despite having a seemingly similar socio-political environment and higher resource availability?","title":"Why was the rise in HIV infection incidence in the Eastern Europe And Central Asia region so much higher than that of any other regions in 2010-2020?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vf6ors/why_was_the_rise_in_hiv_infection_incidence_in/","vote_ratio":0.94},"vf7u91":{"author":"throwawayguy2395","comment_count":8,"id":"vf7u91","post_time":1655563901.0,"score":23,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why do two lines indicate a negative result in ommunoassay urine drug tests when in most other immunoassay tests two lines indicate a positive result?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vf7u91/why_do_two_lines_indicate_a_negative_result_in/","vote_ratio":0.61},"vfanvy":{"author":"Grinchtastic10","comment_count":2,"id":"vfanvy","post_time":1655572338.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"So the main combustible components of well filtered syngas are carbon monoxide, methane, hydrogen, and if i remember correctly butane as well(correct me if i\u2019m wrong). In a normal internal combustion engine, would these materials produce any carbon or other deposits similar to how diesel does in a diesel engine?","title":"What are the Byproducts of woodgas also known as syngas combustion?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfanvy/what_are_the_byproducts_of_woodgas_also_known_as/","vote_ratio":0.5},"vfdtgs":{"author":"KillerKowalski1","comment_count":11,"id":"vfdtgs","post_time":1655581757.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"It seems like giant pockets of dead things should be an extremely rare occurrence but we're able to power the planet right now because they exist.\n\nWhy for?","title":"So Petroleum Deposits are Dead Organic Matter... Why did Organic Matter Accumulate this Way?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfdtgs/so_petroleum_deposits_are_dead_organic_matter_why/","vote_ratio":0.57},"vfdwi8":{"author":"flockofgopherboys","comment_count":17,"id":"vfdwi8","post_time":1655582009.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"How much of their mass is actually made from carbon that comes out of the air? Am I trapping carbon by growing houseplants?","title":"How are plants beneficial to the carbon cycle if they \"breathe\" out co2 during the night? Is this even true?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfdwi8/how_are_plants_beneficial_to_the_carbon_cycle_if/","vote_ratio":0.42},"vfefsj":{"author":"Pedalnomica","comment_count":18,"id":"vfefsj","post_time":1655583595.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"If the Moderna and Pfizer COVID vaccines for children 6 months to 5 years are simply lower doses of the same vaccines for older people, why do vaccine providers need to wait to receive shipments before they can begin administering shots? Why can't they just draw a smaller amount from the vials of vaccine they already have on hand for adults?","title":"Why do vaccine providers need to wait for child specific COVID-19 vaccine shipments?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfefsj/why_do_vaccine_providers_need_to_wait_for_child/","vote_ratio":0.55},"vfmgmr":{"author":"redscarfdemon","comment_count":4,"id":"vfmgmr","post_time":1655610073.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":" \n\nAs I understand it, rhizomous plants look like separate plants but are often more like parts of the same plant, or at least clones. And from what I understand about genetics, historically when groups of people interbreed within a small group it can exacerbate the effects of negative genetic traits.\n\nIf I were trying to create and sustain a community of plants, and they happened to be rhizomous--like a yarrow plant--would it be enough to transplant several yarrow from one area (which are probably clones) to the target area? Or would it be necessary to go to separate locations to get \"different\" yarrow plants to seed an area?\n\nIf I just plant several of the clone plants would I have \"Habsburg lipped\" plants in a few years?","title":"do rhizomous plants need genetic diversity like humans do ?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfmgmr/do_rhizomous_plants_need_genetic_diversity_like/","vote_ratio":0.78},"vfmw5s":{"author":"Whole-Counter2371","comment_count":239,"id":"vfmw5s","post_time":1655611668.0,"score":1914,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Do all anti fungal toe medication impact the kidneys or just some?","title":"Why do anti fungal toe medication have the ability to impact kidney functions when they are an external application?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfmw5s/why_do_anti_fungal_toe_medication_have_the/","vote_ratio":0.93},"vfso5l":{"author":"melocatmom","comment_count":16,"id":"vfso5l","post_time":1655636176.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Why don't they need soil like other plants? Where are they getting nutrients from to grow? Is it just photosynthesis? I tried Googling but didn't find anything!","title":"How do bean sprouts grow with just water?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfso5l/how_do_bean_sprouts_grow_with_just_water/","vote_ratio":0.71},"vft1j8":{"author":"Zealousideal_Leg9342","comment_count":4,"id":"vft1j8","post_time":1655637656.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"On the internet I read a lot of things about the cause and symptoms of hypercapnia/hypercarbian (drowsiness, dizziness, confusion, headache, etc.). \n\nBut what are the long term effects? Will a higher level of Co2 in the blood cause damage to the brain? \n(kills brain cells or neurons)","title":"Can a higher level of Co2 in the blood cause damage to the brain? | Hypercapnia","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vft1j8/can_a_higher_level_of_co2_in_the_blood_cause/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vft295":{"author":"LorenaBobbedIt","comment_count":209,"id":"vft295","post_time":1655637737.0,"score":1119,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How does sunscreen protect my skin if it\u2019s clear? It blocks UV\u2014 so if I were, say an insect that sees in the UV spectrum, would sunblocked skin look extra bright because UV is reflected, or extra dark because UV is absorbed?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vft295/how_does_sunscreen_protect_my_skin_if_its_clear/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vftgpw":{"author":"Araknhak","comment_count":53,"id":"vftgpw","post_time":1655639340.0,"score":25,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"As someone diagnosed with ADHD myself, I have faced unjust accusations of my diagnosis being false, so I'm here to ask how exactly someone without ADHD would 'generally' react to ADHD stimulants?\n\nKeep is mind that this is just me asking questions, and NOT any attempt to undermine anyones diagnosis at all.\n\nThank you!","title":"How would someone without ADHD react to ADHD stimulants?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vftgpw/how_would_someone_without_adhd_react_to_adhd/","vote_ratio":0.72},"vftic0":{"author":"Judgment_Reversed","comment_count":8,"id":"vftic0","post_time":1655639501.0,"score":61,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"When discussing topics like space exploration, underwater colonization, or even just the future of dense urban living and working, it often gets brought up that people may go insane from being subject to windowless conditions for too long. \n\nIt seems like virtual windows (high-quality displays masquerading as windows to other, presumably more serene environments) would be a solution to this (and often is in science fiction).\n\nI've seen one [study exploring the concept of virtual windows for the elderly](https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-40244-4_45), and another on [stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=J.+Environ.+Psychol.&title=Stress+recoveryduring+exposure+to+natural+and+urban+environments&author=R.+S.+Ulrich&author=R.+F.+Simons&author=E.+Fiorito&author=M.+A.+Miles&author=M.+Zelson&volume=11&publication_year=1991&pages=201-230&), but I either can't find or can't access studies examining the actual effects on people in confined, windowless environments for long time periods.\n\nIs there any research on this? And is there any evidence that it improves mental health?","title":"Is there research on the mental health effects of virtual windows on workers in confined, windowless spaces for long time periods?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vftic0/is_there_research_on_the_mental_health_effects_of/","vote_ratio":0.83},"vfv6pl":{"author":"bewchacca-lacca","comment_count":202,"id":"vfv6pl","post_time":1655645240.0,"score":1692,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Are callouses made of living tissue?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfv6pl/are_callouses_made_of_living_tissue/","vote_ratio":0.94},"vfvqlc":{"author":"ProfessionalSmell528","comment_count":7,"id":"vfvqlc","post_time":1655646986.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Can getting insufficient amount of sleep during puberty impair brain development and intelligence?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfvqlc/can_getting_insufficient_amount_of_sleep_during/","vote_ratio":0.73},"vfwk5i":{"author":"dilfybro","comment_count":29,"id":"vfwk5i","post_time":1655649424.0,"score":875,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Lemons (which I buy from the market) have a high degree of axial symmetry.  Rotate them around their major axis, and they're usually pretty similar from all angles.  Cut one in half along the minor axis, and the segments are each about the same angular size.  The albedo is pretty circular and uniform, too.   \n\n\nAnd then, the seeds.   There are usually fewer than one per segment.   And when that's the case, you just have 1 in one segment, another in another, and they jut off in seemingly random angles.   \n\n\nWhy the absence of azimuthal symmetry for seeds?","title":"Why are lemon seeds seemingly randomly distributed about the center of the lemon?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfwk5i/why_are_lemon_seeds_seemingly_randomly/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vfwwae":{"author":"None","comment_count":5,"id":"vfwwae","post_time":1655650420.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Basically what did the world look like two years after the asteroid impact?","title":"What did the world look like two years after the K-T Extinction event?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfwwae/what_did_the_world_look_like_two_years_after_the/","vote_ratio":0.61},"vfy3ma":{"author":"MitchKramer1989","comment_count":19,"id":"vfy3ma","post_time":1655653877.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I received a vaccine dose of the two shot Pfizer series last March, and although it's been 16 months, I've been told that I can get the second dose safely.\n\nHow is it that the immune system remembers? Would the vaccines truly still function the same even with a huge distance between them?\n\nThanks! Just trying to understand how these vaccines work!","title":"How can your body/immune system get a vaccine dose and still \"remember\" it forever later?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfy3ma/how_can_your_bodyimmune_system_get_a_vaccine_dose/","vote_ratio":0.6},"vfyn78":{"author":"KidKilobyte","comment_count":50,"id":"vfyn78","post_time":1655655403.0,"score":1868,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Does fighting a viral infection use up minerals and vitamins like zinc and vitamin D, leading to low levels of them? If so how severely?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfyn78/does_fighting_a_viral_infection_use_up_minerals/","vote_ratio":0.94},"vg23ck":{"author":"Willing_Childhood_17","comment_count":7,"id":"vg23ck","post_time":1655665402.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"How can organic materials be defined? Are there any groupings within organic material? \n\nAre fossil fuels organic? If they are, then is there a way to differentiate them with an unchanged corpse?","title":"What defines an organic material?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vg23ck/what_defines_an_organic_material/","vote_ratio":0.64},"vg3m1h":{"author":"thisishowwedooooit","comment_count":2,"id":"vg3m1h","post_time":1655669753.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How did different bird calls evolve from a common origin? Do we know how one relates to another, in the same way we know how different human languages are related?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vg3m1h/how_did_different_bird_calls_evolve_from_a_common/","vote_ratio":0.83},"vg9brc":{"author":"DiscombobulatedBank6","comment_count":305,"id":"vg9brc","post_time":1655687139.0,"score":4370,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"My kid has asked me \u201cif I get someone else\u2019s blood and they\u2019re Italian, does that mean I have Italian blood\u201d.  Which raises a good point.  If she needs a blood transfusion and we then did a 23 and me type test but with blood (not the saliva test).  What results are we going to get back?  The donors heritage or hers?  Or a bit of both.  \n\nWhose dna is in that blood?  If she drops some blood at a crime scene and the police swab it for evidence.  Will it match to her dna, will it have both sets of dna?  If it shows as the donors dna in the blood, does it change back to her blood over time?  What about organ donation?  That organ will always have the dna of the donor yes? \n\nSorry if formatting is rubbish - I\u2019m in mobile.","title":"If I got a blood transfusion, then had a dna test done on my blood. Would it be my dna or the blood donors?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vg9brc/if_i_got_a_blood_transfusion_then_had_a_dna_test/","vote_ratio":0.94},"vgb6bh":{"author":"nemacol","comment_count":7,"id":"vgb6bh","post_time":1655693317.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I have often heard that bananas are high in potassium but I am not sure why.  Is it the soil they grow in?  If we grew something else there (like apples or corn) would they be high in potassium? Or is it something about the way bananas extract minerals from the ground? I assume they are not 'creating' the potassium - it has to be in the ground already and being pulled into the fruit from the plant roots. Right?\n\nThank you for reading.","title":"Why are bananas high in potassium?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgb6bh/why_are_bananas_high_in_potassium/","vote_ratio":0.65},"vgdmpc":{"author":"ScoreTechnical5397","comment_count":5,"id":"vgdmpc","post_time":1655701911.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"The title","title":"did carnivore dinosaurs have symbiotic relationships with other animals like a bird picking a gator's teeth?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgdmpc/did_carnivore_dinosaurs_have_symbiotic/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vgdrrx":{"author":"MelonElbows","comment_count":6,"id":"vgdrrx","post_time":1655702431.0,"score":17,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I just watched the new Jurassic World movie and while I understand it wasn't scientifically accurate, it made me wonder if dinosaurs actually lived in current times and reproduced, how fast would it take them?\n\nGenerally, most things on Earth have lifespans seemingly corresponding to their size.  Some flies live for days while larger animals live for years.  Of course there are exceptions, but its kind of a general rule.  Do scientists know, or can estimate, how long would, for example, a T-Rex take from egg to hatching, and from hatchling to natural end of life?  Are we talking a few decades, a hundred years, more than a hundred?  Something like the Brachiosaurus must take many decades to reach full maturity right?  If someone told me it took them 200 years to grow to that size I would not question it.","title":"Do we know approximate lifespans of dinosaurs?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgdrrx/do_we_know_approximate_lifespans_of_dinosaurs/","vote_ratio":0.9},"vggfir":{"author":"showmelongtime","comment_count":7,"id":"vggfir","post_time":1655712927.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why do major mountain ranges in the US predominantly run north-south but not east-west?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vggfir/why_do_major_mountain_ranges_in_the_us/","vote_ratio":0.77},"vggqig":{"author":"jammerjoint","comment_count":121,"id":"vggqig","post_time":1655714238.0,"score":103,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I've always heard 90% or more is bogus marketing, and the literature can be somewhat vague on this subject.  I have heard that zinc is effective for immune function even if taken after symptoms start, is this true?  Also, are there any that can benefit even if taken to surplus?","title":"Which vitamin or mineral supplements actually have evidence for benefits?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vggqig/which_vitamin_or_mineral_supplements_actually/","vote_ratio":0.9},"vgh5xw":{"author":"SUPER_SECRET_AGENT_Q","comment_count":9,"id":"vgh5xw","post_time":1655716042.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I don't mean habitable planets. I'm just asking about any kind of terrestrial planets or gas-giants. I tried looking it up and couldn't find confirmation on the existence of exo-planets in the globular cluster. I was hoping there might be some astronomers out there with an answer.","title":"Does Omega Centauri have exo-planets?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgh5xw/does_omega_centauri_have_exoplanets/","vote_ratio":0.64},"vghqvu":{"author":"T_Lawliet","comment_count":15,"id":"vghqvu","post_time":1655718526.0,"score":9,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Why don\u2019t we synthesize other vitamins and minerals?","title":"Why do humans only create their own vitamin D?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vghqvu/why_do_humans_only_create_their_own_vitamin_d/","vote_ratio":0.68},"vgir4n":{"author":"netflixandchild","comment_count":22,"id":"vgir4n","post_time":1655722584.0,"score":63,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"i used to struggle with chronic nightmares. today, they only happen on occasion. whenever the nightmare seems to reach its \u201cpeak\u201d\u2014before death or some kind of attack, etc.\u2014i wake up. how is my body able to wake itself up during these moments?","title":"how does the body wake itself up during a nightmare?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgir4n/how_does_the_body_wake_itself_up_during_a/","vote_ratio":0.94},"vgjdxl":{"author":"StarkLMad","comment_count":2,"id":"vgjdxl","post_time":1655724884.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Do cross links or lesions in DNA prohibit accurate next gen sequencing of those regions?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgjdxl/do_cross_links_or_lesions_in_dna_prohibit/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vgjo4u":{"author":"rruckley","comment_count":4,"id":"vgjo4u","post_time":1655725873.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I understand that infrared wavelengths are felt as heat but is there different sensations (ignoring temperature) that would allow one to determine different \u201ccolours\u201d? Thought came about from experiencing my cars heated seats and feeling that it felt different to how my heater at home would feel. Perhaps a different bandwidth of infrared?","title":"Can skin detect different \u201ccolours\u201d of infrared light?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgjo4u/can_skin_detect_different_colours_of_infrared/","vote_ratio":0.86},"vgk41y":{"author":"Ry_uk","comment_count":18,"id":"vgk41y","post_time":1655727318.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Some papers claimed that if you have low latent inhibition and a high IQ, you are creative or a hypergenius. In the past I also read (or misread) an other paper claiming high IQ is associated with higher income.  \n\n\nAre there any studies that link mental disorders with higher income?","title":"Are mental disorders associated with higher socioeconomic status?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgk41y/are_mental_disorders_associated_with_higher/","vote_ratio":0.63},"vgl6ch":{"author":"Karmacological","comment_count":0,"id":"vgl6ch","post_time":1655730611.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I'm wondering about Cactaceae specifically. Thanks in advance!","title":"Do CAM plants open their stomata right at sundown, or do they wait until total darkness?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgl6ch/do_cam_plants_open_their_stomata_right_at_sundown/","vote_ratio":0.71},"vgm0au":{"author":"mangoappleorange","comment_count":37,"id":"vgm0au","post_time":1655733122.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I and many others I know who have already had the vaccine still got COVID, so it seems like there's still a good chance of getting COVID after having the vax. So what's the point if you can still get infected?","title":"How do we know the COVID vaccine does anything if we can still get COVID after having it?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgm0au/how_do_we_know_the_covid_vaccine_does_anything_if/","vote_ratio":0.33},"vgmil4":{"author":"ExtraProfound","comment_count":4,"id":"vgmil4","post_time":1655734569.0,"score":9,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"What are the best current theories on how a human brain indexes interconnected ideas?\n\nExample of the type of indexing to which I'm referring: my mind will often unconsciously start playing music related to something which I've just seen.  Sometimes, I'll realize that I'm remembering a song without having noted the trigger, but by reviewing what the song is and what I just did, I can guess what the trigger is.  E.g., I read the word \"aquarium\" and hear the music for Jolly Roger Bay.","title":"How does indexing work in the brain?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgmil4/how_does_indexing_work_in_the_brain/","vote_ratio":0.8},"vgmvvf":{"author":"Twink_Ass_Bitch","comment_count":8,"id":"vgmvvf","post_time":1655735608.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"The technology/strategy behind mRNA vaccines is truly remarkable, but many explanations I've read seem to skip over a crucial logical step that is the basis of my question.\n\nOnce the mRNA enters a cell and the cell begins producing the protein that the mRNA encodes for, what are the processes between this stage and the stage of the immune system interacting with it? The state of affairs at this stage is a foreign protein inside the cell and it needs to end up in the \"hands off the immune system\". If the protein in question is say the so-called \"spike protein\" of COVID-19, how does it get outside of the cell or to the surface of the cell? \n\nCells are complicated^citation ^needed and usually have many interconnected parts like proteins helping other proteins get where they need to go or to fold in a particular way. Does the inherent shape/structure of the spike protein in this case make it thermodynamically favorable to embed itself in the cell's membrane and express itself outward? Proteins don't generally just leak out of cells so my current best guess is that it's presented by the cell in some way. Assuming this is the case, does that immune system now recognize that cell as foreign and destroy it (and thus 'read' the spike protein)?\n\nThanks for anyone's time.","title":"How do proteins made by mRNA vaccines get to where they need to go?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgmvvf/how_do_proteins_made_by_mrna_vaccines_get_to/","vote_ratio":0.71},"vgou4d":{"author":"Tales_of_Ba_Sing_Se","comment_count":12,"id":"vgou4d","post_time":1655740855.0,"score":18,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why is having high blood pressure bad for you?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgou4d/why_is_having_high_blood_pressure_bad_for_you/","vote_ratio":0.79},"vgp9e6":{"author":"Complex-Opening-9638","comment_count":3,"id":"vgp9e6","post_time":1655741947.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"When I always search for answers the internet just tells me that is done by a blood sample and using a needle.\n\nWhat I'm looking for is the scientific procedure, what is used, a microscope, some type of machine, a mathematical formula... ?\n\nHow do you go from having the blood to having a particular number and result on a paper.\n\nAnd as well I would appreciate if somebody told me how to search for this type of more specific I formation on the future, what should I type on the Google bar search to find this information.\n\nKind regards.","title":"How is AN SHBG test done?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgp9e6/how_is_an_shbg_test_done/","vote_ratio":0.86},"vgpjbc":{"author":"Quinfluenza","comment_count":344,"id":"vgpjbc","post_time":1655742658.0,"score":5816,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How big dogs have much shorter lifespans than smaller dogs, is it the same for humans? Say a 6' 7\" inch man vs a 5' 5\" man?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgpjbc/how_big_dogs_have_much_shorter_lifespans_than/","vote_ratio":0.94},"vgryi1":{"author":"ShadowVortex888","comment_count":3,"id":"vgryi1","post_time":1655748913.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Excluding any environmental mutation factors, do virus partially or wholly inherit any mutations based on the host cell\u2019s replication machinery?","title":"Is a virus\u2019s mutation rate independent from their host cell?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgryi1/is_a_viruss_mutation_rate_independent_from_their/","vote_ratio":0.71},"vgvge6":{"author":"ontheceiling315716","comment_count":2,"id":"vgvge6","post_time":1655758202.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Something I have never understood. How do nonviral plasmids incorporate stably into cellular genomic dna of a cell. I understand viral plasmid delivery systems but how do regular plasmids get stably incorporated. My understanding is that they do but it's very low rate of  occurrence and it happens somewhat randomly.\n\nThanks","title":"Stable Cell Line transfection, with non viral naked plasmid MOA?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgvge6/stable_cell_line_transfection_with_non_viral/","vote_ratio":0.5},"vgvoqw":{"author":"LilamJazeefa","comment_count":1,"id":"vgvoqw","post_time":1655758810.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I am teaching myself about the processes by which penile tumescence occurs and is maintained.  I have found that part of the process of Ca^2+ sensitization that occurs in cavernosal smooth muscle cells is by the action of Src tyrosine kinases acting on BK(Ca) receptors by phosphorylating the alpha subunits.\n\nHowever, what I don't understand is how exactly that phosphorylation winds up affecting the calcium levels?  Does it activate the ion gate?  Does it hyperpolarize the surrounding membrane?  Are other chemicals like cAMP or DAG involved? I am not a biochemist and I am but a humble physicist.  The publications on the matter seem to overlook this little detail as prerequisite material, so I'm at a bit of a loss.  I see how this works in Na ion channels as well as in vascular smooth muscle cells, but those seem to be operating by a different mechanism.","title":"By what mechanism does the phosphorylation of BK(CA) alpha subunits modulate calcium sensitivity in cavernosal smooth muscle cells?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgvoqw/by_what_mechanism_does_the_phosphorylation_of/","vote_ratio":0.57},"vgwj2j":{"author":"longstrokesharpturn","comment_count":5,"id":"vgwj2j","post_time":1655761011.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"We hear more often that countries become more dry. Iran for instance is dealing with an enormous water scarcity. But what happens to the water? Where does it go? Does it just move to another place?","title":"what happens to water when land dries up?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgwj2j/what_happens_to_water_when_land_dries_up/","vote_ratio":0.64},"vgynka":{"author":"MSeanF","comment_count":3,"id":"vgynka","post_time":1655766801.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How would world climate and weather patterns change if part of Central America was missing and the Pacific and Caribbean were connected?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgynka/how_would_world_climate_and_weather_patterns/","vote_ratio":0.56},"vh0vfd":{"author":"BiggieSlonker","comment_count":3,"id":"vh0vfd","post_time":1655773406.0,"score":13,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"It is said the massive \"Carrington Event\" solar storm of 1859 was so powerful it caused telegraph stations to catch fire.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrington_Event\n\nIf a coronal mass ejection of equal or greater strength were to hit Earth today, what kind of effects would it have across the globe?","title":"How resilient is modern electrical infrastructure to a major Coronal Mass Ejection such as The Carrington Event?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vh0vfd/how_resilient_is_modern_electrical_infrastructure/","vote_ratio":0.89},"vh27z1":{"author":"Next_Doughnut2","comment_count":11,"id":"vh27z1","post_time":1655777597.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"What dictates how much or fast a virus will mutate?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vh27z1/what_dictates_how_much_or_fast_a_virus_will_mutate/","vote_ratio":0.56},"vh296d":{"author":"badkey82","comment_count":5,"id":"vh296d","post_time":1655777707.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How is crude oil/petroleum highly flammable, but asphalt (made out of petroleum) not flammable at all?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vh296d/how_is_crude_oilpetroleum_highly_flammable_but/","vote_ratio":0.69},"vh2q1n":{"author":"Lumpy-Upstairs3755","comment_count":10,"id":"vh2q1n","post_time":1655779188.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Asking for a friend.  Google was no help.  Friend has an oat allergy that manifest as eczema, and sometimes (not all times) they break out when eating eggs or chicken or other meat.  Could they be affected if the animal ate oats? They put this question to me, and I thought it might be okay to ask here.  I am interested to learn if there is some sort of nutritional pass-along that comes from the food that the animals eat.","title":"If an animal consumes something, and then I consume that animal, will I be affected by the thing the animal consumed?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vh2q1n/if_an_animal_consumes_something_and_then_i/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vh38ek":{"author":"ERDRCR","comment_count":11,"id":"vh38ek","post_time":1655780807.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"At one end of development we know that amino acids can form spontaneously. Peptides aren\u2019t that much of a stretch after that.\nAt the other extreme, the strongest produce more offspring and the genes multiply.\n\nHow did we get from peptides to a self-reproducing code that leads to the production of peptides that make more copies of the original code?\n\nHas anyone proposed intermediate complexity structures and then organisms that would then lead to simple single cell organisms?","title":"How did the middle stages of evolution occur?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vh38ek/how_did_the_middle_stages_of_evolution_occur/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vh4xx9":{"author":"PhilNHoles","comment_count":5,"id":"vh4xx9","post_time":1655786492.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Do sealed terrariums increase in energy or mass over time due to sunlight?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vh4xx9/do_sealed_terrariums_increase_in_energy_or_mass/","vote_ratio":0.86},"vh6c7x":{"author":"con86ra","comment_count":8,"id":"vh6c7x","post_time":1655791505.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"how does plants create food using photons. i.e light? I just don't get it. can someone explain the process?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vh6c7x/how_does_plants_create_food_using_photons_ie/","vote_ratio":0.75},"vhdj0e":{"author":"VagueViper88","comment_count":145,"id":"vhdj0e","post_time":1655818615.0,"score":1106,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"After satellites have finished there designed function, what happens to them? Do they float in orbit completely obsolete, thusted of out into deep space or controlled landing back to earth? Side note, is there a possibility all satellites falling out of orbit at the same time and what would be the ramifications of the theoretical senario be? Would it cause an ELE based the amount of satellites?","title":"Where do old satellites go when dead?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vhdj0e/where_do_old_satellites_go_when_dead/","vote_ratio":0.89},"vhfduv":{"author":"roiseeker","comment_count":92,"id":"vhfduv","post_time":1655823776.0,"score":268,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"So I've been trying to investigate these New Age claims that say our heart is basically an EMF transmitter but didn't find any convincing proof that this is actually true.\n\nObviously the heart operates through all sorts of phenomena, electricity being involved as well. Where there is current, there are electromagnetic fields. So it's obvious that SOME field could be detected if we would have a sensitive enough device.\n\nBut the problem is their claims seem especially outlandish. The research linked below argues that this EMF can even be detected several feet away, which sounds a bit crazy. If the heart would've had such a strong EMF, it would've been more common knowledge in our society. I mean, maybe they are kind of right. After all, they aren't mentioning any concrete values, they just say it's 100 times stronger than the brain's field (which I also doubt).\n\n[https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-hearts-magnetic-field-which-is-the-strongest-rhythmic-field-produced-by-the-human\\_fig11\\_293944391](https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-hearts-magnetic-field-which-is-the-strongest-rhythmic-field-produced-by-the-human_fig11_293944391)\n\nI first heard about this claim here: [https://youtu.be/ta4w28IlzPE?t=1410](https://youtu.be/ta4w28IlzPE?t=1410)\n\nThis man named Joe Dispenza was making a lot of sense up to the timestamp I've selected.  \nWhen he said the heart produces something similar to a WiFi signal, 3 meters wide, that's when my \"quack alarm\" started going off.\n\nWhat's your opinion? Is all of this pseudoscience or is there any truth to it?  \nDo you have any research to back up these claims?","title":"Are claims that the electromagnetic field of the heart is 100 times stronger than that of the brain true? Is it even capable of emiting such large fields?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vhfduv/are_claims_that_the_electromagnetic_field_of_the/","vote_ratio":0.86},"vhivqy":{"author":"I_make_things","comment_count":7,"id":"vhivqy","post_time":1655833176.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How do chimeric animals avoid organ rejection or other autoimmune disorders?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vhivqy/how_do_chimeric_animals_avoid_organ_rejection_or/","vote_ratio":0.62},"vhojrq":{"author":"phenols","comment_count":454,"id":"vhojrq","post_time":1655848107.0,"score":2958,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why do people sneeze when first going into the bright sunlight or look into a glare of sunlight?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vhojrq/why_do_people_sneeze_when_first_going_into_the/","vote_ratio":0.91},"vhpew4":{"author":"shtefhan","comment_count":3,"id":"vhpew4","post_time":1655850448.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Let's say if i have a piece of glass or transparent medium that goes through space with a speed higher than the phase velocity and light reaces the medium from the back, can it go through, is it reflected or is absorbed?","title":"What will happend with the light that goes through an medium, if the medium travels faste than it's phase velocity?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vhpew4/what_will_happend_with_the_light_that_goes/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vhpihk":{"author":"qxzsilver","comment_count":155,"id":"vhpihk","post_time":1655850717.0,"score":2524,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I\u2019ve noticed watching documentaries or random videos online as well as medical websites that some people may develop allergies to bee stings after getting stung one too many times. However, some people who harvest honey from bees without any protection (one example is the Gurung people of Nepal) seem to develop immunity to bee stings.\n\nOther examples may be exposure to natural stimuli such as pollen, snake bites, certain molds, or food items. How does this happen? What can make someone more likely to develop an allergy vs. more likely to develop immunity?","title":"Why do some people develop allergies with repeated exposure to an external stimulus vs. some people developing immunity to said stimulus?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vhpihk/why_do_some_people_develop_allergies_with/","vote_ratio":0.95},"vhq4uv":{"author":"Just_want_to_log_in","comment_count":10,"id":"vhq4uv","post_time":1655852483.0,"score":21,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"And if so, is there a chance it may thrive and/or impact the local environment in any way?","title":"Is it at all possible that \u2018life\u2019 may accidentally have been brought to Mars by the various rovers sent from Earth?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vhq4uv/is_it_at_all_possible_that_life_may_accidentally/","vote_ratio":0.83},"vhrx8k":{"author":"Catvanbrian","comment_count":7,"id":"vhrx8k","post_time":1655857785.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"As in convince the system to treat or even see the implant as \u2018self\u2019 or at least a new part of \u2018self\u2019?","title":"Is there any way to teach the immune system to not attack an implant?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vhrx8k/is_there_any_way_to_teach_the_immune_system_to/","vote_ratio":0.83},"vhwse5":{"author":"TigreSauvage","comment_count":3,"id":"vhwse5","post_time":1655873269.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"For example, there are different types of snakes. Of the venomous ones, how did their venoms go about evolving in potency and effects?","title":"Why are there so many different types of venoms?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vhwse5/why_are_there_so_many_different_types_of_venoms/","vote_ratio":0.66},"vhxdu3":{"author":"kinjame","comment_count":12,"id":"vhxdu3","post_time":1655875372.0,"score":80,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Im not talking just melting point either. Sublimation too. I know tungsten has the highest known melting point of any *pure* element at 3695 K, but I read somewhere that there are also other alloys that can take hotter temperature. I know carbon sublimes at around 4098 K so i'm wondering if there is anything that can go beyond those temperatures without a phase transition. Compounds are allowed too.\n\nEdit: Under earth's atmospheric pressure at sea level.","title":"What is the highest temperature any solid material/element can take without changing states?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vhxdu3/what_is_the_highest_temperature_any_solid/","vote_ratio":0.85},"vhxl0p":{"author":"Swimming_Leeks","comment_count":70,"id":"vhxl0p","post_time":1655876091.0,"score":393,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"If skin is constantly shedding and being regrown, why does moisturizing and avoiding direct sunlight when you\u2019re young help with your skin long term?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vhxl0p/if_skin_is_constantly_shedding_and_being_regrown/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vi1jv3":{"author":"hipponuggets_","comment_count":17,"id":"vi1jv3","post_time":1655891749.0,"score":31,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I understand that they both belong to the *Panthera* genus, but are they any more closely related than to their other cousins like lions and tigers? Or did they just *happen* to have evolved similarly in terms of looks?","title":"How closely related are Jaguar and Leopards?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vi1jv3/how_closely_related_are_jaguar_and_leopards/","vote_ratio":0.78},"vi3b7r":{"author":"KarmaWhoreRepeating","comment_count":5,"id":"vi3b7r","post_time":1655898415.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Just for the sake of curiosity, what I mean is:  Is there an algorithm that can give me a solution to solve any Rubiks cube configuration, but it never rotates the yellow face (for instance)","title":"Is it possible to solve a Rubiks Cube without ever having to turn one of the faces?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vi3b7r/is_it_possible_to_solve_a_rubiks_cube_without/","vote_ratio":0.57},"vi3igi":{"author":"dondi01","comment_count":14,"id":"vi3igi","post_time":1655899119.0,"score":14,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Would it be as deadly as in the past? Would it be milder? Would we be able to immediately deal with it or there is no specific vaccine or medication?","title":"how would a modern day person likely fare against spanish flu?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vi3igi/how_would_a_modern_day_person_likely_fare_against/","vote_ratio":0.73},"vi4fic":{"author":"aroundtheworldtoday","comment_count":393,"id":"vi4fic","post_time":1655901913.0,"score":2790,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Analogous to pupils dilating and constricting with light, does the human ear physically adjust in response to volume levels?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vi4fic/analogous_to_pupils_dilating_and_constricting/","vote_ratio":0.95},"vi4s3d":{"author":"apposnollah","comment_count":3,"id":"vi4s3d","post_time":1655902978.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Last ice age in Norhern Europe ended some ~10 000 years ago. Agriculture was developed around the same time, and the area of Fertice Crescent in Middle East is often pointed out here. In present day this area is rather dry, except the areas in Turkey and the river banks in Iran, Iraq and Egypt.\n\nWhat are the estimates what kind of climate there was in those areas 10 000 years ago? They were probably much more fertile due to lower temperature. I would also guess that a large ice cap in Norhern Europe would have lowered the temperature even more, and also affected on the precipitation in the area.","title":"Are there any academic (or even wild) guesses how important colder climate and ice age was for the development of agriculture in general?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vi4s3d/are_there_any_academic_or_even_wild_guesses_how/","vote_ratio":0.78},"vi58qq":{"author":"kickin-it-studios","comment_count":28,"id":"vi58qq","post_time":1655904363.0,"score":14,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Would we slingshot past it? Do we just need really good aim? \n\nOr is the sun hard to hit only because we are launching rockets from earth which is moving extremely fast around the sun?","title":"If it takes more energy to hit the sun than leave the solar system, would it also be equally hard to hit a black hole?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vi58qq/if_it_takes_more_energy_to_hit_the_sun_than_leave/","vote_ratio":0.69},"vi5y3b":{"author":"AutoModerator","comment_count":130,"id":"vi5y3b","post_time":1655906412.0,"score":149,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on **Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science**\n\nDo you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: \"What would happen if...\", \"How will the future...\", \"If all the rules for 'X' were different...\", \"Why does my...\".\n\n**Asking Questions:**\n\nPlease post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.\n\n**Answering Questions:**\n\nPlease only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. [The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/wiki/index#wiki_answering_askscience). In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.\n\nIf you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, [please refer to the information provided here](https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/about/sticky).\n\nPast AskAnythingWednesday posts [can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/search?q=flair%3A%27meta%27&restrict_sr=on&sort=new&t=all). Ask away!","title":"Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vi5y3b/ask_anything_wednesday_physics_astronomy_earth/","vote_ratio":0.86},"vi7aaa":{"author":"AndrewTheAverage","comment_count":4,"id":"vi7aaa","post_time":1655910129.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Often we see that a virus is detected in sewerage. This happened a lot during Covid but Polio has been discovered in sewerage in England.\n\nHow is it actually detected?\n\nAs in, the amount of virus must be  infinitesimally  small compared to the volume of sewerage. Does the virus grow/replicate to a point where it is detected easily?\n\nI just dont understand how a small sample could detect it unless there was a major outbrake","title":"How do they Detect viruses in sewerage?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vi7aaa/how_do_they_detect_viruses_in_sewerage/","vote_ratio":0.57},"vi95b3":{"author":"Misco28","comment_count":11,"id":"vi95b3","post_time":1655915125.0,"score":14,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"So, we are constantly inhaling things that are not air into our lungs, specially small solid particles. I assume most of them go out by just breathing out, but its not hard for some particles to get stucked in the web of ducts we have there. Is there something curious about that or im just asking a dumb question?","title":"Have our lungs any way of cleaning themselves?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vi95b3/have_our_lungs_any_way_of_cleaning_themselves/","vote_ratio":0.75},"vibbzu":{"author":"Critical_Reveal6667","comment_count":20,"id":"vibbzu","post_time":1655920964.0,"score":26,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Have our immune systems lost the ability to fight smallpox now that it is eliminated?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vibbzu/have_our_immune_systems_lost_the_ability_to_fight/","vote_ratio":0.7},"vic6ui":{"author":"Lornedon","comment_count":10,"id":"vic6ui","post_time":1655923266.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I read that you can get infected from HIV with only one virus, and for Covid you need to have about 500 viruses enter your body.\n\nI get that it probably varies from virus to virus and from person to person, but can you give me a ballpark estimate?","title":"How many single viruses are in an infected person's body?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vic6ui/how_many_single_viruses_are_in_an_infected/","vote_ratio":0.62},"vic7fu":{"author":"Se7enineteen","comment_count":8,"id":"vic7fu","post_time":1655923312.0,"score":20,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I have viral conjunctivitis and I was cautioned about washing my hands and not sharing towels etc.\n\nBut it got me thinking, what makes certain viruses only spread via a particular vector?\n\nFor example AIDS and blood/sex, Coronavirus is airborne/fomite tramissions, etc.\n\nLogically, it seems once you get a virus, any bodily function should be able to spread it. Why do viruses behave the way they do?\n\nThanks in advance for your time.","title":"Why don't viruses spread throughout your entire body?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vic7fu/why_dont_viruses_spread_throughout_your_entire/","vote_ratio":0.72},"vif1ls":{"author":"EatTheBiscuitSam","comment_count":59,"id":"vif1ls","post_time":1655930810.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"One would think that there would be a bunch of creatures that would have eyes in a vertical arrangement. Why isn't there more diversity in eye location?","title":"Why are eyes horizontally arranged and not vertically?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vif1ls/why_are_eyes_horizontally_arranged_and_not/","vote_ratio":0.72},"vijj8f":{"author":"Doodlebobisright","comment_count":27,"id":"vijj8f","post_time":1655943237.0,"score":36,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How hot was the earth 30 million years ago?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vijj8f/how_hot_was_the_earth_30_million_years_ago/","vote_ratio":0.73},"vijndx":{"author":"jrjocham","comment_count":316,"id":"vijndx","post_time":1655943573.0,"score":2564,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I'm sure the technology changed over the years, so I'll ask this in a two parter with the technology of the Apollo missions and the technology of today. Radio towers only have a certain distance on Earth they can broadcast, and if the space shuttle is currently in orbit on the exact opposite side of the Earth as the antenna, the communications would have cut out. So back when the space program was just starting, what was the technology they used to talk to people in space. Was it a series of broadcasting antennas around the globe? Something that has a strong enough broadcast range to pass through planetary bodies? Some kind of aimed technology like a satellite dish that could track the ship in orbit? What was the communication infrastructure they had to build and how has it changed to today?","title":"When an astronaut in space talks to Houston, what is the technology that makes the call?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vijndx/when_an_astronaut_in_space_talks_to_houston_what/","vote_ratio":0.94},"vikaba":{"author":"toy_boat_toy_boat","comment_count":11,"id":"vikaba","post_time":1655945567.0,"score":23,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I ask this thinking that some test or tests might have been done to determine how birds adapt to micro-gravity. Not in a vaccuum, of course. \n\nCan birds adapt? Can they learn to navigate in this environment? I think of water birds, who can dive and swim underwater. If any tests showed chaotic results, should one anticipate that they would normalize over time? \n\nSorry if I'm asking some easy questions in the course of asking my main one.","title":"How do birds react in a micro-gravity environment?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vikaba/how_do_birds_react_in_a_microgravity_environment/","vote_ratio":0.84},"vila0l":{"author":"Zombieff","comment_count":6,"id":"vila0l","post_time":1655948596.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"What makes different plastics recyclable or non-recyclable?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vila0l/what_makes_different_plastics_recyclable_or/","vote_ratio":0.77},"vimqe8":{"author":"mister_chuunibyou","comment_count":4,"id":"vimqe8","post_time":1655953210.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"And also how many motor units can one drive?\n\nIs there any scientific estimate?\n\nI tried searching for this information but couldnt find much.","title":"how many neurons on a single hypercolumn on average?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vimqe8/how_many_neurons_on_a_single_hypercolumn_on/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vimxqv":{"author":"rivernoa","comment_count":2,"id":"vimxqv","post_time":1655953847.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I know that the moon is tidally locked to earth, but why isn\u2019t earth tidally locked to the sun? And what conditions would cause that to happen?","title":"What causes satellites to be tidally locked?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vimxqv/what_causes_satellites_to_be_tidally_locked/","vote_ratio":0.64},"vin17g":{"author":"Primary_Hawk3","comment_count":5,"id":"vin17g","post_time":1655954167.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"What is the concentration of salt that needs to be in water for it to become undrinkable/unhealthy for human consumption?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vin17g/what_is_the_concentration_of_salt_that_needs_to/","vote_ratio":0.75},"virtn3":{"author":"sepientr34","comment_count":42,"id":"virtn3","post_time":1655972005.0,"score":72,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Both reactions use hydrogen 1 or carbon 12 which are easier to find on earth why deuterium-tritium fusion is used instead","title":"Why dont proton proton fusion or CNO cycle used in thermo nuclear weapon?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/virtn3/why_dont_proton_proton_fusion_or_cno_cycle_used/","vote_ratio":0.75},"vj0c3d":{"author":"omgyouresexy","comment_count":90,"id":"vj0c3d","post_time":1656000234.0,"score":1111,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I just got done watching a video about Parting of the Waters in Moran, WY. There is a unique feature here in which a creek running along the continental divide splits and half runs to the Pacific while the other half runs to the Atlantic. The title of the video is \"The Creek that Flows to Two Different Oceans\" if anyone wants to check it out for more context.\n\nAnyway, it got me thinking: Assuming no evaporation, absorption into the soil, or any other means of exiting the continuous flow, how long would it take a drop of water to flow from that location all the way to the Atlantic Ocean?\n\nThere are overlapping issues like estimating actual path lengths of the creeks and rivers, different flow rates that depend on precipitation and water levels, fluid dynamics, and I'm sure a bunch other stuff I'm not even thinking of. Seems like such a cool multi-disciplinary problem. Is it possible to simplify it enough to get a rough answer? I'd love to hear everyone's take!","title":"How long would it take a drop of water to flow from Parting of the Waters to the Atlantic Ocean?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vj0c3d/how_long_would_it_take_a_drop_of_water_to_flow/","vote_ratio":0.91},"vj6766":{"author":"Kipkeny","comment_count":7,"id":"vj6766","post_time":1656015801.0,"score":32,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I have recently developed an interest in statistical mechanics and would really like to solidify my understanding of temperature and heat before I continue. Feel free to answer all or some of these questions. Thank you!\n\n1. Does temperature measure translational, rotational, and vibrational motion?\n\n2. If temperature measures average kinetic energy, couldn\u2019t it just be expressed in terms of joules?\n\n3. Is there a strict linear relationship between energy input and change in temperature? If not, why?\n\n4. Does particle mass affect specific heat? If not why do particles have different specific heats?\n\n5. What is the relationship between specific heat and specific entropy? Why do they have the same units?\n\n6. If joules and kelvin both measure energy, then is entropy dimensionless?","title":"Temperature and Heat Questions?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vj6766/temperature_and_heat_questions/","vote_ratio":0.75},"vjct7t":{"author":"DaSpawn","comment_count":3,"id":"vjct7t","post_time":1656035033.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Does the water from a tsunami become desalinized as the land absorbs it?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vjct7t/does_the_water_from_a_tsunami_become_desalinized/","vote_ratio":0.76},"vje6n1":{"author":"Sinzari","comment_count":334,"id":"vje6n1","post_time":1656039371.0,"score":1983,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I had heard that lemon juice makes your body alkaline, which made no sense to me, so I did some googling. I found that it was not true, as I anticipated (since your body regulates your blood's pH level), but what I couldn't find a solid conclusion for in either direction was whether or not lemon juice creates alkaline byproducts in digestion. \n\nI found many semi-reputable sources (https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/lemon-juice-acidic-or-alkaline for example) that seemed to agree with that, and say that while it doesn't affect your body or blood's pH level, it can make your urine more alkaline. Most of the people I'd seen refuting it where simply saying that lemon juice can't turn your body alkaline and that it's pseudoscience hogwash, rather than specifically talking to the point that it does or doesn't make alkaline byproducts during digestion.\n\nSo my question is: Does lemon juice produce alkaline byproducts during digestion and make your urine more alkaline, and if it does, what's the process that occurs to make this happen and what is happening to all the acid? Where are the extra Hydrogen ions going?\n\nEDIT: Thanks for all the replies! Got some really good ones that answered my question with academic sources! Just wanted to note that as I mentioned, I know that your body regulates pH and that trying to turn your body or urine \"more alkaline\" doesn't have any health benefits, was just curious on this specific point of urine/alkaline byproducts because I couldn't find an explanation but saw relatively reputable sources suggest it's true.\n\nStill, always good to include that as part of the explanation for others who may not know that it gives no health benefits.","title":"How does lemon juice turn your urine alkaline?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vje6n1/how_does_lemon_juice_turn_your_urine_alkaline/","vote_ratio":0.91},"vje8tr":{"author":"crimsonengine","comment_count":18,"id":"vje8tr","post_time":1656039568.0,"score":362,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"I'm predicting 60 events to happen over 30 days, randomly distributed. How many days with zero events can happen in a row before I'm statistically unlikely to meet my target? Is this something the Poisson distribution applies to and how can I calculate it?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vje8tr/im_predicting_60_events_to_happen_over_30_days/","vote_ratio":0.86},"vjl4k8":{"author":"SeldonCrises","comment_count":7,"id":"vjl4k8","post_time":1656065877.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"During the age of the dinosaurs was there a comparable level of biodiversity (in terms of species diversity) as today?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vjl4k8/during_the_age_of_the_dinosaurs_was_there_a/","vote_ratio":0.65},"vjms6o":{"author":"gotasciencequestion","comment_count":2,"id":"vjms6o","post_time":1656071966.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I\u2019m sure I\u2019m missing some very basic bit of knowledge on antibodies here but I wanted to get a very rough estimate of the number of unique IgG antibodies. My current working is:\n\nVh chain - 65 variable * 27 diversity * 6 joining\n\nVl(kappa) chain - 40 variable * 5 joining\n\nMultiplying these numbers gives me just over 2 million unique sequences but I expected it to be far greater than that.\n\nI\u2019m using Immunology: The immune system in health and disease for the numbers of gene segments.\n\nThank you for the help!","title":"Could someone help me out with the maths behind the estimated number of unique IgG antibodies?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vjms6o/could_someone_help_me_out_with_the_maths_behind/","vote_ratio":0.7},"vjojox":{"author":"Total_Bag7240","comment_count":7,"id":"vjojox","post_time":1656077492.0,"score":27,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I understand how plant seeds know how to grow the right way up (gravity) and I understand how a zygote/foetus' cells determine left from right using rotating cilia. How do the cells know when to stop arm or leg growth and become hands or feet? I'm guessing some sort of chemical gradient but could someone point me in the direction of a concrete source","title":"How do limbs grow in utero ? how do the cells know to not be a part of the arm and start being part of the wrist etc.","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vjojox/how_do_limbs_grow_in_utero_how_do_the_cells_know/","vote_ratio":0.82},"vjq4dk":{"author":"t0gi_","comment_count":19,"id":"vjq4dk","post_time":1656081962.0,"score":39,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I've seen somebody put lithium in water, obviously it started crackling and creating sparks but I wanted to know why.","title":"Why does lithium react so violently with water?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vjq4dk/why_does_lithium_react_so_violently_with_water/","vote_ratio":0.8},"vjq63t":{"author":"UnIntelligent_Lemon5","comment_count":6,"id":"vjq63t","post_time":1656082103.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Can you see a superior mirage with a thermal camera?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vjq63t/can_you_see_a_superior_mirage_with_a_thermal/","vote_ratio":0.62},"vjsshw":{"author":"bl4ck4nti","comment_count":48,"id":"vjsshw","post_time":1656089243.0,"score":314,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"If the planets are hundreds and thousands of light-years away, how do we know what they look like and their characteristics? Also because of how long it takes for the light to reach us, is there a possibility that we are looking at a planet that may not exist in present time?","title":"How do we know what exoplanets look like?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vjsshw/how_do_we_know_what_exoplanets_look_like/","vote_ratio":0.89},"vjt9eb":{"author":"IonizingBRadiation","comment_count":15,"id":"vjt9eb","post_time":1656090482.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"I get how myosin pulls actin to contract a muscle. But how does a muscle strecthes back?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vjt9eb/i_get_how_myosin_pulls_actin_to_contract_a_muscle/","vote_ratio":0.5},"vju1wd":{"author":"WarPig262","comment_count":4,"id":"vju1wd","post_time":1656092621.0,"score":14,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How does digestion change in space when your stomach acid is floating around in your stomach?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vju1wd/how_does_digestion_change_in_space_when_your/","vote_ratio":0.8},"vju44u":{"author":"ChoopAdoop","comment_count":8,"id":"vju44u","post_time":1656092786.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I feel like the answer is probably yes, but I'm curious to what degree these animals exist. Are there fish that have zebra-like patterns, but only if you can see more than the RGB that humans can see?","title":"Are there animals that have patterned skin / fur in wavelengths that humans can't see?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vju44u/are_there_animals_that_have_patterned_skin_fur_in/","vote_ratio":0.78},"vjy0lg":{"author":"chazwomaq","comment_count":391,"id":"vjy0lg","post_time":1656103592.0,"score":2035,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Would it explode? Is the metal strong enough to resist the pressure differential? Does it depend on the temperature? What if it were filled with water vs air at 1 atmosphere pressure?","title":"What would happen to a sealed tin can in space?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vjy0lg/what_would_happen_to_a_sealed_tin_can_in_space/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vk01ly":{"author":"4thDevilsAdvocate","comment_count":7,"id":"vk01ly","post_time":1656109287.0,"score":26,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Note that I'm not talking about \"growing the *most*\" (i.e. smallest baby size to adult size ratio). I'm talking about \"growing the *fastest*\".\n\nAs of right now, I think it's the red kangaroo.\n\n[This](https://www.nwf.org/Magazines/National-Wildlife/2010/Worlds-Fastest-Growing-Animal) and [this](https://www.ferris.edu/card-riley-center/Kids_Corner/marsupials.htm) say a red kangaroo is 1 gram at birth, and [the red kangaroo's Wikipedia page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_kangaroo) [states that female red kangaroos can be of reproductive age (i.e. \"adulthood\") as soon as 18 months](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_kangaroo#Reproduction) (but [that they weigh, at most, 88 pounds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_kangaroo#Description)).\n\nUsing this information, let's say the following:\n\n1. 1 year = 12 months = 365 days\n2. 18 months = 365 \\* 1.5 days = 547.5 days\n3. 88 pounds / 1 gram = 39,916.1286\n\nPlugging these values into [this exponent calculator](https://www.omnicalculator.com/math/exponent) tells me that, for a female red kangaroo to grow from its birth weight to its weight at adulthood in 547.5 days, it must multiply its body weight by 1.01954x (101.954%) per day.\n\nAlternative, reversing this, and assuming the upper bound of red kangaroo reproductive age (5 years/1825 days), and the lower bound of female red kangaroo body weight (40 pounds), that means said female red kangaroo must multiply its body weight by 1.005387x per day (100.5387%) in order to grow from 1 gram to 40 pounds in 1825 days.\n\n**Are there any mammals** **^((not animals,)** [***^(mammals)***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal)***)*** **that grow faster than this?** Right now, I think the red kangaroo takes the cake, seemingly growing 7.1x to *\\~1,170x* its body weight within a year.","title":"Which mammal grows the FASTEST between birth and adulthood, as a percentage of its birth body mass?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vk01ly/which_mammal_grows_the_fastest_between_birth_and/","vote_ratio":0.73},"vk1h7x":{"author":"piedamon","comment_count":3,"id":"vk1h7x","post_time":1656113560.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I imagine there\u2019s a fairly chaotic underlying system, so I\u2019m curious what factors are at play in why a sunspot appears in the place it does. The sun seems so uniform, so I\u2019m wondering if this is an example of \u201cthe butterfly effect\u201d so to speak.","title":"What determines sunspot location?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vk1h7x/what_determines_sunspot_location/","vote_ratio":0.75},"vk7ucw":{"author":"The_Middler_is_Here","comment_count":36,"id":"vk7ucw","post_time":1656135022.0,"score":152,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I learned recently that mammalian four-chambered hearts are more efficient than reptilian three-chambered hearts. Are mammals special as far as hearts go?","title":"Do hearts vary a lot among vertebrates?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vk7ucw/do_hearts_vary_a_lot_among_vertebrates/","vote_ratio":0.89},"vkbelq":{"author":"polidrupa","comment_count":5,"id":"vkbelq","post_time":1656149697.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"CH4 has a much larger greenhouse effect than CO2, but CO2 stays in the atmosphere much longer than CH4. So, if I had CH4 emissions and I had only two options, would it be better to burn them (emitting CO2) or leave the CH4 go freely to the atmosphere? What do simulations say?","title":"What's \"worse\", longterm, for the greenhouse effect, CH4 or CO2?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkbelq/whats_worse_longterm_for_the_greenhouse_effect/","vote_ratio":0.56},"vkcvvv":{"author":"Novel_Ad8758","comment_count":28,"id":"vkcvvv","post_time":1656155881.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"This question is specifically aimed at showing how asking high quantities of a population to take the vaccine stops the spread at a population level.\n\nI would assume the following things to be relevant\n\n1. chance of people who get infected that are vaccinated\n2. chance of then infecting others, modulated by length of illness, viral load and symptoms (coughing)\n3. how good the immunity is from infection + vaccine, i.e. how often vaccinated people get reinfected vs unvaccinated\n\nIm asking this because its pretty frustrating that people always pull a specific country with high vaccination rates and high cases and then say young people getting the vaccine doesnt help others at all. I have the suspicion that their view is limited, but I would like to see evidence or more professional perspectives on the matter :)","title":"what evidence do we have that (booster) vaccines protect others and slow the spread?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkcvvv/what_evidence_do_we_have_that_booster_vaccines/","vote_ratio":0.45},"vkd1hc":{"author":"PCRnoob","comment_count":44,"id":"vkd1hc","post_time":1656156507.0,"score":70,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Similar to pharmacological databases where you can look up a certain medicament and handily find information on dose ranges, formulations, routes of administration, etc. is there an easily accessible toxicological database with detailed toxicological information for particular substances. I.e. known adverse health effects, dose-response relationships, etc.?","title":"Is there a public toxicological database detailing substances' adverse health effects?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkd1hc/is_there_a_public_toxicological_database/","vote_ratio":0.85},"vkh8wj":{"author":"_LouSandwich_","comment_count":20,"id":"vkh8wj","post_time":1656170332.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Have we ever seen a new species come into existence?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkh8wj/have_we_ever_seen_a_new_species_come_into/","vote_ratio":0.74},"vkhjtp":{"author":"Professional_Call","comment_count":2,"id":"vkhjtp","post_time":1656171239.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"While we get most of water through food and drink, the breakdown of hydrocarbons in H2O and CO2 must contribute some, too. What proportion of our water need is met through this process?","title":"How much of our water needs to we meet though the breakdown of hydrocarbons in our bodies?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkhjtp/how_much_of_our_water_needs_to_we_meet_though_the/","vote_ratio":0.54},"vkhtix":{"author":"insanelylogical","comment_count":18,"id":"vkhtix","post_time":1656172007.0,"score":154,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I know not all cell types divide that frequently, but some like skin cells divide daily. It seems that it would not be that long before all skin cells have reached the Hayflick limit and eventually our skin will cease to function. \n\nEven if we replace skin cells with stem cells, I imagine that our source of stem cells is really limited.","title":"If somatic cells can only divide up to the Hayflick limit, how do people live longer than a few decades?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkhtix/if_somatic_cells_can_only_divide_up_to_the/","vote_ratio":0.9},"vkhz5z":{"author":"A-Delonix-Regia","comment_count":106,"id":"vkhz5z","post_time":1656172460.0,"score":2032,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"So I have noticed that when I close my right eye for a while and keep my left eye open in broad daylight, I see warmer colours in my left eye and see cooler colours in my right eye when I open it. This is similar to the white balance in smartphone cameras.\n\nBut is there any evolutionary advantage to this? And how does it work?","title":"What advantage does the eye's (or brain's) white-balance-like system give, and how does it work?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkhz5z/what_advantage_does_the_eyes_or_brains/","vote_ratio":0.93},"vkietu":{"author":"Gloomy_Efficiency196","comment_count":1,"id":"vkietu","post_time":1656173693.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Hey, recently I've been repeating my biology material related to invertebrates and I noticed that, when we were talking about theirs digestive systems some of them have throats (faucets/gullet), while others have oesophagus, or they have both of these structures. Is there here someone knowledgeable  in this topic?","title":"On what does it depend if invertebrates (or other animals) have oesophagus or gullet or both of them?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkietu/on_what_does_it_depend_if_invertebrates_or_other/","vote_ratio":0.5},"vkj294":{"author":"ibs2pid","comment_count":16,"id":"vkj294","post_time":1656175568.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I know they have a sort of \"homing\" that leads them to try and get back to where they were born but does it really work half a world away? If not, they wouldn't make it very far anyway across the oceans. What is keeping us from from just doing a mass capture/relocation for the Everglades pythons to help bolster the population in their native habitats? I know zoos have breeding and reintroduction programs for all sorts of animals. Why couldn't this be used for the python?","title":"Why can't the pythons found in Florida be relocated back to Burma were they are endangered?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkj294/why_cant_the_pythons_found_in_florida_be/","vote_ratio":0.58},"vkj8gx":{"author":"DuckoPond","comment_count":8,"id":"vkj8gx","post_time":1656176050.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Like, say I have a wire running into a 5mm thick plate rubber plate that is floating on top of water. Is there any situation the electricity would be able to travel through the plate, and into the water?","title":"if you have a circuit with an insulator, like rubber, in the middle of it, is it possible for the electricity to jump THROUGH the rubber and complete the circuit?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkj8gx/if_you_have_a_circuit_with_an_insulator_like/","vote_ratio":0.6},"vkjiq0":{"author":"NoStripeZebra1","comment_count":5,"id":"vkjiq0","post_time":1656176845.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"LFL= Lower Flammability Limit","title":"Does a candle lit in a room that has methane gas dispersed at a lower concentration than LFL gradually combust the methane molecules?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkjiq0/does_a_candle_lit_in_a_room_that_has_methane_gas/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vkjs11":{"author":"5L91N","comment_count":4,"id":"vkjs11","post_time":1656177610.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Does asexual reproduction causes the same genetic problems as incest?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkjs11/does_asexual_reproduction_causes_the_same_genetic/","vote_ratio":0.5},"vkkapg":{"author":"Eggcellent_DTR","comment_count":7,"id":"vkkapg","post_time":1656179119.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How do explosions work? And what is deadly about them? Heat or air waves?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkkapg/how_do_explosions_work_and_what_is_deadly_about/","vote_ratio":0.33},"vkkh0e":{"author":"WoodPecker_69","comment_count":27,"id":"vkkh0e","post_time":1656179635.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"So I was reading this news article: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/aug/15/age-of-obesity-shaming-overweight-people. \n\nThe author seems to suggest that between 1970 and today, sugar consumption in the USA has increased 39 times, and attributes this as a major cause the obesity epidemic. He pointed out that in 1970 people consumed slightly more calories but yet were thin.\n\nI completely cut out all sweet tasting products from my life. I still eat around the same number of calories and yet in 6 months I've lost 40lbs of weight. Even when I was dieting and in calorie deficit but still consuming sugar, I struggled to lose weight. So I think there could be something true about this, as I don't even think about dieting nowadays and yet the weight just comes off anyway.\n\nDoes anyone here know why or how added sugar specifically would lead to rapid weight gain?","title":"Why does added sugar seem to make us obese more than other foods?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkkh0e/why_does_added_sugar_seem_to_make_us_obese_more/","vote_ratio":0.66},"vkkzac":{"author":"futurettt","comment_count":1,"id":"vkkzac","post_time":1656181095.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Question in title. Since phospholipids naturally form bilayers, I was surprised by a study I found using phospholipid micelles to shield sperm in utero. \n\nThe study for those interested:\nhttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29856778/","title":"can phospholipids form micelles in water if agitated?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkkzac/can_phospholipids_form_micelles_in_water_if/","vote_ratio":0.33},"vkkzr7":{"author":"solipsistrealist","comment_count":5,"id":"vkkzr7","post_time":1656181133.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I continue seeing ads, reading articles, and more, surrounding companies meeting net zero emissions by a certain year. But this doesn\u2019t sound like producing zero pollution. What does being a net zero emission company or country actually mean?","title":"What does net zero emissions mean?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkkzr7/what_does_net_zero_emissions_mean/","vote_ratio":0.62},"vklldh":{"author":"blmb_runt","comment_count":3,"id":"vklldh","post_time":1656182880.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Also known as Valacyclovir, causes crystal deposits in kidney and blockage. It can even cause acute failure. So in case it's not acute is damage permanent?","title":"Is kidney damage caused by acyclovir reversible?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vklldh/is_kidney_damage_caused_by_acyclovir_reversible/","vote_ratio":0.6},"vklloc":{"author":"Sub7","comment_count":4,"id":"vklloc","post_time":1656182900.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Is it possible that a planet somewhere has a serious variation in its rate of rotation during its orbit and what would be the effects?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vklloc/is_it_possible_that_a_planet_somewhere_has_a/","vote_ratio":0.69},"vkmn7b":{"author":"WaitForItTheMongols","comment_count":2,"id":"vkmn7b","post_time":1656185925.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I would think the up/down and left/right movement systems would have a high degree of similarity, such that you should always be able to move either both or neither. Why is there this split where the eye movement is cut in half, where only the sideways movement is knocked out by the neurological conditions that generate Locked In Syndrome?","title":"Patients with Locked-In Syndrome can move their eyes up and down, but not side to side. What is the difference in these neural systems that results in the divide?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkmn7b/patients_with_lockedin_syndrome_can_move_their/","vote_ratio":0.77},"vkmpoo":{"author":"FiercelyProud","comment_count":3,"id":"vkmpoo","post_time":1656186124.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I work at a coffee shop and we are discussing keeping half n half from one day to the next after it's been sitting in a container that's partially closed. I've always been told most foods start to develop microbial colonies after about 4 hours, so I don't think it's a great idea, even if it's in the fridge overnight.","title":"Do creamer pitchers slow the growth of microbes in milk?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkmpoo/do_creamer_pitchers_slow_the_growth_of_microbes/","vote_ratio":0.83},"vkmxvc":{"author":"danielgarciaromano","comment_count":1,"id":"vkmxvc","post_time":1656186802.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I was hearing people the other day claim that the accumulation of mutations caused by lower mortality rates (thus causing a wider variety of individuals with mutations to survive and reproduce) would result in an overall reduction of average human intelligence, over time.\n\nJust wanted to get feedback from actual geneticists on that claim, as it is expounded more or less in this paper: [https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00361](https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00361). I think this sounds like a load of eugenic bullshit (and that the idea of a co-ocurrence of a dysgenic trend with the Flynn effect is methodologically unsound), but I don't think I have enough knowledge of the subject to actually assert so. \n\nIs this a fringe theory, or is there any support for it in current genetic studies?","title":"What is the modern position of geneticists on Francis Galton's hypothesis about there being a dysgenic trend affecting human intelligence?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkmxvc/what_is_the_modern_position_of_geneticists_on/","vote_ratio":0.73},"vkn7qa":{"author":"kattmedtass","comment_count":19,"id":"vkn7qa","post_time":1656187590.0,"score":101,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How did the red fox evolve to remain largely the same species in North America as in Europe?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkn7qa/how_did_the_red_fox_evolve_to_remain_largely_the/","vote_ratio":0.89},"vkpjho":{"author":"Someragingpacifist","comment_count":11,"id":"vkpjho","post_time":1656194446.0,"score":16,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Everything I can find is just listing shakiness as a symptom of low blood pressure, but what is actually happening at a cellular level that causes your muscles to not work as well?","title":"Why does low blood pressure make you shaky?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkpjho/why_does_low_blood_pressure_make_you_shaky/","vote_ratio":0.76},"vkpvmw":{"author":"stamosface","comment_count":1,"id":"vkpvmw","post_time":1656195461.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"As a Yemeni-American, I've noticed trends in how other first-gens from (loosely) similar regions and genetic backgrounds show greater susceptibility to certain diseases. \n\nI understand that we know, for example, that certain populations don't react well to alcohol on a genetic level, and have a greater propensity for addiction. Then, after enough generations of that, that population's gene pool has a greater physical tolerance or resistance to some of the negative effects of alcoholism. Yemen is an interesting case because many parts of it are inhabited by people who've resided there for such a long time and with so little mixing, relative to many other places.\n\nThen of course there are the stark differences in lifestyles, and certain morphological or physiological advantages or disadvantages can become the opposite.\n\nDo we understand more than this? I've read that genetics will require a quantum leap before we can more accurately analyze and predict disease susceptibility based on genetic markers, so I guess I'm just trying to get a read on how well we *actually* understand these topics, or even how we come to the conclusions we *can* draw.","title":"How much do we understand about how different ethnicities in highly diverse societies display greater or lesser susceptibility to the health effects of every day life?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkpvmw/how_much_do_we_understand_about_how_different/","vote_ratio":0.87},"vkq2hf":{"author":"NuevoLucha","comment_count":2,"id":"vkq2hf","post_time":1656196029.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"While I roughly grasp the concept of expressing energy through calories as a unit of measurement, I\u2019m curious how scientifically one can reliably estimate calories \u201cburned\u201d for swimming compared to day cycling?","title":"How are the amount of calories burned for any given activity calculated?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkq2hf/how_are_the_amount_of_calories_burned_for_any/","vote_ratio":1.0},"vkrt2x":{"author":"Selfeducated","comment_count":24,"id":"vkrt2x","post_time":1656201466.0,"score":76,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"It seems to be more involved than just good coordination. Has neuroscience ever studied it?","title":"What is the basis for having a sense of rhythm?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkrt2x/what_is_the_basis_for_having_a_sense_of_rhythm/","vote_ratio":0.91},"vkrt60":{"author":"Anonymous_001307","comment_count":16,"id":"vkrt60","post_time":1656201474.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Is there any particular reason we ordered the human chromosome pairs the way we did?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkrt60/is_there_any_particular_reason_we_ordered_the/","vote_ratio":0.6},"vks1m3":{"author":"HavokSTL","comment_count":406,"id":"vks1m3","post_time":1656202234.0,"score":3339,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"We all know that gaining weight can be attributed to excessive caloric intake, but how fast does weight gain actually happen? Can we gain a pound or two in fat content over night? Does it take 24 hours for this pound or two to build up?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vks1m3/we_all_know_that_gaining_weight_can_be_attributed/","vote_ratio":0.95},"vks441":{"author":"cheers761","comment_count":5,"id":"vks441","post_time":1656202472.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How are foods/drinks analyzed for nutrition to be added to labels?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vks441/how_are_foodsdrinks_analyzed_for_nutrition_to_be/","vote_ratio":0.74},"vksgta":{"author":"mrwonderfull_","comment_count":178,"id":"vksgta","post_time":1656203654.0,"score":880,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Hello! \n\nI read a case recently where a young girl was given a lung and heart transplant, except the transplanted organs were of a completely wrong blood type then the patient. I was wondering what exactly happens if someone it given a pint (or more) of the wrong type of blood. \n\nAnd to step it up a notch further, what would happen to the body if all the blood in the body were to become a different type? Would the affect change with one blood type over another? \n\nThanks for your responses in advance.","title":"What happens to the body exactly if someone is given a transfusion of the wrong blood type?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vksgta/what_happens_to_the_body_exactly_if_someone_is/","vote_ratio":0.94},"vkstzp":{"author":"Glittering_Job_9536","comment_count":9,"id":"vkstzp","post_time":1656204891.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I think this is for paleontologists? I'm not too sure honestly. \nI don't really have grasp on the process.\nIs it just trying something over and over until it slowly appears. \nOr is the DNA somehow incentivised to do something for better or threatened procreation? \nCould someone provide me the proper key points?\nThank you for reading.","title":"How exactly does an organism evolve?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkstzp/how_exactly_does_an_organism_evolve/","vote_ratio":0.6},"vktgcp":{"author":"dundoniandood","comment_count":9,"id":"vktgcp","post_time":1656207023.0,"score":20,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"For example a 15 year old dog may suffer from arthritis or dementia, but it would take an average human a way longer time to start developing those issues typically.","title":"What allows animals with shorter life spans than humans (eg. Cats and dogs) to develop age related illnesses like arthritis and mental degradation in much shorter time spans?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vktgcp/what_allows_animals_with_shorter_life_spans_than/","vote_ratio":0.72},"vktlsa":{"author":"Ravery-net","comment_count":21,"id":"vktlsa","post_time":1656207540.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Important formulas in physics often have very \"easy\" coefficients and exponents. They seem so elegant, when otherwise the universe seems full of chaos and side-effects.","title":"Are physical formulas like T=0.5*mv^2 literally that precise in reality or is it simplification? Why is it ^2 and not ^1.99999 or ^2.00001?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vktlsa/are_physical_formulas_like_t05mv2_literally_that/","vote_ratio":0.66},"vktwkx":{"author":"Laddenvore","comment_count":3,"id":"vktwkx","post_time":1656208594.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"To clarify my question with a (semi) made up example: say we trained a DL model to take some input data to predict some outcome (eg. amino acid sequence to predict protein conformation). Say we also have very little idea how to relate the outcome to the predictors. Then we did some form of interpretability on the DL model and this led to novel theory/insight (eg. certain amino acid subsequences are highly likely to appear on the surface of the protein once it is folded). \n\nAre there good case studies of this sort of thing happening? Links to papers would be super appreciated.\n\n(Disclaimer: I know very little biochemistry so my example might be wrong/nonsense/known without DL)","title":"Are there good case studies of neural net interpretation leading to novel scientific theory/insight?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vktwkx/are_there_good_case_studies_of_neural_net/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vkuknn":{"author":"xuuoR","comment_count":55,"id":"vkuknn","post_time":1656210870.0,"score":72,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"When I look this up I get the answer of \"Gasses are greatly compressed underwater from the weight of all the water above, so while diving we are breathing compressed air\"\n\nI understand this concept but isn't a tank of air a closed loop? How does the water on the outside of the tank compress gas if the metal itself is the same shape? Sorry if I'm missing something.\n\nThanks.","title":"Why do deep-sea divers use mixed gases?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkuknn/why_do_deepsea_divers_use_mixed_gases/","vote_ratio":0.85},"vkus7x":{"author":"MovingOnYourLeft","comment_count":28,"id":"vkus7x","post_time":1656211601.0,"score":36,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why does the moon seem to have significantly more craters at the poles?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkus7x/why_does_the_moon_seem_to_have_significantly_more/","vote_ratio":0.79},"vkvwi3":{"author":"overthinkingtodeath","comment_count":9,"id":"vkvwi3","post_time":1656215519.0,"score":20,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"It is a beavers instinct to build a dam, okay, but what does that MEAN!!?? Like what part of the brain just goes \u201cBEAVER BUILD DAM!!\u201d How does that work, how can a part of your brain encode for building dams. I am a computer engineer and I\u2019m thinking of it like someone codes into beavers brain to build dam BUT HOW IS IT PHYSICSLLY CODED BC THIS IS A BEAVER NOT A COMPUTER !!","title":"What exactly are instincts ?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkvwi3/what_exactly_are_instincts/","vote_ratio":0.75},"vkwbpe":{"author":"thneeed","comment_count":43,"id":"vkwbpe","post_time":1656217027.0,"score":25,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"my sister and i are going back and forth about this and i\u2019m interested who is right or if we both are.","title":"is the infinite amount of numbers between 0 and 1 smaller than the infinite amount of numbers between 0 and 2?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkwbpe/is_the_infinite_amount_of_numbers_between_0_and_1/","vote_ratio":0.77},"vl5x7c":{"author":"Jenda_Smerda","comment_count":14,"id":"vl5x7c","post_time":1656253740.0,"score":13,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Do you have some examples (in science, everyday life), how we could benefit from discovering our aquatic world?","title":"More than 80 % of the ocean has never been mapped, explored, or even seen by humans. How we could benefit from discovering our aquatic world?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vl5x7c/more_than_80_of_the_ocean_has_never_been_mapped/","vote_ratio":0.68},"vl5ywo":{"author":"p90fans","comment_count":3,"id":"vl5ywo","post_time":1656253872.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"As per the title, I googled that but cannot find a source that gives a concrete answer. You may also teach me how to find of the answer of this question,","title":"Can hamsters sense red light and infrared light?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vl5ywo/can_hamsters_sense_red_light_and_infrared_light/","vote_ratio":0.72},"vl6zg8":{"author":"Kelekona","comment_count":13,"id":"vl6zg8","post_time":1656256740.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I have a fictional character whose grandparents got a lot of their calories from cheese, but then his culture lost access to grazing animals so he hadn't had any milk since he was weaned.  If he started eating cheese at say ten years old, would he get sick?  Could it be corrected by seeding his gut with the right bacteria?","title":"Does someone lose the ability to digest milk if they don't drink it?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vl6zg8/does_someone_lose_the_ability_to_digest_milk_if/","vote_ratio":0.78},"vl8fio":{"author":"rounding_error","comment_count":23,"id":"vl8fio","post_time":1656260750.0,"score":366,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"From Corinth, Mississippi to Montgomery, Alabama, there is a large arc of flat land which stands out on satellite photos because it is mostly farms, surrounded by hilly, forested land.  It seems to perfectly encircle the southern end of the Appalachian mountain range, suggesting it was somehow created when the mountain range formed.  It's not a river valley because a few rivers seem to cross through it without following it.  What is it?\n\nI've circled it here:  [https://i.redd.it/3ly4yk8flw791.png](https://i.redd.it/3ly4yk8flw791.png)","title":"What caused this ring of flat land circling the end of the Appalachian range?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vl8fio/what_caused_this_ring_of_flat_land_circling_the/","vote_ratio":0.94},"vl8yjt":{"author":"Smartnership","comment_count":160,"id":"vl8yjt","post_time":1656262193.0,"score":7800,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Death Valley is 282\u2019 below sea level. Would it offset the rising ocean to build a canal and create the Death Valley Sea?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vl8yjt/death_valley_is_282_below_sea_level_would_it/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vla426":{"author":"SneakyChada","comment_count":1,"id":"vla426","post_time":1656265382.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Does it or does it not is it phosphorylation or dephosphorylation?","title":"Does phosphorylation of CTD condition binding of RNA polymerase II with preinitiation complex?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vla426/does_phosphorylation_of_ctd_condition_binding_of/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vlah4e":{"author":"iammerp","comment_count":3,"id":"vlah4e","post_time":1656266397.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why is some cheese soft and elastic (like mozzarella), while other is hard and brittle (like parmesan)? What is the difference?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlah4e/why_is_some_cheese_soft_and_elastic_like/","vote_ratio":0.75},"vlbe7d":{"author":"None","comment_count":3,"id":"vlbe7d","post_time":1656268937.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How does a fetus develop stomach bacteria?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlbe7d/how_does_a_fetus_develop_stomach_bacteria/","vote_ratio":0.8},"vlcbc6":{"author":"Acceptable_Clothes_9","comment_count":1,"id":"vlcbc6","post_time":1656271518.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I am wondering if it is similar where if you ingest certain vitamin supplements of which the body can synthesize on its own, there is plenty in the blood so the body doesn't synthesize the vitamin on its own anymore or as much.","title":"Does ingesting prostaglandin analogues reduce the body's own synthesis of prostaglandin?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlcbc6/does_ingesting_prostaglandin_analogues_reduce_the/","vote_ratio":0.5},"vlcjrz":{"author":"aer0_nerd","comment_count":3,"id":"vlcjrz","post_time":1656272186.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Generally referencing wheels on cars/things that spin","title":"How do you determine coefficient of friction in different materials?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlcjrz/how_do_you_determine_coefficient_of_friction_in/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vlcr67":{"author":"Flurbybox","comment_count":2,"id":"vlcr67","post_time":1656272769.0,"score":18,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Solar panel sun tracking is why I ask. There are active trackers which use light sensors to change the angle of solar panels in order to maximize their efficiency. As an alternative if setting up a panel at a particular location, that locations position variables could be set statically and using date and time point the solar panel toward the predicted location of the sun in the sky.\n\nI'm wondering if those functions/equations already exist.","title":"Does an equation or set of equations exist which would predict accurately the position of the sun in the sky at any time for any day of the year, for a given latitude, longitude, and elevation?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlcr67/does_an_equation_or_set_of_equations_exist_which/","vote_ratio":0.88},"vldnc6":{"author":"Cocoamix86","comment_count":13,"id":"vldnc6","post_time":1656275335.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"You could have a foot of solid glass and light will still traverse through it, and yet a thin sheet of paper will block most of it.","title":"What makes light able to pass through solid transparent materials?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vldnc6/what_makes_light_able_to_pass_through_solid/","vote_ratio":0.73},"vle38h":{"author":"BicephalousFlame","comment_count":56,"id":"vle38h","post_time":1656276568.0,"score":14,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why isn't balance a sense like smell or touch?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vle38h/why_isnt_balance_a_sense_like_smell_or_touch/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vlf0cx":{"author":"SciNonFi01","comment_count":10,"id":"vlf0cx","post_time":1656279153.0,"score":41,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How does rabies evade the immune system?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlf0cx/how_does_rabies_evade_the_immune_system/","vote_ratio":0.91},"vlfssd":{"author":"janedoecurious","comment_count":2,"id":"vlfssd","post_time":1656281433.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How long does monkeypox last on surfaces?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlfssd/how_long_does_monkeypox_last_on_surfaces/","vote_ratio":0.47},"vlghwh":{"author":"LunacyNow","comment_count":9,"id":"vlghwh","post_time":1656283510.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"We can see something like a snail move across the sidewalk but don't really notice something like a leaf growing. What is slow but fast enough for us to observe while watching it?","title":"What is the slowest speed of movement a human eye/brain can perceive?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlghwh/what_is_the_slowest_speed_of_movement_a_human/","vote_ratio":0.77},"vljacs":{"author":"o-rka","comment_count":8,"id":"vljacs","post_time":1656292209.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I'm wondering if there are any RNA viruses that infect bacteria.  All of the examples I know infect eukaryotes.","title":"Are there any retroviruses that infect bacteria?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vljacs/are_there_any_retroviruses_that_infect_bacteria/","vote_ratio":0.6},"vlk39p":{"author":"Gloomy_Astronaut_570","comment_count":8,"id":"vlk39p","post_time":1656294778.0,"score":41,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Just finished reading [Radium Girls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium_Girls) which is about girls in the 1920s who painted watch details using radium-laced paint, essentially ate the paint as part of the painting process, and then developed horrific effects in their bones, especially jaws. There was pretty much no treatment at the time, and I know that even in today there aren't many options to treat radiation sickness from like an attack, but would there be anything that could be done for cases like these? They lived in horrific pain for years after they more or less knew what was going on, making multiple women understandably suicidal.","title":"Would there be any treatment for radium poisoning if it happened today?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlk39p/would_there_be_any_treatment_for_radium_poisoning/","vote_ratio":0.84},"vlkeg1":{"author":"Billiam_Ball","comment_count":6,"id":"vlkeg1","post_time":1656295742.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Was there just a third patch if photoreceptive cells on the head of ancestral craniates, or is it more complex? Could this have theoretically evolved into a third \u201cproper\u201d eye?","title":"Where did the parietal eye originate?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlkeg1/where_did_the_parietal_eye_originate/","vote_ratio":0.83},"vlkkld":{"author":"4thDevilsAdvocate","comment_count":8,"id":"vlkkld","post_time":1656296279.0,"score":9,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Looking at [the Wikipedia page for absorption bands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_band), it seems to me that there's a sizable window - i.e. a [local minimum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxima_and_minima) \\- in the graph for [electromagnetic radiation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation) absorption, as per [this image](https://i.stack.imgur.com/jOhUm.png).\n\n[Water vapor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_vapor), [oxygen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen), [ozone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone), and [methane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane) appear to be entirely transparent to radiation of 4 \u03bcm wavelength, [carbon dioxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide) only appears to start absorbing it *after* that point, and even [nitrous oxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxide) has a window there. Moreover, [Rayleigh scattering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayleigh_scattering) is also minimal there.\n\nOn top of *that*, [this Earth Science Stack Exchange answer](https://earthscience.stackexchange.com/questions/13620/does-anyone-have-absorption-coefficients-at-different-wavelengths-for-sulfur-dio/13621#13621) and [its source](https://earthscience.stackexchange.com/questions/13620/does-anyone-have-absorption-coefficients-at-different-wavelengths-for-sulfur-dio/13621#13621) show minimal (sub-0.5%) absorbance of [sulfur dioxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide) at that wavelength. Why is this? It seems like a rather odd coincidence for so many things to be transparent to 4 \u03bcm (a specific wavelength of mid-wavelength infrared) EM radiation.\n\nAs a coincidence, this is one of many parts why global warming is a thing, IIRC: mid-range infrared comes in through the 4 \u03bcm gap, gets soaked up by the Earth, and later gets re-radiated at different wavelengths that *do* get soaked up by the atmosphere.\n\nI just don't know *why* there's a 4 \u03bcm gap there.","title":"Why is there a window in the absorption spectrum of Earth's atmosphere at a wavelength of 4 \u03bcm?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlkkld/why_is_there_a_window_in_the_absorption_spectrum/","vote_ratio":0.85},"vlkm5q":{"author":"diprosyum","comment_count":17,"id":"vlkm5q","post_time":1656296414.0,"score":47,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"For example, in terms of stability, what\u2019s stopping a hydrogen atom from filling up its 2s orbital and remaining that way?","title":"Could someone explain qualitatively *why* atoms seek to fill their orbitals and become more stable when they do so?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlkm5q/could_someone_explain_qualitatively_why_atoms/","vote_ratio":0.85},"vlls90":{"author":"JOSmith99","comment_count":8,"id":"vlls90","post_time":1656300152.0,"score":16,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I know that electronics can function without grounding, but I am curious how high-reliability electronics are made when grounding isn't an option.","title":"How do Spacecraft and Satellite Electronics Deal With the Inability to Ground Themselves?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlls90/how_do_spacecraft_and_satellite_electronics_deal/","vote_ratio":0.91},"vlmhpe":{"author":"InfinityCat27","comment_count":5,"id":"vlmhpe","post_time":1656302471.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why does taro root turn purple when cooked?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlmhpe/why_does_taro_root_turn_purple_when_cooked/","vote_ratio":0.5},"vlmm8b":{"author":"obamababe","comment_count":6,"id":"vlmm8b","post_time":1656302894.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I was wondering why some birth controls lessen or completely get rid of your period. From what I understand some do this while others don\u2019t. What\u2019s the biological reason for this and what in birth controls causes it? Sorry is this is a dumb question, thanks a bunch \ud83d\udc9c","title":"Why do some birth controls stop your period?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlmm8b/why_do_some_birth_controls_stop_your_period/","vote_ratio":0.79},"vlqlqe":{"author":"silver202m","comment_count":7,"id":"vlqlqe","post_time":1656318337.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I googled it and can\u2019t figure it out, when a zygote starts developing into an embryo( I think that\u2019s how it works) it\u2019s one cell that\u2019s starts dividing and dividing until you have a whole baby right, how does DNA show the way for all the cells to know how to divide? Develop?","title":"How does DNA control how an embryo grows?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlqlqe/how_does_dna_control_how_an_embryo_grows/","vote_ratio":0.79},"vlr8p0":{"author":"MustBeHere","comment_count":4,"id":"vlr8p0","post_time":1656321062.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Can clean water slowly erode rocks?  \nI've oftentimes head of erosion due to river flow or ocean waves but I was wondering if it's the water itself or perhaps sand/rocks tumbling and hitting against each other that causes the erosion.","title":"Can water erode rocks?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlr8p0/can_water_erode_rocks/","vote_ratio":0.45},"vlv9bt":{"author":"Savinsnsn","comment_count":66,"id":"vlv9bt","post_time":1656335674.0,"score":449,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Or are they the same type of electrical signal and the brain somehow differentiates between them to create different representations?","title":"Is there a difference between electrical impulses sent to the brain by different sensory organs (say, between an impulse sent by the inner ear and one sent by the optic nerve)?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlv9bt/is_there_a_difference_between_electrical_impulses/","vote_ratio":0.91},"vlvrxt":{"author":"ScrollWithTheTimes","comment_count":61,"id":"vlvrxt","post_time":1656337225.0,"score":444,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I was driving past an equestrian place the other day while there was a show happening. I drove past again the next day and all the horses were back in their fields quietly munching grass, and it got me wondering whether they had any memory of the previous day's events.\n\nWe know that animals are able to remember which plants or other animals are good to eat, and which ones are dangerous, but I wouldn't call this episodic memory. We also know that many animals can be trained to perform a certain action which they associate with a reward, but I doubt a dog is remembering what happened in training when told to sit - it's become an instinct. Conversely we know that abused dogs will exhibit fear of humans, of men, or of particular objects because of negative experiences associated with these things, but are the dogs remembering specific times that they were hurt by these things, or is it again just a learned instinct?\n\nWhen we as humans recall a memory, we are to all intents and purposes experiencing a dulled down abbreviated version of the original sensory inputs that created it (although obviously the sensory neurons from the body aren't involved this time). We know that it's only a memory, but I'm wondering whether an animal would be able to make this distinction. Perhaps the horses in my introduction would become really confused as to why they were eating grass but at the same time being ridden around, hearing a crowd but at the same time not seeing one, then suddenly seeing a crowd but not hearing any noise, then chewing on grass again but at the same time feeling a bit in their mouths. Do animals possess the intelligence to distinguish memories from live experiences, or is this a reason why they can't possess episodic memory, because it would mess with their heads too much?","title":"Do animals have episodic memory?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlvrxt/do_animals_have_episodic_memory/","vote_ratio":0.9},"vlw4yx":{"author":"navpirx","comment_count":417,"id":"vlw4yx","post_time":1656338313.0,"score":3442,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Do viruses have any beneficial function at all for the ecosystem?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlw4yx/do_viruses_have_any_beneficial_function_at_all/","vote_ratio":0.95},"vlyx4q":{"author":"Nemarus","comment_count":5,"id":"vlyx4q","post_time":1656345818.0,"score":9,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"When we see a distant star or galaxy, we are seeing light that is coming toward us from a luminous source.\n\nWhen we see a planet, we are seeing light reflected back at us after scattering on the planet's surface.\n\nBut I've never understood how we 'see' the CMB. If it represents the early universe before any luminous structures existed (i.e. \"background\"), and that early universe is expanding away from us, what surface sent those photons toward us? Are they just flying in every random direction? \n\nI suspect I am just thinking about universal expansion incorrectly, but would love some clarification. Thanks!","title":"What is the CMB scattering or reflecting off of for us to see it?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlyx4q/what_is_the_cmb_scattering_or_reflecting_off_of/","vote_ratio":0.91},"vm2aup":{"author":"TheTwelveYearOld","comment_count":6,"id":"vm2aup","post_time":1656354491.0,"score":24,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"(I didn't get any answers on r/loseit and a mod on r/nutrition recommended to post this here)\n\nI'm not going to quote any sources but correct me if I get anything wrong. I did some googling and reading on Reddit, and heard that when you grow up obese, your body makes more fat cells to store fat and that number gets locked in after adolescence, or they won't be made except under extreme circumstances afterwards. Also that generally childhood obesity makes the body have a tendency / more \"biologically wired\" to store fat or more fat.\n\nLet's say I have person A and person B. A had childhood obesity while B didn't, and both have the same stats that would be put in a TDEE calculator like [this one](https://www.freedieting.com/calorie-calculator) (sex, age, physical activity, etc.) except for weight, but if they enter in the same weight, both would get the same TDEE Result. If they both ate, let's say 2000 calories a day, would person A weight noticeably more, or they weigh about the same (and any difference would just be the result of being 2 different people)?","title":"Would childhood obesity make losing weight as an adult more difficult because of higher fat cell count or anything as as a result of it?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vm2aup/would_childhood_obesity_make_losing_weight_as_an/","vote_ratio":0.94},"vm7vv8":{"author":"Catvanbrian","comment_count":3,"id":"vm7vv8","post_time":1656370552.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"why is it always two divergences between clades? can a three-way divergence (three clades split from one at the same time) be made and what would that look like?","title":"Why are clade diagrams structured the way they are?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vm7vv8/why_are_clade_diagrams_structured_the_way_they_are/","vote_ratio":0.77},"vm7xzo":{"author":"Sain_x","comment_count":23,"id":"vm7xzo","post_time":1656370716.0,"score":30,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"My friend asked me a question: \n\nI was wondering if we could made a solid that would suck the water but not the other liquids..\n\nHonestly that made me think and I don\u2019t have an answer\u2026\nIs it possible?","title":"Is it possible to have solid that absorbs only 1 type of liquid?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vm7xzo/is_it_possible_to_have_solid_that_absorbs_only_1/","vote_ratio":0.74},"vm7yzu":{"author":"sadhukar","comment_count":418,"id":"vm7yzu","post_time":1656370797.0,"score":2984,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"How come most people get mild or no symptoms at all, and other people die? That's quite a range of afflictions. Do we know anymore than 2 years ago?","title":"2 years later, do we have any data or suggestion on why people react so wildly differently to COVID?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vm7yzu/2_years_later_do_we_have_any_data_or_suggestion/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vmewqr":{"author":"Not_as_witty_as_u","comment_count":16,"id":"vmewqr","post_time":1656392317.0,"score":25,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"\"Two O blood type parents can produce a child with only O blood type. Two parents with A blood type can produce a child with either A or O blood types. Two parents with B blood type can produce a child with either B or O blood type. One parent with A and another with B can produce a child with A, B, AB or O blood types. If one parent has A and another has AB, they can either produce a child with A, B or AB blood types. If one parent has A and another has O, they can either produce a child with A or O blood types.\"\n\nIf most parental combinations can produce an O baby and two O's can only produce O, why isn't everyone O?","title":"Why isn't everyone O blood type by now?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vmewqr/why_isnt_everyone_o_blood_type_by_now/","vote_ratio":0.81},"vmn46h":{"author":"unsolicited_decency","comment_count":11,"id":"vmn46h","post_time":1656422335.0,"score":37,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"[The Highly Controversial Plan To Stop Climate Change](https://youtu.be/i4Hnv_ZJSQY)\n\nI am not an environmental scientist, a climate scientist, nor a resource scientist, but I do have a fairly robust understanding of our current predicament in regards to climate change. The video I\u2019ve linked presents Russ George, who claims that based upon his research, a planet wide bloom of phytoplankton could absorb a significant percentage of the world\u2019s carbon. I have several questions about this.\n\nBased on what I\u2019ve seen, his message is backed by research. However, I\u2019m unaware whether or not it is peer reviewed, or even seriously considered by others within his field. If it were to be true, then I would imagine climate scientists would be talking about this nonstop, but I\u2019ve only just heard about it. I can\u2019t tell, and any clarity on whether or not his work and claims are credible would be helpful.\n\nIf it is credible, then I have several further questions. What would be the ecological ramifications of having a phytoplankton bloom on a global scale? Beyond that, how much time would it buy humanity to switch over to carbon neutral methods of energy production?\n\nThank you in advance for any insight into this issue.","title":"The Credibility and Ramifications of Ocean Fertilization Reducing Carbon?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vmn46h/the_credibility_and_ramifications_of_ocean/","vote_ratio":0.79},"vmnk7l":{"author":"lightsong1610","comment_count":37,"id":"vmnk7l","post_time":1656423675.0,"score":355,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I\u2019ve read lots of references to the Laurentide ice sheet being a mile thick layer of ice covering Canada and part of the US but I\u2019m struggling to visualize what this would look like. \n\nDid it eventually slope down to ground/sea level at its edges? Or could you walk on dry ground next to it with open air on one side and a mile high wall of ice on the other? \n\nWhat happened when it encountered mountains? Did the ice move like glaciers or did the sheet just add and lose ice at the edges? \n\nHow did weather work over the ice sheet if for thousands of miles in any direction, the \u201cground\u201d was a over 5,000 feet higher than the rest of the continent and surrounding oceans? Did clouds run into it and get stuck? Did they exist over it?","title":"What did the mile-high ice sheet covering North America look like?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vmnk7l/what_did_the_milehigh_ice_sheet_covering_north/","vote_ratio":0.9},"vmp5ol":{"author":"heinz_inthecity","comment_count":471,"id":"vmp5ol","post_time":1656428089.0,"score":6632,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I just don\u2019t understand why the risk of \u201cproducing\u201d an egg - or ovulating an egg - with an extra copy of chromosome 21 increases with age, when the woman has all her fully formed eggs in her ovaries at birth? \n\nOr do the ovaries for some reason start to ovulate more eggs with the extra chromosome 21 as a woman ages?","title":"Why does a woman\u2019s risk of having a baby with Down Syndrome increase with her age, when women are born with all the eggs they will ever ovulate?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vmp5ol/why_does_a_womans_risk_of_having_a_baby_with_down/","vote_ratio":0.94},"vmz88a":{"author":"ty88-1","comment_count":11,"id":"vmz88a","post_time":1656453901.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"What is happening is physiologically happening in the brain when a person experiences brain zaps?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vmz88a/what_is_happening_is_physiologically_happening_in/","vote_ratio":0.73},"vn3u6a":{"author":"RoseXing1007","comment_count":32,"id":"vn3u6a","post_time":1656467430.0,"score":74,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"This is a completely hypothetical question with no real world applications, coming from spiraling about donating blood, then plasma, then organs. \n\nIf someone with asthma had other underlying health conditions and needed a lung transplant, but only one, and got a healthy lung--- Would they then have one healthy lung and one lung with asthma? \n\nWhere does asthma reside in the body? In the lungs themselves or is there a 'control center' somewhere, where the healthy transplanted lung would also 'get' asthma? \n\nIf not, how would the lungs function in an asthma attack? Would they breathe differently? Can lungs breathe independently of each other?","title":"Theoretically, can someone have one healthy lung and one asthmatic lung?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vn3u6a/theoretically_can_someone_have_one_healthy_lung/","vote_ratio":0.85},"vn6tym":{"author":"Careless-Tie-5005","comment_count":5,"id":"vn6tym","post_time":1656476569.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"pathology question: I was wondering whether or not high CK would cause a high total protein or if total protein doesn\u2019t include CK.","title":"Is creatinine kinase included in total protein levels?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vn6tym/is_creatinine_kinase_included_in_total_protein/","vote_ratio":0.5},"vn6wtl":{"author":"FoFfEvErYoNe","comment_count":22,"id":"vn6wtl","post_time":1656476827.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"In Baseball, it is commonly stated that the ball will travel more (distance) once the weather warms up.  My curiosity is if that 1. Is actually true 2. Does having an enclosed stadium with a roof and controlled environment change this factor?","title":"Does air density change based on temperatures?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vn6wtl/does_air_density_change_based_on_temperatures/","vote_ratio":0.69},"vnaivi":{"author":"Original-Passenger75","comment_count":4,"id":"vnaivi","post_time":1656490176.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"And if they were to survive given enough time would that lead to the developing of extremely diverse and complex life such as the ones found here on earth?","title":"Are there any extremophiles that could survive on somewhere like titan?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnaivi/are_there_any_extremophiles_that_could_survive_on/","vote_ratio":0.65},"vncch9":{"author":"greekFoodRocks","comment_count":10,"id":"vncch9","post_time":1656497637.0,"score":16,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How does calcium overload lead to cell death (e.g. neurons)?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vncch9/how_does_calcium_overload_lead_to_cell_death_eg/","vote_ratio":0.71},"vncfwt":{"author":"AadiRimal_5","comment_count":5,"id":"vncfwt","post_time":1656497982.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I have studied that in Vitamin B12 deficiency, there is macrocytic (big celled) RBC production, whereas when there is a lack of iron, there is a microcytic (small celled) RBC production.\n\nI know that vitamin B12 is required for DNA synthesis, and iron is required as a part of the heme group of hemoglobin, but why do the deficiencies have such different outcomes?","title":"Why do RBC's get bigger or smaller depending on whether Vitamin B12 or Iron is deficient?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vncfwt/why_do_rbcs_get_bigger_or_smaller_depending_on/","vote_ratio":0.77},"vncqpf":{"author":"Amazing-Steak","comment_count":393,"id":"vncqpf","post_time":1656499104.0,"score":4124,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"This seems to be the latest scientific fact that the general population has latched onto and I get pretty skeptical when that happens. It seems like it could be the new \"left-brain, right-brain\" or \"we only use 10% of our brains\" myth.\n\nI don't doubt that there's truth to the statement but what does it actually mean for our development and how impactful is it to our lives? Are we effectively children until then?","title":"What does \"the brain finishes developing at 25\" really mean?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vncqpf/what_does_the_brain_finishes_developing_at_25/","vote_ratio":0.93},"vnd6zl":{"author":"mudplugg","comment_count":19,"id":"vnd6zl","post_time":1656500825.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"If a baby was removed with the umbilical cord and placenta intact and somehow kept it from going bad - could the born baby absorb oxygen from water through the placenta - being able to breathe underwater?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnd6zl/if_a_baby_was_removed_with_the_umbilical_cord_and/","vote_ratio":0.49},"vndcfx":{"author":"PrOxyMoron21","comment_count":16,"id":"vndcfx","post_time":1656501389.0,"score":34,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"What other purposes would Titanium dioxide serve in a supplement other than colour enhancement/ whitener?","title":"Why is titanium dioxide used in supplements?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vndcfx/why_is_titanium_dioxide_used_in_supplements/","vote_ratio":0.85},"vne2yw":{"author":"MedSJO","comment_count":4,"id":"vne2yw","post_time":1656503903.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I am a medical student and I am currently going through pulmonary physiology. I understand the concepts of diffusion and perfusion-limited gases, but there is one point in my physiology textbook which I cannot seem to understand.\n\nWhen discussing DLCO, the textbook states that CO is a diffusion-limited gas. It then goes on to discuss the effects of changes in flow (Q) on DLCO and how doubling or halving flow does not impact DLCO, supporting that it is a diffusion not perfusion-limited gas. But I do not get why changing Q would not affect DLCO. Here is my take on it: Arterial CO pressure does not equilibrate with alveolar CO pressure by the end of the pulmonary capillary (i.e., diffusion-limited), but it still does rise slightly to some value lower than that of the alveoli. So wouldn\u2019t increasing flow decrease contact time and thus cause an even lower arterial CO pressure throughout the pulmonary capillary and thus the gradient for CO diffusion would be greater than at lower flow rates? And therefore, a higher DLCO?\n\nIn support of my understanding, increased DLCO can be observed in obesity and is attributed to increased pulmonary blood flow in these patients.\n\nNoteworthy to mention, the textbook does assume that pulmonary capillary dimensions are constant with changing flow. But still, I do not believe this would make the above reasoning false.\n\nThank you in advance!","title":"Is DLCO affected by changes in perfusion?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vne2yw/is_dlco_affected_by_changes_in_perfusion/","vote_ratio":0.56},"vnf4jc":{"author":"VoteForGodzilla","comment_count":4,"id":"vnf4jc","post_time":1656507193.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"If a group of people, who don't know anything about this bird, were to find its bones then how would they determine whether it had feathers or not???","title":"Do birds like Flamingos that don't have quill knobs (but still have feathers) have some other structures that indicate the presence of feathers?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnf4jc/do_birds_like_flamingos_that_dont_have_quill/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vngi7a":{"author":"AutoModerator","comment_count":85,"id":"vngi7a","post_time":1656511213.0,"score":137,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on **Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science**\n\nDo you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: \"What would happen if...\", \"How will the future...\", \"If all the rules for 'X' were different...\", \"Why does my...\".\n\n**Asking Questions:**\n\nPlease post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.\n\n**Answering Questions:**\n\nPlease only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. [The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/wiki/index#wiki_answering_askscience). In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.\n\nIf you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, [please refer to the information provided here](https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/about/sticky).\n\nPast AskAnythingWednesday posts [can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/search?q=flair%3A%27meta%27&restrict_sr=on&sort=new&t=all). Ask away!","title":"Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vngi7a/ask_anything_wednesday_engineering_mathematics/","vote_ratio":0.9},"vnoot1":{"author":"MinecraftSplashText","comment_count":8,"id":"vnoot1","post_time":1656532739.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"How does a mouse tell a computer that it is a mouse, and not a USB cord trying to charge something?\n\nHow does a USB charging cable tell a computer whether it wants to charge a device or transmit data?","title":"How do USB devices communicate their purpose with computers?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnoot1/how_do_usb_devices_communicate_their_purpose_with/","vote_ratio":0.7},"vnqfpw":{"author":"britainpls","comment_count":9,"id":"vnqfpw","post_time":1656537189.0,"score":85,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Urine drug tests that rely on dipsticks seem really counterintuitive. There, the presence of two bands (test + control), no matter how faint, means that the sample is **negative** for the drug tested. On the other hand, the absence of a band in the test area means the sample is **positive**. \n\nThis is of course the 'opposite' of how COVID-antigen tests work. Moreover, if the test is detecting the drug (or a secondary metabolite) through immunocolorimetry, the way these tests work make little sense.\n\nCould anybody explain? It'd be greatly appreciated.","title":"How do urine drug tests work? In particular, how come the presence of two bands (test + control) means there is NO drug present","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnqfpw/how_do_urine_drug_tests_work_in_particular_how/","vote_ratio":0.81},"vnr9az":{"author":"jorgebascur","comment_count":4,"id":"vnr9az","post_time":1656539309.0,"score":16,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I've recently seen a post about a female singer I follow, and how she recently was diagnosed with autism, and I'm curious about how the adult testing is related to the infant testing: their similarities and differences.\n\nI gave that example of the female singer, but eventually I would like to test myself, and I'd like to have the info available, to consider.","title":"How does the autism test on adults work?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnr9az/how_does_the_autism_test_on_adults_work/","vote_ratio":0.9},"vnrau5":{"author":"thoro36","comment_count":5,"id":"vnrau5","post_time":1656539423.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Hi, i'm asking if the brain,mind is the same for someone at 16 and for 28 in mental ability(focus,memorization,mental sharpness etc..) without any change in general health? (for a healthy person)","title":"Is mental acuity the same as we age?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnrau5/is_mental_acuity_the_same_as_we_age/","vote_ratio":0.73},"vns1bt":{"author":"shibbster","comment_count":3,"id":"vns1bt","post_time":1656541352.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I'm talking about folks that lived in \"Tornado Alley\" before basements or \"hard buildings\" existed. How did pre-Colombian Native Americans survive the severe weather that is relatively unique to the American heartland? How did the first, second, or third generation of European colonists survive some of the most destructive weather on our planet with little to no warning? I'm aware that weather has gotten more severe after industrialization but I really don't know how the random nomadic Native tribe managed to not get killed when an EF2 dropped down a mile away","title":"How did pre-modern Plains inhabitants survive tornadoes?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vns1bt/how_did_premodern_plains_inhabitants_survive/","vote_ratio":0.8},"vnu2nq":{"author":"Stars2dust","comment_count":16,"id":"vnu2nq","post_time":1656546869.0,"score":22,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Were dinosaurs theorized to have existed before fossil evidence was found?","title":"Did we know about dinosaurs before fossils?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnu2nq/did_we_know_about_dinosaurs_before_fossils/","vote_ratio":0.78},"vnuzbi":{"author":"Happy1327","comment_count":4,"id":"vnuzbi","post_time":1656549566.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"How good is their sense of smell compared to other animals with an excellent sense of smell. Do they have a keen sense of smell as dogs or cats or pigs for instance?","title":"Do elephants have a sense of smell proportionate to the size of their trunk?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnuzbi/do_elephants_have_a_sense_of_smell_proportionate/","vote_ratio":0.68},"vnvx6n":{"author":"Garglebarghests","comment_count":44,"id":"vnvx6n","post_time":1656552359.0,"score":375,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Update: this blew up more than I thought!! Thank you so much for everyone providing explanations!","title":"How can bones last so long outside the body (such as a skeleton after the person/animal dies) yet become brittle and weak with age during a shorter period in the body (e.g. dogs in 15 years)?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnvx6n/how_can_bones_last_so_long_outside_the_body_such/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vnw6y7":{"author":"writepielie","comment_count":181,"id":"vnw6y7","post_time":1656553153.0,"score":875,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Any proof that getting waxed actually \u2018lessens hair growth\u2019\u2014or effect it at all?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnw6y7/any_proof_that_getting_waxed_actually_lessens/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vnwa06":{"author":"pleaseatme","comment_count":14,"id":"vnwa06","post_time":1656553410.0,"score":39,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Does a having a high school pep rally before a football game increase the odds of winning the game in any measurable way?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnwa06/does_a_having_a_high_school_pep_rally_before_a/","vote_ratio":0.72},"vnwnq4":{"author":"les_ignorantt","comment_count":46,"id":"vnwnq4","post_time":1656554543.0,"score":889,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Does the brain go through any physiological changes when the person is in coma? And are there any differences between medically induced coma?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnwnq4/does_the_brain_go_through_any_physiological/","vote_ratio":0.94},"vnxfy1":{"author":"param_T_extends_THOT","comment_count":15,"id":"vnxfy1","post_time":1656556892.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"For example, does one fish in a school of fish -- no pun intended --  have a concept of numbers by seeing how populated by other fishes his  immediate surroundings are and \"feeling lonely\" or \"in danger\" if there  are not as many fishes?","title":"Do the least advanced animals, speaking in terms of intelligence, have or employ a primitive way of counting?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnxfy1/do_the_least_advanced_animals_speaking_in_terms/","vote_ratio":0.69},"vnxpva":{"author":"abracadabra_iii","comment_count":4,"id":"vnxpva","post_time":1656557733.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/36/1/127/5146762\n\nNature published this article which basically takes a look at the change in # of snips within various genetic pathways between Neolithic/Bronze Age Europeans and modern Europeans.\n\nCertain pathways clearly lost associated SNPs while others gained some. What does this mean for these genetic pathways to have more or less associated SNPs?\n\nDoes each pathway correspond to a singular trait or set of traits?\n\nDoes having more SNPs mean these traits are expressed to a higher degree / magnitude?\n\nFor example, hsa04114 \tOocyte meiosis\n\nOr \n\nhsa04740 \tOlfactory transduction\n\nAnd \n\nhsa05204 \tChemical carcinogenesis \n\n\nThanks for any help / input","title":"What does having more SNPs for the genetic pathways mentioned in this paper by Nature mean?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnxpva/what_does_having_more_snps_for_the_genetic/","vote_ratio":0.75},"vnziq5":{"author":"GodOfTheThunder","comment_count":8,"id":"vnziq5","post_time":1656563438.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How do scientists measure a persons \"energy\" (endurance, alertness / opposite of tired / fatigue)?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnziq5/how_do_scientists_measure_a_persons_energy/","vote_ratio":0.65},"vnzitf":{"author":"SkumPunk","comment_count":4,"id":"vnzitf","post_time":1656563447.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Example: similarities in how words are formed in indigenous languages of the americas and the indigenous languages of African cultures.","title":"Are there any studies on linguistic similarities between geographically separate cultures?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnzitf/are_there_any_studies_on_linguistic_similarities/","vote_ratio":0.63},"vnzlfa":{"author":"sgrams04","comment_count":3,"id":"vnzlfa","post_time":1656563683.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"The instructions on my thermometer show a very specific point to take a reading. Why is that? I\u2019ve noticed the areas on the outside boundary of my forehead do read warmer, but for what reason is that not the true reading and the middle is?","title":"Why do forehead thermometers need to point in the direct center of the forehead? Why can\u2019t we take readings on other parts of the forehead?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnzlfa/why_do_forehead_thermometers_need_to_point_in_the/","vote_ratio":0.43},"vo08oe":{"author":"Kipkeny","comment_count":10,"id":"vo08oe","post_time":1656565877.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I am aware of the definitions of each of the energies (H=U+PV, F=U-TS, G=U+PV-TS), but I am still not sure what information you gain from these. If U has a different value at different values of P and T why would that include the energy necessary to bring it to that state? I feel like I\u2019m missing something basic here. What is the use of these other forms?","title":"What is the Difference between Internal Energy and the other Energies (Enthalpy, Helmholtz, Gibbs)?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vo08oe/what_is_the_difference_between_internal_energy/","vote_ratio":0.69},"vo5n83":{"author":"AskScienceModerator","comment_count":215,"id":"vo5n83","post_time":1656586803.0,"score":1334,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"\u00a1Somos expertos en asteroides de la NASA! \u00a1Preg\u00fantanos cualquier cosa (en ingl\u00e9s y en espa\u00f1ol) sobre objetos cercanos a la Tierra y c\u00f3mo trabajamos para protegerla de asteroides potencialmente peligrosos!\n\n-----\n\n\nToday, June 30, is International Asteroid Day-but at NASA, every day is asteroid day!\n\nAsteroids are rocky, airless remnants left over from the early formation of our solar system about 4.6 billion years ago and NASA and our partners are always looking to the skies to study these ancient time capsules. From our missions [to explore the Trojan asteroids in Jupiter's orbit](https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/lucy/in-depth/) and [bring a piece of an asteroid back to Earth](https://www.nasa.gov/osiris-rex), to our [efforts to find, track and monitor asteroids](https://www.nasa.gov/specials/pdco/index.html) and other near-Earth objects to protect our planet from potential impact hazards, we're uncovering the history of our solar system while working to keep our future safe.\n\nAsk our experts anything about what we're learning from asteroids, how we're protecting the Earth, and much more!\n\nTalent:\u200b\n\n+ Lindley Johnson, NASA Planetary Defense Officer, NASA Headquarters\n+ L.A. Lewis, FEMA Detailee, NASA Planetary Defense Program Officer, NASA Headquarters\n+ Dr. Shantanu Naidu, Navigation Engineer, NASA Center for Near-Earth Object Studies (CNEOS)\n+ Dr. Joe Masiero, NEOWISE Deputy Principal Investigator & NEO Surveyor team member, Caltech\n+ Dr. Carolyn Ernst, DRACO Instrument Scientist, JHU APL\n+ Prof. Vishnu Reddy, Associate Professor, University of Arizona\n+ Dr. Lucas Paganini, Program Scientist, NASA Headquarters - Spanish-Speaking Expert\n\n-----\n\nHoy, 30 de junio, es el D\u00eda internacional del asteroide, pero en la NASA, \u00a1todos los d\u00edas son d\u00edas de asteroides!\n\nLos asteroides son restos rocosos sin atm\u00f3sfera que quedaron de la formaci\u00f3n temprana de nuestro sistema solar hace unos 4.600 millones de a\u00f1os. La NASA y sus socios miran constantemente al cielo para estudiar estas antiguas c\u00e1psulas del tiempo. Desde nuestras misiones para explorar los asteroides troyanos en la \u00f3rbita de J\u00fapiter y traer un trozo de asteroide de vuelta a la Tierra, hasta nuestros esfuerzos para encontrar, rastrear y monitorear asteroides y otros objetos cercanos a la Tierra para proteger nuestro planeta de posibles peligros de impacto, estamos descubriendo la historia de nuestro sistema solar mientras trabajamos para mantener nuestro futuro seguro.\n\nPregunta a nuestros expertos cualquier cosa que quieras saber sobre lo que estamos aprendiendo de los asteroides, c\u00f3mo estamos protegiendo a la Tierra y mucho m\u00e1s.\n\nTalento:\n\n+ Lindley Johnson, Oficial de Defensa Planetaria de la NASA, Sede de la NASA\n+ L.A. Lewis, Oficial del Programa de Defensa Planetaria de la NASA, Sede de la NASA\n+ Dr. Shantanu Naidu, Ingeniero de navegaci\u00f3n, Centro de estudios de objetos cercanos a la Tierra de la NASA (CNEOS)\n+ Dr. Joe Masiero, Investigador principal adjunto de NEOWISE y miembro el equipo del telescopio NEO Surveyor, Instituto de Ciencia Planetaria\n+ Dra. Carolyn Ernst, cient\u00edfica del instrumento DRACO, JHU APL\n+ Prof. Vishnu Reddy, Profesor Asociado, Universidad de Arizona\n+ Dr. Lucas Paganini, Program Scientist, NASA Headquarters - Experto hispanohablante\n\n-----\n\nOur guests will be joining us at 12:00 - 1:30 p.m. EDT. Please forgive the moderator over formatting difficulties.\n\nNuestros invitados llegan a las 12:00 a 1:30 p.m. (UTC-4). Por favor, perdone al moderador por las dificultades de formato.\n\nUsername/Usuario: /u/nasa\n\n\n-----\n\n**EDIT**: That\u2019s a wrap for this AMA \u2013 thanks to everyone for your great questions! You can learn more about asteroids on NASA\u2019s [Asteroid Watch](https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/asteroid-watch) and [Planetary Defense Coordination Office](https://www.nasa.gov/specials/pdco/index.html) websites \u2013 and follow us on Twitter at [AsteroidWatch](https://twitter.com/AsteroidWatch) and [NASASolarSystem](https://twitter.com/NASASolarSystem).","title":"AskScience AMA Series: We're NASA asteroid experts! \u00a1Somos expertos en asteroides de la NASA! Ask us anything (in English and Spanish/en ingl\u00e9s y en espa\u00f1ol) about near-Earth objects and how we're working to protect Earth from potentially hazardous asteroids!","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vo5n83/askscience_ama_series_were_nasa_asteroid_experts/","vote_ratio":0.91},"voaibc":{"author":"SpikeMF","comment_count":1,"id":"voaibc","post_time":1656601358.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"One of the (many) environmental considerations of burning coal is the release of heavy metals, specifically lead and mercury.  Since coal is the compressed remains of (mostly plant) organisms in the distant past, does that mean that such metals used to be much more abundant in the tissue of life on earth?\n\nIf not, is the process of how they got there understood?  If so, does that imply that life on earth used to be more adapted to elevated levels of heavy metals?","title":"Does the abundance of heavy metals in coal imply that they used to be more abundant in the biosphere?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/voaibc/does_the_abundance_of_heavy_metals_in_coal_imply/","vote_ratio":0.67},"voc4on":{"author":"OutliersOutlier","comment_count":1,"id":"voc4on","post_time":1656605502.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I've seen it described as both in the literature. Is there a definitive answer somewhere?","title":"Is psilocin a full or partial 5-HT2A agonist?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/voc4on/is_psilocin_a_full_or_partial_5ht2a_agonist/","vote_ratio":0.43},"vocgvs":{"author":"declan_B","comment_count":12,"id":"vocgvs","post_time":1656606358.0,"score":35,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"As far as what I\u2019ve been taught, atoms are almost entirely empty space. So when the \u201cpictures\u201d are taken (I know that they aren\u2019t technically pictures) what are we looking at? The nuclei? The valence shells? What is actually bring seen? [Here is an example of a picture that I am talking about.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/A_Boy_and_His_Atom_Movie_Stills_%288675821573%29.jpg)","title":"When we take \u201cpictures\u201d of atoms, what are we actually seeing?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vocgvs/when_we_take_pictures_of_atoms_what_are_we/","vote_ratio":0.86},"vocu1v":{"author":"KeyCompetition8534","comment_count":5,"id":"vocu1v","post_time":1656607306.0,"score":16,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Is it really true that permafrost actually holds some ancient microorganism and how dangerous it is in our era today ?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vocu1v/is_it_really_true_that_permafrost_actually_holds/","vote_ratio":0.83},"voef3y":{"author":"djm2467","comment_count":4,"id":"voef3y","post_time":1656611475.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Once a container with pills is opened (only opened once, than closed after about a minute), does that have any effect on the expiry date of the drug? Or does it remain the same regardless of whether the container has/hasn\u2019t been opened at all","title":"Does opening medicine container (pills) affect expire date?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/voef3y/does_opening_medicine_container_pills_affect/","vote_ratio":0.6},"voeh07":{"author":"Tempura_Daddy","comment_count":19,"id":"voeh07","post_time":1656611615.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How sustainable and efficient are hydrogen fuel and hydrogen fuel systems, and what is the resulting byproduct from its production?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/voeh07/how_sustainable_and_efficient_are_hydrogen_fuel/","vote_ratio":0.75},"voeknm":{"author":"writepielie","comment_count":62,"id":"voeknm","post_time":1656611884.0,"score":207,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How far could a modern human go back though evolution and still be able to reproduce successfully with said \u2018earlier humans\u2019?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/voeknm/how_far_could_a_modern_human_go_back_though/","vote_ratio":0.9},"vofcy8":{"author":"BeardSpock","comment_count":132,"id":"vofcy8","post_time":1656613895.0,"score":580,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Does all life on earth originate from the same source? In other words, do humans and cabbages share a common ancestor?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vofcy8/does_all_life_on_earth_originate_from_the_same/","vote_ratio":0.93},"voifrk":{"author":"Tokentaclops","comment_count":12,"id":"voifrk","post_time":1656621952.0,"score":20,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"How would we know the difference? \n\nIt seems a very important point to understand how to prevent and treat depression. The extend to which depression is being talked about almost as a purely physical ailment like a broken leg or a weak heart in modern culture has helped destigmatize it but it just makes me wonder if this is really the right way to think about it. \n\nThinking about it as a syndrome seems to put the problem on the shoulders of the individual rather than their enviroment (and vice versa).\n\nAny input would be appreciated. Maybe some neurobiological insight?\n\nEdit: arguably this is a psychology or even philosophy question but I'm specifically interested to know if any neurobiological research has been done on this.","title":"Does the chemical balance of the brain cause depression or is it an expression of it?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/voifrk/does_the_chemical_balance_of_the_brain_cause/","vote_ratio":0.74},"vojocu":{"author":"r_f4h4d_","comment_count":199,"id":"vojocu","post_time":1656625209.0,"score":263,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"What's the difference in composition between the two sets? Is there a reason why we can't develop adult teeth in replace of baby teeth and only live with the one set?\n\nI imagined that perhaps as your increased calcium intake had something to do with it. Are there any conditions that can affect this transition, is it even necessary?\n\nTIA","title":"Why do we have baby teeth and adult teeth?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vojocu/why_do_we_have_baby_teeth_and_adult_teeth/","vote_ratio":0.87},"vojx5o":{"author":"se_nicknehm","comment_count":285,"id":"vojx5o","post_time":1656625849.0,"score":2647,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"i know for a fact that fuel enriched with lead was also used outside of the USA. yet, i realy can't find anything about it. my last post was completely ignored. i'd appreciate any info","title":"There are a lot of articles about how lead poisoning (especially from fumes of motorcicle exhausts) affected US citizens. what about the rest of the world?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vojx5o/there_are_a_lot_of_articles_about_how_lead/","vote_ratio":0.92},"voqnw6":{"author":"AnarchyPigeon2020","comment_count":4,"id":"voqnw6","post_time":1656645583.0,"score":17,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"So I read that your body generates on average 50mL of blood every day. So what happens to the old blood? Where does it go? \n\nSo blood cells die and deteriorate just like any other type of cell, but what happens to the blood then? Do your other cells absorb the collapsed blood cells? \n\nI guess I'm also meaning to ask, if your circulatory system is, for the most part, a closed loop system, what happens to blood cells when they die? Where do they go? \n\nAnd, this may be the weirdest question of all, what are the long term effects of blood doping? \n\nSo your body has roughly 10 pints of blood in it. You take out a pint and refrigerate it, then wait for your body to regenerate 1 pint worth of blood, bringing your total back up to 10. \n\nThen you put that first pint *back* into your body. Does your body just permanently have more blood now? Does it sense that there's more than usual and stop producing new blood until the amount returns to normal? What happens there?","title":"How much does your quantity of blood fluctuate on a day to day basis?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/voqnw6/how_much_does_your_quantity_of_blood_fluctuate_on/","vote_ratio":0.74},"vor4qm":{"author":"Gratuitous_Nerdity","comment_count":18,"id":"vor4qm","post_time":1656647046.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Are they minerals? Vitamins? Tiny alien symbiotes? Some sort of fancy salt?","title":"What are electrolytes? I know what they DO, but I don't know what they ARE.","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vor4qm/what_are_electrolytes_i_know_what_they_do_but_i/","vote_ratio":0.85},"votfji":{"author":"ModernVintage15","comment_count":8,"id":"votfji","post_time":1656654875.0,"score":27,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"We all know how pressure affects intermolecular forces, but how about *inner* molecular forces?","title":"Does pressure affect the way atoms bond? Are there any compounds/reactions that are not possible at NTP but could be if the reactants are placed in a chamber with a higher/lower pressure?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/votfji/does_pressure_affect_the_way_atoms_bond_are_there/","vote_ratio":0.75},"votl52":{"author":"GhostJY7","comment_count":2,"id":"votl52","post_time":1656655401.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I'm doing some research on the effects of UV radiation on skin and found that there is not much literature on exactly how tanning oils help the skin to darken faster/better. After reading around, the common phrase I come across is that it \"lowers the refractive index of the skin\" to permit greater penetration of radiation, but what does that phrase mean??\n\nMy thought is more inclined to the tanning oil refracting light like how immersion oil in light microscopy would refract light, but what does that have to do with the refractive index of skin?\n\nThe other explanation is in the moisturizing property of the oil sustaining the substrate accumulation for the melanocytes.\n\n\\*correct me if I'm wrong\\*","title":"Can someone explain to me the science behind tanning oils \"lowering the refractive index of the skin\"?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/votl52/can_someone_explain_to_me_the_science_behind/","vote_ratio":0.75},"votq8u":{"author":"Ninjas-and-stuff","comment_count":44,"id":"votq8u","post_time":1656655899.0,"score":148,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Most of my search results are giving me information on blood plasma, and I\u2019m not finding a clear yes or no about the kind of plasma I actually want to know about. Is the definition of fluid absolutely applicable to plasma the same way it is for liquids and gases, or is it just used as a theoretical condition to lay down a framework for studying its behavior? Or, is it a \u201cyes, but more complicated\u201d situation kind of like how light is both a particle and a wave?","title":"Gases and liquids are fluids, but solids aren\u2019t. Does plasma, the fourth state of matter, count as a fluid?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/votq8u/gases_and_liquids_are_fluids_but_solids_arent/","vote_ratio":0.89},"vov99e":{"author":"-tarinitup-","comment_count":18,"id":"vov99e","post_time":1656661780.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Is it possible that life on earth originated from extraterrestrial origins? Such as Eukaryotic/Prokaryotic cells attached to a meteor that hit earth?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vov99e/is_it_possible_that_life_on_earth_originated_from/","vote_ratio":0.74},"vovcpg":{"author":"nicholasdwilson","comment_count":3,"id":"vovcpg","post_time":1656662177.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"i.e. are there any conditions under which heavier elements do not undergo radioactive decay?","title":"Is nuclidic stability impacted by environmental factors (e.g. temperature, pressure, gravity, etc.) or purely a consequence of nucleus composition?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vovcpg/is_nuclidic_stability_impacted_by_environmental/","vote_ratio":0.6},"voz867":{"author":"matthewv1998","comment_count":150,"id":"voz867","post_time":1656677097.0,"score":309,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"as the title says, it just seems like cancer rates are going up, but we've made tons of regulations, warnings and other things to show, limit or stop use of carcinogens. to me this means cancer rates should trend down. but they're not?? what would cause this in modern society???  are genes less healthy?? is our food worse?? are products really not that clean??","title":"How are cancer rates going up when we've made regulations on regulations to control carcinogen use?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/voz867/how_are_cancer_rates_going_up_when_weve_made/","vote_ratio":0.86},"vp0rp9":{"author":"TheCoop1986","comment_count":7,"id":"vp0rp9","post_time":1656681802.0,"score":56,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"The liver is where a lot of chemical compounds are broken down into useful or waste compounds. But how does the liver correctly handle so many different compounds? There are literally thousands and thousands of different compounds we can ingest, how do the liver cells know how to deal with each one correctly?","title":"How can the liver break down so many different chemicals?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vp0rp9/how_can_the_liver_break_down_so_many_different/","vote_ratio":0.79},"vp0tcz":{"author":"Dagreifers","comment_count":317,"id":"vp0tcz","post_time":1656681934.0,"score":1325,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Is this a stupid question? Or does it depend? I thought that the answer is constant, but when I googled it I couldn\u2019t find the answer, only irrelevant things, can someone answer this question?\n\nEdit: aight guys this is solved thanks for the help.","title":"What\u2019s the minimum density needed to form a black hole?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vp0tcz/whats_the_minimum_density_needed_to_form_a_black/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vp2s8l":{"author":"TheBananaBagel","comment_count":4,"id":"vp2s8l","post_time":1656687401.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Hi there, confused EPQ student here.\n\nI'm researching genetic modification and I'm just wondering about the differences between the GM of plants and animals, if there even are any. It wouldn't be a big deal if not, I just wanted to make a clarification at the start of the section I'm writing as I'm only covering cattle GM.\n\nThanks in advance!","title":"Are there differences between genetic modification of animals and plants??","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vp2s8l/are_there_differences_between_genetic/","vote_ratio":0.56},"vp3wcu":{"author":"f0rgotten","comment_count":6,"id":"vp3wcu","post_time":1656690321.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Basically the title, not sure how to elaborate.","title":"The behavior of dogs towards humans has changed as they have been domesticated. Has their behavior towards other dogs changed as well?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vp3wcu/the_behavior_of_dogs_towards_humans_has_changed/","vote_ratio":0.81},"vp7luv":{"author":"Charyou-Tree","comment_count":12,"id":"vp7luv","post_time":1656700288.0,"score":152,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I've read from several different sources that when a fresh injection of basaltic magma intrudes into a more silica-rich magma chamber under a volcano, some sort of reaction happens that ultimately leads to a large explosive eruption. I've specifically heard this implicated for the 19th century Krakatoa eruption, where people point to volcanic rock of varying color bands indicating partially mixed magmas that cooled preserving the different rock types. \n\nHowever, these sources don't mention a mechanism for this. Is there some sort of chemical reaction between the different magmas? Is it a physical reaction relating to different temperature/density/viscosity/gas content/something else?\n\nWhat leads two bodies of relatively stable magma to generate immense pressure and explode when mixed together?","title":"How does mixing magmas of different types cause large explosive volcanic eruptions?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vp7luv/how_does_mixing_magmas_of_different_types_cause/","vote_ratio":0.9},"vpdtn8":{"author":"virgilthemonk","comment_count":10,"id":"vpdtn8","post_time":1656717429.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"In this clip https://youtu.be/tzODRWtEsXs at 14:35 volgin shoots electric bolts and ocelot literally shoots them away from him. While i am aware of how incredibly stupid the question and the source of the question are in terms of reality, is it possible to conduct electrical discharges away from you by firing a gun?","title":"Can a gun firing bullets conduct electricity in a direction like how ocelot does in mgs3?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpdtn8/can_a_gun_firing_bullets_conduct_electricity_in_a/","vote_ratio":0.28},"vpdumo":{"author":"Proper-Slide-6095","comment_count":136,"id":"vpdumo","post_time":1656717512.0,"score":2572,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I was trimming bushes when I noticed a small thorn stuck itself into my knuckle. My finger looked normal and didn't hurt, so I removed the small thorn and continued trimming. 30 seconds or so later I raise the same hand up again and noticed I had blood all over the finger, and some had dripped onto my pants. By the time I noticed this it had already stopped bleeding.\n\nDid the thorn hit a vein or something, and removing it caused the area to bleed so much until it clotted? The area now has a bruise around a half inch in diameter.\n\nThis thorn was incredibly small, and the puncture isn't even noticeable. It's really hard for me to believe such a small \"injury\" could cause so much blood. How could that much blood escape an invisible little puncture in only 30 seconds?\n\nI'm disappointed I didn't get to witness it.\n\nEdit: I'm glad this post got more attention than my popular comment about shirtless Li Shang from Mulan and the sexual awakening it inspired in me as a kid","title":"Will a small puncture at a vein cause more bleeding than a puncture elsewhere through the skin?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpdumo/will_a_small_puncture_at_a_vein_cause_more/","vote_ratio":0.93},"vpduvd":{"author":"ASpiderling","comment_count":11,"id":"vpduvd","post_time":1656717531.0,"score":230,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"For example: Insulin binds to the insulin receptor, which causes a chain of events to happen to ultimately move GLUT4. \n\nAfter insulin binds to the receptor, what happens to insulin itself? Does it get released from the receptor? Absorbed? Does it change/get recycled? Break down?","title":"What happens after a hormone binds with a receptor?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpduvd/what_happens_after_a_hormone_binds_with_a_receptor/","vote_ratio":0.89},"vph2ke":{"author":"Careless_Bat2543","comment_count":45,"id":"vph2ke","post_time":1656727799.0,"score":722,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Normally in the body fluids and minerals in those fluids flow from areas of high concentration to low concentration. However the kidneys are able to remove minerals/toxins from your blood and concentrate them into urine which is much more concentrated. How does it do this?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vph2ke/normally_in_the_body_fluids_and_minerals_in_those/","vote_ratio":0.93},"vpmigb":{"author":"Noise_Used","comment_count":2,"id":"vpmigb","post_time":1656748076.0,"score":14,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"For example - Haleakala on the island of Maui in Hawaii. It has had several eruptions within the past 10,000 years - and one as recent as 500 years ago. Isn't it far removed from the hotspot, or any connection to it? How could it still erupt?","title":"How do hot-spot volcanoes erupt after they are no longer connected to the hotspot?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpmigb/how_do_hotspot_volcanoes_erupt_after_they_are_no/","vote_ratio":0.79},"vpqiqy":{"author":"questions1223232","comment_count":27,"id":"vpqiqy","post_time":1656764114.0,"score":156,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Everywhere I look up the Tunguska event of 1908, it seems to suggest that a meteoroid of this size impacts Earth every few hundred  years. Some go so far as to put it at around every three hundred years. But I couldn't find references to any other impact event of this scale from the last two millennia. What am I missing?","title":"If a Tunguska-like meteoroid impact event happens every few hundred years, then what are some others from our recent recorded history?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpqiqy/if_a_tunguskalike_meteoroid_impact_event_happens/","vote_ratio":0.88},"vpsp1q":{"author":"purpletwinkletoes","comment_count":2,"id":"vpsp1q","post_time":1656771243.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"If infected with Covid BA.4 or BA.5, how soon can reinfection occur?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpsp1q/if_infected_with_covid_ba4_or_ba5_how_soon_can/","vote_ratio":0.53},"vptiys":{"author":"dhanush_ram","comment_count":81,"id":"vptiys","post_time":1656773704.0,"score":801,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"What if the speed of light is much slower or much faster than it is? Would the universe turn out to be different? My guess is that the speed is an arbitrary constant and its value may not matter but I am not sure.","title":"Will the universe turn out to be very different for different speeds of light?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vptiys/will_the_universe_turn_out_to_be_very_different/","vote_ratio":0.89},"vpusl0":{"author":"usernameisafarce","comment_count":11,"id":"vpusl0","post_time":1656777422.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"how the fed knows how much points it need to raise interest rate?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpusl0/how_the_fed_knows_how_much_points_it_need_to/","vote_ratio":0.41},"vpvdil":{"author":"kanondreamer","comment_count":9,"id":"vpvdil","post_time":1656778989.0,"score":9,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why might a community, who has not experienced more than two earthquakes in the past decade, have around 30 in six months, localized in a space of around 15 miles?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpvdil/why_might_a_community_who_has_not_experienced/","vote_ratio":0.7},"vpwj0d":{"author":"SutttonTacoma","comment_count":2,"id":"vpwj0d","post_time":1656782292.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Can AlphaFold predict protein-protein binding affinities?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpwj0d/can_alphafold_predict_proteinprotein_binding/","vote_ratio":0.78},"vpxsx9":{"author":"AZG2275","comment_count":73,"id":"vpxsx9","post_time":1656785994.0,"score":265,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Thank you.","title":"What is denser: A black hole or a neutrons star?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpxsx9/what_is_denser_a_black_hole_or_a_neutrons_star/","vote_ratio":0.84},"vpxv1k":{"author":"SilenttWasTaken","comment_count":549,"id":"vpxv1k","post_time":1656786168.0,"score":3863,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"This may sound a bit silly, but how does the sun not fall apart if it's entirely made out of gas?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpxv1k/this_may_sound_a_bit_silly_but_how_does_the_sun/","vote_ratio":0.88},"vpy11e":{"author":"LodlopSeputhChakk","comment_count":4,"id":"vpy11e","post_time":1656786651.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Think about all the animals we consider reasonably intelligent.  Apes, dolphins, whales, elephants. All mega fauna.  Basically you have to be large to house a large brain.\n\nThen there\u2019s birds.\n\nSome birds, like parrots and crows, are extremely intelligent. They use language, make tools, and have complex problem-solving abilities.  How can they fit all that into a tiny bird brain, while the rest of us have to have a giant head?","title":"How are some birds so smart?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpy11e/how_are_some_birds_so_smart/","vote_ratio":0.9},"vpyodu":{"author":"luisvel","comment_count":3,"id":"vpyodu","post_time":1656788567.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Are there benefits in initiating dialysis before renal failure, for patients undergoing uremic hemolytic syndrome?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpyodu/are_there_benefits_in_initiating_dialysis_before/","vote_ratio":0.83},"vpyy6o":{"author":"JammingScientist","comment_count":9,"id":"vpyy6o","post_time":1656789366.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Is it expanding from a central point? Does it expand in a certain shape? Does if expand at the same rate at all sides? What is it expanding into? How does it expand if matter cannot be created?","title":"How does the universe expand?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpyy6o/how_does_the_universe_expand/","vote_ratio":0.66},"vpz14y":{"author":"0hmyscience","comment_count":9,"id":"vpz14y","post_time":1656789613.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I am currently reading [The Selfish Gene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Selfish_Gene), and during one chapter he lightly touched on crossover during meiosis. I started thinking about crossover and I have a lot of questions that I can't really find the answer to. It seems like most places just touch on crossover as a step during meiosis, but don't really elaborate much. Anyway, here are my questions I hope someone can help me wrap my head around this:\n\n* First of all: does crossover only happen (at most) once per chromosome? All diagrams look somewhat like [this](https://ib.bioninja.com.au/_Media/crossing-over_med.jpeg), which indicate that they swap only the ends. Is that the case, or are those diagrams an oversimplification and more than one \"pieces\" that are crossed over?\n\n* If the answer to the above is yes, then I want to move onto this [meiosis diagram](https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Overview-of-meiosis-I-and-II-1200x1034.png). Is it true to assume then that we all likely possess entire chromosomes that came directly from our grandparents? In the diagram, each of the 4 cells has 2 chromosomes, one that's intact, and one that's crossed over. So for example, if my dad passed an \"intact\" chromosome 1 to me, there's a 1/4 chance that I'll pass that intact chromosome 1 to my son. Is that correct?\n\n* How does crossing over work with the sex chromosomes? In the case of eggs, there's always two Xs, do those crossover? In the case of sperm, there's one X and one Y, do those crossover in anyway, or are they left alone?\n\n* If the answer to question 1 is yes, then is there a pre-determined (approximate or accurate) length that's exchanged? If so, how is it determined? If it's random, what determines it? \n\n* Is the number of base pairs in an exchange the same on each side? Also, this question and the above assume it's done by number of base pairs. Is it \"calculated\" differently perhaps? Number of genes? Something else?\n\n* Now, the question in the title: how does the process ensure that no really bad errors are introduced? If I understand correctly, it's not necessary that the two homologous chromosomes are the same length. One may have mutations the other doesn't, and vice versa. It's also likely those mutations are fine independently. But when mixed together, they could break things... so why doesn't it?\n\n* And lastly: if question 1 is yes, has the existence of the crossover process lead to \"less important\" (or \"more ok to mutate) genes to be at the tips, and \"more important\" genes to be towards the middle? For example, per the question above, I imagine that eye color genes or genes that contribute to my face shape or skin color or traits like that are more \"ok\" to be mutated, where as for example, the gene for hemoglobin... you don't want to mess with that one.\n\n\nThanks for looking at my wall of text. I'm happy to restate questions if they don't make sense. Hope someone or many of you can help me with this.\n\nThanks again!","title":"How do cells ensure crossover during meiosis doesn't result in fatal mistakes?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpz14y/how_do_cells_ensure_crossover_during_meiosis/","vote_ratio":0.71},"vpz83q":{"author":"dynastylobster","comment_count":6,"id":"vpz83q","post_time":1656790210.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"the solar system (along with other stars) were created by a cloud of gas and dust formed by the nova of a previous star. is there anything we can learn or find out about what that \"parent\" star system was like? like.. theres gotta be some kind of evidence. Can we find clues as to what kind of planets were around it when this old star existed? what kind of star it was?","title":"Can we know anything about the older star that created our sun?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpz83q/can_we_know_anything_about_the_older_star_that/","vote_ratio":0.86},"vq9sr0":{"author":"moustache4you","comment_count":21,"id":"vq9sr0","post_time":1656824177.0,"score":63,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Does gravity affect sound? Would musical instruments sound the same on different sized planets, if they all had the same atmosphere?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vq9sr0/does_gravity_affect_sound_would_musical/","vote_ratio":0.88},"vq9vbt":{"author":"HubrisPersonified","comment_count":22,"id":"vq9vbt","post_time":1656824420.0,"score":25,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Like the title suggests, how do people who study ancient languages like Latin or Ancient Greek know how the letters are pronounced? Do they just compare it to modern languages, or is there another way?","title":"How do we know how ancient languages sound?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vq9vbt/how_do_we_know_how_ancient_languages_sound/","vote_ratio":0.82},"vqcqwe":{"author":"yusoglad","comment_count":75,"id":"vqcqwe","post_time":1656836004.0,"score":89,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why can't you make beverages 'sparkly' using pressurized air? Why do we use pressurized CO2 instead?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vqcqwe/why_cant_you_make_beverages_sparkly_using/","vote_ratio":0.88},"vqdyvf":{"author":"beacheytunez_","comment_count":184,"id":"vqdyvf","post_time":1656841303.0,"score":1476,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I was thinking about this today, since someone's heart rate fluctuates even as they just stand up, do pacemakers have a way of dealing with such fluctuation? And if they can, to what extent can they support changes in heart rate? Could a pacemaker patient go for a run, or participate in extreme sport, for example?","title":"Are pacemakers able to adjust their \"heart rate\" based on the exertion of the person they belong to? Do they support a feedback system with the body?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vqdyvf/are_pacemakers_able_to_adjust_their_heart_rate/","vote_ratio":0.95},"vqe8sr":{"author":"unlikelyrisktaker","comment_count":9,"id":"vqe8sr","post_time":1656842474.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"I recently found out that with enough time, you can dissolve (up to a certain point of) salt into water without ever heating or stirring it. Does this rule also apply to non-crystalline rocks? If you left granite in water for a really long time, would that make it eventually disintegrate as well?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vqe8sr/i_recently_found_out_that_with_enough_time_you/","vote_ratio":0.58},"vqhf8t":{"author":"__Questioner__","comment_count":12,"id":"vqhf8t","post_time":1656854203.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I'm not talking about how they can withstand the pressure. I understand the internal pressure is the same as the outside. \n\nBut how do they like move their fins to move thru the water shouldn't it be harder to move with all the pressure. Are their muscles stronger or do they just move slowly or what?","title":"How do deep-sea creatures MOVE in the sea with all that pressure?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vqhf8t/how_do_deepsea_creatures_move_in_the_sea_with_all/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vqhpzi":{"author":"ackzilla","comment_count":7,"id":"vqhpzi","post_time":1656855168.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I don't recall ever seeing a fossil skull with anything like dental plaque on it, do scientists simply clean it right off along with the other debris or is plaque an entirely modern thing?","title":"Does dental plaque fossilize?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vqhpzi/does_dental_plaque_fossilize/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vqmsgv":{"author":"NASA_official_srsly","comment_count":175,"id":"vqmsgv","post_time":1656869883.0,"score":2557,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"How do they manage to not all end up inbred in a couple of generations?","title":"In species where only the strongest male gets to breed, or kills non-offspring babies, how does the species maintain genetic diversity?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vqmsgv/in_species_where_only_the_strongest_male_gets_to/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vqmuwe":{"author":"Elviejopancho","comment_count":47,"id":"vqmuwe","post_time":1656870074.0,"score":39,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"T.L.D.R.: Is there any medical condition that make two clearly different tones indistinguishable from each other?\n\nTake in acount that color blindness is very different to tone deafness because listening silence is like seeing black and not like confusing different types of light. I know that hearing are sight are very different processes for analogous physical phoenomena, but you should get what I am asking.","title":"Is there an analogous condition to color blindness in hearing?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vqmuwe/is_there_an_analogous_condition_to_color/","vote_ratio":0.82},"vqnfvv":{"author":"Billiam_Ball","comment_count":9,"id":"vqnfvv","post_time":1656871805.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Are there any vertebrates that can see significantly far into the infrared range?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vqnfvv/are_there_any_vertebrates_that_can_see/","vote_ratio":0.79},"vqofeq":{"author":"okami_xaero","comment_count":31,"id":"vqofeq","post_time":1656874727.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Like in the title, do viruses evolve faster than humans? Or, more in general, faster than mammals? And what about bacteria?","title":"Do viruses evolve faster than humans?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vqofeq/do_viruses_evolve_faster_than_humans/","vote_ratio":0.43},"vqrh9a":{"author":"DakotaMaker","comment_count":34,"id":"vqrh9a","post_time":1656883501.0,"score":37,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Is there any practical use for laminar flow in liquids, or is it purely a neat aesthetic phenomenon?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vqrh9a/is_there_any_practical_use_for_laminar_flow_in/","vote_ratio":0.8},"vqus6f":{"author":"DownvoteThisTempAcc","comment_count":3,"id":"vqus6f","post_time":1656893863.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Earth's axis averages 23.5 degrees, but it can range from 22 to 24.5 and only changes in tens of thousands of years. Is shorter term oscillation possible in thousand or hundred year timescales for other (real or hypothetical) planetary objects?","title":"Is stable, short term axial tilt oscillation possible?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vqus6f/is_stable_short_term_axial_tilt_oscillation/","vote_ratio":0.57},"vr1urh":{"author":"Abriv12","comment_count":10,"id":"vr1urh","post_time":1656919699.0,"score":22,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I have been wondering this, I mean can they differentiate. Dandritic cells penetrate their membrane extensions through epithelial cells of gut and react immediately if the sense a pathogenic bacteria, does it react the same way if it senses commensal bacteria??","title":"In your gut how do Dandritic cells differenriate between commensal and pathogenic bacteria?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vr1urh/in_your_gut_how_do_dandritic_cells_differenriate/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vr3uzj":{"author":"beacheytunez_","comment_count":17,"id":"vr3uzj","post_time":1656928454.0,"score":14,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I guess firstly I wanna know a few logistical things:  \n\nHow do we discover what the new strand of the flu is?\n\nHow long does it take to develop a vaccine for it?\n\nWhy is this faster than other vaccines?\n\nHow do we verify that it works and is safe for patients in less than a year?\n\nHow effective is the vaccine, and if it's really effective, how is it made to be so effective year after year?\n\n&#x200B;\n\nI feel like there's a \"How to Make a Flu Shot This Year\" handbook out there.\n\nAre there any other viruses out there that we update our vaccines for so regularly? Thanks in advance!","title":"How is it that we so reliably have a new influenza vaccine ready each year? What's our process?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vr3uzj/how_is_it_that_we_so_reliably_have_a_new/","vote_ratio":0.66},"vr7tbu":{"author":"fbi767","comment_count":2,"id":"vr7tbu","post_time":1656942425.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"What I know is that the Poincaire group is characterised by, like, 9-10 commutation relations. And every field, before quantisation, is a vector space on which there must be representations of the Poincaire group defined as operators.\n\nFor instance, the operator e^(xd/dy-y/d/dx) is a representation of a member belonging to this group, and this operator acts on the vector space of fields, causing to rotate them. e^(d/dx) is another member of this group. Another member would be the exponentiation of Pauli matrices. Those don't operate on infinite dimensional fields, but rather on 2- component objects. Another member of this group could be 4x4 Lorentz transformations, which operate on 4 vectors. Bottom line : **every field that we quantise must have operators of this group defined on them.**\n\nAbout SU1xSU2xSU3, I know that these are used as gauge groups. But idk much more than that. \n\nHave I understood them right? And **is there any connection between what these two groups have to do with physics?** Or are just important but independent ideas?","title":"What is the relevance of the Poincaire group and the SU1xSU2xSU3 group in Quantum Field Theories?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vr7tbu/what_is_the_relevance_of_the_poincaire_group_and/","vote_ratio":0.8},"vr808v":{"author":"rasputinette","comment_count":365,"id":"vr808v","post_time":1656943037.0,"score":3556,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I've read about the different evolutionary rationales for periods, but I'm wondering *when* it became a thing. Do we have any idea? Also, is there any evidence whether early hominins like *Australopithecus* or *Paranthropus* menstruated?","title":"Do we know when, in human evolution, menstruation appeared?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vr808v/do_we_know_when_in_human_evolution_menstruation/","vote_ratio":0.89},"vr8ff8":{"author":"Makurabu","comment_count":217,"id":"vr8ff8","post_time":1656944241.0,"score":702,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Is there an animal that primarily subsists on eating members of its own species/cannibalism?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vr8ff8/is_there_an_animal_that_primarily_subsists_on/","vote_ratio":0.88},"vrb1kq":{"author":"None","comment_count":18,"id":"vrb1kq","post_time":1656951473.0,"score":29,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"The back of your throat, or on your tongue, stuff like that.\nDoes the common cold have to die on its own on the surface of my throat? \nI had my tonsils removed. \nDoes bad stuff just live there until I get too stressed and I catch an infection I was always carrying?\nAre there tiny holes where my blood can get to the surface?","title":"how does the body fight infections on its surface parts?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrb1kq/how_does_the_body_fight_infections_on_its_surface/","vote_ratio":0.76},"vrc1w0":{"author":"_bobby_tables_","comment_count":3,"id":"vrc1w0","post_time":1656954194.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Is it more likely that CMEs originate in an equitorial region of the sun?  Or are CMEs as likely from the poles?  Has CME origin location been statistically studied and mapped?","title":"Are CMEs more likely from certain areas of the sun?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrc1w0/are_cmes_more_likely_from_certain_areas_of_the_sun/","vote_ratio":1.0},"vrc5dh":{"author":"atmdk7","comment_count":1,"id":"vrc5dh","post_time":1656954462.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I\u2019ve always though Japan was formed as volcanic islands along the subduction zone of the Asian Plate and Pacific Plate. However, I\u2019ve recently learned that Japan used to be connected to the mainland and the Sea of Japan was formed relatively recently, around 10 million years ago I think, as Japan was pulled away. But I could find any answer (that I fully understood) as to why this happened.\n\nWhat\u2019s going on there?","title":"How was the Japanese Archipelago formed?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrc5dh/how_was_the_japanese_archipelago_formed/","vote_ratio":0.79},"vrdvei":{"author":"the-antiredditor","comment_count":7,"id":"vrdvei","post_time":1656959146.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Bonds are sort of like potential energy wells, so that means they can be quantum tunneled out of, right? I've never heard of this being reported though, so is it just very rare or is it not possible. If not possible, why do you think/know so?","title":"Have atoms ever been observed to quantum tunnel out of a weak chemical bond (Such as hydrogen bonds)?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrdvei/have_atoms_ever_been_observed_to_quantum_tunnel/","vote_ratio":0.8},"vrexi0":{"author":"ReasonablyConfused","comment_count":349,"id":"vrexi0","post_time":1656961992.0,"score":3321,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Did Marie Curie ever wonder if the radiation she was studying was dangerous?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrexi0/did_marie_curie_ever_wonder_if_the_radiation_she/","vote_ratio":0.95},"vrigax":{"author":"TheGermanMoses1","comment_count":46,"id":"vrigax","post_time":1656971858.0,"score":49,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Theoretically, can you gain energy through nuclear fusion then gain energy through fission of the same material?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrigax/theoretically_can_you_gain_energy_through_nuclear/","vote_ratio":0.82},"vriuq5":{"author":"CJWard123","comment_count":4,"id":"vriuq5","post_time":1656972982.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"So I\u2019ve been told that sunlight is especially bad for scars because it can cause \u201chyper-pigmentation\u201d, among other things. Yet, I\u2019ve yet to see exactly why this is. What is it about scars that make them vulnerable to sunlight?","title":"Why is sunlight bad for scars?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vriuq5/why_is_sunlight_bad_for_scars/","vote_ratio":0.8},"vrmgnu":{"author":"aka_augusto","comment_count":17,"id":"vrmgnu","post_time":1656984665.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How the HIV expanded in world? What was the firsts causes to HIV being globalized? And where was the first evidence in the history of the virus?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrmgnu/how_the_hiv_expanded_in_world_what_was_the_firsts/","vote_ratio":0.6},"vrn69w":{"author":"front_yard_duck_dad","comment_count":7,"id":"vrn69w","post_time":1656987115.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I love watching the bats in my yard eat mosquitoes and I do it almost every night in the summer. The last few nights with all of the fireworks and I mean it is pretty crazy here right now I feel like the flight of the bats looks off. The turns looks almost clumsy. Is this possible?","title":"do fireworks inhibit bats echolocation?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrn69w/do_fireworks_inhibit_bats_echolocation/","vote_ratio":0.7},"vrnhis":{"author":"seanbrockest","comment_count":9,"id":"vrnhis","post_time":1656988166.0,"score":41,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I understand that exposing a larger chunk of a hemisphere to the sun has an incredible effect on the amount of the sun's energy which is able to impact the planet, I have to assume that the elliptical nature of our orbit has some effect as well. Is it at least calculable?\n\nNaturally the reason I'm asking is because the Earth reached aphelion today, meaning we are at the furthest point from the Sun in this orbit, meanwhile we are also very close to the first day of summer, when our tilt puts the northern hemisphere in full view of the Sun.","title":"Although the main driver of our seasons is the Earth's tilt, do the aphelion and perihelion have any calculable effect?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrnhis/although_the_main_driver_of_our_seasons_is_the/","vote_ratio":0.8},"vro08j":{"author":"the0nerealm","comment_count":46,"id":"vro08j","post_time":1656989912.0,"score":218,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Does it take a long time to actually charge up? Somebody told me it\u2019ll take months before anything actually happens after they turn it on today, but I wanted to ask here if that\u2019s how it works.","title":"How long is the LHC at CERN on for at a time? How long does it take before a test will be done?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vro08j/how_long_is_the_lhc_at_cern_on_for_at_a_time_how/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vrpfdm":{"author":"wickermanmorn","comment_count":26,"id":"vrpfdm","post_time":1656994878.0,"score":56,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Are there any species where the parents contribute non-equal numbers of chromosomes to their offspring, or does it have to be the same number from each?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrpfdm/are_there_any_species_where_the_parents/","vote_ratio":0.79},"vrsld6":{"author":"bl4ck4nti","comment_count":10,"id":"vrsld6","post_time":1657007543.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"79 is a lot and I'm puzzled why we never see them in photos of Jupiter. Are they farther away than the satellites/probes that have taken the images of Jupiter? Are they digitally removed?","title":"If Jupiter has 79 moons, why are they rarely seen in photos of the planet?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrsld6/if_jupiter_has_79_moons_why_are_they_rarely_seen/","vote_ratio":0.7},"vrtjl3":{"author":"Aussie_Stalin","comment_count":3,"id":"vrtjl3","post_time":1657011767.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I know anthropogenic climate change is happening and I don't post this with bad intentions, I'm just curious to know the answer, since I can't seem to find a definitive number (if there is one) on the rate of temperature increase during the 2 periods anywhere on Google. Any help would be much appreciated.","title":"How fast did the temperature increase in the Roman and Medieval Warming Periods, and how does that differ to the rapid temperature increase in recent decades?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrtjl3/how_fast_did_the_temperature_increase_in_the/","vote_ratio":0.71},"vrtlqy":{"author":"MayureshMJ","comment_count":13,"id":"vrtlqy","post_time":1657012019.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"General physics i learnt in highschool taught me that as any material reaches Absolute zero temperature the defects and flaws in it are removed and it becomes perfectly ordered in structure.\nWhile when i am studying mineralogy and crystallography i see that many mineral's higher temperature polymorphs are more ordered than the low temperature. For example Akali feldspars high temperature polymorphs (Sanidine and Orthoclase) are Monoclinic in symmetry and the lower temperature polymorph (microcline) is in Triclinic symmetry.\n\nAs far as i understand monoclinic is supposed to be more ordered than triclinic. So what am i misunderstanding here? Why are these two things counter intuitive?","title":"Why do minerals become more disordered (crystallographically) as temperature of formation decreases whereas matter should be perfectly ordered as the temperature reaches Absolute zero?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrtlqy/why_do_minerals_become_more_disordered/","vote_ratio":0.65},"vrtptk":{"author":"AskScienceModerator","comment_count":210,"id":"vrtptk","post_time":1657012512.0,"score":1045,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"In early May, reports began circulating about confirmed cases of monkeypox, an orthopoxvirus similar to smallpox. As of mid-June, there were over 2100 reported cases of monkeypox in dozens of countries. While a great deal is already known about the science of the monkeypox virus, this outbreak has raised several new questions about its transmissibility and impact on human health in both the short and long terms. With the world's attention heightened to such disease outbreaks due to the COVID-19 pandemic, this seems like a good opportunity to provide answers and help alleviate concerns.\n\nWe are experts in infectious diseases who are here to provide the facts about monkeypox and counter the mis-information that has been spreading about this disease. Join us today at 2 PM ET (18 UT) for a discussion, organized by the American Society for Microbiology, about the monkeypox outbreak. We'll answer your questions about the symptoms of monkeypox and how it spreads, current strategies for treatment and prevention, and what can be done to contain this (and future) outbreaks. Ask us anything!\n\nWith us today are:\n\n+ Dr. Christy Hutson, Ph.D., M.S. (u/CHutson_CDC)- Branch Chief, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\n+ [Dr. Reeti Khare, Ph.D., D(ABMM)](https://www.nationaljewish.org/doctors-departments/providers/researchers/reeti-khare) (u/DenverIDLab)- Director, Infectious Disease Laboratory, National Jewish Health\n+ Dr. Rodney E. Rohde, Ph.D., MS, SM(ASCP)CM, SVCM, MBCM, FACSc (u/DocMicrobe)- Regents' Professor, Texas State University System, University Distinguished Chair & Professor, Clinical Laboratory Science\n+ [Dr. Rachel L. Roper, Ph.D.](https://microbiology-immunology.ecu.edu/rachel-l-roper/) (u/RroperECU)- Professor, Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University\n\nLinks:\n\n+ [Monkeypox: What We Do and Don't Know About Recent Outbreaks](https://asm.org/Articles/2022/May/Monkeypox-What-We-Do-and-Don-t-Know-About-Recent-O)\n+ [Monkeypox Clinical Update with Dr. Daniel Griffin](https://asm.org/Podcasts/TWiV/Episodes/Monkeypox-Clinical-Update-with-Dr-Daniel-Griffin)\n+ [CDC Monkeypox page](https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/index.html)\n+ [WHO Monkeypox page](https://www.who.int/emergencies/situations/monkeypox-oubreak-2022)\n\nPlease note that we will NOT be making medical diagnoses or recommending any medical treatments or procedures for individuals.","title":"AskScience AMA Series: We're infectious disease experts here to answer your questions about monkeypox. AUA!","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrtptk/askscience_ama_series_were_infectious_disease/","vote_ratio":0.87},"vrufw5":{"author":"Bachpipe","comment_count":9,"id":"vrufw5","post_time":1657015644.0,"score":9,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Hello Reddit!    \n\n\nI'm not looking for medical advice, but I am looking for an explanation! I just read some articles about mint tea and in almost all the articles it's written that you shouldn't drink mint tea if you're on low blood pressure medication, because it will enhance said medication. But none of the articles explain WHY it does! And then I thought; the Science Reddit  probably knows this. So, is there someone here who can explain to me why this is an effect that mint has?","title":"Mint tea and low blood pressure, how?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrufw5/mint_tea_and_low_blood_pressure_how/","vote_ratio":0.72},"vrxmls":{"author":"ThrowAwayMyLife2341","comment_count":6,"id":"vrxmls","post_time":1657026954.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"It is my understanding that cloud seeding is an effective way to make it rain in certain areas. Why isn\u2019t this being used in a country such as Italy or the US west to try to combat the droughts?","title":"Why isn\u2019t cloud seeding used to fight the droughts currently happening in the world?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrxmls/why_isnt_cloud_seeding_used_to_fight_the_droughts/","vote_ratio":0.59},"vryrlk":{"author":"DirtSeth","comment_count":263,"id":"vryrlk","post_time":1657030214.0,"score":2017,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Does the Earth's spin cause an outwards centrifugal force. Theoretically if there was a planet with earth's mass that didn't spin or span slower would it have a higher gravity? I assume that if there is a difference its negligible though.","title":"Would there be higher gravity if Earth didn't spin?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vryrlk/would_there_be_higher_gravity_if_earth_didnt_spin/","vote_ratio":0.93},"vrytb5":{"author":"vilhelm_s","comment_count":23,"id":"vrytb5","post_time":1657030352.0,"score":352,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"When the nucleus decays there are definite nucleons coming out, but what about the bound nucleus itself? And can you somehow demonstrate that there are distinct nucleons inside it, similar to how Rutherford's gold foil experiment shows that there's a distinct nucleus inside an atom?","title":"Are there distinct protons/neutrons in a nucleus, or is it just a \"soup\" of quarks?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrytb5/are_there_distinct_protonsneutrons_in_a_nucleus/","vote_ratio":0.91},"vrzpvd":{"author":"Mr-Cas","comment_count":6,"id":"vrzpvd","post_time":1657032855.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Hey there\n\nIn general, stars are moving away from us and, in combination with the doppler effect, this gives us redshift. When we look at stars with our eyes, they look more red than they actually are. When a picture is taken, the star looks more red than it actually is. This leads to two ways to represent a star in a picture (like [this one](https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/NXmL6bbh7QMA3xxfuu56uZ.png)):\n\n1. The way a star looks for a human on earth (non-colour corrected for redshift)\n2. The way a star *actually* looks (colour corrected for redshift). It would display the colour of a star like the star actually sends out.\n\nAnd so rises my question: are pictures of stars colour-corrected for redshift? Do the pictures display a star like a human would see it, or how it looks in reality (as if you were right next to it)?\n\nFor example, in the picture linked above, the star at the centre is just a white spot. But let's take the orange star to the left bottom of the middle. Is it actually that red (colour-corrected)? Or does it look that red because of red shift (not colour-corrected)?\n\nIn school, in dutch, I learned the term \"Emission spectrum\" of a star (almost always hydrogen is used). I think the official english term is RVS? You can use that and the default (\"recorded\" on earth) to calculate the amount of redshift. If you know how much redshift there is, you can colour-correct a picture for redshift. So if you supply a picture of a star and it's RVS, you can do some calculations and color-correct a picture. However, when searching the web, I didn't find a single \"tool\" that could do this. Why isn't there any?\n\nI just had this topic in physics class at school and I came up with these questions after his lesson and my teacher didn't know the answer, so here I am, asking it to you people. I hope you can shed some light!","title":"Are pictures taken by a telescope colour-corrected for redshift?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrzpvd/are_pictures_taken_by_a_telescope_colourcorrected/","vote_ratio":0.8},"vs00dw":{"author":"julianapauki","comment_count":10,"id":"vs00dw","post_time":1657033613.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"We classify animals according to species but isn\u2019t evolution more like a continious process? If that is true, why do classify them like this and when do we see an animal as a new species? For example. Species A exists today, but has an ancestor species B which existed 100k years ago. At what point does an animal of species B differ so much that it is seen as a new species A?","title":"When has an animal evolved enough to be classified as a new species?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vs00dw/when_has_an_animal_evolved_enough_to_be/","vote_ratio":0.6},"vs3z8r":{"author":"BrewsCampbell","comment_count":21,"id":"vs3z8r","post_time":1657043994.0,"score":206,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Would tides have been more ferocious a billion years ago, when the moon was closer to Earth?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vs3z8r/would_tides_have_been_more_ferocious_a_billion/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vs51cb":{"author":"kittenco","comment_count":19,"id":"vs51cb","post_time":1657046825.0,"score":108,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I don't think this is used in Western countries, but nations that were part of the former USSR seem to still use a [liquid brilliant green solution](https://russianlife.com/sites/default/assets/Image/417px-Brilliant_green_1a.jpeg) as a wound treatment (similar to/as well as iodine).\n\nIt's something I grew up with and never really thought about, but when I looked it up today, I'm not really understanding if the dye itself has any active ingredients. Per my understanding, over-the-counter zelyonka is just the brilliant green dye crystals dissolved into diluted alcohol, so... Is it only antiseptic because of the alcohol? Or does the brilliant green actually have antiseptic properties on its own?","title":"Is brilliant green (zelyonka) actually an antiseptic?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vs51cb/is_brilliant_green_zelyonka_actually_an_antiseptic/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vs5top":{"author":"EqualTransit","comment_count":2,"id":"vs5top","post_time":1657048884.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I have messed around quite a bit electrolyzing materials in order to generate hydrogen, oxygen and chlorine. I had very limited means and it was just a hobby project, but a consistent problem I had and I saw others having on the internet is the corrosion of the anode. Even stainless steel or graphite could not stand the test of time and I can imagine platinum electrodes are prohibitively expensive for industrial scale. Other options such as Mixed-metal-oxide seems too expensive for gigawatt scale production as well. Most hydrogen manufacturing websites only mention marketing buzzwords (\"ultra high density\" / \"innovative corrosion resistance\") and no technical details. Perhaps it's all a bit of a trade secret, but I am quite curious!  \n\n\nSidenote, I can imagine it getting messed up when messing with NaCl electrolysis with chlorine and carbon steel electrodes. But if I recall correctly even NaOH solutions with stainless corroded after some time. So my question focusses specifically on hydrogen production.","title":"What electrode material is used in industrial hydrogen production using electrolysis?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vs5top/what_electrode_material_is_used_in_industrial/","vote_ratio":0.99},"vs82y0":{"author":"spiffyhandle","comment_count":12,"id":"vs82y0","post_time":1657054808.0,"score":45,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I've heard things like \"adenosine increases while awake and decreases when sleeping\". How is adenosine (and other NTs) measured in a living human? My understanding is the only way to measure neurotransmitters is to cut open the brain, which you can't do on a living person.","title":"How are neurotransmitters in a brain measured?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vs82y0/how_are_neurotransmitters_in_a_brain_measured/","vote_ratio":0.82},"vsa6rn":{"author":"TheMailMan92","comment_count":2,"id":"vsa6rn","post_time":1657060315.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"After a heavy rain, I saw a vulture in the ditch drinking fresh rain water. That made me wonder if vultures are picky about their water intake. Can their stomach acid/immune system handle the many bacteria found in stagnant water without them getting sick? Obviously fresh water is preferred.","title":"Can vultures drink stagnant water?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsa6rn/can_vultures_drink_stagnant_water/","vote_ratio":0.71},"vsaid9":{"author":"0010MK","comment_count":5,"id":"vsaid9","post_time":1657061199.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Do animals that don\u2019t sweat to cool themselves feel hotter on humid days, like we do (all else being equal)? Or is this sensation unique to animals that sweat, because humidity reduces our ability to cool ourselves?","title":"Does humidity affect animals that don\u2019t sweat to cool themselves in a similar way as it does humans?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsaid9/does_humidity_affect_animals_that_dont_sweat_to/","vote_ratio":0.71},"vse7u0":{"author":"General-Pea2016","comment_count":824,"id":"vse7u0","post_time":1657072003.0,"score":3817,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"If light has no mass, why is it affected by black holes?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vse7u0/if_light_has_no_mass_why_is_it_affected_by_black/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vsel2w":{"author":"MinecraftSplashText","comment_count":6,"id":"vsel2w","post_time":1657073117.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why are fungi classified as a different kingdom from plants? They seem very similar.","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsel2w/why_are_fungi_classified_as_a_different_kingdom/","vote_ratio":0.71},"vsg1nm":{"author":"Golitan11","comment_count":1,"id":"vsg1nm","post_time":1657077543.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Say some bacteria became 100% resistant to antibiotic A 20 years ago, is now 50% resistant to antibiotic B and 10% resistant to antibiotic C. Since antibiotic A is no longer effective, B and C are being administered instead. Fast-forward to 2050, the same bacteria has become resistant to B and C, and new antibiotics are being used instead. Since antibiotic A has been deprecated a while ago and the bacteria has evolved multiple times because of other antibiotics, would antibiotic A ever become a viable treatment again?","title":"Can resistant bacteria evolve to become no more resistant to old antibiotics?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsg1nm/can_resistant_bacteria_evolve_to_become_no_more/","vote_ratio":0.63},"vsgy0f":{"author":"Nome_Qualquer","comment_count":5,"id":"vsgy0f","post_time":1657080382.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Most if not all heat we experience on the surface comes from the Sun, but the core and mantle are also very hot, much closer to us and they have been around for a really long time, so how can the crust be so much colder?","title":"Why don't we feel the heat from the core/mantle?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsgy0f/why_dont_we_feel_the_heat_from_the_coremantle/","vote_ratio":0.71},"vsh3sx":{"author":"YOSH_97","comment_count":2,"id":"vsh3sx","post_time":1657080907.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Do the calories in fruits change based on their proximity to say the seed/pit? Or for any other reason? \n\nIf that doesn\u2019t make sense, for example gram for gram does the calorie content change in say an apple the closer it is or further it is from the core?","title":"Are the calories in fruits spread out evenly?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsh3sx/are_the_calories_in_fruits_spread_out_evenly/","vote_ratio":0.83},"vsibcv":{"author":"lorgskyegon","comment_count":3,"id":"vsibcv","post_time":1657085100.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why does the sky seem to turn green during a thunderstorm?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsibcv/why_does_the_sky_seem_to_turn_green_during_a/","vote_ratio":0.82},"vsj3h1":{"author":"Eazy_MF_E","comment_count":3,"id":"vsj3h1","post_time":1657088037.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"With the recent discovery of tetraquarks and pentaquarks at CERN, how are scientists able to \u201csee\u201d what\u2019s happening inside the collider? Is it a bunch of data that\u2019s analyzed and an inference is made? And what instruments detect what\u2019s happening?","title":"how do scientists observe what's happening inside the LHC?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsj3h1/how_do_scientists_observe_whats_happening_inside/","vote_ratio":0.83},"vsjr0s":{"author":"LanKstiK","comment_count":7,"id":"vsjr0s","post_time":1657090776.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Thanks","title":"Why did all the extinct ice age megafauna die out at the start of this current interglacial period when they presumably survived multiple previous interglacial periods? Surely humans could not have killed all the mammoths in Eurasia and North America?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsjr0s/why_did_all_the_extinct_ice_age_megafauna_die_out/","vote_ratio":0.5},"vsjzaj":{"author":"Damnoneworked","comment_count":0,"id":"vsjzaj","post_time":1657091695.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"In cannabis, you can force female seeds with colloidal silver. Is this possible in other dioecious plants? Would colloidal silver be used for all dioecious plants or would you need another chemical or process? \n\nSay you wanted to feminize a kiwi vine, how might you do this?","title":"Are all dioecious plants able to be feminized?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsjzaj/are_all_dioecious_plants_able_to_be_feminized/","vote_ratio":0.69},"vskyb6":{"author":"Grand_Afternoon7166","comment_count":4,"id":"vskyb6","post_time":1657095892.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"There's alot of thoery surrounding where does the water on earth come from. But what is the most plausible theory now? Is there any proven theory?","title":"Where does water come from?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vskyb6/where_does_water_come_from/","vote_ratio":0.57},"vsmetu":{"author":"nextleveldumbness","comment_count":3,"id":"vsmetu","post_time":1657101865.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Hello everyone hope you have a great day. So I just began studying the immune system and I have some questions. \nSo if I understand it correctly so far, when pathogens enter the body they have to get recognized somehow, so the body can destroy them. So pathogens have these pamp (pathogen associated molecular patterns) that get recognized by the phagocytes with the help of \"toll like receptors\". Also my textbook says something about opsonins, chemical compounds that \" mark\" the pathogens so phagocytes can recognize and destroy them. \n\nMy questions are:\n1) How did the cell evolve those toll receptors? Was it randomly but they stayed bc they are useful? Let's say you have a cell that no pathogen has ever interacted with it. So logically, the cell hasn't any receptor for it (or it has but it was a random generation-im not sure how it works). \n2) From my understanding, opsonins bind to the pathogen somehow and help the phagocyte recognize it. So opsonins have a lock-key relationship with phagocytes? It would make sense for the cell to recognize molecules that are part of the cell. But how do opsonins bind to the pathogens? My textbook isn't going on detail. \n\nThank you for reading so far and sorry if my questions are stupid. Also sorry for any grammar or spelling mistakes, English isn't my first language.","title":"How did cells evolve receptors for pathogens?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsmetu/how_did_cells_evolve_receptors_for_pathogens/","vote_ratio":0.54},"vsmzhi":{"author":"efdhfbhd2","comment_count":11,"id":"vsmzhi","post_time":1657104093.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Recently there was a heavy downpour and I was told that the nearby library had to freeze dry books/papers in their magazine. Apparently, there had been a small water leak and parts of their inventory got wet.\n\nI have then been searching online, how the process of freeze drying actually works and found several sources. However, while reading I began wondering: These processes usually create ice crystal inside the material they want to dry. How does paper survive this process?\n\nI can imagine, that the paper isn't too rigid, it can bend and deform given pressure unlike cell walls. Cell walls seem to be rather fragile as ice crystals can break them. However, if paper had been completely drenched/soaked in water, I would expect at least some damage to the paper. But apparently, freeze drying seems to be a very safe method, why is that?","title":"Does freeze drying damage paper? If not, why?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsmzhi/does_freeze_drying_damage_paper_if_not_why/","vote_ratio":0.59},"vso7v0":{"author":"beacheytunez_","comment_count":6,"id":"vso7v0","post_time":1657108486.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I was reading earlier today about the kinds of ailments that bone marrow transplants are used to treat (as I am thinking about signing up on the registry to donate), and I noted that in the case of leukaemia, chemotherapy or radiotherapy is used to completely destroy the recipient's immune system first.\n\nHowever, whilst relatively good, there are still figures that suggest that survivability over the years following treatment is not always that high, some still slip through the gaps.\n\nBut what causes these deaths after transplants over a long time since the procedure? Do the recipients somehow reject and attack the donated marrow? Does the new marrow eventually fail? But the recipient's immune system was destroyed, why can't the received marrow/immune system exist indefinitely, or a repeat/follow-up transplant procedure performed further down the line?\n\nA follow-up question I have is are there grounds for marrow transplants to be used to treat immunodeficiency disorders such as CVID? I also read that some investigation has been performed into treating MS with bone marrow transplantation.\n\nThis is a long one, thanks in advance!","title":"Why is a bone marrow transplant not always 100% effective at curing blood cancers?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vso7v0/why_is_a_bone_marrow_transplant_not_always_100/","vote_ratio":0.74},"vsojh8":{"author":"Marssunrise","comment_count":6,"id":"vsojh8","post_time":1657109453.0,"score":14,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"From what I've heard, we have 5 or 6 different types of taste buds, one of them being able to detect acids in food. Why do different acids such as malic, citric and lactic acids have a distinct taste to them? Does it have to do with aromatics or do we have different varieties of acid taste buds that can distinguish between acids?","title":"Why do different acids (citric, malic, lactic, etc.) taste different?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsojh8/why_do_different_acids_citric_malic_lactic_etc/","vote_ratio":0.77},"vsooob":{"author":"PHealthy","comment_count":69,"id":"vsooob","post_time":1657109918.0,"score":266,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why does Australia have such high concentrations of uranium?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsooob/why_does_australia_have_such_high_concentrations/","vote_ratio":0.9},"vsp0i8":{"author":"Dong-Konkey","comment_count":16,"id":"vsp0i8","post_time":1657110968.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"As in it would continue to physically appear the same as the day it was embalmed. Like if I had an aquarium fish tank the size of a room, and filled it entirely with resin, the body at the center, would it continue to appear the same 100+ years from now?","title":"Can an embalmed human body be preserved in epoxy resin?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsp0i8/can_an_embalmed_human_body_be_preserved_in_epoxy/","vote_ratio":0.72},"vsqp6p":{"author":"AutoModerator","comment_count":14,"id":"vsqp6p","post_time":1657116009.0,"score":28,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on **Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology**\n\nDo you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: \"What would happen if...\", \"How will the future...\", \"If all the rules for 'X' were different...\", \"Why does my...\".\n\n**Asking Questions:**\n\nPlease post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.\n\n**Answering Questions:**\n\nPlease only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. [The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/wiki/index#wiki_answering_askscience). In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.\n\nIf you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, [please refer to the information provided here](https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/about/sticky).\n\nPast AskAnythingWednesday posts [can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/search?q=flair%3A%27meta%27&restrict_sr=on&sort=new&t=all). Ask away!","title":"Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsqp6p/ask_anything_wednesday_biology_chemistry/","vote_ratio":0.82},"vsrwcc":{"author":"Irishane","comment_count":63,"id":"vsrwcc","post_time":1657119298.0,"score":217,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"i.e. is our gravity also in a Goldilocks zone?","title":"Does earth's specific gravity facilitate life or do all the other variables dictate that life would have prospered anyway and adapted to almost whatever gravity our planet had.?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsrwcc/does_earths_specific_gravity_facilitate_life_or/","vote_ratio":0.89},"vss0b4":{"author":"ChalkDstTorture","comment_count":385,"id":"vss0b4","post_time":1657119598.0,"score":3743,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why can CTE only be diagnosed by autopsy, and is there a chance this could change anytime soon?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vss0b4/why_can_cte_only_be_diagnosed_by_autopsy_and_is/","vote_ratio":0.94},"vsxj6i":{"author":"Moltress2","comment_count":171,"id":"vsxj6i","post_time":1657133858.0,"score":854,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"If the 96.5% carbon dioxide atmosphere of Venus was reduced to 20.95% oxygen (i.e. earth equivalent %) and 75.55% carbon dioxide, would the air be breathable?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsxj6i/if_the_965_carbon_dioxide_atmosphere_of_venus_was/","vote_ratio":0.94},"vsy0bi":{"author":"418397","comment_count":2,"id":"vsy0bi","post_time":1657135069.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"If we look at the intensity vs wavelength graph in compton scattering experiment...,we see two peaks, one due to scattering from free electrons and the other due to scattering from tightly bound electrons.\n\nBut that doesn't make the intensities at other wavelengths zero... They are there, non zero but small... I suspect they appear due to scattering from no so tightly bounded electrons. \n\nBut my question is why should they be so low? Like why is the concentration of free electron scattering and tight electron scattering so high compared to the rest(the no so tight electron scattering)...?","title":"Why are \"other\" intensities so low in compton scattering curve?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsy0bi/why_are_other_intensities_so_low_in_compton/","vote_ratio":0.73},"vsy2sj":{"author":"highxv0ltage","comment_count":2,"id":"vsy2sj","post_time":1657135249.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"The way I understand it, vaccines use a dead, or weakened, virus. Some vaccines use only parts of a virus (or bacteria). And in the case of the Covid vaccines, they use mRNA technology. \n\nNow, the way I understand it, once this is introduced into the body, the immune system reacts and neutralizes the antigen. So, when the antigen enters the body a second time, the immune system reacts much quicker. I also understand that microbes can mutate, which has an effect on the vaccine's potency. This is why we have to get a flu shot every year, because the virus mutates. \n\nHowever, in the cases of Smallpox and Polio, we have managed to eradicate these diseases by way of vaccines. So, my question is it possible that, with vaccines, we were able to eliminate some diseases with vaccines, but not others? Did these other viruses just not have a chance to mutate? How would we get to the point where we don't let the flu or Covid to mutate? \n\nPlease no \"Big Pharma\" conspiracies. I just want to know people's thoughts from a scientific standpoint. Thanks.","title":"How were we able to eradicate some diseases, with vaccines, and not others?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsy2sj/how_were_we_able_to_eradicate_some_diseases_with/","vote_ratio":0.75},"vt0aq6":{"author":"DaybreakHonor","comment_count":4,"id":"vt0aq6","post_time":1657140846.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"What does Pixel to Pixel rms mean within the context of photometric astronomy?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vt0aq6/what_does_pixel_to_pixel_rms_mean_within_the/","vote_ratio":0.6},"vt120m":{"author":"taracus","comment_count":23,"id":"vt120m","post_time":1657142799.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Does the sun spin around it's own axis like the rest of the planets?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vt120m/does_the_sun_spin_around_its_own_axis_like_the/","vote_ratio":0.66},"vt3hrq":{"author":"elbeees","comment_count":21,"id":"vt3hrq","post_time":1657149180.0,"score":94,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"As the title states. Trying to discover if there's a boost to the body's immune response or if the immune response is depressed each time it fights off the virus.","title":"If a fully vaccinated person is unequivocally exposed to covid but never develops symptoms, is their immune response now greater for having fought off the virus, or reduced for having had to wage war on it?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vt3hrq/if_a_fully_vaccinated_person_is_unequivocally/","vote_ratio":0.81},"vt414e":{"author":"MyNameIsNonYaBizniz","comment_count":16,"id":"vt414e","post_time":1657150654.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Are viruses more prevalent in wild animals and how come our hunter gatherer ancestors dont suffer from great plague all the time?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vt414e/are_viruses_more_prevalent_in_wild_animals_and/","vote_ratio":0.62},"vt72j6":{"author":"fullsunset","comment_count":3,"id":"vt72j6","post_time":1657159497.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I'm into organizing, and plastic containers, storage boxes, and trays are the most commonly available items for that. I've recently become aware of the dangers of BPA (Bisphenol A), as well as BPS (Bisphenol S) (which is not flagged equally but considered just as dangerous) as endocrine disruptors and carcinogens. I've learned that it is strongly recommended to replace plastic when it comes to food containers. However, I have a few questions about the use of plastics in every day life that I have found opposing answers for when searching and I'd appreciate your take on:\n\n1. Are plastic containers relatively safe (with or without BPA) as long as they're not used to heat up food? Is not using them for storing food in the fridge or at room temperature still highly recommended or are the risks exaggerated?\n2. Do plastic containers/trays/storage bins (with or without BPA) for clothes, personal items, and paper pose similar risks? Should plastic be avoided to store and organize items in desks, closets, shelfs, etc, too?\n3. Do the risks of doing 1 and 2 increase for a person with actual hormone problems?","title":"Are plastic containers (with or without BPA) relatively safe as long as they're not used to store/heat up food?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vt72j6/are_plastic_containers_with_or_without_bpa/","vote_ratio":0.89},"vt77lz":{"author":"Luigifan18","comment_count":14,"id":"vt77lz","post_time":1657159913.0,"score":31,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I vaguely recall hearing that California is on a different tectonic plate than the rest of the landmass that is currently North America. I don't recall if California's tectonic plate is moving away from or into the rest of North America, but it's only a matter of time before it's no longer part of America as we know it. The question is, how long is it going to be before we have to start building literal bridges between California and the rest of North America?","title":"How long does California have before it becomes an island or a crunched-up mountain range?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vt77lz/how_long_does_california_have_before_it_becomes/","vote_ratio":0.8},"vt86nb":{"author":"mikesalami","comment_count":6,"id":"vt86nb","post_time":1657162782.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"So eating pesticides isn't good. I wash my stuff in baking soda usually to try to get off what I can.\n\nI'm curious however if plants absorb pesticides directly into their flesh?\n\nFor example avocado... can you spray avocados with pesticides all you want and it will be safe to eat because you are removing the thick external cover? Or will the pesticide leach into the water, and then be absorbed by the plant, then eaten by you?\n\nOr does it perhaps get absorbed directly through the skin?\n\nJust curious!","title":"Does produce absorb pesticides directly or though water?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vt86nb/does_produce_absorb_pesticides_directly_or_though/","vote_ratio":1.0},"vtai3g":{"author":"CarelessVirus2","comment_count":6,"id":"vtai3g","post_time":1657170304.0,"score":14,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why are virus capsids usually icosahedrons?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtai3g/why_are_virus_capsids_usually_icosahedrons/","vote_ratio":0.7},"vtby0u":{"author":"4thDevilsAdvocate","comment_count":9,"id":"vtby0u","post_time":1657175529.0,"score":21,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"For instance, see [this picture of a 30-millimeter depleted uranium armor penetrator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depleted_uranium#/media/File:30mm_DU_slug.jpg), which I shamelessly stole from [the Wikipedia page on depleted uranium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depleted_uranium). \n\nWhat's the *chemical* structure of the uranium compound used in that round? \n\nI know depleted uranium has less [uranium-235](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235) than [natural uranium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_uranium), since said U-235 has been refined out and used in a nuclear reactor or weapon, but I don't know what all the [uranium-238](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-238) left over has bonded to. Is it an oxide? A carbide? Pure uranium metal? An alloy of pure uranium metal mixed with something else?","title":"What is the *chemical* structure of depleted uranium?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtby0u/what_is_the_chemical_structure_of_depleted_uranium/","vote_ratio":0.73},"vtc4t2":{"author":"PremiumPrimate","comment_count":6,"id":"vtc4t2","post_time":1657176261.0,"score":9,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"There are a number of plants that bloom for just one night per year. It seems reasonable to think that a mutated variant blooming for two nights would eventually out-compete the one-nighters, but since that hasn't happened I guess that's not the case. Why?","title":"Why do some plants bloom for only one night?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtc4t2/why_do_some_plants_bloom_for_only_one_night/","vote_ratio":0.85},"vtdpph":{"author":"ProtagonistForHire","comment_count":12,"id":"vtdpph","post_time":1657182704.0,"score":9,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Even if the water is still. Won't all the sediment settle to the bottom eventually and become clear.","title":"Why are some lakes clear and others murky?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtdpph/why_are_some_lakes_clear_and_others_murky/","vote_ratio":0.91},"vtfuh7":{"author":"TophsYoutube","comment_count":277,"id":"vtfuh7","post_time":1657191202.0,"score":4148,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"And did we evolve to have kneecaps or did we lose elbow caps somewhere along the way?\n\nEdit: Thank you everyone for the insightful answers! Looks like the answer is a lot more complicated than I thought, but I get the impression that the evolutionary lineage is complicate. Thanks!","title":"Why do we have kneecaps but no elbow caps?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtfuh7/why_do_we_have_kneecaps_but_no_elbow_caps/","vote_ratio":0.94},"vtjw2v":{"author":"whidzee","comment_count":79,"id":"vtjw2v","post_time":1657203883.0,"score":1656,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"If all precipitation stopped, how long would it take for all the rivers to empty into the oceans?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtjw2v/if_all_precipitation_stopped_how_long_would_it/","vote_ratio":0.93},"vtl3in":{"author":"SpaceMangos","comment_count":51,"id":"vtl3in","post_time":1657207236.0,"score":111,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I've briefly read about the 6 needles they use in their proboscis, but I want to know how the blood is moved from the bloodstream to the mosquito and cannot find anything. How similar is it to how we suck through a straw where we create a lower pressure environment in our mouth and the liquid moves to fill a pressure difference? Can a mosquito mouth do what we do?","title":"How do Mosquitoes Suck?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtl3in/how_do_mosquitoes_suck/","vote_ratio":0.89},"vtm1jf":{"author":"A_HECKIN_DOGGO","comment_count":53,"id":"vtm1jf","post_time":1657209759.0,"score":247,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Was there a specific year when it was first theorized that dinosaurs and birds were the same group of animals? Or was there more of a gradual process where bits and pieces of information were gradually added together to come up with a tentative suggestion that there may have been a link between the two groups which has steadily grown over time?\n\nAlso, was there anybody in particular who influenced this theory?","title":"When was it realized/ proposed that modern birds were actually dinosaurs?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtm1jf/when_was_it_realized_proposed_that_modern_birds/","vote_ratio":0.89},"vtq2ww":{"author":"LurkerFailsLurking","comment_count":18,"id":"vtq2ww","post_time":1657220195.0,"score":22,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I know that random mutations will produce \"nonsense\" and assume that at least some of the \"junk DNA\" we carry can be attributed to that, but I was wondering if some of it are fragments of vestigial DNA from our distant ancestors?\n\nIf it exists, can we tell the difference between those two categories of DNA and has any of that vestigial DNA been traced to its origin? I'm imagining that it's possible that we and chimpanzees share some junk DNA that's been hanging out since our ancestors diverged a relatively short time ago. Is this true?\n\nThanks.","title":"Was junk DNA always junk or is it vestigial?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtq2ww/was_junk_dna_always_junk_or_is_it_vestigial/","vote_ratio":0.7},"vtt8qh":{"author":"darthjoey91","comment_count":16,"id":"vtt8qh","post_time":1657228379.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Like how the current batch of vaccines didn't protect against infection from the Omicron variants, could a variant sufficiently mutate to not be able to be detected by either a PCR or an antigen test? And if it reached that point, would it still be COVID 19, or instead of evolved to the point where it probably deserves a different name?","title":"How much would a COVID variant have to mutate before current COVID tests wouldn't properly detect it?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtt8qh/how_much_would_a_covid_variant_have_to_mutate/","vote_ratio":0.61},"vty0iq":{"author":"chicodesopa","comment_count":3,"id":"vty0iq","post_time":1657241863.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Do hair products targeted toward a certain type of hair (curly, straight, frizzy, etc) actually matter, or is it all just a marketing tactic?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vty0iq/do_hair_products_targeted_toward_a_certain_type/","vote_ratio":0.82},"vty159":{"author":"claire_inet","comment_count":5,"id":"vty159","post_time":1657241921.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"My brother is training to be a fighter pilot and his training requires him to go through simulations that expose him to upwards of +7.5 Gs. My questions regards the risk of RV/LV hypertrophy due to the alterations in cardiac preload and afterlife from being under these Gs. \n\nI currently work as a scribe in pediatric cardiomyopathy and see a lot of HCM, and knowing the pathology of ventricular hypertrophy got me wondering if there was a risk on RV or LV hypertrophy in fighter pilots due to chronic exposure due intense +Gs\n\nI read one study from Israeli fighter pilots that found no difference in cardiac dimensions by echocardiography when comparing pilots exposed to +Gs vs. -Gs (compared over a 5 year period). However are there studies that compare cardiac dimensions and functions of pilots to the baseline population not exposed to these type of G forces?","title":"Effects of exposure to +Gs on cardiovascular system of fighter pilots?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vty159/effects_of_exposure_to_gs_on_cardiovascular/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vtyg05":{"author":"None","comment_count":0,"id":"vtyg05","post_time":1657243142.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Saw this on another subreddit. A guy tried to jump on a trampoline under water but it looks like he landed on solid grand. How does that work?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtyg05/saw_this_on_another_subreddit_a_guy_tried_to_jump/","vote_ratio":1.0},"vtz0iy":{"author":"TipAgreeable9659","comment_count":2,"id":"vtz0iy","post_time":1657244899.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Hopefully my question is alright! I hope I can get some answers. Lately I've been finding dead baby birds all over my backyard, and I hadn't a clue what was killing them. This morning I heard a terrible commotion and found five squirrels circling an adult collared dove like a pack of wolves. They took turns jumping on her back and attacking her. Then, later, the same squirrels started attacking one another! One seemingly nearly killed the other one - By the end of the fight it was hanging off of a tree branch, mouth open, clearly exhausted. It wasn't even holding onto the branch. Is this normal behavior for squirrels? What's the science behind this behavior? I've never seen it before!","title":"Is it normal for squirrels (in \"packs\") to attack birds? And each other?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtz0iy/is_it_normal_for_squirrels_in_packs_to_attack/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vu0je8":{"author":"Zkv","comment_count":24,"id":"vu0je8","post_time":1657249526.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I've been watching prof. Michael Levin's work in regenerative biology and morphology, where he is working on how cells build bodies. He states that DNA contains no information related to a multicellular organism's three dimensional anatomy. \n\nTimestamped explanation.\n\n[https://youtu.be/ZmRaIQOlxTY?t=654](https://youtu.be/ZmRaIQOlxTY?t=654)\n\n&#x200B;\n\nBut everything I see online, and everyone I ask online explicitly states that DNA tells cells how to build bodies. \n\n&#x200B;\n\nIf Levin is wrong, and DNA does contain anatomical information, are we able to learn the anatomy of an animal, or even a simple plant *just* by reading the genome? Obviously without comparing it to a related organism.","title":"Does DNA contain information on an organisms anatomy, shape, size or form?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu0je8/does_dna_contain_information_on_an_organisms/","vote_ratio":0.71},"vu0ykf":{"author":"Mightycrevice","comment_count":7,"id":"vu0ykf","post_time":1657250846.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Is it breaking the molecule apart, creating the air? Do these bubbles contain the steam?","title":"Why does boiling water form bubbles at the BOTTOM of the pot?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu0ykf/why_does_boiling_water_form_bubbles_at_the_bottom/","vote_ratio":0.54},"vu1h7g":{"author":"reanukeeves07","comment_count":2,"id":"vu1h7g","post_time":1657252531.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Both my parents are early risers (5-6 a.m. wake-up sans alarm) and two of my three siblings as well as myself are the same. My oldest sister is usually 7:30 - 8:30. It could very well be due to being raised by early risers and personal preference, but genetics are still a possibility, plus that looks suspiciously like a basic double-heterozygous punnet square.","title":"Are sleep patterns controlled by genetics in any way?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu1h7g/are_sleep_patterns_controlled_by_genetics_in_any/","vote_ratio":0.63},"vu1y9y":{"author":"ericstern","comment_count":5,"id":"vu1y9y","post_time":1657254050.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I figured, bears have been observed eating all sorts of human food, and seem to have a sweet tooth just like we do, I wonder if that applies to mammals who have only ever eaten fish their whole lives.","title":"Would marine mammals such as dolphins and belugas enjoy the taste of sugar foods like cake?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu1y9y/would_marine_mammals_such_as_dolphins_and_belugas/","vote_ratio":0.78},"vu27ep":{"author":"An-Orange-Mess","comment_count":4,"id":"vu27ep","post_time":1657254930.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"When I was watching a video essay about the \"mukbang industry\" it explained that some people say that they experience \"vicarious satiation\", where they feel full just by watching these content creators eat. Can it really satiate hunger for some or is it just them convincing themselves that they are not hungry once they have watched those videos?","title":"Is there an effect where watching people eat can make you feel full?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu27ep/is_there_an_effect_where_watching_people_eat_can/","vote_ratio":0.71},"vu3r40":{"author":"parkix","comment_count":17,"id":"vu3r40","post_time":1657260462.0,"score":103,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I've read that most of the world population already has herpes (something like 80-90%) but only a small minority show symptoms (cold sores). In the case of HSV-1 virus, if someone already has the virus, but is asymptomatic (never had any outbreaks, as seems to be the case with most of the population) and gets into contact with cold sores (from a partner), will that person develop symptoms (cold sores) or will the virus continue to be dormant?","title":"Can a dormant herpes virus become active if someone is in contact with cold sores?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu3r40/can_a_dormant_herpes_virus_become_active_if/","vote_ratio":0.88},"vu41fi":{"author":"weeknie","comment_count":0,"id":"vu41fi","post_time":1657261539.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I was reading the wiki page about acardiac twins, which states the following:\n\n> The acardiac twin is a parasitic twin\u00a0that fails to properly develop a heart, and therefore generally does not develop the upper structures of the body.\n\nHow does the lack of development of a heart, hinder the development of the upper body? Why isn't the lower body (as) affected? (generally the legs do grow, just not properly)\n\nDoes it have something to do with the lack of proper oxygenated blood?","title":"Why do acardiac twins mostly fail to develop an upper body?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu41fi/why_do_acardiac_twins_mostly_fail_to_develop_an/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vu47qs":{"author":"Strong_Produce_6501","comment_count":3,"id":"vu47qs","post_time":1657262200.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why do certain plants such as Hibiscus produce and transfer pollen grains even though they don't produce any seed or fruit?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu47qs/why_do_certain_plants_such_as_hibiscus_produce/","vote_ratio":0.5},"vu47v0":{"author":"9183b_34834","comment_count":5,"id":"vu47v0","post_time":1657262213.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I've gotten seven vaccines in the past year or so and it seems that although I feel fine immediately after the injection other than a slightly sore arm at the injection site, after about 9-12 hours the immune symptoms begin to kick in. Chills, fatigue, and generally feeling out of sorts.\n\nWhat specifically is happening during that interval?","title":"What causes the hours-long delay between a vaccine injection and the onset of immune responses symptoms (chills, etc.)?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu47v0/what_causes_the_hourslong_delay_between_a_vaccine/","vote_ratio":0.64},"vu4cuj":{"author":"Prudent_Studio_4453","comment_count":3,"id":"vu4cuj","post_time":1657262751.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"More so, where are they being affected the most?","title":"I used to hear more frogs at night. Is the declining population of insects also impacting invertebrate and amphibians?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu4cuj/i_used_to_hear_more_frogs_at_night_is_the/","vote_ratio":0.54},"vu4tpi":{"author":"cololz1","comment_count":2,"id":"vu4tpi","post_time":1657264598.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"In the literature there have been rising number of studies/reviews done on PSSD (post ssri sexual dysfunction), with the recent track since the EMA [accepted it as a syndrome page 5](https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/prac-recommendation/prac-recommendations-signals-adopted-13-16-may-2019-prac-meeting_en.pdf).\n\nsexual dysfunction are atypical from standard sexual dysfunction, symptoms include : \n\n\\-anorgasmia\n\n\\-genital numbness\n\n\\-ejaculatory anahedonia ","title":"How do antidepressant cause semi-permanent sexual dysfunction even after quitting the medication?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu4tpi/how_do_antidepressant_cause_semipermanent_sexual/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vu54y4":{"author":"CampaignImmediate683","comment_count":10,"id":"vu54y4","post_time":1657265892.0,"score":26,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Apparently Tsunamis can go up to 800-900 km/h, are there any video of this?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu54y4/apparently_tsunamis_can_go_up_to_800900_kmh_are/","vote_ratio":0.85},"vu56wi":{"author":"bavtersaurus","comment_count":4,"id":"vu56wi","post_time":1657266129.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I believe that breast milk is very important for a baby\u2019s development, but would there be any physiological benefit for a person to continue drinking it well into adult life if that was a viable option (assuming you replace a persons normal consumption of cow\u2019s milk)? \n\nDo the benefits that a baby experiences stop when they stop growing and at what point in a humans life would that be?","title":"Are there any benefits of continuing to drink breast milk long past infancy?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu56wi/are_there_any_benefits_of_continuing_to_drink/","vote_ratio":0.29},"vu6u9p":{"author":"Shanghai_Banjo","comment_count":10,"id":"vu6u9p","post_time":1657273088.0,"score":18,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Would a human being find swimming in liquid water easier or more difficult on a high gravity planet?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu6u9p/would_a_human_being_find_swimming_in_liquid_water/","vote_ratio":0.91},"vu75gj":{"author":"SHJPEM","comment_count":18,"id":"vu75gj","post_time":1657274404.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Does voluntary exposure to germs increase your immunity against them?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu75gj/does_voluntary_exposure_to_germs_increase_your/","vote_ratio":0.84},"vu7qju":{"author":"bendiksen00","comment_count":7,"id":"vu7qju","post_time":1657276682.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"is nicotine a blood thinner?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu7qju/is_nicotine_a_blood_thinner/","vote_ratio":0.5},"vu7wke":{"author":"HayNakoRed","comment_count":3,"id":"vu7wke","post_time":1657277368.0,"score":37,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"So much happens in the body during regular sleep. Is there anything going on during a 20-minute nap?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu7wke/so_much_happens_in_the_body_during_regular_sleep/","vote_ratio":0.89},"vu9ljq":{"author":"Finn_Storm","comment_count":17,"id":"vu9ljq","post_time":1657283140.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"With humans, if the placenta is left in the woman it can cause harm so it is removed. However, animals can't do this.\n\nSimilarly, whilst not life-threatening, the umbilical cord can still be a danger if left unattended.","title":"How do mammals deal with placenta and the umbilical cord?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu9ljq/how_do_mammals_deal_with_placenta_and_the/","vote_ratio":0.75},"vu9q21":{"author":"neenonay","comment_count":277,"id":"vu9q21","post_time":1657283541.0,"score":2489,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"What happens to a virus if the host that it lives in dies? Does it decompose with the body?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu9q21/what_happens_to_a_virus_if_the_host_that_it_lives/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vu9rrg":{"author":"Booomhaver","comment_count":457,"id":"vu9rrg","post_time":1657283700.0,"score":2356,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"If you take rabies vaccine right after getting bit by a rabid animal, can the vaccine help?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu9rrg/if_you_take_rabies_vaccine_right_after_getting/","vote_ratio":0.93},"vu9uwv":{"author":"grondboontjiebotter","comment_count":6,"id":"vu9uwv","post_time":1657283986.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Or put differently what changes in your body as you get fit?","title":"What is cardiovascular fitness on a physiological level?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu9uwv/what_is_cardiovascular_fitness_on_a_physiological/","vote_ratio":0.64},"vu9uy6":{"author":"stagistadirepubblica","comment_count":47,"id":"vu9uy6","post_time":1657283989.0,"score":290,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Can they see smaller things than us? How small?","title":"Can insects see very small things like bacteria?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu9uy6/can_insects_see_very_small_things_like_bacteria/","vote_ratio":0.9},"vu9z46":{"author":"option8","comment_count":14,"id":"vu9z46","post_time":1657284373.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Radio, X-rays, and visible light are different wavelengths on the same EM spectrum. Could a modified chlorophyll molecule perform photosynthesis from a radio source instead of visible light?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu9z46/radio_xrays_and_visible_light_are_different/","vote_ratio":0.87},"vua95u":{"author":"No-Mango5939","comment_count":1,"id":"vua95u","post_time":1657285247.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Coming for summer break back home, I noticed my hands got super wrinkly after a 20\u2019 bath, something that doesn\u2019t happen as fast and intense at school. Now I\u2019m guessing water isn\u2019t wetter than in the Netherlands, but something surely is different. \n\nCan it be from different substances in the water treatment? If so, which ones? If not, why?","title":"Can different water types increase how wrinkly your hands get after a bath?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vua95u/can_different_water_types_increase_how_wrinkly/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vuaa7m":{"author":"msief","comment_count":4,"id":"vuaa7m","post_time":1657285334.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"What about bird species?","title":"Are there more extinct species than living species?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vuaa7m/are_there_more_extinct_species_than_living_species/","vote_ratio":0.88},"vuc0ul":{"author":"nathan500","comment_count":2,"id":"vuc0ul","post_time":1657290393.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Is the idea of an ether resurgent now that quantum studies argue for quantum fields? Are they at all similar?","title":"What is the difference between the old idea of an electromagnetic ether and the theory of quantum fields?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vuc0ul/what_is_the_difference_between_the_old_idea_of_an/","vote_ratio":0.7},"vucj8s":{"author":"inucune","comment_count":3,"id":"vucj8s","post_time":1657291843.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I understand that a bone marrow transplant is a common treatment for leukemia. \n\nI also understand that there is screening for any issues with the donor tissue.\n\nFor the purpose of this question, if a person who is getting a bone marrow transplant for a non-cancer related issue (such as aplastic anemia), could this transmit leukemia from the donor to the recipient?","title":"Can a bone marrow transplant transmit leukemia?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vucj8s/can_a_bone_marrow_transplant_transmit_leukemia/","vote_ratio":0.66},"vuckjp":{"author":"crocnahalf","comment_count":45,"id":"vuckjp","post_time":1657291947.0,"score":124,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Given that stars are mostly made of the same stuff (hydrogen and helium) and gravity is only dependent on mass, I figured equal stellar masses would have similar densities.","title":"May be a dumb question, but do stars of the same mass also have the same volume?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vuckjp/may_be_a_dumb_question_but_do_stars_of_the_same/","vote_ratio":0.86},"vucn9s":{"author":"NickYuk","comment_count":1,"id":"vucn9s","post_time":1657292160.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"There\u2019s a ton of brood parasites in solitary bees, it\u2019s been estimated to have 15 origins. But in apiod wasps it\u2019s only developed twice in the Crabronidae family. Why is there such a huge discrepancy between the two when they are so closely related?","title":"Brood parasitism in wasps?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vucn9s/brood_parasitism_in_wasps/","vote_ratio":0.5},"vuhwm2":{"author":"ryanasimov","comment_count":20,"id":"vuhwm2","post_time":1657306339.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"For example, imagine a bullet leaving a gun barrel. If an instrument was sensitive enough to measure the distance between the bullet and the ground, would you be able to record a drop in the first meter? Centimeter? Millimeter? Planck length?","title":"How much does gravity affect moving objects at extremely short distances?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vuhwm2/how_much_does_gravity_affect_moving_objects_at/","vote_ratio":0.73},"vul2o1":{"author":"whambamthankyoumaan","comment_count":70,"id":"vul2o1","post_time":1657315005.0,"score":286,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Like, i know it sounds dumb, but I dont really know what they would be made of. Like, if I look at a diamond, I know it's carbon. If we talk about air, ik its oxygen, nitrogen, etc, etc. But what are rocks made of?","title":"What are rocks made of?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vul2o1/what_are_rocks_made_of/","vote_ratio":0.88},"vumexi":{"author":"_Zouth","comment_count":10,"id":"vumexi","post_time":1657318675.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I'm from northern Europe and currently visiting souther Europe where temperatures are currently ~30 degrees celsius during daytime. Temperatures that I'm not used to at home. I can only step outside for a few minutes before I'm sweating quite heavily. Meanwhile I see the locals walking around wearing full lenght pants, long sleeved shirts etc. looking like they're completely unaffected by the heath. Would I be more acclimated to the heath (i.e. sweat less) if I were to stay here for longer periods of time? If so, how long?","title":"Do humans become more acclimated (sweating less) to high temperatures when living in warmer countries for long periods of time?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vumexi/do_humans_become_more_acclimated_sweating_less_to/","vote_ratio":0.93},"vunmmh":{"author":"None","comment_count":14,"id":"vunmmh","post_time":1657322071.0,"score":13,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"So often people talk about what animals are closest to us (chimps, monkeys, etc) but I've never really heard of someone talking about the most unrelated animal to us. So, in terms of what would be commonly referred to as an animal in every-day talk (so no single-celled organisms or things like that), what is furthest from us?\n\nEdit: For clarity, by \"animal in every-day talk\" I just mean no single celled organisms, bacteria, etc. Things that are just so obviously far from us because they're so simple. Things like insects, sponges, etc all count. I eliminate them simply because while most likely correct, it's just not an interesting answer, and most people not in the scientific field wouldn't consider a bacteria to even be an animal in any way. For the sake of what discussion can be drawn from this, I want more interesting answers than the very obvious.","title":"What Animal is Genetically Furthest from Humans?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vunmmh/what_animal_is_genetically_furthest_from_humans/","vote_ratio":0.84},"vunz2p":{"author":"Ok_loop","comment_count":3,"id":"vunz2p","post_time":1657323050.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I was thinking about the JWST and it\u2019s incredibly extreme temperature gradient from heat-shield side to cryo-cooled instrument block, all over a physical space of maybe a few meters. \n\nIs the fundamental limit to how fast a temperature can change based of a plank length, or something else? I suppose it must be linked to fundamental forces and atomic motion, but I can\u2019t really get an intuitive sense of what might limit the speed of temperature change. \n\nCheers!","title":"How fast can temperature change?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vunz2p/how_fast_can_temperature_change/","vote_ratio":0.78},"vuobkj":{"author":"TexasIsForRednecks","comment_count":3,"id":"vuobkj","post_time":1657324114.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"So I use Indoxacarb fire ant bait on the colony and I see the workers carry the bait inside the mound.  Then on avg 3 days later the mound is dead.  The pesticide supposedly is fed to the queen and the colony dies.  But how?  Do they all just starve?  Or shutdown like the Borg? Or do they relocate and find a new queen?","title":"What happens to a fireant colony when the queen dies?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vuobkj/what_happens_to_a_fireant_colony_when_the_queen/","vote_ratio":0.86},"vuogxy":{"author":"Charlito1","comment_count":7,"id":"vuogxy","post_time":1657324562.0,"score":26,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Let\u2019s say if you are in a store and a single airborne COVID virus gets into your system. Would you get less sick than someone who gets directly sneezed on and a thousand COVID viruses get in your system? \n\nI\u2019m curious if it only takes one single virus and the amount doesn\u2019t really matter since in both cases the virus would still multiply a lot anyways.","title":"Does the amount of exposure to a sick person increase your level of sickness?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vuogxy/does_the_amount_of_exposure_to_a_sick_person/","vote_ratio":0.66},"vutds3":{"author":"LurkerFailsLurking","comment_count":3,"id":"vutds3","post_time":1657340329.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"When magma oozes up from the mantle at divergent plate boundaries or from hot spots like Hawaii, they form \"oceanic plate material\" that's low in silicates.\n\nThen that stuff gets subducted under continental plates where it melts and bubbles back up but now when that lava comes out it forms high silicate \"continental plate material\".\n\nBut why? Where did the first cratons come from and why does continental plate material ever form? Why isn't it all oceanic plate material?","title":"why did the first cratons form and why do continental plates exist?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vutds3/why_did_the_first_cratons_form_and_why_do/","vote_ratio":0.77},"vutlqz":{"author":"marksills","comment_count":178,"id":"vutlqz","post_time":1657341088.0,"score":525,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"A common refrain when small injuries (like a tweak to a back muscle) occur is to take ibuprofen, which in theory reduces inflammation. But from my understanding, inflammation is your body's natural reaction to an injury and is meant to heal you. So while they may have short term pain relief effects, are these drugs slowing the healing process? How does this apply to non NSAID pain relievers such as Tylenol?","title":"Do Anti-inflamatory medications slow the healing process?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vutlqz/do_antiinflamatory_medications_slow_the_healing/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vutngm":{"author":"pillowtalkingtonoone","comment_count":29,"id":"vutngm","post_time":1657341260.0,"score":141,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"When first making a vaccine, how do scientists extract (harvest?) a virus and make it administrable to humans? After a vaccine is successfully made, can it just be made synthetically from then on?","title":"\u201cIn 1796, Edward Jenner, considered the founder of vaccinology in the West, successfully inoculated an eight-year-old boy against smallpox using vaccinia virus\u2014from cowpox.\u201d How?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vutngm/in_1796_edward_jenner_considered_the_founder_of/","vote_ratio":0.89},"vutwmc":{"author":"fanglife","comment_count":20,"id":"vutwmc","post_time":1657342184.0,"score":28,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How is memory related to intelligence?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vutwmc/how_is_memory_related_to_intelligence/","vote_ratio":0.74},"vutxsp":{"author":"Clay_Pigeon","comment_count":78,"id":"vutxsp","post_time":1657342306.0,"score":169,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"It seems to me that it might take many rotations at the surface to start the bit spinning against the rock, and that the extremely long shank of the drill gets twisted up somewhat. I probably have some bad assumptions.","title":"In oil/gas drilling, how is torque applied effectively to the drill bit a mile or more below the surface? Is there a significant spring effect on the shank?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vutxsp/in_oilgas_drilling_how_is_torque_applied/","vote_ratio":0.9},"vutxwh":{"author":"MrInfinitumEnd","comment_count":399,"id":"vutxwh","post_time":1657342316.0,"score":4018,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why are there hydrating creams, gels etc for the skin of the face and the body? Doesn't water get to every skin tissue to hydrate it?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vutxwh/why_are_there_hydrating_creams_gels_etc_for_the/","vote_ratio":0.94},"vuu4wx":{"author":"Nianarl","comment_count":10,"id":"vuu4wx","post_time":1657343024.0,"score":32,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"For example, would a massive solar flare leave any record of itself? Radiation in rocks, or that sort of thing? Is there any way to know about the history of solar flares or increased solar activity other than written human records?","title":"Does solar activity leave terrestrial records?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vuu4wx/does_solar_activity_leave_terrestrial_records/","vote_ratio":0.78},"vuzp8r":{"author":"steel_sun","comment_count":14,"id":"vuzp8r","post_time":1657366260.0,"score":32,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Do birds of the same species in different geographical areas have variance in their calls like humans have different dialects? Why or why not?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vuzp8r/do_birds_of_the_same_species_in_different/","vote_ratio":0.78},"vv25r9":{"author":"JustQsTime","comment_count":28,"id":"vv25r9","post_time":1657374703.0,"score":16,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"This is an issue raised by many friends of mine that I find have a tendency towards the conspiratorial.\nI'd be interested where I could find some relevant data on the efficacy of lockdowns at managing the pandemic.","title":"How effective were the COVID-19 lockdowns?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vv25r9/how_effective_were_the_covid19_lockdowns/","vote_ratio":0.63},"vv431x":{"author":"PaddleMonkey","comment_count":16,"id":"vv431x","post_time":1657380373.0,"score":24,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"If two different viruses invade one cell, which virus wins?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vv431x/if_two_different_viruses_invade_one_cell_which/","vote_ratio":0.76},"vv6utt":{"author":"Scarlett_is_here","comment_count":14,"id":"vv6utt","post_time":1657388310.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I have two books in physics of the same class, one of 2021 and one of 2017 but they have one contradicting information, the one in 2017 says \n\n> With echo of sound bats can move easily, they cannot see through their eyes. \n\nIn the book of 2021, \n\n> Bats have eyes, they can actually see very well with it. \n\n(Translated by me, very poorly.) \n\nWhich ones correct? \n\nAlso Why do they say you're blind as a bat?","title":"are bats actually blind or is it just a myth and do they have really good eyesight, if so why do they use sound to move around which causes them to die on power lines, which they can see with their eyes?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vv6utt/are_bats_actually_blind_or_is_it_just_a_myth_and/","vote_ratio":0.65},"vv9167":{"author":"Skate4needsLIDAR","comment_count":83,"id":"vv9167","post_time":1657394575.0,"score":1565,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why would the immune system attack the eyes, if it knew they were there?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vv9167/why_would_the_immune_system_attack_the_eyes_if_it/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vvayl8":{"author":"GuRoux_","comment_count":5,"id":"vvayl8","post_time":1657400166.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"As far as I understand, the light from the sun is scattered with a bias towards certain polarization angles. But, the sunlight is randomly polarized and the molecules in the air are randomly oriented, so how does this bias come about?","title":"How does rayleigh scattering polarize light?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvayl8/how_does_rayleigh_scattering_polarize_light/","vote_ratio":0.75},"vvbp6j":{"author":"Gromflake","comment_count":97,"id":"vvbp6j","post_time":1657402341.0,"score":2131,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"When you're infected with a virus, what percentage of your body's cells actually contain the virus?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvbp6j/when_youre_infected_with_a_virus_what_percentage/","vote_ratio":0.93},"vvcawp":{"author":"dog3000baby","comment_count":1,"id":"vvcawp","post_time":1657404106.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Hello everyone,\n\n&#x200B;\n\nI have been learning about Piaget recently through the Introduction to Psychology Yale course ([https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL6A08EB4EEFF3E91F](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL6A08EB4EEFF3E91F)) and I was wondering if it would be possible, maybe through a set of tailored puzzles, to accelerate a child's advancement through Piaget's developmental stages.\n\n \n\n\\- Is there a physical limit for this (possibly that children gain these abilities not only through assimilation with their environment but also the physical growth of brain, therefore such puzzles/toys would not be effective as the child does not have the physical brain capacity to advance in their developmental stage yet?)\n\n&#x200B;\n\nAny studies/videos regarding this topic would be greatly appreciated, let me know what you all think.","title":"Is the acceleration of Piaget developmental stages possible?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvcawp/is_the_acceleration_of_piaget_developmental/","vote_ratio":1.0},"vvcr16":{"author":"AugustineBlackwater","comment_count":8,"id":"vvcr16","post_time":1657405414.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Is there any actual cases of \u2018If you don\u2019t move they can\u2019t see you\u2019 in nature and if so, why?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvcr16/is_there_any_actual_cases_of_if_you_dont_move/","vote_ratio":1.0},"vvd8rc":{"author":"rasputinette","comment_count":4,"id":"vvd8rc","post_time":1657406886.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"So, one of the dangers of Covid is that it will cause a cytokine storm, and the storm - not the virus - will kill the victim. At the same time, however, Covid is especially dangerous to immunocompromised people. How does the infection work, that both having a \"strong\" immune system and a \"weak\" one makes a person extra-vulnerable?","title":"Why is Covid dangerous both to immunocompromised people, and via cytokine storms?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvd8rc/why_is_covid_dangerous_both_to_immunocompromised/","vote_ratio":0.5},"vvedx4":{"author":"Inlhia","comment_count":3,"id":"vvedx4","post_time":1657410380.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Also, why do they continually grow instead of staying the same size at a certain age?","title":"Why do tree rings equal one year?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvedx4/why_do_tree_rings_equal_one_year/","vote_ratio":0.71},"vvgxzn":{"author":"Spiritual_Age_4992","comment_count":6,"id":"vvgxzn","post_time":1657418623.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"*Observations:\n\nEvery time I trim my body hair, it grows back.\n\nNow there can be two possible explanations for this:\n\n*Explanation 1:\n\nBody hair growth is continuous and hair grows indefinitely long if left ungroomed.\n\nBut I know this is not true, because for the first 18 years of my ife I never trimmed any hair, but they still didn't grow further after reaching a certain size.\n\n*Explation 2:\n\nThere is some sort of feedback mechanism that let's the hair root cells know that the hair has been trimmed and they grow enough to compensate for the exact length that has been lost.\n\n*Question:\n\nBut if hair is made of dead cells, how exactly can the body tell if that particular strand of hair has been cut\n\n(I tried cutting out a patch of hair for this purpose and it grew to the same length as well after a few weeks)\n\nAnd the exact length to which it has been cut?\n\n....\n\nI specifically put body hair in my question because I've never tested our the full limit of head hair, so I assumed it grows indefinitely.","title":"How does body hair know what length to grow to?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvgxzn/how_does_body_hair_know_what_length_to_grow_to/","vote_ratio":0.82},"vvhero":{"author":"tasmaniansyrup","comment_count":3,"id":"vvhero","post_time":1657420184.0,"score":22,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"It's widely known that the alveoli have a massive total surface area (70-100 m\\^2) in order to transmit oxygen to the bloodstream. What about the passages in the lungs that transmit the air to the alveoli but don't participate in gas exchange? Is their total surface area known?","title":"What is the total surface area of the bronchioles/bronchi (not alveoli) in a typical human lung?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvhero/what_is_the_total_surface_area_of_the/","vote_ratio":0.75},"vvidcm":{"author":"Teri_Windwalker","comment_count":3,"id":"vvidcm","post_time":1657423356.0,"score":24,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Is the virus specifically giving instructions that are interpreted as \"raised, blister-matted skin\" or is it something that human body would already make in response to skin damage and is simply being \"tricked\" into doing so?","title":"How does Herpes (cold sores) actually cause the body to create the structure it is known for?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvidcm/how_does_herpes_cold_sores_actually_cause_the/","vote_ratio":0.84},"vviokv":{"author":"ReadingIt_","comment_count":3,"id":"vviokv","post_time":1657424440.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I can see how the parts of your body made of cells might know how to shape themselves, but teeth are mostly just minerals. How does your body know how shape something that isn\u2019t made of cells?","title":"How does your body know what shape to make your teeth?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vviokv/how_does_your_body_know_what_shape_to_make_your/","vote_ratio":0.84},"vvqnk3":{"author":"__Catfish__Obama","comment_count":8,"id":"vvqnk3","post_time":1657456822.0,"score":17,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"What is a metric of measuring a persons metabolism ?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvqnk3/what_is_a_metric_of_measuring_a_persons_metabolism/","vote_ratio":0.73},"vvsxof":{"author":"bengarrr","comment_count":116,"id":"vvsxof","post_time":1657464167.0,"score":1732,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Are there any large terrestrial exoplanets with an accretion disk similar to Saturn's?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvsxof/are_there_any_large_terrestrial_exoplanets_with/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vvszsb":{"author":"existntialMelancholy","comment_count":3,"id":"vvszsb","post_time":1657464346.0,"score":124,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Hi there, I am doing some research on micro bubbling technology used in water-treatment. One term that comes across very frequently is gas-liquid mass transfer. Right now, my interpretation of this term is the rate at which gas in the bubble dissolves and transfers to the liquid or the water body. Is this accurate? I am struggling to find a simple to understand explanation of the term through goggle searches.","title":"What is gas-liquid mass transfer in the context of bubbles?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvszsb/what_is_gasliquid_mass_transfer_in_the_context_of/","vote_ratio":0.84},"vvul6s":{"author":"LeekMajor5391","comment_count":22,"id":"vvul6s","post_time":1657468926.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I\u2019ve recently started getting migraines after being in the sun too much and I can\u2019t find anywhere anything that explains what a mirgaine actually is","title":"What are migraines specifically?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvul6s/what_are_migraines_specifically/","vote_ratio":0.82},"vvuuyp":{"author":"LadyDriverKW","comment_count":21,"id":"vvuuyp","post_time":1657469701.0,"score":34,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"[Water Quality numbers](https://imgur.com/a/PeUDIQU) \n\nThe kettle boils between .5L and 1.7L at a time.\n\nThis is to settle a longstanding marital disagreement.","title":"Our water is hard. If we want to minimize limescale deposits in our electric kettle, is it better to only boil the amount of water we need or to boil a kettle full every time?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvuuyp/our_water_is_hard_if_we_want_to_minimize/","vote_ratio":0.86},"vvvenq":{"author":"MERmook","comment_count":4,"id":"vvvenq","post_time":1657471257.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"It seems most vertebrates and invertebrates utilise some form of a cloaca for excretion and reproduction; what led mammals to developing differently? Is there a reason we need multiple ways of releasing waste?","title":"Why don\u2019t mammals typically have a cloaca?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvvenq/why_dont_mammals_typically_have_a_cloaca/","vote_ratio":0.75},"vvw10g":{"author":"thetimujin","comment_count":60,"id":"vvw10g","post_time":1657472990.0,"score":205,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Is there a particular reason human ears are shaped like that? Other animals like cats or cows don't have it nearly as weird and complicated.","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvw10g/is_there_a_particular_reason_human_ears_are/","vote_ratio":0.91},"vvwf3t":{"author":"ZantetsukenX","comment_count":6,"id":"vvwf3t","post_time":1657474078.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I realize the answer is precipitation, but is there truly so much water being converted from air/clouds into liquid every day that rivers don't quickly run dry after a set of time (years/decades)?","title":"If rivers are constantly flowing and eventually end up in the ocean how do they last for thousands of years without running out of water from their source?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvwf3t/if_rivers_are_constantly_flowing_and_eventually/","vote_ratio":0.53},"vvwwnb":{"author":"phalseprofits","comment_count":8,"id":"vvwwnb","post_time":1657475427.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Like cranberry juice- what process are they using to remove the calories without it tasting horribly tart? I didn\u2019t see any added artificial sweeteners in the ingredients which is how I assumed it was done.","title":"How do they reduce calories in juice?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvwwnb/how_do_they_reduce_calories_in_juice/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vvxm22":{"author":"None","comment_count":7,"id":"vvxm22","post_time":1657477373.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"e.g. if a flash of light was 50ms would the naked eye + brain perceive it? What duration would we not be able to detect the flash of light?","title":"How fast (duration) does a flash of light have to be before we can detect it?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvxm22/how_fast_duration_does_a_flash_of_light_have_to/","vote_ratio":0.73},"vvxw1p":{"author":"FermatSim","comment_count":2,"id":"vvxw1p","post_time":1657478160.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I've been vaccinated 3 times against SARS-COV2 (Pfizer-Pfizer-Moderna) without a breakthrough infection so far; the fourth jab would be available for me but I'm hesitant to train my immune system again against the Wuhan-type of the Spike protein when it has mutated so much over the years, culminating in all the Omicron variants. Original Antigenic sin is a concern for me.\n\nSo my question is, of all the other available surface epitopes of the virus, how much mutation has been going on there? I would wager that the Spike protein faces the most evolutionary pressure right now with the amount of vaccinated people. Are other surface antigens as variable?\n\nWhat would be the advantages/disadvantages of an inactivated vaccine (e.g. *Valneva*) for a fourth vaccination?","title":"How different are SARS-CoV2 Omicron surface antigens other than the spike protein compared to the (Wuhan) wild type?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvxw1p/how_different_are_sarscov2_omicron_surface/","vote_ratio":0.58},"vvxx7n":{"author":"otako_gamer1937","comment_count":7,"id":"vvxx7n","post_time":1657478248.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"so,when a star dies it changes to a black hole or a neutron star ,so, there's any signs that the star gonna be a black hole or a neutron star?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvxx7n/sowhen_a_star_dies_it_changes_to_a_black_hole_or/","vote_ratio":0.48},"vvy039":{"author":"lawrence1998","comment_count":17,"id":"vvy039","post_time":1657478474.0,"score":35,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I know that cancer can spread to other parts of the body but why does it take so long and why does it sometimes not happen at all?  \n\n\n Wouldn't just a few cells moving through the body be enough to \"infect\" another part of the body?","title":"Why doesn't cancer instantly spread to the entire body like other diseases?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvy039/why_doesnt_cancer_instantly_spread_to_the_entire/","vote_ratio":0.8},"vvylv5":{"author":"Next-Ad-7267","comment_count":1,"id":"vvylv5","post_time":1657480162.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Does the South Atlantic Anomaly produce any measurable increased exposure to ionizing radiation to humans?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvylv5/does_the_south_atlantic_anomaly_produce_any/","vote_ratio":0.74},"vvyo1e":{"author":"MrInfinitumEnd","comment_count":40,"id":"vvyo1e","post_time":1657480325.0,"score":59,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"If the phenomenon is real, are there perceived differences in the brain, body and behavior of the individuals that have it?","title":"Is the phenomenon of 'photographic memory' real? If so what were the differences of the brain of the individual from an average individual?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvyo1e/is_the_phenomenon_of_photographic_memory_real_if/","vote_ratio":0.83},"vvypy7":{"author":"6ran9eee","comment_count":102,"id":"vvypy7","post_time":1657480476.0,"score":555,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I was practicing taekwondo and I suddenly remembered that it\u2019s not our sweat that smells but the bacteria that consumes it does and we never have mold grow in our armpits similar to when food gets moldy, why is that? Is it simply because our sweat contains salt and water? Is it a different bacteria?\nEdit: Guys, I practice good hygiene like any reasonable human would. Quit being rude by telling me to \u201cshower more often\u201d or \u201cclean your pits,\u201d I thought about it because of the sweat that was falling on my face and my mind wandered from there.","title":"Why do we get mold in other warm and moist areas but not in our armpits?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvypy7/why_do_we_get_mold_in_other_warm_and_moist_areas/","vote_ratio":0.88},"vw0r4q":{"author":"izactuallydolan","comment_count":10,"id":"vw0r4q","post_time":1657486136.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"When we \"observe\" photons, they behave a different way, this is the \"spookiness\" and the lynchpin of quantum physics. Is applying the energy to the photon what causes the wave function to collapse? Or is it \"seeing\" it, like a thief having a 20% chance to of being in one of five houses, but that probability \"collapsing\" when we catch him in one specific house? Does that means Schrodinger's Thief isn't really in all 5 houses at once, right? Is the cat just a thought experiment to show absurd consequences of Copenhagen? \n\nIs observing/applying energy the same problem with a hypothetical graviton? Like if we abstract out a graviton, we can't measure it without adding to energy to it, which adds to the mass, which adds to the gravity, etc etc etc?  \n\nEDIT: grammars","title":"Are wave-particle duality and \"quantum\" gravity just observation and measurement problems?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vw0r4q/are_waveparticle_duality_and_quantum_gravity_just/","vote_ratio":0.44},"vw2ni0":{"author":"Fop_Vndone","comment_count":97,"id":"vw2ni0","post_time":1657491437.0,"score":1538,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Are smell/taste memories as fallible as memories of feelings and events?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vw2ni0/are_smelltaste_memories_as_fallible_as_memories/","vote_ratio":0.93},"vw2rk3":{"author":"deputymcnugget","comment_count":25,"id":"vw2rk3","post_time":1657491758.0,"score":97,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I can see how they do it with more basic reactions like double replacement, synthesis, etc., but I\u2019m curious how people can predict specific chemical reactions.","title":"How do chemists figure out the stoichiometry/outcome of complicated reactions before doing them?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vw2rk3/how_do_chemists_figure_out_the/","vote_ratio":0.82},"vw4hbv":{"author":"Iwantmorelife","comment_count":4,"id":"vw4hbv","post_time":1657496829.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"What determines the different colors and makeup of sand on different beaches?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vw4hbv/what_determines_the_different_colors_and_makeup/","vote_ratio":0.81},"vw7z6j":{"author":"LawnShame","comment_count":5,"id":"vw7z6j","post_time":1657507708.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Presumably every other discharge including exhalation from one person can infect others fairly easily. What about farts?","title":"Can human infections be passed on by flatulence?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vw7z6j/can_human_infections_be_passed_on_by_flatulence/","vote_ratio":0.5},"vwbfv9":{"author":"Angel_thebro","comment_count":20,"id":"vwbfv9","post_time":1657519751.0,"score":16,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I've always wondered why some types of cancer are more common than others. Especially breast cancer, what is it about the cells there that make easier to get cancer there than in other parts of the body? I know lot of cancer can be directly caused by someone's lifestyle like lung cancer for smokers, and I can kind of guess at ovarian and testicular cancer being common because I'd guess that since that region is just really like used a lot, with a lot of specialized stuff happening there all the time it makes sense.","title":"Why are some types of cancer more common?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwbfv9/why_are_some_types_of_cancer_more_common/","vote_ratio":0.77},"vwd6hx":{"author":"Kingofj1234","comment_count":17,"id":"vwd6hx","post_time":1657526942.0,"score":37,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Probably a stupid question","title":"Has there been any carnivores that evolved into herbivores, and vice versa? Plus how would it be possible?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwd6hx/has_there_been_any_carnivores_that_evolved_into/","vote_ratio":0.86},"vwe27g":{"author":"Minilychee","comment_count":4,"id":"vwe27g","post_time":1657530840.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"My understanding is that RNA polymerase runs along the template DNA strand during transcription, pumping out a strand of RNA identical to the coding strand. But I was wondering if the coding strand can only be that, or if it is also used as a template strand every once in a while. Do the two strands switch roles? It seems like a simple question, but I can't seem to get a clear answer through google.","title":"Is the coding strand of DNA ever transcribed?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwe27g/is_the_coding_strand_of_dna_ever_transcribed/","vote_ratio":0.72},"vwes4u":{"author":"NonHealingUlcer","comment_count":2,"id":"vwes4u","post_time":1657533889.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Is adrenaline always effective for anaphylaxis?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwes4u/is_adrenaline_always_effective_for_anaphylaxis/","vote_ratio":0.75},"vwhj6x":{"author":"EVOSexyBeast","comment_count":24,"id":"vwhj6x","post_time":1657543409.0,"score":88,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I understand an early miscarriage is often induced by a chromosomal abnormality, but how does the body know there is a chromosomal abnormality? And then how does the body proceed to expel the fetus? Is it just the fetus \"falling out\" or does the body intentionally and actively push out the fetus? If the latter, what are the physiological processes involved and how do they work?","title":"What are the physiological processes in a woman's body responsible for inducing and performing the expulsion of a fetus during a miscarriage?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwhj6x/what_are_the_physiological_processes_in_a_womans/","vote_ratio":0.81},"vwhkay":{"author":"GeekYogurt","comment_count":3,"id":"vwhkay","post_time":1657543505.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why are the planets in our system so different from each other? You\u2019d think at least a couple would have developed the same/looked alike.","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwhkay/why_are_the_planets_in_our_system_so_different/","vote_ratio":0.48},"vwirml":{"author":"GavinThePacMan","comment_count":312,"id":"vwirml","post_time":1657547005.0,"score":6805,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"When you \"feel\" the sun beating down on you, is that some part of your body reacting to radiation rather than the normal sense of warmth carried via conduction or convection?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwirml/when_you_feel_the_sun_beating_down_on_you_is_that/","vote_ratio":0.96},"vwjd1d":{"author":"General_Elephant","comment_count":6,"id":"vwjd1d","post_time":1657548647.0,"score":16,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"How does our immune system transfer genetic information about identified viruses and bacteria to future generations of white blood cells and other immune system functions? Does it get transferred, and if so, how can we develop a persistent immunity to something like polio?\n\nHow are white blood cells recycled by the body? Does the genetic data coded by these WBCs get lost? \n\nIt is my understanding that WBCs encode some of the genetic material it breaks down to help identify future threats, but WBCs don't live forever, so what happens to this captured genetic material?","title":"How do white blood cells replicate immunity between generations?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwjd1d/how_do_white_blood_cells_replicate_immunity/","vote_ratio":0.84},"vwjylm":{"author":"proboardslolv5","comment_count":6,"id":"vwjylm","post_time":1657550289.0,"score":23,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I see variants of coronavirus with labels like B.1.617.2 (Delta) and B.1.1.529 (Omicron), and then for Omicron there are subvariants like BA.1, BA.2, etc.\n\nIs this classification system unique to SARS-CoV-2? What does B mean? What does each number mean? Do they use this same classification system for other viruses? Is there a database of viruses with their classification numbers somewhere, along with basic factsheet information like R0 value?","title":"How are Coronavirus classification numbers created, and is there a universal system for all viruses?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwjylm/how_are_coronavirus_classification_numbers/","vote_ratio":0.77},"vwka0g":{"author":"blackinaminute","comment_count":7,"id":"vwka0g","post_time":1657551141.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Do snakes get itchy?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwka0g/do_snakes_get_itchy/","vote_ratio":0.86},"vwmklx":{"author":"Curious_Strike3950","comment_count":5,"id":"vwmklx","post_time":1657557024.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How did the rivers choose their meandering paths on the same soil structure, and how did the rivers choose where they bifurcate?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwmklx/how_did_the_rivers_choose_their_meandering_paths/","vote_ratio":0.5},"vwmsdd":{"author":"theundiscoveredcolor","comment_count":12,"id":"vwmsdd","post_time":1657557568.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"If I understand correctly, the further we peer into the cosmos, the further back in time we see. In that case, wouldn't the cosmic microwave background radiation and the first stars and galaxies then infer that the universe we observe is all there is?\n\nI can understand that there could be a causal horizon, given the perceived flatness of our universe. However, I am hoping that someone can help differentiate between the \"firewall\" of the CMB and the speculative universe beyond what we can see with telescopes.","title":"When physicists or cosmologists say that there may be much more of the universe beyond our \"cosmic horizon\", how is that possible?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwmsdd/when_physicists_or_cosmologists_say_that_there/","vote_ratio":0.84},"vwnss6":{"author":"raimbows","comment_count":1,"id":"vwnss6","post_time":1657560145.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I know many parasites have evolved to rely on a particular host species for part or all of their life cycle; is this common or uncommon for the ones that parasitize us? The only examples of parasites I know of that are dependent on us for survival are certain species of lice and certain intestinal hookworms. I know many other parasites like *Giardia* and *Trypanosoma* can infect a range of host species.","title":"Are parasite species that specifically require a human host rare, or common?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwnss6/are_parasite_species_that_specifically_require_a/","vote_ratio":1.0},"vwpcqn":{"author":"TexasIsForRednecks","comment_count":2,"id":"vwpcqn","post_time":1657564123.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why does the jump in the rate of Uranium enrichment is so much faster going from 20% to 90% vs initially going to 3.5%?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwpcqn/why_does_the_jump_in_the_rate_of_uranium/","vote_ratio":0.75},"vwqp8r":{"author":"lav3nd33r","comment_count":4,"id":"vwqp8r","post_time":1657567526.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why is Plasma usually omitted or not mentioned at all in textbooks or articles about states of aggregation?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwqp8r/why_is_plasma_usually_omitted_or_not_mentioned_at/","vote_ratio":0.61},"vwrn3u":{"author":"Business-Advice7399","comment_count":1,"id":"vwrn3u","post_time":1657569860.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"When you \"feel\" the sun beating down\non you, is that some part of your body\nreacting to radiation rather than the normal\nsense of warmth carried via conduction or\nconvection?","title":"When you \"feel\" the sun beating down on you, is that some part of your body reacting to radiation rather than the normal sense of warmth carried via conduction or convection?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwrn3u/when_you_feel_the_sun_beating_down_on_you_is_that/","vote_ratio":1.0},"vwtml4":{"author":"Jondo_McRondo","comment_count":10,"id":"vwtml4","post_time":1657574822.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Or in other words, does all the matter in the universe account for all the energy?","title":"Is there anywhere in the universe where energy exists without matter?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwtml4/is_there_anywhere_in_the_universe_where_energy/","vote_ratio":0.64},"vwucpa":{"author":"SakanaToDoubutsu","comment_count":1,"id":"vwucpa","post_time":1657576635.0,"score":18,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Likewise for invasive species like Asian carp, lionfish, and snakeheads, where transportation of these species is strictly controlled to prevent further damage, is there any notable speciation between the original native populations and the individuals that exist in the invasive range?","title":"Is there any notable speciation of pest species that reside in urban environments like pigeons, rats, and cockroaches between major cities, countries, or continents? Or does the movement of people, and the inadvertent transportation of individuals of these species, prevent speciation?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwucpa/is_there_any_notable_speciation_of_pest_species/","vote_ratio":0.84},"vwvkvi":{"author":"ragold","comment_count":1,"id":"vwvkvi","post_time":1657579818.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"In the press conference, Joe Biden throws to a NASA official who makes the claim of infinite galaxies.","title":"Are there \u201cunlimited galaxies\u201d in the universe as NASA administrator Nelson claimed today during the James Webb photo unveiling?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwvkvi/are_there_unlimited_galaxies_in_the_universe_as/","vote_ratio":1.0},"vwvuab":{"author":"A_BadNews_Bear","comment_count":2,"id":"vwvuab","post_time":1657580518.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How is it insects can rub their 'eyes' without injuring them, but mammals/etc touching their eyes is damaging?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwvuab/how_is_it_insects_can_rub_their_eyes_without/","vote_ratio":0.75},"vwvx00":{"author":"TheHopelessInfidel","comment_count":4,"id":"vwvx00","post_time":1657580731.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"If you see the latest image by the James Webb telescope:\nhttps://www.reddit.com/r/jameswebbdiscoveries/comments/vwuxzv/first_image_of_the_james_webb_discovery_telescope/?utm_medium=android_app&utm_source=share\n\nThe stars have spikes/flares coming out of them but the galaxies are crisp and clear. Why is that? Is it related to where we are focusing on in the image? \n\nPS: I read somewhere that stars are the ones with flares/spikes. If not please feel free to correct me.","title":"Why do stars have spikes/flares in the James Webb Image?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwvx00/why_do_stars_have_spikesflares_in_the_james_webb/","vote_ratio":0.5},"vwwk3b":{"author":"mikom636","comment_count":17,"id":"vwwk3b","post_time":1657582537.0,"score":9,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"It seems that galaxies have a range of sizes that they come in why the galaxies arranged at that variety of sizes? Why cosmic bodies dont come as an even larger arrengement of matter than galaxies?","title":"Why are galaxies galaxy sized?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwwk3b/why_are_galaxies_galaxy_sized/","vote_ratio":0.72},"vwx9w9":{"author":"bigb0ned","comment_count":12,"id":"vwx9w9","post_time":1657584601.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Can NASA zoom into the closest solar system with the Webb telescope to see planets?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwx9w9/can_nasa_zoom_into_the_closest_solar_system_with/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vwxnpz":{"author":"ctp_user101","comment_count":19,"id":"vwxnpz","post_time":1657585729.0,"score":9,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I just saw new webb space telescope image and have outlined some of the patterns you can see right away.\n\nhttps://i.ibb.co/dQN1sPD/heic1214a.gif","title":"Why aren't all galaxies randomly spread out and instead are clustered in these weird structures?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwxnpz/why_arent_all_galaxies_randomly_spread_out_and/","vote_ratio":0.69},"vwz5wr":{"author":"edgymemesalt","comment_count":2,"id":"vwz5wr","post_time":1657590211.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How come local stars (in the milky way) don't overexpose the JWST's image?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwz5wr/how_come_local_stars_in_the_milky_way_dont/","vote_ratio":0.83},"vwzgmx":{"author":"chetanaik","comment_count":85,"id":"vwzgmx","post_time":1657591108.0,"score":888,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why are infrared telescopes like the JWST critical for observing the early universe? If light from far away is being red-shifted, wouldn't the farthest light eventually be shifted into radio wavelengths making radio telescopes more useful?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwzgmx/why_are_infrared_telescopes_like_the_jwst/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vx03ur":{"author":"Doctrina_Stabilitas","comment_count":4,"id":"vx03ur","post_time":1657592985.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"So I know in a camera that there's a bayer filter that makes color out of a black and white photograph, but for the JWST, it works in near infrared. Some news articles seem to say that it is able to un-red shift images from near infrared, but I assume, since it requires interpolation, that the JWST works in black and white and doesn't have a near infrared bayer filter equivalent. \n\n&#x200B;\n\nSo my question is by what process is a color image generated from near infrared light? If it requires multiple types of wavelengths, how is that collected because I thought that it was a \"black and white\" camera sensitive to all unfiltered wavelengths equally","title":"How does the JSWT take \"color\" photographs?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vx03ur/how_does_the_jswt_take_color_photographs/","vote_ratio":0.8},"vx27ar":{"author":"SilverWolfGames1","comment_count":1,"id":"vx27ar","post_time":1657599481.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Why do starts/planets in a typical galaxy/solar system fall on the same plane?\nWhy aren't they all around making a spherical shape?","title":"Why are most galaxies and solar systems lateral?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vx27ar/why_are_most_galaxies_and_solar_systems_lateral/","vote_ratio":1.0},"vx2ctv":{"author":"LemonAioli","comment_count":60,"id":"vx2ctv","post_time":1657600006.0,"score":106,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"why do we hardly see dead birds (aside from roadkill) where do birds go to die?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vx2ctv/why_do_we_hardly_see_dead_birds_aside_from/","vote_ratio":0.86},"vx2y57":{"author":"slybird","comment_count":3,"id":"vx2y57","post_time":1657602013.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I'm just wondering how galaxies are named. There is a lot of them. Possibly trillions of visible galaxies with this new telescope. Wondering if there is a method. Do most go unnamed or only get named if there is something significant about it?","title":"Is there a method that will be used to name all that galaxies that will be discovered with the Webb telescope?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vx2y57/is_there_a_method_that_will_be_used_to_name_all/","vote_ratio":0.64},"vx3x5w":{"author":"Nedpet","comment_count":9,"id":"vx3x5w","post_time":1657605434.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Observing all the round things in the universe, why are galaxies different?","title":"Why are galaxies not round?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vx3x5w/why_are_galaxies_not_round/","vote_ratio":0.78},"vx4mql":{"author":"MoiJaimeLesCrepes","comment_count":242,"id":"vx4mql","post_time":1657608155.0,"score":1288,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"A friend and I were arguing about the color of a car. I said it was pink. He said it was purple. I'm not a native speaker of English, so I wondered if that had perhaps something to do with it - perhaps my mother tongue delimited pink and purple differently than English. But asking some Americans, I found out that actually the jury was split. This got me thinking...  \n\n\n\\- Are some color boundaries fuzzier / more ambiguous than others? For instance, yellow might not be as contentious a color as others, but that is just my impression. \n\n  \n\\- If some color boundaries are fuzzier than others, is that consistent across languages? For instance, is the boundary between green and blue always fuzzy?\n\n&#x200B;\n\n\\- Are there any biological bases for color definitions, anchored perhaps in color perception and processing?  \n\n\nI realize that this question straddles many disciplines, so I flaired it with Psychology but it could as well have been linguistic, anthropological etc.","title":"How are boundaries between colors defined? Are they a cultural/linguistic/anthropological phenomenon stricto sensu, or are there biological/neurological bases behind color definition?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vx4mql/how_are_boundaries_between_colors_defined_are/","vote_ratio":0.93},"vx5qua":{"author":"Squidgewidge","comment_count":5,"id":"vx5qua","post_time":1657612651.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Does getting tattooed affect your white blood cell count and things like erythrocyte/eosinophil?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vx5qua/does_getting_tattooed_affect_your_white_blood/","vote_ratio":0.64},"vx69rb":{"author":"godcombat","comment_count":2,"id":"vx69rb","post_time":1657614835.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"The brightest object in universe","title":"How are Quasars formed?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vx69rb/how_are_quasars_formed/","vote_ratio":0.57},"vx6m22":{"author":"itengelhardt","comment_count":2,"id":"vx6m22","post_time":1657616243.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I marvel at the first picture taken by James Webb Space Telescope.   \nHowever, I can't help but feel like some galaxies are (sometimes heavily) distorted - just like a long exposure shot that was taken with my DSLR. Meanwhile, other galaxies (that seem to be close to the distorted ones) look crisp. \n\nAm I seeing it wrong? Are these galaxies distorted by gravitational (or other?) effects? \n\n&#x200B;\n\nHere's an image where I added red & yellow arrows to the different galaxies: [https://imgur.com/a/Y5Yk22e](https://imgur.com/a/Y5Yk22e)","title":"In JWST's first picture, why do some galaxies look distorted while others don't?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vx6m22/in_jwsts_first_picture_why_do_some_galaxies_look/","vote_ratio":0.54},"vx9vwq":{"author":"-DoguCat-","comment_count":2,"id":"vx9vwq","post_time":1657628443.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How safe is the James Webb Space Telescope from space debris?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vx9vwq/how_safe_is_the_james_webb_space_telescope_from/","vote_ratio":0.57},"vxbs04":{"author":"HanaHonu","comment_count":16,"id":"vxbs04","post_time":1657633974.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"The first image from the JWST shows thousands of galaxies. NASA's article says that this image \"covers a patch of sky approximately the size of a grain of sand held at arm's length by someone on the ground.\"\n\nIf there are thousands of (even extremely distant) galaxies at every point in the sky (when viewed from Earth), why is the night sky dark in so many places? It seems like it could be bright almost everywhere -  is it just that some are so much closer & brighter, so it looks that way?","title":"Why is so much of the night sky dark, even when there are so many stars/galaxies?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxbs04/why_is_so_much_of_the_night_sky_dark_even_when/","vote_ratio":0.55},"vxc2kj":{"author":"RightWritingRites","comment_count":3,"id":"vxc2kj","post_time":1657634782.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"There are multiple arcs of light spreading from many of the galaxies shown in the deep field image from the James Webb Telescope. From googling I'm understanding that these arcs are generally the result of gravitational lensing caused by a mass outside the focus of the image. My specific question stems from the multiple arcs that aren't concentric.\n\nI've worked to the perhaps invalid understanding that each non-concentric arc must represent a different lense (gravitational mass) How is a single perspective (the telescope) able to focus the light from multiple lenses at once?","title":"What causes the arcs of light in the image from the James Webb telescope?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxc2kj/what_causes_the_arcs_of_light_in_the_image_from/","vote_ratio":0.56},"vxdwsk":{"author":"Coolshirt4","comment_count":14,"id":"vxdwsk","post_time":1657639691.0,"score":18,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Was looking through some Safety Data sheets of a chemical cleaner, and noticed that it said \"Contact with soft metals forms flammable chlorine gas\"\n\n\nSurely \"soft\" can't be just about it's actual hardness, because gold, for example is very soft, but chemically non-reactive.\n\nSo what is \"Soft\" meaning and what metals are \"soft\"","title":"What does \"Soft Metal\" mean in a chemical context?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxdwsk/what_does_soft_metal_mean_in_a_chemical_context/","vote_ratio":0.69},"vxe4lq":{"author":"BellyScratchFTW","comment_count":3,"id":"vxe4lq","post_time":1657640256.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Will the James Webb telescope be able to zoom in on the planets inside of our solar system? Or are the lenses not designed/capable for close viewing?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxe4lq/will_the_james_webb_telescope_be_able_to_zoom_in/","vote_ratio":0.77},"vxe7wj":{"author":"chowder-san","comment_count":13,"id":"vxe7wj","post_time":1657640490.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Assuming there is a frontal collision of 2 cars, are there any differences in safety between heavy trucks and lighter cars?\n\n I mean, there are some claims that due to how rigid the reinforced frame in heavy vehicles is, one is more susceptible to organ damage due to how kinetic energy is transferred. \n\nIn case of lighter ones, they are intentionally made in a way that makes the body and chassis \"absorb\" the energy in order to reduce the damage the crash inflicts on the passengers. \n\nI guess the outcome of a collision could rely on the differences in weight between the participants.\n\nTLDR: would a heavy vehicle be a better option safety wise? Or are there other factors in play?","title":"Car collision physics - are there any differences between heavy trucks (SUVs) and regular ones safety-wise?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxe7wj/car_collision_physics_are_there_any_differences/","vote_ratio":0.78},"vxea2p":{"author":"speece75","comment_count":4,"id":"vxea2p","post_time":1657640650.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"If so, how long would the space telescope need to be pointed at the sun before burning up?  1 minute, 1 hour, 1 day?  \nMaybe this should go to /r/estimation . \nThanks!","title":"If the JWST was pointed at the Sun, would it cook?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxea2p/if_the_jwst_was_pointed_at_the_sun_would_it_cook/","vote_ratio":0.31},"vxeaey":{"author":"measurethisman","comment_count":13,"id":"vxeaey","post_time":1657640675.0,"score":19,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Super excited with these fantastic images! But I am curious about this","title":"With the JWST newly released images, I noticed that the glare of bright objects tend to have a \u201ccross-stitch\u201d pattern. What is this image artifact caused by?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxeaey/with_the_jwst_newly_released_images_i_noticed/","vote_ratio":0.63},"vxeaw1":{"author":"Pussog","comment_count":4,"id":"vxeaw1","post_time":1657640709.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I accidentally spilled dessicant over my greens. As it's saturated calcium chloride I thought it'd be good to submerge and thoroughly rinse a couple of times to get rid of it. Now I've ran an ISO extract on it, it isn't fully solidifying like it normally would. Could this be leftover dessicant? Or could it be due to water/ISO that has refused to fully evaporate?","title":"Did I get rid of calcium chloride dessicant properly?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxeaw1/did_i_get_rid_of_calcium_chloride_dessicant/","vote_ratio":0.48},"vxect4":{"author":"seeLabmonkey2020","comment_count":396,"id":"vxect4","post_time":1657640852.0,"score":3292,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Follow-up question: why is this artifact not considered a serious issue?","title":"I know everyone is excited about the Webb telescope, but what is going on with the 6-pointed star artifacts?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxect4/i_know_everyone_is_excited_about_the_webb/","vote_ratio":0.9},"vxefp8":{"author":"21arkumar","comment_count":34,"id":"vxefp8","post_time":1657641067.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Hey guys, I am 19m. Today I went for a dental check-up. They did 3 dental x-rays on me. 2 on left cheek and 1 on the right. This is my frist time being exposed to a dental x-ray. Previously I have never had it done.\n\nI was wondering as to how dangerous is a dental x-ray and how bad can it's effects be for someone of my age.","title":"How dangerous is a dental x-ray?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxefp8/how_dangerous_is_a_dental_xray/","vote_ratio":0.55},"vxfs7e":{"author":"Legendary_Lamb2020","comment_count":2,"id":"vxfs7e","post_time":1657644521.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I've been waiting excitedly for the images released by James Webb for years. They are wonderful, but they don't appear much different from Hubble images to my untrained eyes. I do understand that these images are diving much deeper in to space and time, but to a scientist, have these images brought any surprises thus far? Are we already changing our understanding of the universe in some way with what we can see?","title":"Has James Webb taught us anything about the universe thus far? Or mostly just shown us what we expected?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxfs7e/has_james_webb_taught_us_anything_about_the/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vxiocu":{"author":"wickedwickedzoot","comment_count":4,"id":"vxiocu","post_time":1657652162.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"The first JWST image is said to be the deepest infrared image of the universe ever observed, featuring galaxies billions of light years away. But would it make sense to point the JWST at a relatively nearby object like Pluto, or Proxima Centauri, and generate the most detailed images of these objects ever recorded?","title":"Will JWST be used to observe nearby astronomical objects, or is it only useful to observe very distant objects?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxiocu/will_jwst_be_used_to_observe_nearby_astronomical/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vxjt6a":{"author":"greenwavelengths","comment_count":16,"id":"vxjt6a","post_time":1657655160.0,"score":52,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Our planet needs heat from the sun to sustain life. Would it be possible for an exoplanet or a rogue planet to achieve life-sustaining heat exchange through geothermal processes?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxjt6a/our_planet_needs_heat_from_the_sun_to_sustain/","vote_ratio":0.91},"vxkp60":{"author":"EstebanOD21","comment_count":9,"id":"vxkp60","post_time":1657657500.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"> \"The mass, size, and shape of the object are not a factor in describing the motion of the object. So all objects, regardless of size or shape or weight, free fall with the same acceleration.\" Nasa\n\n> \"As such, all objects free fall at the same rate regardless of their mass.\"\n\nSo all objects fall at the same speed regardless of their mass. Therefore, an object's **mass doesn't matter**. Okay.\n\n> \"Terminal velocity will depend on the mass, cross sectional area, and drag coefficient of the object as well as the density of the fluid through which the object is falling and gravitational accelleration.\"\n\nBut now I'm told that **mass do matter**, and that an object with more mass will fall faster?\n\nSo do they or do they not fall at different speed...?","title":"Why do objects have different terminal velocity if they fall at the same speed?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxkp60/why_do_objects_have_different_terminal_velocity/","vote_ratio":0.61},"vxnum7":{"author":"ilovepalmtree","comment_count":6,"id":"vxnum7","post_time":1657665929.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"As the title suggests, but for example in this [animation](https://www.reddit.com/r/spaceporn/comments/vxcm23/milky_way_and_andromeda_colliding_45_billion/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=ios_app&utm_name=iossmf) where there looks like the center of the galaxy is a mass of stars, why can\u2019t we ever see that from earth? Is it behind our sun? How is that possible if the earth is always rotating?","title":"If galaxies look like they have a center, in popular imagery, why don\u2019t we ever see the center of our galaxy in the night sky?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxnum7/if_galaxies_look_like_they_have_a_center_in/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vxnxht":{"author":"Ufo_piloot","comment_count":2,"id":"vxnxht","post_time":1657666158.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"For an animal that relies on remaining undetected,  it seems rather silly to announce it's presence. \n\nIs there some benefit to it?","title":"Why do mosquito's make that buzzing sound?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxnxht/why_do_mosquitos_make_that_buzzing_sound/","vote_ratio":1.0},"vxocvw":{"author":"joeyjoejoe_7","comment_count":0,"id":"vxocvw","post_time":1657667376.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"The James Webb Telescope (JWT) sent back some amazing pictures. What, if any, are some of the specific questions that scientists are hoping to answer using the JWT?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxocvw/the_james_webb_telescope_jwt_sent_back_some/","vote_ratio":0.75},"vxoe3h":{"author":"SumOfKyle","comment_count":5,"id":"vxoe3h","post_time":1657667471.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Is the air above the wing technically cooler in temperature than the air below a wing?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxoe3h/is_the_air_above_the_wing_technically_cooler_in/","vote_ratio":0.6},"vxp6sh":{"author":"KrishaCZ","comment_count":17,"id":"vxp6sh","post_time":1657669860.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"This question came to me at 1:30AM in bed thinking about *why* we actually boil stuff in water: it has high heat capacity so it spreads the heat evenly and stays hot after we turn off the heat (or put out the fire)\n\nBut yeah water seems like an unassuming molecule if that makes sense, what makes it able to take in so much energy before changing temperature?","title":"What determines a material's heat capacity? Why is water's so high?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxp6sh/what_determines_a_materials_heat_capacity_why_is/","vote_ratio":0.82},"vxps4v":{"author":"like_big_mutts","comment_count":16,"id":"vxps4v","post_time":1657671626.0,"score":28,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I can't really get my head around the size of nebulas. They look like a cloud from far away but if we were inside one would it be huge distances between lights or particles or whatever is being photographed? Or would it look just like a cloud from inside, too?","title":"How dense is a nebula such as the Carina nebula in the JWST photos? What would the sky be likely to look like from a planet in a cloudy nebula?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxps4v/how_dense_is_a_nebula_such_as_the_carina_nebula/","vote_ratio":0.91},"vxqu3n":{"author":"WartimeHotTot","comment_count":138,"id":"vxqu3n","post_time":1657674915.0,"score":450,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"When astronomers say that \"space is expanding,\" does that just mean that the things in space are moving away (say, from 3 to 7 cm on a ruler), or does it mean the unit length itself is being distorted (it's still 3 cm, but centimeters themselves are now longer)?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxqu3n/when_astronomers_say_that_space_is_expanding_does/","vote_ratio":0.91},"vxrgvb":{"author":"readthat2022","comment_count":4,"id":"vxrgvb","post_time":1657676891.0,"score":13,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"When they remove a piece of tissue, what is the solution in the specimen container to be sent to the lab? Oral/throat tissue.","title":"What is the solution they put biopsy samples in?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxrgvb/what_is_the_solution_they_put_biopsy_samples_in/","vote_ratio":0.76},"vxrord":{"author":"wiz28ultra","comment_count":1,"id":"vxrord","post_time":1657677570.0,"score":45,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Do we know how long did it take for an Otodus Megalodon to reach its full 20m. size? How does this growth compare to animals today of comparable sizes or to other large, predatory sharks?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxrord/do_we_know_how_long_did_it_take_for_an_otodus/","vote_ratio":0.82},"vxrvwx":{"author":"monkeybrains12","comment_count":956,"id":"vxrvwx","post_time":1657678173.0,"score":4896,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"In TV shows, there are occasionally scenes in which a character takes a syringe of \u201cknock-out juice\u201d and jams it into the body of someone they need to render unconscious. That\u2019s not at all how it works in real life, right?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxrvwx/in_tv_shows_there_are_occasionally_scenes_in/","vote_ratio":0.95},"vxs7bb":{"author":"animadverter","comment_count":7,"id":"vxs7bb","post_time":1657679158.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"What goes on under the hood?  Is it handled in the driver or does windows have a dedicated open calculator routine?  If it is handled in the driver, how does the keyboard send the data to the computer (i.e. what does the calculator signal look like)?  \n\nI'm trying to build a keyboard from scratch, and would like to include a calculator button, but I'm struggling to find a real answer to this question.  Please be technical in your answer!","title":"How does pressing the calculator button on my keyboard open the calculator?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxs7bb/how_does_pressing_the_calculator_button_on_my/","vote_ratio":0.47},"vxszwy":{"author":"Farts_McGee","comment_count":85,"id":"vxszwy","post_time":1657681656.0,"score":84,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Obviously a lot of space related questions with the JWST doing it's thing, but i wanted to know how they find the ancient sections of space to analyze? Do they scan the entirety of space looking for super redshifted space, or are there areas of the sky that are known to be particularly old?","title":"How do astronomers find the oldest sections of the sky to look at?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxszwy/how_do_astronomers_find_the_oldest_sections_of/","vote_ratio":0.85},"vxu5om":{"author":"Iridium141","comment_count":0,"id":"vxu5om","post_time":1657685510.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I have heard that in the late universe (Degenerate Era I believe, but unsure if the technical stellar formation puts it before this) a small number of stars will likely form through stellar collision. I've heard of direct mechanisms for this that are below the Chandrasekhar Limit using carbon or hydrogen black dwarfs and brown dwarfs and some using neutron star collisions releasing \"degenerate gas\" (I assume this is a form of degenerate matter?). My questions are, How common are these interactions expected to be? Is it likely to happen anywhere in the universe multiple times in sequence? And What are these stars expected to be like?","title":"How Common Are New Stars From Stellar Collision In The Late Universe?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxu5om/how_common_are_new_stars_from_stellar_collision/","vote_ratio":1.0},"vxul8k":{"author":"BiggerDamnederHeroer","comment_count":6,"id":"vxul8k","post_time":1657686985.0,"score":20,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Does the preparation for a colonoscopy have any effect on the health of the gut biome?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxul8k/does_the_preparation_for_a_colonoscopy_have_any/","vote_ratio":0.96},"vxv8h9":{"author":"FortunateSonofLibrty","comment_count":9,"id":"vxv8h9","post_time":1657689330.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"With the sun shield playing such a crucial role, why is it not considered to keep the JWST perpetually occluded by the earth?\n\n(I know smarter people have thought of this, if you could tell me, it would be the promise of the internet fulfilled.)","title":"Why is it not beneficial to keep the James Webb Space telescope perpetually in Earth\u2019s shadow, relative to the sun?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxv8h9/why_is_it_not_beneficial_to_keep_the_james_webb/","vote_ratio":0.5},"vxwhua":{"author":"ForeheadLipo","comment_count":16,"id":"vxwhua","post_time":1657694137.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I\u2019ve read different articles discussing theories of the shape of the universe but I can\u2019t wrap my mind around all of the jargon explaining what that means and why it\u2019s important to study. help!","title":"what does it mean for the universe to have a shape?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxwhua/what_does_it_mean_for_the_universe_to_have_a_shape/","vote_ratio":0.8},"vy0wpo":{"author":"DrColossusOfRhodes","comment_count":20,"id":"vy0wpo","post_time":1657711582.0,"score":25,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I've heard about how the JWST allows us to see things that happened close to the start of the universe.  I sort of understand how this works, but I was wondering if there is any sort of theoretical limit on how long ago something could have happened that we could see with the telescope?  Are there things that are just gone from our ability to observe, or will we be able to see further back by looking in the right places with more and more powerful telescopes?","title":"is there a limit on how far back in time we can see with a telescope?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy0wpo/is_there_a_limit_on_how_far_back_in_time_we_can/","vote_ratio":0.84},"vy1ick":{"author":"paran0iid","comment_count":13,"id":"vy1ick","post_time":1657713626.0,"score":20,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"And how come the rapid test kits can still detect the antigen even though these new variants shows such affinity for immune evasion?\n\n&#x200B;\n\nWill we have to test for another antigen in the near future? Or is the antigen somehow better \"protected\" against mutations?","title":"Are rapid SARS-COV-2 tests still as reliable with the new lineages BA.4 and BA.5?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy1ick/are_rapid_sarscov2_tests_still_as_reliable_with/","vote_ratio":0.71},"vy1tk1":{"author":"flodra","comment_count":15,"id":"vy1tk1","post_time":1657714610.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why do we need to send JWST 1.5 million kms out to get images? With how grand the universe is wouldn't the difference in position mean almost nothing compared to how much more time/effort/$$ it cost to send it out that far?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy1tk1/why_do_we_need_to_send_jwst_15_million_kms_out_to/","vote_ratio":0.5},"vy2geu":{"author":"Living_Dragonfruit13","comment_count":5,"id":"vy2geu","post_time":1657716585.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Because each body have the same bioelectricity \nOr two different for each person like each person has different amount of electricity coursing through their body or or do the human body make different types of higher electricity in each person's body I just thought about it and I just want to see if my theory is true","title":"I need to know does each person's body has their own bioelectricity signature ?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy2geu/i_need_to_know_does_each_persons_body_has_their/","vote_ratio":0.47},"vy2tqe":{"author":"sentirn","comment_count":5,"id":"vy2tqe","post_time":1657717648.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"The James Webb Space Telescope famously records infrared wavelengths to get better images because infrared light can penetrate dust and molecular clouds. The recent images that are released are stunning, but as with many space telescope images, they are false color. This is not a problem; it's still the real image, real data, and really beautiful, but while looking up how they do the false coloring [this article](https://blogs.nasa.gov/webb/2022/07/06/webbs-fine-guidance-sensor-provides-a-preview/) references \"color filters\" that are required for the telescopes operation. [Another article](https://english.elpais.com/science-tech/2022-07-12/james-webb-space-telescope-a-guide-to-the-first-full-color-image.html) mentions blue, green, and red filters (this one is not from NASA, so I cannot verify it's validity). Blue, green, and red are visible wavelengths, so how do these filters work with an infrared camera? Thank you!","title":"How do \"color filters\" work with an infrared telescope like JWST?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy2tqe/how_do_color_filters_work_with_an_infrared/","vote_ratio":0.62},"vy3hjt":{"author":"GreatMotherPeachy","comment_count":2,"id":"vy3hjt","post_time":1657719569.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Or are elaiosomes considered a type of fruit? And in that case, what defines them? Is it something structural or are they functionally defined by the relationship with ants? I just encountered the word for the first time, and I'm trying to put the information into the proper conceptual slot.\n\nThe Wikipedia article is somewhat unclear and could use some revision, or at least more explanation in this regard.","title":"Botany: What is the difference between elaiosomes and fruit?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy3hjt/botany_what_is_the_difference_between_elaiosomes/","vote_ratio":0.72},"vy3u0j":{"author":"allahyokdinyalan","comment_count":47,"id":"vy3u0j","post_time":1657720553.0,"score":114,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I wouldn't guess it transfers much heat so why does it cause skin \"burns\"?","title":"How can radiation cause burns?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy3u0j/how_can_radiation_cause_burns/","vote_ratio":0.84},"vy3xe6":{"author":"AutoModerator","comment_count":2,"id":"vy3xe6","post_time":1657720810.0,"score":18,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on **Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology**\n\nDo you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: \"What would happen if...\", \"How will the future...\", \"If all the rules for 'X' were different...\", \"Why does my...\".\n\n**Asking Questions:**\n\nPlease post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.\n\n**Answering Questions:**\n\nPlease only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. [The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/wiki/index#wiki_answering_askscience). In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.\n\nIf you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, [please refer to the information provided here](https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/about/sticky).\n\nPast AskAnythingWednesday posts [can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/search?q=flair%3A%27meta%27&restrict_sr=on&sort=new&t=all). Ask away!","title":"Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy3xe6/ask_anything_wednesday_economics_political/","vote_ratio":0.75},"vy4dse":{"author":"lukemia94","comment_count":0,"id":"vy4dse","post_time":1657722050.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":" Above the LCL clouds take on very\n recognizable structures, though their morphology can vary vastly based on their state. Given that, do we know what shapes saturated air parcels take on below the LCL, like at the bottom of a cumulonimbus' anvil?","title":"What shape do air parcels take below the LCL?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy4dse/what_shape_do_air_parcels_take_below_the_lcl/","vote_ratio":0.75},"vy5nym":{"author":"VitaAeterna","comment_count":1,"id":"vy5nym","post_time":1657725390.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"What exactly is going on in this picture? \n\nI'm assuming like all pictures of space, it's taken with some sort of long exposure and covers an absolutely massive area? Like this sort of thing you wouldn't be able to see with your naked eye?","title":"What exactly am I looking at with the new picture of the Carina Nebula from the JWST?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy5nym/what_exactly_am_i_looking_at_with_the_new_picture/","vote_ratio":0.6},"vy9mmj":{"author":"NetworkLlama","comment_count":1,"id":"vy9mmj","post_time":1657735332.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I've noticed that here in Dallas, TX, the longest day of 2022 (June 21) does not have either the earliest sunrise (06:18 from 07-17 June, with the actual earliest presumably around the middle of that) or the latest sunset (20:39 from 25 June-02 July). Similarly, the shortest day (December 21) has neither the latest sunrise (07:30 from 04-13 Jan 2023) nor the earliest sunset (17:20 from 29 Nov-08 Dec).","title":"Why are the periods of earliest and latest sunrises and sunsets separated by several weeks on either side of the solstice?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy9mmj/why_are_the_periods_of_earliest_and_latest/","vote_ratio":0.71},"vy9wbv":{"author":"Muttywango","comment_count":29,"id":"vy9wbv","post_time":1657736045.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"An alternator in a car is connected to a battery charging system : the spinny motion, magnets and copper,  charges the battery, and some noise and heat is generated.\n\nA cable between the alternator and battery is cut : the battery does not charge. What happens to this generated energy? It can't be noise/heat/light. \n\nEnergy can't be created or destroyed so where does this kinetic energy go?","title":"Alternators convert kinetic energy into electrical energy, where does the energy go when the circuit is broken?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy9wbv/alternators_convert_kinetic_energy_into/","vote_ratio":0.72},"vyaqx5":{"author":"KAI_IS_FINE","comment_count":7,"id":"vyaqx5","post_time":1657738245.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I watched the new jurassic movie last night and I got to wondering, how do we know things such as: what color certain dinosaurs were, what ones had feathers, which ones ate which, etc. I don't know much about dinosaurs, but I'd be very interested to learn more!","title":"How do we know what we know about dinosaurs?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyaqx5/how_do_we_know_what_we_know_about_dinosaurs/","vote_ratio":0.57},"vyc9pg":{"author":"Viciuniversum","comment_count":3,"id":"vyc9pg","post_time":1657742167.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Today I saw pictures of a field in Ukraine completely littered with artillery craters. And that got me thinking- what happened to all the underground animals that were living in that field? Are all the earthworms now dead from shock trauma? Did ant colonies die off in it? How about mammals like field mice and moles? And also I wondered if trees suffer from shock trauma. If a massive round explodes near a tree, does it sustain damage and simply recovers from it or is it mostly unaffected by the explosion?","title":"What happens to underground fauna at the site of an artillery strike? Also do trees suffer from shockwaves?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyc9pg/what_happens_to_underground_fauna_at_the_site_of/","vote_ratio":0.82},"vycbfc":{"author":"CostaNic","comment_count":2,"id":"vycbfc","post_time":1657742293.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I feel that this is a silly question and I\u2019m probably wrong but I was seeing a post of the scale of the dot where the JWST pointed at and people were surprised there were so many galaxies in that spot. But..there aren\u2019t right? There were that many galaxies that close together 13 billion years ago, not now.\n\nIf what we\u2019re doing is looking into the early universe, and the universe has been expanding since the Big Bang, then aren\u2019t we just seeing those first galaxies as they were closer together than they would be today? \n\nAnd if what we\u2019re seeing is the very beginning of the universe then wouldn\u2019t pointing the telescope anywhere else for a long enough time reveal a similar picture? In fact, wouldn\u2019t we technically be seeing even the same early galaxies no matter where you point it at?","title":"Wouldn\u2019t we get the same or a similar deep field image from pointing the telescope anywhere else in space?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vycbfc/wouldnt_we_get_the_same_or_a_similar_deep_field/","vote_ratio":0.88},"vyde0e":{"author":"ForestManJ","comment_count":123,"id":"vyde0e","post_time":1657745045.0,"score":510,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Human skin should be way too dense and strong for something so small and fragile like a mosquito. How is this possible?","title":"How is a mosquito proboscis physically capable of puncturing human skin?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyde0e/how_is_a_mosquito_proboscis_physically_capable_of/","vote_ratio":0.89},"vyft1e":{"author":"ferahm","comment_count":0,"id":"vyft1e","post_time":1657751270.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Can oxpeckers be classified as weavers?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyft1e/can_oxpeckers_be_classified_as_weavers/","vote_ratio":0.33},"vyhjp0":{"author":"dieEhrevonGrayskull","comment_count":3,"id":"vyhjp0","post_time":1657756006.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"My understanding of math/physics is formally at an undergraduate level, so I apologize in advance if my questions are confusing or not very well formulated.\n\nI've watched some videos about the holographic principle and how it was the attempts to solve the so-called black hole information paradox that lead to the development of string theories and the holographic principle. Ultimately this culminates in the correspondence between Anti-de Sitter spaces (a model of the universe under general relativity) and conformal field theories (i.e., quantum field theories). In the video [here](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klpDHn8viX8), the presenter tells us two things: 1.) That this correspondence leads to a \"natural\" theory of quantum gravity, and 2.) that interactions (between quantum particles?) on the boundary of the mathematical object's surface correspond to the emergence of gravity within the volume. However, he tells us that this isn't applicable to *our* universe, because anti-de Sitter spaces assume a negative curvature on the space-time metric, while as far as I understand, in reality it is zero (i.e., a Minkowski space-time).\n\nSo my questions are twofold: what quantum information is the problem here, and in need of conservation; are they things like spins and energies, and why does this lead to the holographic principle? Secondly, what is being said about the actual physics going on between quantum field theories and gravity with regards to this strange mathematical object?","title":"What does AdS/CFT correspondence really tell us about the physics of gravity?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyhjp0/what_does_adscft_correspondence_really_tell_us/","vote_ratio":0.79},"vyim8e":{"author":"plain_baunilha","comment_count":4,"id":"vyim8e","post_time":1657759162.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I get that being an infrared camera, it will not capture any of the colors that we can see with our own eyes, but do they try to represent the colors in a way consistent with the variation of our sight spectrum?","title":"How are colors chosen on James Webb's images?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyim8e/how_are_colors_chosen_on_james_webbs_images/","vote_ratio":0.65},"vyivs6":{"author":"wolfavino","comment_count":11,"id":"vyivs6","post_time":1657759956.0,"score":9,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Would it be possible to use the James Webb Space telescope to look at planets in our own solar system and see them in more detail or through a thick atmosphere to their surface?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyivs6/would_it_be_possible_to_use_the_james_webb_space/","vote_ratio":0.77},"vyjxlw":{"author":"hereforyebeer","comment_count":14,"id":"vyjxlw","post_time":1657763080.0,"score":16,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"What is the difference between an accent and a dialect?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyjxlw/what_is_the_difference_between_an_accent_and_a/","vote_ratio":0.71},"vyk1pk":{"author":"Gorilla_Boombox","comment_count":22,"id":"vyk1pk","post_time":1657763433.0,"score":125,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Saw an x-ray of a baby without fingers from amniotic band syndrome and was curious. Personally I couldn't find research papers or other info on it. Thank you!","title":"[Medicine] Would a child born without parts of their limbs, e.g. no phalanges from amniotic band syndrome, still have phantom sensations the way an adult who has lost a limb would have?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyk1pk/medicine_would_a_child_born_without_parts_of/","vote_ratio":0.89},"vyki5f":{"author":"thunk_stuff","comment_count":3,"id":"vyki5f","post_time":1657764814.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"In a James Webb photo thread, someone posted that the Carina Nebula has a density of a few atoms per cubic meter. This seems off to me, as this is close to the average density of the intergalactic medium of one atom per cubic meter, which is much less than the interstellar medium average density of one atom per cubic centimeter, which is much less than the average density of a planetary nebular (100-10,000 atoms per cubic centimeter). But I can't find any information on the web to help me understand this better.","title":"What is the density of the Carina Nebula?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyki5f/what_is_the_density_of_the_carina_nebula/","vote_ratio":0.72},"vyklv0":{"author":"Severe-Criticism3927","comment_count":537,"id":"vyklv0","post_time":1657765123.0,"score":4755,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I know it sounds like a really stupid question, but I've heard people say that humans have stripes or patterns on their skin that aren't visible to the naked eye, but can show up under certain types of UV lights. Is that true or just completely bogus? If it is true, how would I be able to see them? Would they be unique to each person like a fingerprint?\n\nEDIT: Holy COW I didn't think this would actually be seen, let alone blow up like it did! LOL! I'm only just now starting to look at comments but thanks everyone for the responses! :D","title":"Do humans actually have invisible stripes?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyklv0/do_humans_actually_have_invisible_stripes/","vote_ratio":0.9},"vyl4n1":{"author":"Fyre-Bringer","comment_count":8,"id":"vyl4n1","post_time":1657766755.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How come some things melt and some things dry before burning?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyl4n1/how_come_some_things_melt_and_some_things_dry/","vote_ratio":0.69},"vyl7lv":{"author":"Zephyrean2","comment_count":6,"id":"vyl7lv","post_time":1657767018.0,"score":26,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Is the integer assigned to Kepler objects of interests random, or is there a system ? (for example, the star KOI-718, is the 718 assigned as a random integer?)","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyl7lv/is_the_integer_assigned_to_kepler_objects_of/","vote_ratio":0.82},"vylf9v":{"author":"kvyatkovskij","comment_count":3,"id":"vylf9v","post_time":1657767670.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"If I warm up a sandwich, would the energy needed to heat it up be equal to amount of energy needed to accelerate that sandwich to achieve same root-mean-square speed of its molecules?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vylf9v/if_i_warm_up_a_sandwich_would_the_energy_needed/","vote_ratio":0.62},"vymnng":{"author":"americanmullet","comment_count":20,"id":"vymnng","post_time":1657771574.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"With the ongoing south western US water crisis the answer most people would think of is setting up desalination plants along the coast. This is often stated to be too difficult to build/maintain or not economically feasible. Yet a US aircraft carrier is able to purify roughly 250,000 gallons of seawater a day. How is this not seen as proof of concept? Why can we not purify the water by building nuclear reactors that recapture the steam used to generate power as clean water on a large scale?","title":"Why are desalination plants so hard to set up?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vymnng/why_are_desalination_plants_so_hard_to_set_up/","vote_ratio":0.84},"vynkxy":{"author":"Few-Advice-6749","comment_count":4,"id":"vynkxy","post_time":1657774704.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"This might be a dumb question but it blows my mind that we can see images from our early universe\u2014but I\u2019ve always wondered, are the pictures captured actually what it would\u2019ve looked like or do they become degraded or significantly distorted by the time they reach us.","title":"Does light or image quality from deep time deep time degrade in any way as it travels billions of lightyears?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vynkxy/does_light_or_image_quality_from_deep_time_deep/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vynnqh":{"author":"chuzwuzzer","comment_count":40,"id":"vynnqh","post_time":1657774962.0,"score":56,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"can humans be born with cancer?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vynnqh/can_humans_be_born_with_cancer/","vote_ratio":0.9},"vynzdj":{"author":"koleslaw","comment_count":18,"id":"vynzdj","post_time":1657776109.0,"score":34,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Since telescopes compress the focal range astronomically, wouldn't it be impossible to see galaxies as they appear in images? I guess another way to put this is, I'm thinking that at any given planet in the universe, discounting any close objects, the night sky will always be dark with tiny twinkles. I can't imagine being close enough for it to be visible without being \"in\" the galaxy. Is this right?","title":"Is it possible to get close enough to a galaxy so that it's bright for the human eye, yet far enough that you can see it's full shape?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vynzdj/is_it_possible_to_get_close_enough_to_a_galaxy_so/","vote_ratio":0.87},"vyq1ea":{"author":"txboh","comment_count":7,"id":"vyq1ea","post_time":1657783900.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Okay, maybe this is a stupid question but yesterday I was chatting with my sister and she brought up one of her patient's parrot and how he greets everyone, sings lyrical and even says goodnight. She actually told me she was scared at first because the first time she entered his house, she greeted the patient (Hello [name]) and she heard this robotic like voice saying \"Oh [patient's name] who is this?\"\n\nAnd then the question came up. How do they talk almost like us if they have a totally different mouth? We change sounds based on our tongue and lips, but they have a beak, yet they can still sound *almost* human!\n\nThanks to anyone who might respond. :)","title":"How do parrots talk like us if they have a beak and no lips to form sounds the way we do?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyq1ea/how_do_parrots_talk_like_us_if_they_have_a_beak/","vote_ratio":0.86},"vyrpmb":{"author":"PJtheDk","comment_count":20,"id":"vyrpmb","post_time":1657790896.0,"score":26,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Seems quite obvious, but: if that would be the case, do right-handed people suffer from the same problems as left-handed people in languages that write from left to right?\n\nI don't know if this is a part biology, human body or linguistics....","title":"Are left-handed people more common in countries that write from right to left?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyrpmb/are_lefthanded_people_more_common_in_countries/","vote_ratio":0.85},"vyrv1t":{"author":"Nine-Planets","comment_count":8,"id":"vyrv1t","post_time":1657791521.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Two reasons actually, first, how do we know they are still entangled from just one end? And does the knowing disrupt the entanglement?\n\nSo if we have two entangled particles and we send one out to orbit Jupiter (or anywhere far away) on a spaceship, can the people on the ship know if the particle is still entangled without disrupting the entanglement and without communicating at all with the people holding the other particle on Earth?\n\nWhat if we had the tech to send sets of 26 entangles particle pairs on the ship, for simple example we send 3 sets of 26 entangled particles, and designate each pair in each 26 set a letter of the alphabet, then the people on earth interrupted the pair, in the first set of 26, with the designation of the letter Y causing it to disentangle so the people on the ship would know that we disentangled the letter Y pair. Then the second set the people on Earth caused the pair designated letter E to disentangle, and then the third set they disentangle the pair designated letter S, have we not just communicated FTL?\n\nI'm a stupid monkey so just tell me why.","title":"No one answered my previous question, here is why I want to know if we can tell if particles are still entangled without disrupting said entanglement?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyrv1t/no_one_answered_my_previous_question_here_is_why/","vote_ratio":0.55},"vysjmy":{"author":"RattyRusty1","comment_count":4,"id":"vysjmy","post_time":1657794233.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"What is the difference between NMN and \u03b2NMN?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vysjmy/what_is_the_difference_between_nmn_and_\u03b2nmn/","vote_ratio":0.46},"vyx31v":{"author":"bubbastars","comment_count":10,"id":"vyx31v","post_time":1657808556.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"As some who is very eager to get another booster, it feels like things have stalled since the CDC authorized it for adults 50+. Is there a reason for this? My impression was that each shot remains effective for around 6 months. For myself and others I know under 50, we're well past that point.","title":"Why hasn't the CDC recommended a second booster (4th shot) of mRNA vaccines for adults under 50?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyx31v/why_hasnt_the_cdc_recommended_a_second_booster/","vote_ratio":0.49},"vyy7h5":{"author":"cartern","comment_count":8,"id":"vyy7h5","post_time":1657811504.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I was just checking out some photos of the pillars of creation and was wondering what would it be like. Are they all made of just gasses, or is it more like a debris filled.","title":"What would a spaceship experience if it flew through a nebula?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyy7h5/what_would_a_spaceship_experience_if_it_flew/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vz88zk":{"author":"Pandagineer","comment_count":5,"id":"vz88zk","post_time":1657837572.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I understand using redshift data to back out when the Big Bang occurred. Can we instead use Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) data to determine the universe age, *without* using redshift data?","title":"Are there multiple independent measurement of the universe\u2019s age?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vz88zk/are_there_multiple_independent_measurement_of_the/","vote_ratio":0.83},"vz98n3":{"author":"frank_mania","comment_count":215,"id":"vz98n3","post_time":1657840223.0,"score":1096,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"The reports of the illness I read in 2020 were typically along the lines of \"holy shit that was awful!\" and this summer, I get much more muted reports.  Does the large-scale data collected by public health reflect my own personal/anecdotal impression?  Also, is there data providing any sign that rates of mortality, and chronic, post-infection complications are reduced this summer?","title":"Is there any evidence that the strains of Covid prevalent in the US this summer tend to produce milder, shorter symptoms?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vz98n3/is_there_any_evidence_that_the_strains_of_covid/","vote_ratio":0.86},"vzbt7a":{"author":"filipehenrique","comment_count":9,"id":"vzbt7a","post_time":1657847689.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I just saw this post: https://reddit.com/r/jameswebb/comments/vysbxk/in_the_highresolution_image_of_carina_the_size_of/\n\nAnd it made me wonder. How many stars exploded to create this nebula? Or was it formed through some other process?\n\nGiven how large this is, it\u2019s hard for me to imagine that one star could create something like this?","title":"How many stars exploded in order to create the Carina nebula?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzbt7a/how_many_stars_exploded_in_order_to_create_the/","vote_ratio":0.76},"vzc432":{"author":"btqb","comment_count":10,"id":"vzc432","post_time":1657848591.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"So from my understanding, commercially dried pasta is dried using hot air and then cool air somehow to remove moisture. But my question is how this works, like on a chemical level. Like how does this not just bake the pasta? If I made pasta at home and tried to dry it, it wouldn't end up the same as the theoretically everlasting dry pasta that you get at the grocery store. What's actually happening to the pasta when it dries?","title":"How does drying pasta actually work scientifically?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzc432/how_does_drying_pasta_actually_work_scientifically/","vote_ratio":0.59},"vzekld":{"author":"justacalcstudent","comment_count":3,"id":"vzekld","post_time":1657855958.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"According to google the piezoelectric sparkers used for things like barbeque lighting have a voltage of around 800 volts, while air has a breakdown voltage of ~30k volts/cm, yet an electric sparker can still easily create an arc over half a centimeter of air. How is this possible?","title":"How can an electric sparker ionize air with such low voltage?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzekld/how_can_an_electric_sparker_ionize_air_with_such/","vote_ratio":0.62},"vzgaa0":{"author":"stellar-stuff","comment_count":6,"id":"vzgaa0","post_time":1657861459.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I guess to specify, did we know about the Van Allen belt enough to protect our astronauts? Was the belt \u2018weaker\u2019 back then; was the launch scheduled during a low-point for the belt? Or did we cross our fingers hoping they\u2019d make it through and back without too much radiation damage to their bodies?","title":"When we landed humans on the Moon, was the Van Allen belt a problem?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzgaa0/when_we_landed_humans_on_the_moon_was_the_van/","vote_ratio":0.99},"vzggot":{"author":"_zFlame_","comment_count":13,"id":"vzggot","post_time":1657862056.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Ok so I\u2019m no scientist here and I hope this isn\u2019t a stupid question but if the JWST can see so far deep into space then could we theoretically use it to map the surface of a lot of planets that are relatively close to us? I\u2019m not saying we should I\u2019m just saying is it possible?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzggot/ok_so_im_no_scientist_here_and_i_hope_this_isnt_a/","vote_ratio":0.68},"vzh8ag":{"author":"Whats__in__a__name","comment_count":15,"id":"vzh8ag","post_time":1657864771.0,"score":9,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Is there a way to protect the JWST from damage from space debris or are we taking a chance that nothing will hit it?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzh8ag/is_there_a_way_to_protect_the_jwst_from_damage/","vote_ratio":0.84},"vzhmbk":{"author":"Equal-Explanation222","comment_count":8,"id":"vzhmbk","post_time":1657866180.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I\u2019ve wanted to ask this question since the pandemic began. \n\nI don\u2019t remember hearing of many viruses that cause neurological systems (like loss of scent/taste) but I\u2019m not a biochemist or virology expert.","title":"Why does COVID produce neurological symptoms and is it common for viruses?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzhmbk/why_does_covid_produce_neurological_symptoms_and/","vote_ratio":0.83},"vzjlxy":{"author":"Hazzaminicoo","comment_count":3,"id":"vzjlxy","post_time":1657874038.0,"score":16,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Been looking at the new images from the James Webb telescope and they look really cool and excited to learn what new info we gain from this telescope \n\nJust curious what the dust / fog looking stuff is actually made of from the Carina Nebula image","title":"What is the \u201cdust\u201d / \u201cfog\u201d in the carina nebula image from the James Webb images made of?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzjlxy/what_is_the_dust_fog_in_the_carina_nebula_image/","vote_ratio":1.0},"vzl07c":{"author":"0K4M1","comment_count":374,"id":"vzl07c","post_time":1657879596.0,"score":2092,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How single propeller Airplane are compensating the torque of the engine without spinning?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzl07c/how_single_propeller_airplane_are_compensating/","vote_ratio":0.93},"vzlamf":{"author":"Tesfidian","comment_count":3,"id":"vzlamf","post_time":1657880694.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Is there in the fossil record any bear ancestor with a long tail?","title":"Did proto-bears have long tails?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzlamf/did_protobears_have_long_tails/","vote_ratio":0.6},"vzlvs8":{"author":"AskScienceModerator","comment_count":197,"id":"vzlvs8","post_time":1657882822.0,"score":397,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"We are a bunch of cosmology researchers from the Cosmology from Home 2022 conference. Ask us anything, from our daily research to the organization of a large, innovative and successful online conference!\n\nWe have some special experts on:\n\n+ Inflation: The mind-bogglingly fast expansion of the Universe in a fraction of the first second. It turned tiny quantum fluctuation into the seeds for the galaxies and clusters we see today\n+ The Cosmic Microwave Background: The radiation reaching us from a few hundred thousand years after the Big Bang. It shows us how our universe was like, 13.8 billion years ago\n+ Large-Scale Structure: Matter in the Universe forms a \"cosmic web\" with clusters, filaments and voids. The positions of galaxies in the sky shows imprints of the physics in the early universe\n+ Dark Matter: Most matter in the universe seems to be \"Dark Matter\", i.e. not noticeable through any means except for its effect on light and other matter via gravity\n+ Dark Energy: The unknown force causing the universe's expansion to accelerate today\n\n\nAnd ask anything else you want to know!\n\nThose of us answering your questions tonight will include\n\n+ Shaun Hotchkiss: u/just_shaun large scale structure, fuzzy dark matter, compact objects in the early universe, inflation. Twitter: @just_shaun\n+ Ali Rida Khalife: u/A-R-Khalifeh Dark Energy, Neutrinos, Neutrinos in the curved universe\n+ Benjamin Wallisch: u/cosmo-ben Neutrinos, dark matter, cosmological probes of particle physics, early universe, probes of inflation, cosmic microwave background, large-scale structure of the universe.\n+ Niko Sarcevic: u/NikoSarcevic cosmology (lss, weak lensing), astrophysics, noble gas detectors\n+ Neil Shah: /u/neildymium Stochastic Inflation, Dark Matter, Modified Gravity, Machine Learning, Cosmic Strings\n+ Ryan Turner: /u/cosmo-ryan Large-scale structure, peculiar velocities, Hubble constant\n+ Sanket Dave: /u/sanket_dave_15 Early Universe Physics, Cosmic Inflation, Primordial black hole formation.\n+ Matthijs van der Wild: u/matthijsvanderwild quantum gravity, quantum cosmology, inflation, modified gravity\n+ Luz \u00c1ngela Garc\u00eda: u/Astro_Lua dark energy, reionization, early Universe. Twitter: @PenLua.\n\n\nWe'll start answering questions from 18:00 GMT/UTC on Friday (11pm PDT, 2pm EDT, 7pm BST, 8pm CEST) as well as live streaming our discussion of our answers via [YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ORWs4-WmyiM) (also starting 18:00 UTC). Looking forward to your questions, ask us anything!","title":"AskScience AMA Series: We are Cosmologists, Experts on the Cosmic Microwave Background, The Cosmic Web, Dark Matter, Dark Energy and much more! Ask Us Anything!","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzlvs8/askscience_ama_series_we_are_cosmologists_experts/","vote_ratio":0.91},"vzm2c5":{"author":"GetnLine","comment_count":16,"id":"vzm2c5","post_time":1657883425.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Do we have data to backup saying that a 4th dose will reduce hospitalization for someone under 50? Are the memory B and T cells no longer active? I am so confused by the messaging from the thought leaders because I thought that part of the immune system had long term memory","title":"How do we know that a 3rd or 4th booster is helpful?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzm2c5/how_do_we_know_that_a_3rd_or_4th_booster_is/","vote_ratio":0.54},"vznwrz":{"author":"stanthefax","comment_count":3,"id":"vznwrz","post_time":1657889335.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"North American and South American continents remained separated until 3 million years ago, when Panama formed, uniting the two continents. This then resulted in migration of animals from North America into South America, causing some of the South American as well as sea animals like Megalodon to die out. I was wondering if it was possible for the two continents to never unite, thus some of the strange ancient animals could have survived longer, possibly until modern day?","title":"(Geology) Could the North and South American continents have remained separated?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vznwrz/geology_could_the_north_and_south_american/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vzosus":{"author":"BridgeNumberFour","comment_count":11,"id":"vzosus","post_time":1657891843.0,"score":43,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"What is the most exciting, realistic thing we can/are hoping to learn about the Universe through the James Webb telescope?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzosus/what_is_the_most_exciting_realistic_thing_we/","vote_ratio":0.76},"vzp27l":{"author":"SomeAnonElsewhere","comment_count":4,"id":"vzp27l","post_time":1657892568.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I was reading the rise and reign of the mammals by Steve Brusatte, and in it he says we can calculate species divergence by looking at the DNA, and calculating how long that much difference from each other must have taken given DNAs rate of change.\n\nHow true is this? Is the rate of change the same in all animals/bacteria/etc.? Wouldn't the average age of reproduction of a species change this or no?","title":"How reliable is the DNA molecular clock?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzp27l/how_reliable_is_the_dna_molecular_clock/","vote_ratio":0.59},"vzp3yk":{"author":"katherynnethegreat96","comment_count":143,"id":"vzp3yk","post_time":1657892705.0,"score":659,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Is there such thing as having resistance and/or immunity to some diseases due to a specific blood type like AB or O positive?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzp3yk/is_there_such_thing_as_having_resistance_andor/","vote_ratio":0.94},"vzp46u":{"author":"iliicho1","comment_count":3,"id":"vzp46u","post_time":1657892721.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"If a non-blind person sees a given familiar object (e.g., a dog on the street), they immediately \"know\" what that object is, even before the word describing the object (e.g., \"dog\") in a given language \"appears\" in consciousness.\n\nIs it understood why this delay occurs and what the link between the brain's ability to perceive a given object, and then recall its lexical term is? In a broader sense - where and how does the link between vision and language occur in the brain?","title":"What is the link between the way the brain converts visual perception into a language representation?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzp46u/what_is_the_link_between_the_way_the_brain/","vote_ratio":0.62},"vzqik5":{"author":"Natolx","comment_count":272,"id":"vzqik5","post_time":1657896516.0,"score":3125,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"It seems a reasonable hypothesis that a portion of the \"problems\" with an aging immune system come from aging stem cells in your bone marrow.\n\nObviously bone marrow extraction is very painful, but other than that hurdle, is there some reason I am not seeing that storing your own bone marrow on LN2 for later wouldn't be a way to restore the \"youth\" of your immune system later on in life?","title":"Is there a reason your own \"young\" bone marrow couldn't put in storage for an immune system \"restoration\" when you are older?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzqik5/is_there_a_reason_your_own_young_bone_marrow/","vote_ratio":0.95},"vzux3x":{"author":"platypodus","comment_count":5,"id":"vzux3x","post_time":1657907850.0,"score":14,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I'm trying to find out more about celestial nebulas and ai read that the pillars of creation may already have been destroyed at their location 7000ly away, but how old are they?\n\nIt doesn't say anything about how long they've been swirling about for, neither on Wikipedia, nor on their NASA website. Is it something we can't say for sure?","title":"How old are the pillars of creation?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzux3x/how_old_are_the_pillars_of_creation/","vote_ratio":0.76},"vzy8vo":{"author":"TerrificFyran","comment_count":13,"id":"vzy8vo","post_time":1657916633.0,"score":18,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"e.g. tomatoes, cucumbers. Do they bring in bee hives?","title":"How are plants in greenhouses pollinated?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzy8vo/how_are_plants_in_greenhouses_pollinated/","vote_ratio":0.79},"vzymy0":{"author":"Azrael351","comment_count":15,"id":"vzymy0","post_time":1657917709.0,"score":14,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Not sure if I worded the title correctly, but I was wondering how antibodies and resistance to Covid works. Take, for instance, my experience with the virus\u2026\n\n* I was vaccinated in August 2021.\n* I was infected by Covid-19 in October 2021. No hospital visit or monoclonal treatment required.\n* Antibodies are said to be good for 90 days. \n* I chose not to get any boosters. \n* I have not been as \u201csafe\u201d as one could be, and have been in largely unmasked crowds on occasion. I have been to stores, out with friends, on vacation, etc. \u2014 always following Covid guidelines, but when given the option not to mask up, I have chosen not to. \n* Luckily, to my knowledge, I have not been infected by Covid-19 a second time. \n\nIf your body produces antibodies after infection, is it possible that continued exposure to Covid would ensure your body continues to produce antibodies?\n\nWhy would continual exposure to Covid *not* act similarly to a booster?","title":"If you are infected by Covid and produce natural antibodies, will occasional exposure to Covid ensure regular production of antibodies?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzymy0/if_you_are_infected_by_covid_and_produce_natural/","vote_ratio":0.64},"vzzgmu":{"author":"Critical-Bullfrog-10","comment_count":91,"id":"vzzgmu","post_time":1657919935.0,"score":215,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why/how do benzodiazepines and Z drugs/sleeping pills cause damage when used long term?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzzgmu/whyhow_do_benzodiazepines_and_z_drugssleeping/","vote_ratio":0.93},"w04bkp":{"author":"big_brown_mounds","comment_count":15,"id":"w04bkp","post_time":1657933899.0,"score":33,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I\u2019m assuming it\u2019s an appointment thing, but I\u2019m just curious if anyone knows how the process works?","title":"How do scientists schedule time with the JWST Telescope?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w04bkp/how_do_scientists_schedule_time_with_the_jwst/","vote_ratio":0.88},"w05key":{"author":"comit_autocoprophagy","comment_count":2,"id":"w05key","post_time":1657937790.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I have seen dragonfly pairs and damselfly pairs fly around while connected. Is there a name for this behavior and how do they coordinate this flight? Does one member of the mating pair \u201csteer\u201d while the other just follows their lead like two people on a tandem bicycle? Or do they coordinate their flight in another way? Also, why do some species of Odonates do this while others don\u2019t? Is it due to sexual selection?","title":"How do some Odonates fly in tandem while mating and why do they do it?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w05key/how_do_some_odonates_fly_in_tandem_while_mating/","vote_ratio":0.75},"w05vfa":{"author":"Passing_Thru_Forest","comment_count":46,"id":"w05vfa","post_time":1657938724.0,"score":1295,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Do peoole in comas have cycles like sleep/wake for brain activity or is a general muted brain activity the whole time?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w05vfa/do_peoole_in_comas_have_cycles_like_sleepwake_for/","vote_ratio":0.94},"w065w4":{"author":"flight_recorder","comment_count":4,"id":"w065w4","post_time":1657939629.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How does optimizing an aircraft for stealth affect aerodynamics?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w065w4/how_does_optimizing_an_aircraft_for_stealth/","vote_ratio":0.8},"w06gvh":{"author":"spikebrennan","comment_count":4,"id":"w06gvh","post_time":1657940597.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Is a destructive windstorm on Mars (like the fictional one one that creates the plot situation in Andy Weir\u2019s novel \u201cThe Martian\u201d) plausible, considering the thinner Martian atmosphere?  Does the weaker Martian gravity offset the thinner atmosphere by allowing the wind to be more effective in blowing things about?","title":"How hard does the wind blow on Mars?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w06gvh/how_hard_does_the_wind_blow_on_mars/","vote_ratio":1.0},"w0c2iz":{"author":"0x0BAD_ash","comment_count":14,"id":"w0c2iz","post_time":1657961113.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why is mad cow/CJD transmissible to humans, but deer chronic wasting disease and scrapie is not?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0c2iz/why_is_mad_cowcjd_transmissible_to_humans_but/","vote_ratio":0.74},"w0fyyd":{"author":"avdolian","comment_count":363,"id":"w0fyyd","post_time":1657975840.0,"score":3326,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Before the trunk is fully functional is their an environmental pressure that leads to elongated noses?","title":"How did elephants evolution lead to them having a trunk?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0fyyd/how_did_elephants_evolution_lead_to_them_having_a/","vote_ratio":0.92},"w0gyg4":{"author":"klompje","comment_count":33,"id":"w0gyg4","post_time":1657978860.0,"score":112,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"While I find it too hot to do anything, the insects seem to be busy as always, especially the bees on the lavender. Does the heat have an influence on them?","title":"Does hot weather bother insects?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0gyg4/does_hot_weather_bother_insects/","vote_ratio":0.92},"w0he96":{"author":"yaghlaoui","comment_count":2,"id":"w0he96","post_time":1657980164.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why is an inclined U-tube manometer more accurate than the normal one?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0he96/why_is_an_inclined_utube_manometer_more_accurate/","vote_ratio":0.76},"w0hlyv":{"author":"Taiyou04","comment_count":14,"id":"w0hlyv","post_time":1657980785.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Is there any scientific evidence that consciousness is the result of quantum phenomena occurring in the brain?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0hlyv/is_there_any_scientific_evidence_that/","vote_ratio":0.5},"w0ijw0":{"author":"AimForYaBoat","comment_count":89,"id":"w0ijw0","post_time":1657983542.0,"score":49,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Why are there no odd shaped planets, or planets shaped like cubes etc?","title":"Why are planets almost perfectly spherical?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0ijw0/why_are_planets_almost_perfectly_spherical/","vote_ratio":0.65},"w0ktij":{"author":"Vicarious_schism","comment_count":3,"id":"w0ktij","post_time":1657989866.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How did mosquitos evolve to suck blood? How does the needle thing evolve?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0ktij/how_did_mosquitos_evolve_to_suck_blood_how_does/","vote_ratio":0.73},"w0kxh6":{"author":"Melbourne_Australia","comment_count":2,"id":"w0kxh6","post_time":1657990189.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Was Deinosuchus basically just a modern crocodile in big or does it have biological differences from modern crocodiles?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0kxh6/was_deinosuchus_basically_just_a_modern_crocodile/","vote_ratio":0.64},"w0nl5k":{"author":"capn_kwick","comment_count":8,"id":"w0nl5k","post_time":1657997493.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"For instance, if Betelgeuse, at a bit over 600 light years away were to become a supernova, would the energy levels pretty much overwhelm its sensors?","title":"How close is \"too close\" for the JWST?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0nl5k/how_close_is_too_close_for_the_jwst/","vote_ratio":1.0},"w0o3je":{"author":"Glass_Alpaca","comment_count":10,"id":"w0o3je","post_time":1657998916.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Based on NASA, WASP-96b has water. But how did we find that out from JWST? Like, all we're receiving is the emitted light from the celestial object? How do we know anything beyond its visuals??","title":"How does JWST receive information such as temperature, atmospheric composition, mass, etc.?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0o3je/how_does_jwst_receive_information_such_as/","vote_ratio":0.59},"w0o8et":{"author":"solarflare70","comment_count":6,"id":"w0o8et","post_time":1657999305.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why do the north east US get affected by tropical storms even though tropical storms don\u2019t usually form above the tropical Atlantic Ocean?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0o8et/why_do_the_north_east_us_get_affected_by_tropical/","vote_ratio":0.46},"w0q2ml":{"author":"ForwardGrape2328","comment_count":6,"id":"w0q2ml","post_time":1658004526.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"As I understand pulsars spin and eject electromagnetic radiation. Since a white hole would eject matter and light would a white hole look or behave similar to a white hole?","title":"Would a white hole look similar to a pulsar?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0q2ml/would_a_white_hole_look_similar_to_a_pulsar/","vote_ratio":0.67},"w0qiri":{"author":"QuothTheRaven713","comment_count":20,"id":"w0qiri","post_time":1658005797.0,"score":66,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Had someone mention in another thread that we have historical data on temperatures obtained by geology studies that shows the climate currently doesn't match with the general trend we'd expect to be naturally occurring, so I'm curious as to if there's something geologically that shows the Earth's average climate in comparison to now, and how that shows it's much warmer now than it should be by natural progression.","title":"Does geology play a part in showing the average temperature of the Earth in a certain time period, like the chemical makeup of the rocks? Or is there more to it in determining geologically what the climate was like in the past?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0qiri/does_geology_play_a_part_in_showing_the_average/","vote_ratio":0.82},"w0qqao":{"author":"ajifoster321","comment_count":2,"id":"w0qqao","post_time":1658006401.0,"score":19,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I'm not entirely sure the best way to word this question. Would the large size of the incisors be because of a shared large incisor set of genetic changes, or rather the large lower incisor developed independently of the large upper one.","title":"Elephant tusks are modified upper incisors, Deinotheriidae of the elephant order are modified lower incisors. Is this likely a case of convergent evolution, fulfilling a similar purpose in different way, or a varied expression of a shared genetic change?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0qqao/elephant_tusks_are_modified_upper_incisors/","vote_ratio":0.77},"w0qqwy":{"author":"DrSuppe","comment_count":4,"id":"w0qqwy","post_time":1658006449.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Like the title says. What mechanism do they use to dive ? are there different ones ?\n\nI mean fish have their sim bladder. But what do whales do ? do they \"just swim down\"? What happens when the air in their lungs get compressed and the average density increases ? How do they stay buoyant at different depths ? \n\nAnd what do the sperm whales do when they sleep in this strange buoyant way ? how do they stay buoyant while sleeping ?\n\nOr do they just \"overpower\" the density change with muscle power ?   \n\n\nThis might be a bit of a convoluted question but maybe someone has some expertise in the area. Thanks :)","title":"How do whales dive ?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0qqwy/how_do_whales_dive/","vote_ratio":0.78},"w0yybc":{"author":"Furita","comment_count":14,"id":"w0yybc","post_time":1658032164.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"People often say \u201cpicture with x hours of exposure\u201d to capture images of the space. Since we are constantly rotating, how do you \u201cfix\u201d the telescope / camera for the long expose to a galaxy, the sun, or whatever is in space?","title":"How do telescopes, on Earth, take pictures of the space with long exposures?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0yybc/how_do_telescopes_on_earth_take_pictures_of_the/","vote_ratio":0.55},"w0z3py":{"author":"AnselmFox","comment_count":361,"id":"w0z3py","post_time":1658032714.0,"score":1042,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I know it\u2019s expanding- but does it have a rotation? Our planet orbits our sun, which orbits our super massive black hole\u2026 it seems like rotation is the standard. So does the universe as whole have a spin? And if not why?","title":"Does the universe as a whole have an orbit?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0z3py/does_the_universe_as_a_whole_have_an_orbit/","vote_ratio":0.9},"w10wjs":{"author":"BubbleDevere","comment_count":36,"id":"w10wjs","post_time":1658039509.0,"score":37,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How strong is the medical scientific case for vitamin C against the common cold?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w10wjs/how_strong_is_the_medical_scientific_case_for/","vote_ratio":0.83},"w15dgz":{"author":"ShineOnYouFatOldSun","comment_count":6,"id":"w15dgz","post_time":1658057411.0,"score":14,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"We observe our world through the light visible to our eyes, however there are know organisms who see different wavelengths, bees for example can see ultraviolet light. Could there be planets where potential lifeforms might have to evolv to see x-rays or microwaves in order to observe their world?\n\nIf some planets received a different composition of light waves than ours I suspect it might be possible but I don't know if that is physically accurate. \n\nI know there are different types of stars and I know that the consensus is that a planet needs to be in the 'goldilocks zone' of a star to support life.\n\nThought I might ask here and hope it's not a completely stupid question haha thanks.","title":"Do all planets receive the same wavelengths of light from their star?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w15dgz/do_all_planets_receive_the_same_wavelengths_of/","vote_ratio":0.8},"w16xz6":{"author":"4fingerfrank","comment_count":125,"id":"w16xz6","post_time":1658062919.0,"score":2736,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"What is actually happening in the body/brain to cause the pins and needles or sharp tingling sensation felt after blood rushes back to a numb body part ?","title":"Pins & Needles ( what is actually happening ? )","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w16xz6/pins_needles_what_is_actually_happening/","vote_ratio":0.94},"w18dxa":{"author":"Droodster","comment_count":527,"id":"w18dxa","post_time":1658067358.0,"score":2569,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Could we handle nuclear waste by drilling into a subduction zone and let the earth carry the waste into the mantle?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w18dxa/could_we_handle_nuclear_waste_by_drilling_into_a/","vote_ratio":0.93},"w19icf":{"author":"Kittten_Mitttons","comment_count":0,"id":"w19icf","post_time":1658070512.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Cactaceae are the only family I know of where almost any species can be successfully grafted to almost any other species. Almost every cactus is capable of producing fertile, hybrids within its genus. Beyond that, it's been found that many cacti are even capable of intergeneric hybridization. Desert cacti are supposed to have diverged and evolved during a worldwide drying event roughly 10-25 mya (I'm assuming the rainforest/vining species evolved at a similar time) This is relatively recent on the scale of plant evolution, is this why they're able to graft and breed so freely? They haven't had enough time to diverge to the point of incompatibility?","title":"[Evolutionary Biology/Botany] Cactaceae is a very young plant family. Is this why they're so promiscuous?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w19icf/evolutionary_biologybotany_cactaceae_is_a_very/","vote_ratio":0.67},"w1aldy":{"author":"QQwas","comment_count":5,"id":"w1aldy","post_time":1658073502.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I figure that (economic) hard times equal, at least for some populations/groups, lower caloric consumption than usual, which could have some consequences for body size, in particular, height.\n\nIn particular if it happens to children or young adults still in the progress of growing, which i figure would be more sensitive to changes in intake(?), and therefore prevent them from reaching their full \"potential\". \n\nAre there any data indicating that, e.g. \"population group X experienced economic difficulties in the year Y, which was reflected in a statistically detectable deviation/anomaly in the distribution for height for the group some N years later, compared to how it is normally\"","title":"Can we detect the effect of economic recessions, depressions, etc. on the statistical distribution of e.g. height?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1aldy/can_we_detect_the_effect_of_economic_recessions/","vote_ratio":0.72},"w1dwe5":{"author":"thenormaldude","comment_count":1,"id":"w1dwe5","post_time":1658082510.0,"score":1451,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"This article, citing research from the Global Oceanic Environmental Survey Foundation, claims that the Atlantic Ocean is mostly deprived of life due to plankton population collapse from pollution: [https://www.sundaypost.com/fp/humanity-will-not-survive-extinction-of-most-marine-plants-and-animals/?fbclid=IwAR0kid7zbH-urODZNGLfw8sYLEZ0pcT0RiRbrLwyZpfA14IVBmCiC-GchTw](https://www.sundaypost.com/fp/humanity-will-not-survive-extinction-of-most-marine-plants-and-animals/?fbclid=IwAR0kid7zbH-urODZNGLfw8sYLEZ0pcT0RiRbrLwyZpfA14IVBmCiC-GchTw)\n\nIt sounds bad, but it's also from a study that may not be peer reviewed (I can't seem to find methodology, authors, or even the text of the study) by a group I've never heard of and seems focused on activism.\n\nIs there any way to verify if this study is real? And if it's real, is it scientifically sound?","title":"Is the Atlantic Ocean mostly dead?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1dwe5/is_the_atlantic_ocean_mostly_dead/","vote_ratio":0.86},"w1fzfv":{"author":"Ilayeggs121","comment_count":11,"id":"w1fzfv","post_time":1658088013.0,"score":38,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"We know that on earth here when we cut two pieces of metal the freshly cut surface oxidizes preventing the metal from joining back together, \n\nThough in space the metal does not oxidize and is able to fuse back together into a single piece of metal, \n\nMy question is, is this the case for all material? For example wood, (I don\u2019t know why we can\u2019t fuse that back together on earth) if we took a piece of wood to the vacuum of space could we fuse it back together just through pressure? \n\nAnd if we can\u2019t, can someone explain why we can\u2019t?","title":"Can you fuse any two pieces of the same material in space just like metal?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1fzfv/can_you_fuse_any_two_pieces_of_the_same_material/","vote_ratio":0.78},"w1k1yq":{"author":"venbrou","comment_count":3,"id":"w1k1yq","post_time":1658099022.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Summary: Large solid chunk of steel submerged in a solution of copper(ii) sulfate and tin(ii) sulfate (estimated ration of 10-1). Left to sit for 24 hours. Reaction expected to produce precipitates of metallic copper and tin and a solution of iron(ii) sulfate.\n\nQuestion: Would the copper and tin precipitate out as a metallic alloy, or would they come out as separate layers, crystals, etc.. ?\n\nSo... I've been messing around with copper(ii) sulfate for the past few days. One of my ongoing experiments started with putting scrap electronics solder in a solution of the stuff. My idea was the tin and lead would replace the copper and leave a solution of pure tin(ii) sulfate and insoluble lead(ii) sulfate and copper metal. The results were promising as I was left with a beautiful turquoise blue solution along with white precipitate of lead(ii) sulfate and copper collecting on the old solder. My only mistake was that I did not have enough solder, and so the resulting solution was still mostly copper(ii) sulfate.\n\nIt was this mixture of tin(ii) sulfate and copper(ii) sulfate that I added a slightly rusted steel hammer head to. I honestly didn't have a plan at this point other then a quick google search to see where iron was in terms of reactivity. Success on that: I now have an almost pure solution of iron(ii) sulfate. I will likely continue using sulfate to juggle metal ions with reckless abandon.\n\nIt's the hammer head I sacrificed that I'm really curios about. It's completely covered in copper crystals and I'm pretty certain the tin is mixed in as well. I'll link a picture in the comments. I really want to know if I just accidentally made a copper-tin alloy.","title":"Would a replacement reaction between a metal and a solution of more then one metal salt result in an alloy precipitate?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1k1yq/would_a_replacement_reaction_between_a_metal_and/","vote_ratio":0.86},"w1pwvd":{"author":"Huhthisisneathuh","comment_count":7,"id":"w1pwvd","post_time":1658116888.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"So during the first offensive where Germans launched the first chemical attack using Mustard Gas. What happened after the battle was over with the released gas? Did the cloud of toxic chemicals disperse? Did it just float away or something? What exactly happened?","title":"I\u2019ve been watching some WW1 videos, and I have to ask. What happened to all the chemical weapons that activated?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1pwvd/ive_been_watching_some_ww1_videos_and_i_have_to/","vote_ratio":0.8},"w1q8yo":{"author":"Lucky-Sail8207","comment_count":12,"id":"w1q8yo","post_time":1658118070.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"is Earth's helium really running out?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1q8yo/is_earths_helium_really_running_out/","vote_ratio":0.75},"w1tw85":{"author":"G1rvo","comment_count":316,"id":"w1tw85","post_time":1658131865.0,"score":2418,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Hi, on the moon, how come the craters are all circular? Would that mean all the asteroids hit the surface straight on at a perfect angle? Wouldn't some hit on different angles creating more longer scar like damage to the surface? Thanks","title":"Moon craters mostly circular?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1tw85/moon_craters_mostly_circular/","vote_ratio":0.92},"w1u2wp":{"author":"nickoskal024","comment_count":3,"id":"w1u2wp","post_time":1658132645.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How infectious are you during the inflammatory phase of COVID?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1u2wp/how_infectious_are_you_during_the_inflammatory/","vote_ratio":0.52},"w1ucjj":{"author":"just1the2green3dino","comment_count":2,"id":"w1ucjj","post_time":1658133774.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How does a hornet build its hive?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1ucjj/how_does_a_hornet_build_its_hive/","vote_ratio":0.78},"w1wlnb":{"author":"qkvb","comment_count":2,"id":"w1wlnb","post_time":1658142387.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"The way I understand the Warming Stripes (the blue/red bar code showing global temperature changes), the reds indicate temperatures warmer than what they're supposed to be, while blue indicates colder than what they're supposed to be.\n\nBut the bar starts with a lot of blue until 1980 or so. Why were temperatures lower than they're supposed until from ~1900 to 1980 and how is that determined?","title":"In the Warming Stripes, how can the blue stripes be explained?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1wlnb/in_the_warming_stripes_how_can_the_blue_stripes/","vote_ratio":0.69},"w1yunq":{"author":"MayrutSingh","comment_count":26,"id":"w1yunq","post_time":1658149398.0,"score":171,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"When walking in a parking lot that has High Voltage Power lines over it, I noticed that the \u2018Buzz\u2019 was much louder today, a cloudy day, than it is normally on a clear day. What is the reason for this? Is it even louder when it rains?","title":"Why is the \u201cBuzz\u201d on High Voltage power lines Louder on a cloudy day than on a clear day?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1yunq/why_is_the_buzz_on_high_voltage_power_lines/","vote_ratio":0.89},"w1zmvs":{"author":"TheGuans","comment_count":12,"id":"w1zmvs","post_time":1658151617.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I dont understand the point of static equilibrium? If the forward and backward reaction rate is zero then why is it not just considered as not reacting at all? Why call it static equilibrium? I dint understand the answers on google like the example of diamond and graphite, is there another possible example of a static equilibrium?","title":"Static and dynamic equilibrium?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1zmvs/static_and_dynamic_equilibrium/","vote_ratio":0.65},"w22h90":{"author":"HardlineMike","comment_count":109,"id":"w22h90","post_time":1658158899.0,"score":839,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"So searching for radio telescopes I found that there are almost none currently operating in space and historically very few as well. Most of the big radio dishes in space are turned Earthwards for spying purposes.\n\nAs a layperson this strikes me as strange because it seems like a radio telescope would be significantly easier to build and launch than an optical telescope. \n\nA few possible guesses come to mind based on my small amount of astronomy knowledge:\n\nFewer advantages over land-based observation, relative to an optical scope?\n\nInterferometry using huge numbers of smaller ground based dishes simply more useful?\n\nSome engineering challenge I'm not considering?","title":"Why aren't space-based radio telescopes really a thing?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w22h90/why_arent_spacebased_radio_telescopes_really_a/","vote_ratio":0.92},"w23xwr":{"author":"Enough-Screen-1881","comment_count":17,"id":"w23xwr","post_time":1658162520.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I'm not talking about the warming effects of CO2, but rather adding up all of our total energy use and assuming it will all eventually turn into heat, does that in itself have a warming effect on Earth?","title":"Does our total human energy use noticeably warm the planet?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w23xwr/does_our_total_human_energy_use_noticeably_warm/","vote_ratio":0.62},"w26rts":{"author":"OnARolll31","comment_count":24,"id":"w26rts","post_time":1658169670.0,"score":71,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why does COVID have an effect on menstrual cycles?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w26rts/why_does_covid_have_an_effect_on_menstrual_cycles/","vote_ratio":0.74},"w2b4ah":{"author":"Selechar","comment_count":4,"id":"w2b4ah","post_time":1658180594.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"For example, most of us see Jupiter with beige, tan, and red colors, but there is also pictures where Jupiter has vibrant blue swirls mixed in with some tan colors. This situation can also be seen with pictures of Venus.","title":"Why do pictures of the same planet sometimes have completely different colors?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2b4ah/why_do_pictures_of_the_same_planet_sometimes_have/","vote_ratio":0.67},"w2c0jo":{"author":"rrdein","comment_count":18,"id":"w2c0jo","post_time":1658182896.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"In trying to research potential treatments for glioblastoma, I came across cannabinoids.  It seems like they all fight cancer (glioblastoma specifically) and could inevitably some day cure people's cancers.  There have been hundreds of studies, but as near as I can tell there has never once been a single study that tested these in live humans, without being administered in combination with chemo and radiation.  I heard a long time ago that they will never ever do that because if a person dies then someone gets blamed for not using chemo and radiation.  That kind of logic seems designed to forever prevent there from being any kind of cure or alternative to chemo and radiation, ever.\n\nDo they ever do any in vivo studies on any (new or existing) cancer drugs that are not designed to see if the drug can \"assist\" chemo and radiation?  If not, is there any \"path forward\" for anyone to ever develop a drug that actually cures cancer?","title":"Are there ever cancer studies testing new drugs that don't involve concomitant therapy with chemo and radiation?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2c0jo/are_there_ever_cancer_studies_testing_new_drugs/","vote_ratio":0.47},"w2cnqd":{"author":"Lonewolf_drak","comment_count":300,"id":"w2cnqd","post_time":1658184583.0,"score":1613,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Reading about the Webb teleacope amd it sending info back at 25mb a sec, i was thinking abput if it were possible to put satellites throughout space as relays. Kinda like lighting the torches of Gondor. Would that actually allow for faster communication?","title":"Is it possible to use multiple satellites across space to speed up space communication?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2cnqd/is_it_possible_to_use_multiple_satellites_across/","vote_ratio":0.89},"w2ehkc":{"author":"RodPa715","comment_count":5,"id":"w2ehkc","post_time":1658189619.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Sorry for the dumb question but I'm wondering at that scale  how does movement affect the pictures?\n\nIs there software to compensate for that, is the orbit special for that reason? Is it a non-problem because the \"focus\" is very far away?","title":"How does the JWST take pictures while orbiting?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2ehkc/how_does_the_jwst_take_pictures_while_orbiting/","vote_ratio":0.6},"w2ei56":{"author":"Marys-first-born","comment_count":6,"id":"w2ei56","post_time":1658189662.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Im interested in doing some small scale oil extractions but rather than using c02 and a liquid pump i was wondering if dry ice could be used","title":"How much dry ice in a vessel would you need to make it supercritical?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2ei56/how_much_dry_ice_in_a_vessel_would_you_need_to/","vote_ratio":0.2},"w2f3pv":{"author":"ItzMunchbell","comment_count":116,"id":"w2f3pv","post_time":1658191386.0,"score":641,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Edit: Thank you for the explanations! I realized I should have mentioned that I'm not taking any prescriptions nor do I like grapefruits. A few days ago, I saw somebody buying grapefruit juice (not accusing that person of anything) and I was thinking about how I'd heard that it's not safe to consume with certain medicines. I was curious about the reasons why combining the two is dangerous.\n\nTL;DR: I was just curious.","title":"Why is grapefruit juice not safe to consume with certain medications?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2f3pv/why_is_grapefruit_juice_not_safe_to_consume_with/","vote_ratio":0.89},"w2fhj6":{"author":"nickofthenairup","comment_count":9,"id":"w2fhj6","post_time":1658192491.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I\u2019ve always wondered this. I\u2019m on the 46th floor of a hotel right now and see small birds chasing each other around outside. Is there a biological reason for this (food / insects I can\u2019t see) or do they just fly around for fun?","title":"Do birds fly around for fun?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2fhj6/do_birds_fly_around_for_fun/","vote_ratio":0.74},"w2gxbu":{"author":"Bananawamajama","comment_count":5,"id":"w2gxbu","post_time":1658196650.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Say there's a cloud of plasma floating in space, and there's a uniform magnetic field around/permeating it. If there is also an electric field present, the plasma will move in the direction of E x B, from what I understand.\n\nNow say there is a beam of laser light shooting through the plasma. Light is made of photons, which are electromagnetic oscillations.\n\nSo how does a photon end up affecting the plasma?\n\nOne option I could see is that the electric field from the laser and the background magnetic field means the plasma moves in the E_laser x B_background direction.\n\nAnother option is that it moves in the E_laser x B_laser direction.\n\nAnother option is that it doesn't move but oscillates back and forth along one of those directions, because light is oscillating.\n\nAnother option is that it moves in the direction the light was going, because light has momentum and its pushing the plasma. Which is just the 2nd option, but with a different reason.\n\nAnother option is that it doesn't move at all and I don't understand photons.","title":"Does the electric field of light exert force on plasma particles?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2gxbu/does_the_electric_field_of_light_exert_force_on/","vote_ratio":0.87},"w2kp5y":{"author":"LJAkaar67","comment_count":1,"id":"w2kp5y","post_time":1658208413.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Genetic testing for Tay-Sachs begin in the 70s.\n\nSince then [the incidence of Tay-Sachs has fallen by more than 90 percent among Jews, thanks to a combination of scientific advances and volunteer community activism that brought screening for the disease into synagogues, Jewish community centers and, eventually, routine medical care.](https://www.timesofisrael.com/how-jewish-activism-has-wiped-out-tay-sachs/#:~:text=Since%20the%20'70s%2C%20the%20incidence,%2C%20eventually%2C%20routine%20medical%20care.)\n\n[Until 1969, when doctors discovered the enzyme that made testing possible to determine whether parents were carriers of Tay-Sachs, 50 to 60 affected Jewish children were born each year in the United States and Canada. After mass screenings began in 1971, the numbers declined to two to five Jewish births a year, said Karen Zeiger, whose first child died of Tay-Sachs.](https://www.timesofisrael.com/how-jewish-activism-has-wiped-out-tay-sachs/#:~:text=Since%20the%20'70s%2C%20the%20incidence,%2C%20eventually%2C%20routine%20medical%20care.)\n\n[Tay\u2013Sachs disease is a genetic disorder that results in the destruction of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord.[1] The most common form is infantile Tay\u2013Sachs disease, which becomes apparent around three to six months of age, with the baby losing the ability to turn over, sit, or crawl.[1] This is then followed by seizures, hearing loss, and inability to move, with death usually occurring by the age of three to five.[3][1] Less commonly, the disease may occur in later childhood or adulthood (juvenile or late-onset).[1] These forms tend to be less severe,[1] but the juvenile form typically results in death by age 15.](https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Tay%E2%80%93Sachs_disease)\n\n[Tay\u2013Sachs disease is caused by a genetic mutation in the HEXA gene on chromosome 15, which codes for a subunit of the hexosaminidase enzyme known as hexosaminidase A. It is inherited from a person's parents in an autosomal recessive manner.](https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Tay%E2%80%93Sachs_disease)\n\n[Three main approaches have been used to prevent or reduce the incidence of Tay\u2013Sachs:](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tay%E2%80%93Sachs_disease&section=8)\n\n+ [Prenatal diagnosis. If both parents are identified as carriers, prenatal genetic testing can determine whether the fetus has inherited a defective gene copy from both parents.[30] Chorionic villus sampling (CVS), the most common form of prenatal diagnosis, can be performed between 10 and 14 weeks of gestation. Amniocentesis is usually performed at 15\u201318 weeks. These procedures have risks of miscarriage of 1% or less.](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tay%E2%80%93Sachs_disease&section=8)\n+ [Preimplantation genetic diagnosis. By retrieving the mother's eggs for in vitro fertilization, it is possible to test the embryo for the disorder prior to implantation. Healthy embryos are then selected and transferred into the mother's womb, while unhealthy embryos are discarded. In addition to Tay\u2013Sachs disease, preimplantation genetic diagnosis has been used to prevent cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia among other genetic disorders.](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tay%E2%80%93Sachs_disease&section=8)\n+ [Mate selection. In Orthodox Jewish circles, the organization Dor Yeshorim carries out an anonymous screening program so that carriers for Tay\u2013Sachs and other genetic disorders can avoid marrying each other.](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tay%E2%80%93Sachs_disease&section=8)\n\nEach of the mechanisms above would work to eliminate embryos with two Tay-Sachs genes, and preimplantation genetic diagnoses could be used to eliminate embryos with one Tay-Sachs gene, though I have no reason to think it is used that way.\n\nBy eliminating embryos with two Tay-Sachs genes, adults (who could reproduce) with Tay-Sachs are also eliminated and so I would think that over time, the genetic frequency of the Tay-Sachs disorder would decline.\n\nIs there any evidence of this for Tay-Sachs?\n\nHas the gene frequency of any recessive genetic disorder been reduced through screening mechanisms?","title":"Has the gene frequency of Tay-Sachs disease in humans decreased since screening began in the 70s?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2kp5y/has_the_gene_frequency_of_taysachs_disease_in/","vote_ratio":0.8},"w2l2wb":{"author":"non-troll_account","comment_count":10,"id":"w2l2wb","post_time":1658209782.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"It's so far away yet collecting so much data, I don't understand how it can send it all back. Is it using lossless compression of some kind?","title":"How is it possible for the JWST to have the bandwidth to send back all the data it's collecting?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2l2wb/how_is_it_possible_for_the_jwst_to_have_the/","vote_ratio":0.58},"w2l540":{"author":"looking_at_themoon","comment_count":9,"id":"w2l540","post_time":1658209998.0,"score":9,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Lets say for example there was a circle in the Pacific Ocean with a diameter of 100ft. Within that circle, the gravity increases by an incredible amount and it only increases within that circle. What would happen to the water in that area? would it cause a straight hole to the bottom of the ocean or would a different kind of phenomenon occur?","title":"If gravity increased drastically at a certain spot of the ocean, what would happen in that area?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2l540/if_gravity_increased_drastically_at_a_certain/","vote_ratio":0.71},"w2m0no":{"author":"glock2glock","comment_count":36,"id":"w2m0no","post_time":1658213195.0,"score":114,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I understand how glue works but wood glue seems to become a permanent piece of the wood after it\u2019s used sometimes lasting hundreds of years. Just curious what\u2019s going on there chemically.","title":"How does wood glue work?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2m0no/how_does_wood_glue_work/","vote_ratio":0.92},"w2m180":{"author":"Ohsa","comment_count":6,"id":"w2m180","post_time":1658213257.0,"score":18,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Allegedly 90% of reptiles carry salmonella. Where do captive-bred reptiles pick it up if they're hatched in incubators and away from the poop of older reptiles? Is it passed on during the formation of the egg? Or can it just survive for so long on water/surfaces that it's just a matter of time until they do? What about the remaining 10%, why don't they get it?","title":"How do captive-bred reptiles become salmonella carriers?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2m180/how_do_captivebred_reptiles_become_salmonella/","vote_ratio":0.81},"w2nghg":{"author":"prookyon","comment_count":1,"id":"w2nghg","post_time":1658218850.0,"score":13,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"If I understand correctly FDA has a ban on claiming more than 2 hours of protection regardless if its a chemical or physical sunscreen - but I would assume that without swimming/washing the physical ones should work longer as the oxides do not break down due to sunlight?","title":"What is the process through which physical/mineral sunscreens (the ones that block with titanium/zinc oxide) lose their efficiency within a few hours?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2nghg/what_is_the_process_through_which_physicalmineral/","vote_ratio":0.94},"w2qn0l":{"author":"EGKMRF","comment_count":14,"id":"w2qn0l","post_time":1658230836.0,"score":53,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I understand that at a point, more neutrons do not 'stick' to the nucleus, but why? What is stopping them from doing so? Why is it not possible to get an infinite amount of isotopes?","title":"What is stopping scientists from adding more and more neutrons to an atom to create an infinite amount of isotopes?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2qn0l/what_is_stopping_scientists_from_adding_more_and/","vote_ratio":0.82},"w2t8ds":{"author":"DoubleZOfficial07","comment_count":35,"id":"w2t8ds","post_time":1658238589.0,"score":169,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Okay, so this is a doozy. I was basically having a doubt in the physiology of blood pressure and arteries and my professors were unable to completely answer it, but they gave the reason as \u2019the large elastic arteries do not follow Bernoulli\u2019s principle\u2019. I\u2018m not satisfied with this explanation but as they are not physics professors they just made me accept it as such. So I\u2019m flairing this as physics, but it could be that they misinterpreted my original question which is kinda complicated. So is it true? And why?","title":"Do elastic arteries follow Bernoulli\u2019s principle? If not, why?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2t8ds/do_elastic_arteries_follow_bernoullis_principle/","vote_ratio":0.91},"w2tkje":{"author":"mrpotato4565alt2","comment_count":15,"id":"w2tkje","post_time":1658239488.0,"score":34,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"\n\nSo one of the effects of puberty is the rapid growth of the human body \n\nBUT is it true that one of the effects of puberty is rapid growth of the brain? Because I read somewhere that one of the effects of puberty is rapid growth of the brain \n\nPlease when you answer send me the scientific paper / source that you got the answer from","title":"is it true that one of the effects of puberty is the rapid growth of the brain?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2tkje/is_it_true_that_one_of_the_effects_of_puberty_is/","vote_ratio":0.7},"w2u7gh":{"author":"seaflans","comment_count":269,"id":"w2u7gh","post_time":1658241196.0,"score":2936,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Edit: Should have posted this to r/nostupidquestions! Turns out, tomato juice is NOT more effective than many other natural and synthetic compounds. Damn you Spiderman (The Spectacular Spiderman, 2008) for inspiring this question after a fight at the dump.","title":"How does tomato juice remove smells? Why is it more effective than many other natural and synthetic compounds?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2u7gh/how_does_tomato_juice_remove_smells_why_is_it/","vote_ratio":0.9},"w2uwt2":{"author":"plectinresearcher","comment_count":3,"id":"w2uwt2","post_time":1658243036.0,"score":54,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"So, the DNA within the head of a capsid such as a lambda particle have these extensions at the 5\u2019 strand of each end, called \u2018cohesive\u2019 or \u2018cos\u2019 ends. Apparently, they don\u2019t bind to each other during packaging and they don\u2019t bind to each other while bundled up inside the capsid. Once released into the host cell, however, they have no issues finding and then binding to each other. Why is that?","title":"Why don\u2019t the \u2018cos\u2019 ends of viral DNA bind inside the capsid?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2uwt2/why_dont_the_cos_ends_of_viral_dna_bind_inside/","vote_ratio":0.76},"w2wgez":{"author":"cosulytt","comment_count":22,"id":"w2wgez","post_time":1658247023.0,"score":23,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"In the UK, Network Rail explained why the UK rail infrastructure is unable to cope with hot temperatures, however, it also said that 'If we stressed our rails for exceptionally hot weather, they wouldn\u2019t be safe for the winter and we\u2019d have broken rail because it\u2019s too cold.' \n\nWhat I'd like to understand is how the rail infrastructure in places that do experience extreme sides of weather is able to withstand the extremes. In my head I'm thinking of cities in North America on the east coast which experience very low and very high temperatures. How does their rail infrastructure cope with extremes? How are they built differently?","title":"How do train tracks withstand hot and cold temperatures?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2wgez/how_do_train_tracks_withstand_hot_and_cold/","vote_ratio":0.79},"w2wxto":{"author":"Syscrush","comment_count":313,"id":"w2wxto","post_time":1658248256.0,"score":1428,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"When I was in 9th grade in the mid-80's, my science teacher said that if a black hole with the mass of a mountain were to strike Earth, it would probably just oscillate back and forth inside the Earth for a while before settling at Earth's center of gravity and that would be it.\n\nI've never forgotten this idea - it sounds plausible but as I've never heard the claim elsewhere I suspect it is wrong. Is there any basis for this?\n\nIf it is true, then what's the most massive a black hole could be to pass through the Earth without causing a commotion?","title":"What's the most massive black hole that could strike the earth without causing any damage?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2wxto/whats_the_most_massive_black_hole_that_could/","vote_ratio":0.9},"w2xqe6":{"author":"Flowonbyboats","comment_count":1,"id":"w2xqe6","post_time":1658250256.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":" \n\nI did google searched and searched this sub for an answer. The closest I got was the link at the bottom.\n\nI understand that many animals have sperm with short life cycles. I also understand that women are able to keep their same oocyte their whole life's. However eggs are living cells that are still attached to the host body and are being fed/wasted carried away from. Is this the same action that happens inside a queens body's when they store sperm for up to 25 years? Or is there a different mechanism of action?\n\nIf you have info related to other animals besides queen ants I'd be interested in hearing it as well.\n\n[https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/pwwpq/why\\_is\\_the\\_fertile\\_life\\_of\\_human\\_sperm\\_so\\_short/](https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/pwwpq/why_is_the_fertile_life_of_human_sperm_so_short/)","title":"Thru what mechanisms do queen ants store male sperm for up to 25 years?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2xqe6/thru_what_mechanisms_do_queen_ants_store_male/","vote_ratio":0.69},"w2yq7e":{"author":"plsdontkillmee","comment_count":6,"id":"w2yq7e","post_time":1658252755.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I'm trying to make a parser for .fa files and this seems like it won't be a huge file.","title":"Where can I get a fasta file for the rhinovirus genome?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2yq7e/where_can_i_get_a_fasta_file_for_the_rhinovirus/","vote_ratio":0.45},"w38cnt":{"author":"McNuggiezz","comment_count":67,"id":"w38cnt","post_time":1658277422.0,"score":264,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Are ants capable of flatulence?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w38cnt/are_ants_capable_of_flatulence/","vote_ratio":0.87},"w3a60c":{"author":"Cyberman2277","comment_count":4,"id":"w3a60c","post_time":1658282632.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I just came across a video about the giant bacteria thiomargarita magnifica, which is visible to the naked eye and has membrane bound organelles. How is it classified as bacteria instead of protozoa with membrane bound organelles?","title":"How can a bacteria have membrane bound organelles?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3a60c/how_can_a_bacteria_have_membrane_bound_organelles/","vote_ratio":0.56},"w3atux":{"author":"Lienidus1","comment_count":20,"id":"w3atux","post_time":1658284513.0,"score":35,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Some people are more prone to mosquito bites. What criteria does a mosquito use when selecting their victims?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3atux/some_people_are_more_prone_to_mosquito_bites_what/","vote_ratio":0.86},"w3btdw":{"author":"Otisliveson","comment_count":3,"id":"w3btdw","post_time":1658287410.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Especially with regard to the spinning mirror. I can\u2019t find a good source that explains how the mirror is capable of turning so quickly. Example footage here: https://youtu.be/z7H5_o4UYw4","title":"How do Projectile Tracking Systems actually function?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3btdw/how_do_projectile_tracking_systems_actually/","vote_ratio":0.73},"w3ckvf":{"author":"SirNanigans","comment_count":6,"id":"w3ckvf","post_time":1658289721.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Wouldn't it shatter the microbial ecosystems present on plants and the surface of soil?","title":"If temperatures reach 125F+ for several hours in a place with vegetation (Texas, for example), are there concerns of the landscape getting pasteurized?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3ckvf/if_temperatures_reach_125f_for_several_hours_in_a/","vote_ratio":0.56},"w3culo":{"author":"tbird1134","comment_count":6,"id":"w3culo","post_time":1658290558.0,"score":78,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I get that nebulae can be many AU\u2019s in diameter, but isn\u2019t the distance between solar systems much larger to the point where there would be very little cross pollination between solar systems? Also what happens to planets that aren\u2019t destroyed by supernovae? Are there gas giant sized planets drifting around within galaxies unattached to a star?","title":"Do the elements of supernovae stay within the range of the previous solar system? Is a solar system with a star of sufficient mass just recycling elements within that range?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3culo/do_the_elements_of_supernovae_stay_within_the/","vote_ratio":0.83},"w3d587":{"author":"GCWR3","comment_count":1,"id":"w3d587","post_time":1658291487.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Is D-Ribose a precursor to Ribitol?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3d587/is_dribose_a_precursor_to_ribitol/","vote_ratio":0.4},"w3eafw":{"author":"candid_page38","comment_count":10,"id":"w3eafw","post_time":1658295270.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Is there some evolutionary benefit of continuing to mate with males?","title":"Why don\u2019t species that are capable of parthenogenesis eventually turn into all females?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3eafw/why_dont_species_that_are_capable_of/","vote_ratio":0.75},"w3fcbb":{"author":"Lesbianseagullman","comment_count":10,"id":"w3fcbb","post_time":1658298985.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I have a barometer that tells me a number in hPa (right now it says 1007, which is apparently close to normal? But what is the significance of that, of an- I assume- \"normal level of atmospheric pressure\"?) I can't figure out what the point even is of knowing this information at a given time! \nThe only time in which I could see this being useful is if-whether weather conditions occur at corresponding hPa levels--if i could replace temperature, chance of rain, is it sunny or cloudy, etc. with it.. I have no idea what I'm talking about. \n\nCan anyone just fill me in and explain atmospheric pressure, its significance to life- my life, every day life, anything\n\nHope this is the right flair, I couldn't find the one for meteorology or something.","title":"What does atmospheric pressure really tell us about anything? Can we use the number of hectopectares to divine something useful or even tangible? Like anything to do about the weather, chance of rain, temperature","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3fcbb/what_does_atmospheric_pressure_really_tell_us/","vote_ratio":0.59},"w3firn":{"author":"andreasdagen","comment_count":13,"id":"w3firn","post_time":1658299658.0,"score":35,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How does the genetical difference between modern humans and our 300 000 year old ancestors compare to the genetical difference between our 300 000 year old ancestors and our 600 000 year old ancestors?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3firn/how_does_the_genetical_difference_between_modern/","vote_ratio":0.78},"w3ib4f":{"author":"KesTheHammer","comment_count":24,"id":"w3ib4f","post_time":1658310408.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Air in a closed container has Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapour etc in an even distribution throughout the container, despite the N2 having a lower density (1.2 kg/m\u00b3) than oxygen (1.4kg/m\u00b3) or CO2 (1.9 kg/m\u00b3)\n\nBut in other cases, it is argued that the carbon dioxide will drop down (as in fire suppression systems), or hot air will rise etc based on differing densities.\n\nIs it all about mixing - or are there other effects at play?","title":"When do gases uniformly fill a container vs layer by layer based on density?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3ib4f/when_do_gases_uniformly_fill_a_container_vs_layer/","vote_ratio":0.71},"w3iwdg":{"author":"svconfession411","comment_count":0,"id":"w3iwdg","post_time":1658312630.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Forgive the weird question, but I was curious. From what I understand bicephaly in reptiles is typically caused by either genetic or environmental factors, the most common being abnormal incubation temperatures. I was wondering if there is any sort of physical trauma that could result in bicephaly, such as an egg being dropped or slightly damaged? If so, would it be possible for scientists to make a notch in a developing embryo and encourage bicephaly? I know it's kind of morbid, but I was really curious as to whether or not physical environmental factors have an impact on this since I couldn't find many sources surrounding it!","title":"Could trauma result in bicephaly in reptiles?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3iwdg/could_trauma_result_in_bicephaly_in_reptiles/","vote_ratio":0.22},"w3jzip":{"author":"ShueiHS","comment_count":6,"id":"w3jzip","post_time":1658316570.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"And if yes, in what genetical conditions? Would they physically develop more like a female or male?\n\nI'm mostly interested in this to know if sexually \"neutral\" humans could exist, and how. If you need me to be more precise, please tell me !\n\nThanks for your answers!","title":"Is it possible for a new born to develop no genitals at all?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3jzip/is_it_possible_for_a_new_born_to_develop_no/","vote_ratio":0.47},"w3kegy":{"author":"transporter3","comment_count":41,"id":"w3kegy","post_time":1658317981.0,"score":162,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Any article I can find just says \"climate change\" which I understand but what are the specific factors and systems that are causing this? And what is seemingly making those systems produce something global and intense?","title":"What is causing this 2022 global heat wave?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3kegy/what_is_causing_this_2022_global_heat_wave/","vote_ratio":0.84},"w3n2ex":{"author":"AutoModerator","comment_count":476,"id":"w3n2ex","post_time":1658325611.0,"score":930,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on **Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science**\n\nDo you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: \"What would happen if...\", \"How will the future...\", \"If all the rules for 'X' were different...\", \"Why does my...\".\n\n**Asking Questions:**\n\nPlease post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.\n\n**Answering Questions:**\n\nPlease only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. [The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/wiki/index#wiki_answering_askscience). In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.\n\nIf you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, [please refer to the information provided here](https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/about/sticky).\n\nPast AskAnythingWednesday posts [can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/search?q=flair%3A%27meta%27&restrict_sr=on&sort=new&t=all). Ask away!","title":"Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3n2ex/ask_anything_wednesday_physics_astronomy_earth/","vote_ratio":0.92},"w3nq0n":{"author":"YtSabit","comment_count":8,"id":"w3nq0n","post_time":1658327271.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How long does it take naturally for silver to form? (not man made ones)","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3nq0n/how_long_does_it_take_naturally_for_silver_to/","vote_ratio":0.41},"w3rut0":{"author":"AskScienceModerator","comment_count":10,"id":"w3rut0","post_time":1658337273.0,"score":20,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"**Please read this entire post carefully and format your application appropriately.**\n\nThis post is for new panelist recruitment! The previous one is [here](https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/s93rpe/askscience_panel_of_scientists_xxvi/).\n\nThe panel is an informal group of Redditors who are **either professional scientists or those in training to become so**. All panelists have at least a graduate-level familiarity within their declared field of expertise and answer questions from related areas of study. A panelist's expertise is summarized in a color-coded AskScience flair.\n\nMembership in the panel comes with access to a panelist subreddit. It is a place for panelists to interact with each other, voice concerns to the moderators, and where the moderators make announcements to the whole panel. It's a good place to network with people who share your interests!\n\n\\-------------------\n\n**You are eligible to join the panel if you:**\n\n* Are studying for at least an MSc. or equivalent degree in the sciences, AND,\n* Are able to communicate your knowledge of your field at a level accessible to various audiences.\n\n\\-------------------\n\n**Instructions for formatting your panelist application:**\n\n* Choose exactly one general field from the side-bar (Physics, Engineering, Social Sciences, etc.).\n* State your specific field in one word or phrase (Neuropathology, Quantum Chemistry, etc.)\n* Succinctly describe your particular area of research in a few words (carbon nanotube dielectric properties, myelin sheath degradation in Parkinsons patients, etc.)\n* Give us a brief synopsis of your education: are you a research scientist for three decades, or a first-year Ph.D. student?\n* Provide links to comments you've made in AskScience which you feel are indicative of your scholarship.  Applications will not be approved without several comments made in /r/AskScience itself.\n\n\\-------------------\n\nIdeally, these comments should clearly indicate your fluency in the fundamentals of your discipline as well as your expertise. We favor comments that contain citations so we can assess its correctness without specific domain knowledge.\n\nHere's an example application:\n\n`Username: /u/foretopsail`\n\n`General field: Anthropology`\n\n`Specific field: Maritime Archaeology`\n\n`Particular areas of research include historical archaeology, archaeometry, and ship construction.`\n\n`Education: MA in archaeology, researcher for several years.`\n\n`Comments: 1, 2, 3, 4.`\n\nPlease do not give us personally identifiable information and please follow the template. We're not going to do real-life background checks - we're just asking for reddit's best behavior. However, several moderators are tasked with monitoring panelist activity, and your credentials will be checked against the academic content of your posts on a continuing basis.\n\nYou can submit your application by replying to this post.","title":"AskScience Panel of Scientists XXVII","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3rut0/askscience_panel_of_scientists_xxvii/","vote_ratio":0.71},"w405g1":{"author":"lemon_scented_Enby","comment_count":374,"id":"w405g1","post_time":1658357755.0,"score":5128,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How are the stages of cancer determined? Like, what do doctors see in a tumour that makes them go \"yep, that's a four. No going back. That's all\"??? What makes a cancer a stage two, or three, or four?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w405g1/how_are_the_stages_of_cancer_determined_like_what/","vote_ratio":0.93},"w46rwr":{"author":"Hedgehogs4Me","comment_count":3,"id":"w46rwr","post_time":1658376217.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"A friend and I were looking at some news stories and wiki articles about solar storms, and we were really confused by how many of the news articles seem to be making a big deal of the upcoming solar cycle maximum, but other resources say that we're expected to have a quieter-than-average solar cycle.\n\nWe're aware of the risks and big events that are possible with solar cycle maximums, but since a lot of news stories sound like they're trying to convince us that the sun is about to kill us all, we're looking for something a little bit more nuanced to give us some perspective. My friend is interested in astronomy but *also has astrophobia* so has been looking for something a little more reassuring than articles constantly popping up on his social media recommendations that exaggerate for clicks.\n\nWhat should we actually expect, and what should we look for in news articles to tell us what we actually need to know?","title":"How severe is the maximum of the current solar cycle expected to be?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w46rwr/how_severe_is_the_maximum_of_the_current_solar/","vote_ratio":0.93},"w4aeai":{"author":"This-Wrongdoer-1858","comment_count":7,"id":"w4aeai","post_time":1658388639.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Is it correct to make the direct assumption that countries which have higher fuel reserves had higher flora and fauna, i.e. higher bio-matter in the dinosaur era(excuse the layman terms sorry).","title":"Does high natural gas and fuel reserves in the ground indicate higher amounts of flora and fauna in the dinosaur age ?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4aeai/does_high_natural_gas_and_fuel_reserves_in_the/","vote_ratio":0.84},"w4bdl4":{"author":"ArtWheelDrive","comment_count":12,"id":"w4bdl4","post_time":1658392418.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I think we all know what graphene is, and it's cheap production. \n\nDuring my time finding graphene online, I also found out that it can be manufactured into fibers. And an idea went up in my head: *\"What if I use graphene fiber, instead of carbon fiber?\"*. After all, it's more better in a lot ways than carbon fiber, especially in cost. Like, you can make your own graphene at home-type cheap. \n\nBAC motors made a sports car that has graphene body panels, probably using graphene in its' fiber form, that's what I think is most likely how they used it. I read an article about it, but the article didn't say how the graphene became as applicable as carbon fiber, like how BAC used carbon fiber. \n\nDoes graphene fiber need to be impregnated with resin, like carbon fiber? Or no, it doesn't need to be impregnated with resin?","title":"Does graphene fiber need to be impregnated with resin to be applicable as carbon fiber?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4bdl4/does_graphene_fiber_need_to_be_impregnated_with/","vote_ratio":0.72},"w4bi3e":{"author":"Gloomy_Efficiency196","comment_count":26,"id":"w4bi3e","post_time":1658392925.0,"score":47,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I want to know why some features in genetics are dominant and can overcome this recessive ones, how they do this, what is the difference between them?","title":"What makes one feature dominant and other recessive?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4bi3e/what_makes_one_feature_dominant_and_other/","vote_ratio":0.86},"w4ccb9":{"author":"screwyoushadowban","comment_count":0,"id":"w4ccb9","post_time":1658396089.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Do male sharks & their relatives exhibit \"clasperedness\"? i.e. do individuals prefer to use on or another of their two claspers in mating more often than others & does it vary similarly to right & left handedness in humans?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4ccb9/do_male_sharks_their_relatives_exhibit/","vote_ratio":1.0},"w4cse1":{"author":"YakZealousideal782","comment_count":5,"id":"w4cse1","post_time":1658397724.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"why don't ice bergs melt even after floating in water for a long time?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4cse1/why_dont_ice_bergs_melt_even_after_floating_in/","vote_ratio":0.7},"w4e0p4":{"author":"Old-Masterpiece-9564","comment_count":12,"id":"w4e0p4","post_time":1658402047.0,"score":18,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I know moisture + bread = mould but what about non-food?","title":"Is it possible for paper and plastic to grow mould?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4e0p4/is_it_possible_for_paper_and_plastic_to_grow_mould/","vote_ratio":0.69},"w4es3e":{"author":"m00nwatcher11","comment_count":14,"id":"w4es3e","post_time":1658404452.0,"score":22,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Here's a hypothetical scenario I'm trying to figure out:\n\nSay I have a basket of 250 apples, and one of them is poisoned. So if I eat one apple out of the basket, I have a 1:250 chance of dying.\n\nNow, say I was given the opportunity to instead eat an apple from another basket that holds 2,175 apples (one being poisoned), but to get that opportunity, I first have to eat one from a basket of 30,000 apples.\n\nMy question is: How do I calculate the combined probability of me dying when first having eaten from the 30,000 basket, then the 2,175 basket? How much safer is that option than just eating from the original 250 apple basket?","title":"How do I combine two probabilities to compare them to a single probability?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4es3e/how_do_i_combine_two_probabilities_to_compare/","vote_ratio":0.74},"w4fqn9":{"author":"jrdubbleu","comment_count":32,"id":"w4fqn9","post_time":1658407332.0,"score":95,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"When someone works out, lifts weights, runs, etc. When does the bulk of muscle recovery and repair occur?\n\nDoes the intensity matter? Short of a full muscle injury like a tear, does a harder workout with more strain on the muscles have a longer peak recovery? Are there things that can assist recovery or bolster it during that period\u2014or hinder it?","title":"When does the bulk of muscle recovery happen after a world out?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4fqn9/when_does_the_bulk_of_muscle_recovery_happen/","vote_ratio":0.77},"w4g94s":{"author":"payloadchap","comment_count":434,"id":"w4g94s","post_time":1658408804.0,"score":3452,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I thought hand sanitizer was supposed to completely sterilize your hands by denaturing proteins that make up the outer layer of all viruses and bacteria? What is it about noroviruses specifically that make them resistant?","title":"Spent the day curled up on the bathroom floor recovering from a norovirus stomach flu infection. Recently found out that noroviruses are resistant to alcohol-based sanitizers. How is this possible?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4g94s/spent_the_day_curled_up_on_the_bathroom_floor/","vote_ratio":0.94},"w4iqb3":{"author":"RednBlackEagle","comment_count":24,"id":"w4iqb3","post_time":1658415337.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How does the Webb telescope capture the big bang itself, and how is it expected to look like?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4iqb3/how_does_the_webb_telescope_capture_the_big_bang/","vote_ratio":0.57},"w4qgd9":{"author":"SuperSimpleSam","comment_count":6,"id":"w4qgd9","post_time":1658434283.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I'm wondering if it's a one way street or if they are different enough that their antibodies don't effect the other.","title":"Since BA5 can avoid antibodies from the original virus and vaccines, can you also get the original COVID after a bout of BA5?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4qgd9/since_ba5_can_avoid_antibodies_from_the_original/","vote_ratio":0.5},"w4u9qd":{"author":"sebiiooo97","comment_count":13,"id":"w4u9qd","post_time":1658443827.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"In the Lion King, Hyenas are painted as consuming everything around them and leaving their habitats bare. Is this something based in reality or is it purely for the sake of the movie?","title":"Are Hyenas really devastating to their environment?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4u9qd/are_hyenas_really_devastating_to_their_environment/","vote_ratio":0.52},"w4um66":{"author":"Namaenonaidesu","comment_count":221,"id":"w4um66","post_time":1658444734.0,"score":547,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"0.1, 0.2...... 0.9, 0.01, 0.11, 0.21, 0.31...... 0.99, 0.001, 0.101, 0.201......\n\n1st number is 0.1, 17th number is 0.71, 8241st number is 0.1428, 9218754th number is 0.4578129.\n\nI think the size of both sets are the same? For Cantor's diagonal argument, if you match up every integer with a real number (btw is it even possible to do so since the size is infinite) and create a new real number by changing a digit from each real number, can't you do the same thing with integers?  \n\n\nEdit: For irrational numbers or real numbers with infinite digits (ex. 1/3), can't we reverse their digits over the decimal point and get the same number? Like \"0.333...\" would correspond to \"...333\"?\n\n(Asked this on r/NoStupidQuestions and was advised to ask it here. [Original Post](https://www.reddit.com/r/NoStupidQuestions/comments/w4u4ar/why_is_the_set_of_positive_integers_countable/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=web2x&context=3))","title":"Why is the set of positive integers \"countable infinity\" but the set of real numbers between 0 and 1 \"uncountable infinity\" when they can both be counted on a 1 to 1 correspondence?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4um66/why_is_the_set_of_positive_integers_countable/","vote_ratio":0.83},"w4w5zl":{"author":"BringsHomeBones","comment_count":3,"id":"w4w5zl","post_time":1658448981.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I have a basic understanding of neural adaptation: the brain stops responding to stimuli after being exposed for an extended period of time. \n\nBut I don't understand how this leads to seeing motion in static object.\n\nThis particular sentence (in relation to waterfalls) has me stumped.\n\n*\"Cells responding to the movement of the water suffer a reduction in responsiveness, so that during competitive interactions between detector outputs, false motion signals arise.\"*","title":"What is the neuroscience behind the motion after effect?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4w5zl/what_is_the_neuroscience_behind_the_motion_after/","vote_ratio":0.79},"w4xush":{"author":"defire101","comment_count":83,"id":"w4xush","post_time":1658453785.0,"score":988,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I can't wrap my head around this. In a galaxy that is, say, 100,000 light years across, why do we still see it as a \"perfect\" formation?","title":"If the light omitted on the far side of a galaxy is significantly older than that of the front side, why isn't the shape distorted?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4xush/if_the_light_omitted_on_the_far_side_of_a_galaxy/","vote_ratio":0.88},"w51qrv":{"author":"deadfermata","comment_count":66,"id":"w51qrv","post_time":1658465678.0,"score":345,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Do primate communication contain grammar like human languages?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w51qrv/do_primate_communication_contain_grammar_like/","vote_ratio":0.85},"w523oy":{"author":"cyanraider","comment_count":8,"id":"w523oy","post_time":1658466853.0,"score":18,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"If there are solid and gas planets, are there also liquid planets somewhere in the universe?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w523oy/if_there_are_solid_and_gas_planets_are_there_also/","vote_ratio":0.88},"w56cck":{"author":"SusiGrantHopeful","comment_count":4,"id":"w56cck","post_time":1658482644.0,"score":17,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Right now Western Europe is experiencing unprecedented levels of wildfires. Does this impact the rate of wildfires in the future i.e. will the burnt forests be more prone to catching fire next year? And does the carbon monoxide from the burning have a significant impact on climate?","title":"Are there any long-term climate implications of huge wildfires seen in Western Europe?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w56cck/are_there_any_longterm_climate_implications_of/","vote_ratio":0.67},"w57o8z":{"author":"Gettothachoppurr","comment_count":141,"id":"w57o8z","post_time":1658487390.0,"score":868,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"For example, adults experience different physiological and psychological effects during winter months due to shorter day length and lower vitamin D intake. Is a similar effect noticeable during early child development ?","title":"Does being born during different seasons make a difference for early child development?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w57o8z/does_being_born_during_different_seasons_make_a/","vote_ratio":0.92},"w58yn6":{"author":"CloudStrife8797","comment_count":241,"id":"w58yn6","post_time":1658491591.0,"score":811,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"If abruptly stopping your alcohol intake can be harmful, or even lethal depending on how long you were consumed by it - does the same apply to Marijuana?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w58yn6/if_abruptly_stopping_your_alcohol_intake_can_be/","vote_ratio":0.78},"w59c1e":{"author":"bobtheghost33","comment_count":320,"id":"w59c1e","post_time":1658492733.0,"score":2524,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Neutering an animal can change it's behavior and temperament. Does this affect a population's behavior as more of them are neutered?","title":"Do neuter-and-release programs for feral cats and dogs change the population's behavior?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w59c1e/do_neuterandrelease_programs_for_feral_cats_and/","vote_ratio":0.93},"w5h4cu":{"author":"charlielwallace","comment_count":2,"id":"w5h4cu","post_time":1658513131.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Since telomeres consist of repeats of a simple dna sequence, there's no genetic information, but this dna could be modified via methylation, that is epigenetic info could be attached.  Is it known if that happens?  Would this be a possible explanation of how memories are formed?  Or could this be used as a way to tag cells with ID numbers for research?  Thanks","title":"Any epigenetic info stored on telomeres?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w5h4cu/any_epigenetic_info_stored_on_telomeres/","vote_ratio":0.73},"w5hraz":{"author":"itisacircle","comment_count":7,"id":"w5hraz","post_time":1658514720.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Do we always have the telescope pointing in one direction? And this might be a stupid add on but If the Big Bang happened and everything came from a point then wouldn\u2019t that mean the center of the universe is in one given direction? About 13 Billion light years as the crow flies.","title":"Which \u201cway\u201d do we point the James Webb Telescope?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w5hraz/which_way_do_we_point_the_james_webb_telescope/","vote_ratio":0.67},"w5ht5h":{"author":"FETU55LAYER","comment_count":14,"id":"w5ht5h","post_time":1658514854.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"We cant see air and some gases because the particles that compose it dont have a color, right?\n\nIs there any other compound with this property? All the other transparent things I can think of, like glass or water, are only partially transparent as they can still reflect light.\n\nAlso, can air in other planets with an atmosphere be made of different particles that reflect light, and therefore be visible? And why are gases particularly so... eager to be \"invisible\"?","title":"Are gases and air the only fully transparent compounds?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w5ht5h/are_gases_and_air_the_only_fully_transparent/","vote_ratio":0.58},"w5lgfh":{"author":"KarmaWhoreRepeating","comment_count":7,"id":"w5lgfh","post_time":1658524103.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I sat on my porch for two hours today. I must have killed a dozen ants and Hal a dozen mosquitoes... On top of that, i spray the house against termites, ants, moths, mosquitos, flies....\n\nMy question is... If we were to compare the global number of mosquitoes+ants+flies living in a general area, would human action have significant influence on their number or no?\n\nArguments for yes: we (humans) are very invasive, and pesticides are powerful.\n\nArguments for no: the houses' area are insignificant compared to the wooded/grassy area. More over, we are creating a nutrition-rich environment for these insects and that's why they are around us. So we are killing as many as we produce.","title":"Has the number of total insects shrunk in the modern times?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w5lgfh/has_the_number_of_total_insects_shrunk_in_the/","vote_ratio":0.71},"w5lkg4":{"author":"barefoot_yank","comment_count":36,"id":"w5lkg4","post_time":1658524376.0,"score":75,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Thinking of quitting but worried about the ramifications. Thanks.","title":"How exactly does stopping alcohol intake, abruptly, cause medical issues and even death?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w5lkg4/how_exactly_does_stopping_alcohol_intake_abruptly/","vote_ratio":0.85},"w5mgpa":{"author":"thermal7","comment_count":5,"id":"w5mgpa","post_time":1658526647.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I've read the the James Webb space telescope is already experiencing damage from micrometeor impacts.  I've also read that there are plans for larger space telescopes in the future.  What can be done to protect future telescopes from micrometeor damage?","title":"What can be done to protect space telescopes (like James Webb) from damage due to micrometeorites?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w5mgpa/what_can_be_done_to_protect_space_telescopes_like/","vote_ratio":0.6},"w5q3zx":{"author":"TheCreepyPL","comment_count":10,"id":"w5q3zx","post_time":1658536466.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How does ingesting bleach harm you exactly?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w5q3zx/how_does_ingesting_bleach_harm_you_exactly/","vote_ratio":0.63},"w5rdtu":{"author":"AnonHoodieGirl","comment_count":118,"id":"w5rdtu","post_time":1658540200.0,"score":844,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Hello! First post here so bear with me.\nSo, ever since I recovered from covid in May 2021, I've had this long covid wheezing and coughing it's not extreme just a little bit don't worry, anyway I was thinking, I just woke up from a night's sleep and I was coughing last night and now this morning. Why do we not cough in our sleep? Does coughing require consciousness? Or is it something else, maybe it could be related to our breathing patterns? Like when you try taking deep breaths to stop wheezing but cough bad while you exhale? Idk, I don't have anything near a biology background. \nThank you in advance!\nPs:This may or may not be a stupid question so again, bear with me.","title":"Why do we not cough in sleep?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w5rdtu/why_do_we_not_cough_in_sleep/","vote_ratio":0.88},"w5rpbp":{"author":"Lanky80","comment_count":7,"id":"w5rpbp","post_time":1658541150.0,"score":14,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Basically the title\u2026are we in a long period of drought or is this the new normal? Is there any realistic amount of rain/snowpack in a wet year that would get the lake back to its 1980s levels?","title":"Can lake Mead ever refill?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w5rpbp/can_lake_mead_ever_refill/","vote_ratio":1.0},"w5yi46":{"author":"Nekomiminya","comment_count":8,"id":"w5yi46","post_time":1658563211.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Thinking stuff like ghost pepper etc, I don't know proper names. It feels pretty extreme to know that there are peppers that are thousands(?) times spicier than others.\n\nDo they just devote that much resources into making capsaicin? Or is it also matter of something else?","title":"Do the spiciest plants produce it all naturally, or do they require some extra environmental help?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w5yi46/do_the_spiciest_plants_produce_it_all_naturally/","vote_ratio":0.6},"w5zn4r":{"author":"mylifeisanidiotplot","comment_count":39,"id":"w5zn4r","post_time":1658567510.0,"score":109,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How do fatty animals like seals or walruses not get diabetes (from lipotoxicity) or coronary artery disease?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w5zn4r/how_do_fatty_animals_like_seals_or_walruses_not/","vote_ratio":0.83},"w60tjb":{"author":"andr4599","comment_count":21,"id":"w60tjb","post_time":1658572015.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"In terms of minerals, vitamins, proteins etc.","title":"Will lab grown meat have the same nutritional value as regular meat?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w60tjb/will_lab_grown_meat_have_the_same_nutritional/","vote_ratio":0.69},"w618ia":{"author":"bob_smithey","comment_count":17,"id":"w618ia","post_time":1658573591.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Hi. I was learning about 120v home systems. I know ground wire is a wire that literally goes into the ground via spike or the water pipes for earth ground. It's there for safety. I know neutral is the return for the hot wire in 120v outlets in the USA. But in the USA, 120v is half of the 240v coming to the house. The other half is a grounding bus. Could someone explain it to me why we, USA homes need both, a neutral and a ground wire?  \n\n\nI can't seem to google why both are needed... just that they are. And I thought I was a googlefu master. :(","title":"Why neutral and a ground?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w618ia/why_neutral_and_a_ground/","vote_ratio":1.0},"w61rfm":{"author":"Icariu","comment_count":4,"id":"w61rfm","post_time":1658575496.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Are plant hybrids more likely to be fertile ? If so, why ?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w61rfm/are_plant_hybrids_more_likely_to_be_fertile_if_so/","vote_ratio":0.63},"w62q0o":{"author":"Ikeakip","comment_count":37,"id":"w62q0o","post_time":1658578798.0,"score":209,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Do we have a estimate on how long prions can stay infectious in the environment? For example in dust or dirt.  There seems to be a lot of mixed answers online. I have seen answers that CWD can last for 2 years or longer but that answer seems to come from 10+ years ago, there surely must be new findings?","title":"Do we know how long prions remain infectious in the environment?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w62q0o/do_we_know_how_long_prions_remain_infectious_in/","vote_ratio":0.9},"w62qr4":{"author":"PolychromaticPuppy","comment_count":104,"id":"w62qr4","post_time":1658578858.0,"score":1036,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"My understanding is that energy comes from the equation E=mc^2, some mass is converted to energy.\n\nIf so, how much mass is lost per day?\n\nWhich specific subatomic particle of hydrogen is destroyed in this process?","title":"Since stars are fueled by nuclear fusion, do they constantly lose mass?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w62qr4/since_stars_are_fueled_by_nuclear_fusion_do_they/","vote_ratio":0.94},"w64f5a":{"author":"rooohooo","comment_count":6,"id":"w64f5a","post_time":1658583998.0,"score":21,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I just read about 'corn sweat' for the first time and, y'all, my mind was blown and replaced with sooo many questions. The articles and links that pop up when googled all state sweat from corn, and like plants, can increase humidity in an area making humid areas more so (as in the American Midwest). If this is true, then can we assume it also applies to non humid areas? If it does, then, basically, my main question is the one from the title- Would planting corn in arid regions increase the likelihood of rain/precipitation? \n\nThank you!","title":"Would planting corn in arid regions increase the likelihood of rain/precipitation?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w64f5a/would_planting_corn_in_arid_regions_increase_the/","vote_ratio":0.78},"w663ff":{"author":"supa_sama123","comment_count":1,"id":"w663ff","post_time":1658588657.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I see [here](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7122e1.htm?s_cid=mm7122e1_w) (under section: Contraindications To and Precautions Associated with Vaccinations to Prevent Orthopoxvirus Infections) that receiving a COVID vaccine within 4 weeks of JYNNEOS vaccine is not recommended, as a precautionary measure since the risk of myocarditis from JYNNEOS is unknown. \n\nI noticed it was mentioned that it mentioned shortly after, regarding the opposite scenario (COVID vaccine then JYNNEOS) that \"no minimum\u00a0interval between mRNA COVID-19 vaccination and orthopoxvirus vaccination is necessary.\"\n\n\u200bThe main question I have is, what mechanisms could be at play here that potentially increase the risk of myocarditis when receiving JYNNEOS then COVID vaccine, but NOT COVID vaccine then JYNNEOS?\n\nEdit: If anyone was interested in the answer, I asked the person who wrote that article at the CDC and this is what they responded:\n\n>Thank you for your inquiry. There are no specific data on close administration of COVID-19 vaccines and Jynneos vaccines. The reason for consideration of a 4-week interval between the Jynneos first and mRNA second is because of the observed risk of myocarditis with mRNA vaccines and unknown risk of myocarditis with Jynneos. The reason there is no minimum interval when it is mRNA first and Jynneos second is because the benefits of Jynneos for prophylaxis given as soon as possible in the setting of an outbreak, outweighs the theoretical risk of myocarditis when administering them close together. Please continue to follow up with your local health care providers should you have additional questions or concerns. Thank you.","title":"Why is it a potentially higher risk for myocarditis to take COVID vaccine after Orthopoxvirus vaccine, but not the other way around?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w663ff/why_is_it_a_potentially_higher_risk_for/","vote_ratio":0.76},"w6drps":{"author":"PhiloBlackCardinal","comment_count":248,"id":"w6drps","post_time":1658609312.0,"score":2648,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"It seems as if the [Toba Catastrophe Theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toba_catastrophe_theory) is on the way out. From my understanding of the theory itself, a genetic bottleneck that occurred ~75,000 years ago was linked to the Toba VEI-8 eruption. However, evidence showing that societies and cultures away from Southeast Asia continued to develop after the eruption, which has seemed to debunk the Toba Catastrophe Theory.\n\nHowever, that still doesn't explain the genetic bottleneck found in humans around this time. So, my question is, are there any theories out there that suggest what may have caused this bottleneck? Or has the bottleneck's validity itself been brought into question?","title":"If Mount Toba Didn't Cause Humanity's Genetic Bottleneck, What Did?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w6drps/if_mount_toba_didnt_cause_humanitys_genetic/","vote_ratio":0.95},"w6dtog":{"author":"Patchman66","comment_count":3,"id":"w6dtog","post_time":1658609465.0,"score":18,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Just curious. I know Spinosaurus and Carcharodontosaurus lived at the same time, but what about other periods in pre history? I want to know if there were ever any different large therapods competing with one another for food or territory etc.","title":"Besides Spinosaurus and Carcharodontosaurus, was there any point in history in which two large theropods lived alongside one another?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w6dtog/besides_spinosaurus_and_carcharodontosaurus_was/","vote_ratio":0.78},"w6e352":{"author":"murfflemethis","comment_count":12,"id":"w6e352","post_time":1658610187.0,"score":209,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"For example, waterslides and smooth concrete get very slippery when wet, while very thin plastic bags are easier to open if your fingers are wet, and wet clothing is harder to remove than dry.\n\n\\*Edit: I appreciate the answers so far, but I think I gave too many examples. I'm most interested in understanding why a little bit of water on my finger tips makes it easier to open very thin plastic bags, and that hasnt been mentioned yet.","title":"Why does moisture make some surfaces more slippery and other surfaces less slippery?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w6e352/why_does_moisture_make_some_surfaces_more/","vote_ratio":0.91},"w6izf8":{"author":"heckingcomputernerd","comment_count":4,"id":"w6izf8","post_time":1658623983.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"If the JWST\u2019s mirrors were segmented to fold it up in 2 places, why are there 18 segments instead of just 3?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w6izf8/if_the_jwsts_mirrors_were_segmented_to_fold_it_up/","vote_ratio":0.71},"w6u60g":{"author":"MajorRichardHead7","comment_count":204,"id":"w6u60g","post_time":1658664510.0,"score":2671,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"[https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.21.22277864v1](https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.21.22277864v1)\n\n&#x200B;\n\n>***This is the first time that detection of MPXV (DNA and virus by isolation) in environmental air samples from healthcare settings has been reported,.***  \n>  \n>***Detection of MPXV DNA in air samples collected at distances of greater than 1\u20225m from the patient and at a height of nearly 2m supports the theory that MPXV can be present in either aerosols, suspended skin particles or dust containing virus, and not only in large respiratory droplets that fall to the ground within 1 to 1-5m of an infected individual.***  \n>  \n>***Five out of fifteen air samples taken were positive. Significantly, three of four air samples collected during a bed linen change in one patient's room were positive (Ct 32-7-35-8). Interpretation: These data demonstrate significant contamination in isolation facilities and potential for aerosolisation of MPXV during specific activities.***  \n>  \n>***We identified widespread MPXV DNA contamination of the environment in respiratory isolation rooms occupied by infected symptomatic individuals.***\n\n&#x200B;\n\nTrying to parse the implications of this study. 2m (6.5 feet) above the patient sounds like it's airborne right?\n\nMaybe we shouldn't be sending potentially contagious patients to STI clinics like we currently are?","title":"Could Monkeypox be Airborne? This NHS study from a UK hospital found MPX virus DNA 6 feet above a patient in the air.","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w6u60g/could_monkeypox_be_airborne_this_nhs_study_from_a/","vote_ratio":0.82},"w6yj4s":{"author":"chmqin","comment_count":7,"id":"w6yj4s","post_time":1658677406.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I read that Si and GaAs, which are both used as semiconductors in computer chips, develop a very thin oxidation layer in air. I also read that the one that Si develops is insoluble in water, so it is a good passivation layer, while the one that GaAs develps contains water soluble oxides, so it is not a good passivation.\n\nOn the other hand in the industry, the GaAs oxidation layer is etched off with acid, when GaAs wafers are used - why is this done, and not just water used, if the oxides are water soluble? And how can I imagine the oxide layer itself, is it something that is firmly \"bonded\" to the GaAs or Si underneath, or is it something more \"volatile\" that is easily removed? As in: is it really part of the surface, or just \"lying on top of it\"?\n\nI'm not a chemist, I just read a lot about semiconductor materials recently and am curious.","title":"Is the native GaAs oxidation layer water soluble and if yes, why are then acids used to remove it from wafers?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w6yj4s/is_the_native_gaas_oxidation_layer_water_soluble/","vote_ratio":0.75},"w77wt9":{"author":"Shurkify","comment_count":342,"id":"w77wt9","post_time":1658701907.0,"score":1064,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Do obesity rates drop during economic recession?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w77wt9/do_obesity_rates_drop_during_economic_recession/","vote_ratio":0.89},"w7903s":{"author":"Queerlestrinha","comment_count":18,"id":"w7903s","post_time":1658704863.0,"score":128,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I know that some invertebrates go through metamorphosis, but what about other mammals, reptiles and birds? Do they also go through major body, hormonal and brain changes like we do during that period?","title":"Do other vertebrated animals have puberty like we have?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7903s/do_other_vertebrated_animals_have_puberty_like_we/","vote_ratio":0.86},"w7ajiw":{"author":"Caesars-Dog","comment_count":44,"id":"w7ajiw","post_time":1658709207.0,"score":76,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"How can evolution select for drone bees or honeypot ants if they don\u2019t breed and pass on genes?","title":"How does evolution for non-breeding individuals in colony insects (bees, ants) work?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7ajiw/how_does_evolution_for_nonbreeding_individuals_in/","vote_ratio":0.82},"w7aqo2":{"author":"gduke641","comment_count":6,"id":"w7aqo2","post_time":1658709810.0,"score":21,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I live on a lake and every time there is a big storm it ends up coming really close but then it misses us. I can\u2019t find any info on how a lake effects the weather pattern. The lake is about 23 square miles. It really bugs me why It always seems to blow over us.  What causes this to happen? Often it will be storming a few miles away but hardly ever at my house.","title":"How much of an effect does a lake have on local weather?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7aqo2/how_much_of_an_effect_does_a_lake_have_on_local/","vote_ratio":0.87},"w7ar3k":{"author":"mrcyner","comment_count":1244,"id":"w7ar3k","post_time":1658709846.0,"score":6347,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"In other words, is the number of stars so large that it's almost a given that it's bound to happen or is the universe that imense that it's improbable?","title":"If a person left Earth and were to travel in a straight line, would the chance of them hitting a star closer to 0% or 100%?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7ar3k/if_a_person_left_earth_and_were_to_travel_in_a/","vote_ratio":0.94},"w7ctak":{"author":"reapingsulls123","comment_count":4,"id":"w7ctak","post_time":1658715757.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"What parts would they be targeting that a whole family of coronaviruses would have? How can we ensure variants won\u2019t overcome them so easily?","title":"How would the theoretical pancoronavirus vaccines work?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7ctak/how_would_the_theoretical_pancoronavirus_vaccines/","vote_ratio":0.9},"w7dkjr":{"author":"eddytony96","comment_count":1,"id":"w7dkjr","post_time":1658717948.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"What makes Osmium such a valuable catalyst in organic reactions such as for producing ammonia?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7dkjr/what_makes_osmium_such_a_valuable_catalyst_in/","vote_ratio":0.87},"w7dmfh":{"author":"Odd-Helicopter-1141","comment_count":18,"id":"w7dmfh","post_time":1658718090.0,"score":9,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Do antipsychotics change/damage the brain?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7dmfh/do_antipsychotics_changedamage_the_brain/","vote_ratio":0.66},"w7dvzw":{"author":"Redredret","comment_count":3,"id":"w7dvzw","post_time":1658718889.0,"score":21,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"What happens if a woman keeps taking birth control throughout a pregnancy?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7dvzw/what_happens_if_a_woman_keeps_taking_birth/","vote_ratio":0.77},"w7kyj1":{"author":"GetOutOfTheWhey","comment_count":7,"id":"w7kyj1","post_time":1658743409.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"A few days ago it was reported that the tarmac on Heathrow had melted and this caused delays. While this temperature is unusual for UK, it isn't so unusual for other countries near the equator.\n\nHow do these countries deal with melted tarmac? Are the chemical composition of the material different?","title":"How do hot countries keep their aiport tarmac from melting?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7kyj1/how_do_hot_countries_keep_their_aiport_tarmac/","vote_ratio":0.85},"w7mc81":{"author":"Adghnm","comment_count":3,"id":"w7mc81","post_time":1658748088.0,"score":22,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I learned recently that our chemoreceptors aren't limited to the mouth and nose, but are elsewhere in the body - the heart, the fallopian tubes etc.\n\nSo, when a covid infection reduces your taste and smell, does it also reduce sensitivity in these other receptors? What's the effect if so?","title":"Does covid affect the other chemoreceptors in the body?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7mc81/does_covid_affect_the_other_chemoreceptors_in_the/","vote_ratio":0.69},"w7od4e":{"author":"GodConcepts","comment_count":44,"id":"w7od4e","post_time":1658754006.0,"score":116,"subreddit":"askscience","text":" \n\nIf we have a population of normal and cancer cells, and we give a drug to this population. And lets say this drug induces apoptosis. Usually, the drug would have a detrimental effects on the cancerous cells, but would pretty much cause the normal cells to be unaffected. How is that? If the drug can induce cell death in both normal and cancerous cells, why do the cancerous cells tend to die first? Is it because cancerous cells are way better at metabolism than non-cancerous cells, and so they suck everything from their environment; Therefore the normal cells get a small quantity of the drug, while the cancerous cells consume most of it and hence die?\n\n(I know that some drugs might target  molecules that are unique to cancerous cells. However for the ones that are non-specific, how do these drugs manage to destroy our cancerous cells pretty well, while sort of not over-harming our normal cells)\n\n(if anyone has like really credible references that would be nice also","title":"How do drugs target our cancerous cells, and not our normal cells, when administered?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7od4e/how_do_drugs_target_our_cancerous_cells_and_not/","vote_ratio":0.88},"w7qbvj":{"author":"Skandranonsg","comment_count":7,"id":"w7qbvj","post_time":1658759167.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I was at my local rec center pool and had this thought.\n\nLet's say you have a donut-shaped pool with jets that keep the water moving clockwise with negligible turbulence and a spherical object floating in that pool. Without bumping into the sides, would the ball begin spinning relative to the ground or stay facing relatively the same direction? \n\nThinking about the forces involved, my intuition tells me that the force of the water acting on the ball should always be tangential to the donut. Also, would the stream of water keep the ball in the center, or would it be flung to the outside perimeter of the pool? How would the situation change if it were a neutrally buoyant sphere in a cylindrical pipe?","title":"Does a \"lazy river\" impart angular momentum to objects floating in it?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7qbvj/does_a_lazy_river_impart_angular_momentum_to/","vote_ratio":0.83},"w7qk5v":{"author":"MeltingPants","comment_count":5,"id":"w7qk5v","post_time":1658759771.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Does your ability to hear mosquitoes (the insects, not the tone) change with age?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7qk5v/does_your_ability_to_hear_mosquitoes_the_insects/","vote_ratio":0.6},"w7qkuh":{"author":"Otherwise-Chef5428","comment_count":94,"id":"w7qkuh","post_time":1658759819.0,"score":262,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Is there any sugar in rocks? Like are there any natural rocks in the world with composits of glucose or sucrose inside of them?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7qkuh/is_there_any_sugar_in_rocks_like_are_there_any/","vote_ratio":0.91},"w7qyv5":{"author":"smallsparkofhope","comment_count":25,"id":"w7qyv5","post_time":1658760804.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I'm really curious about the actual mechanism by which researchers cut and splice something so small. That is to say, how do CRISPR and its offshoots work? For example, *how* do researchers actually snip a strand of DNA or RNA? And how do they introduce \"guide\" RNA into the virus particle, etc.? What tools are involved, and how do they work? I'm absolutely fascinated and would love to understand the process!","title":"How does virus manipulation/CRISPR actually work, when the virus particles are so tiny?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7qyv5/how_does_virus_manipulationcrispr_actually_work/","vote_ratio":0.59},"w7rila":{"author":"1Blue3Brown","comment_count":8,"id":"w7rila","post_time":1658762120.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"After scrolling social network feeds, i feel that concentrating on mentally hard work or study is harder. Is it just me, or it has a scientific explanation of some kind?","title":"Do social network feeds(Instagram, TikTok, Facebook) make concentration harder?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7rila/do_social_network_feedsinstagram_tiktok_facebook/","vote_ratio":0.47},"w7rmgo":{"author":"biocomputer","comment_count":14,"id":"w7rmgo","post_time":1658762385.0,"score":374,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease says that the accumulation of the peptide amyloid-\u03b2 in the brain is the main cause of the disease. However, after decades of research and clinical trials there has been little to no success in treating Alzheimer's patients based on this hypothesis, and it has been questioned, see for example:\n\n>[The amyloid hypothesis on trial. As the development of treatments for Alzheimer\u2019s disease continues to stumble, is it time for researchers to broaden their list of the condition\u2019s potential causes?\n](https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05719-4)\n\nIt was recently reported that some western blot images which claim to show a sub-type of amyloid beta, A\u03b2\\*56, may have been manipulated. The report was the result of an investigation by *Science*:\n\n>[Blots on a field? A neuroscience image sleuth finds signs of fabrication in scores of Alzheimer\u2019s articles, threatening a reigning theory of the disease](https://www.science.org/content/article/potential-fabrication-research-images-threatens-key-theory-alzheimers-disease)\n\nSuch manipulations the report claims go back to the original 2006 paper describing A\u03b2\\*56 in *Nature*  written by Sylvain Lesn\u00e9 and Karen Ashe:\n\n>[A specific amyloid-\u03b2 protein assembly in the brain impairs memory](https://www.nature.com/articles/nature04533)\n\nFrom the report in *Science* one may get the impression that the vast majority of A\u03b2 plaque-related research and drug development since then has been focused on the A\u03b2\\*56 subtype, in which case the alleged fraud would be an enormous setback to the field, with billions of dollars and decades of research time wasted. However, there are many types of A\u03b2 and I'm unclear on just how important A\u03b2\\*56 is to the field of Alzheimer's research and drug development. My initial thought was that there's no way all this time, effort, and money has been invested in something that only one lab has published (even if they've published on it many times) and no independent researchers have validated. The *Science* report says that some others have detected A\u03b2\\*56 but I don't know in what context, or if this other work validates the work from Lesn\u00e9 and Ashe:\n\n>In the 16 years following the landmark paper, Lesn\u00e9 and Ashe\u2014separately or jointly\u2014published many articles on their stellar oligomer. Yet only a handful of other groups have reported detecting A\u03b2\\*56.\n\nAn article on Alzforum has comments from some of the scientists involved in the controversy:\n\n>[Sylvain Lesn\u00e9, Who Found A\u03b2*56, Accused of Image Manipulation](https://www.alzforum.org/news/community-news/sylvain-lesne-who-found-av56-accused-image-manipulation)\n\nIn particular, the top comment which is from Karen Ashe, the senior author on the original 2006 paper:\n\n>...it is clear that there are two general forms of A\u03b2, type 1 and type 2. One particular form of type 1 (referred to in our papers as A\u03b2\\*56 and in the Science article as \u201ctoxic oligomers\u201d) was shown by my lab and others to impair memory function in mice. The type 2 form of A\u03b2 is the one found in amyloid plaques. It is this latter form that drug developers have repeatedly but unsuccessfully targeted. There have been no clinical trials targeting the type 1 form of A\u03b2...\n\nScientific misconduct or fraud is of course terrible, and if true I'm sure this has set back at least some progress in the field. But just how significant is this fraud if it's true?","title":"How significant are the recent revelations that some research related to amyloid beta plaques in Alzheimer\u2019s disease may be fraudulent?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7rmgo/how_significant_are_the_recent_revelations_that/","vote_ratio":0.94},"w7rt65":{"author":"Remarkable_Quarter_6","comment_count":4,"id":"w7rt65","post_time":1658762847.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I am reading a lab procedure and the absorbance for the bioassay is measured at 2 wavelengths. Why are bioassays measured at two different wavelengths? Is this standard? When reporting results, should both figures be reported or just at the maximum wavelength?","title":"Why is bioassay absorbance measured at 2 different wavelengths?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7rt65/why_is_bioassay_absorbance_measured_at_2/","vote_ratio":0.61},"w7ry3i":{"author":"CytheYounger","comment_count":3,"id":"w7ry3i","post_time":1658763176.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I know psychology has not had the best reputation when it comes to the results of studies being replicated, but my question stems around direct replication and the results pulled from those. I understand that if you are going to directly replicate a study, you would use all the same materials from the original study, but would you try and use the same amount of participants or try and get close to it? So, let's say that I try and directly replicate a study from 1992 on Adolescent aggression and video game usage, I would use all the same materials, so in this case, Street Fighter from 1992 on an arcade machine and then measure aggression using the same surveys from the original study.  But let's say the original study had 51 eleven year olds, would you try and get exactly 51 eleven year olds for your replication? or would you try and get close? or does it even matter?","title":"Does trying to have identical or similar participant numbers matter when doing a direct replication of an older study?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7ry3i/does_trying_to_have_identical_or_similar/","vote_ratio":0.46},"w7xktp":{"author":"chadwickthezulu","comment_count":9,"id":"w7xktp","post_time":1658776629.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Do stars simply put out enough light that the angle between two adjacent photons are sufficiently narrow, ie <1mm separation at 1000 light years? Or does this have to do with the wave nature of photons so a single photon is detectable over a wide area? How small would a light detector need to be for a standard star 1000 LY away to disappear and reappear as the detector is moved around?","title":"Why does a distant star remain visible to the naked eye no matter where we stand?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7xktp/why_does_a_distant_star_remain_visible_to_the/","vote_ratio":0.88},"w7xy0g":{"author":"KingKarnool","comment_count":8,"id":"w7xy0g","post_time":1658777508.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Is the habitable zone of a 2-star system further out than a single-star system like ours?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7xy0g/is_the_habitable_zone_of_a_2star_system_further/","vote_ratio":0.88},"w7ydpn":{"author":"Relative-View3431","comment_count":427,"id":"w7ydpn","post_time":1658778549.0,"score":5632,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I've read that Monkey Pox isn't an STD. So why is MSM, allegedly, the most afflicted group according to the WHO?\n\nEdit: Unfortunately, I feel that the answers aren't clear enough and I still have doubts.\n\nI understand that Monkeypox isn't strictly an STD, and it's mainly transmitted by skin-to-skin contact and respiratory secretions during prolonged face-to-face contact. So, I still don't understand why are the media and health organizations focusing specifically on the MSM demographic.\n\nEven if the spread, allegedly, began in some sort of gay event, any person, regardless of sexual orientation,  could eventually get infected with Monkeypox. It's not as if MSM only had contact with other MSM. They might also spread the disease to their heterosexual friends, coworkers, acquaintances, and relatives.\n\nIn the worst-case scenario in which we aren't able to contain Monkeypox, LGBT people who don't even participate in random sexual encounters or social gatherings might get infected by heterosexual carriers.\n\nShouldn't the narrative be changed to \"people who partake in hook-up culture and large social events\"? What does sexual orientation have to do with the spread of the disease?\n\nEdit2: I'm reading an alarming number of baseless assumptions and stereotypes about MSM or gay men in general, I honestly thought this subreddit was much better.\n\n&#x200B;\n\n&#x200B;","title":"Why is Monkeypox affecting, \"men who have sex with men\" more than any other demographic?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7ydpn/why_is_monkeypox_affecting_men_who_have_sex_with/","vote_ratio":0.85},"w80yrr":{"author":"gnex30","comment_count":5,"id":"w80yrr","post_time":1658784852.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I suppose warm bloodedness plays a factor here, but I'd like to know specifically how. There is a now popular story about avocados and gomphotheres that shows the mutual adaptation, but that's very highly specialized.  I'm speaking more broadly about lizard/reptile/bird/insect/whatever else vs mammal. Perhaps there are whole classes of plants that fruit just for reptiles in particular or something like that and whether it's as productive as it would be if it were mammalian fertilizer.","title":"Is mammal dung special? Are mammals comparatively greater consumers of fruits and vegetables, and so have plants evolved to serve primarily mammals? Why is guano so special?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w80yrr/is_mammal_dung_special_are_mammals_comparatively/","vote_ratio":0.56},"w82tad":{"author":"Glittering_Pitch7648","comment_count":5,"id":"w82tad","post_time":1658789474.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"For context I am a student in second semester college general chemistry, my upcoming lab we are using tartaric acid for analysis using acid-base titration, and in the lab introduction it mentions that tartaric acid is a diprotic acid and gives the molecular structure.  I am just confused how tartaric acid is diprotic since it contains four hydroxides in its molecular structure; does this mean that only two of its hydroxides are reactive?  Maybe it means that after two protons have been donated, the structure changes to where it is no longer able to donate protons?  Any insight is appreciated, thank you.\n\nPicture of molecular structure given: [https://imgur.com/a/UXm5Ten](https://imgur.com/a/UXm5Ten)","title":"Why is tartatric acid diprotic despite having four hydroxides in its molecular structure?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w82tad/why_is_tartatric_acid_diprotic_despite_having/","vote_ratio":0.5},"w845tb":{"author":"FeelThePower999","comment_count":47,"id":"w845tb","post_time":1658792985.0,"score":21,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"In the Medieval times, did every person who caught the dreaded plague die? Nobody ever talks about people who caught the plague but recovered.","title":"Was the bubonic plague 100% fatal?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w845tb/was_the_bubonic_plague_100_fatal/","vote_ratio":0.7},"w85yqu":{"author":"jammerjoint","comment_count":57,"id":"w85yqu","post_time":1658797902.0,"score":190,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"And if it does:\n\n* Is there a way to deduce it?\n* By what processes might the temperature change?\n* Is there any meaningful implication?","title":"Does dark matter have a temperature?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w85yqu/does_dark_matter_have_a_temperature/","vote_ratio":0.89},"w8a58l":{"author":"dushi_dude","comment_count":1,"id":"w8a58l","post_time":1658809794.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I know common starlings are renowned for their murmurations in Europe and North America but are species like the Hildebrant's likely to do it too.","title":"Are common starlings the only starlings to murmurate?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w8a58l/are_common_starlings_the_only_starlings_to/","vote_ratio":0.8},"w8axg3":{"author":"DookieDemon","comment_count":10,"id":"w8axg3","post_time":1658812250.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Mold is a type of fungus and it is capable of fighting off bacteria in some cases, which lead to the discovery of antibiotics (penicillin, etc.) \n\nAs we know, bacteria have begun to 'learn' how to overcome these antibiotics and we now have some types of infectious bacterial diseases that are immune to virtually all known antibiotics.\n\nWould these 'super bacteria' also be dangerous to fungi, including molds and mushrooms? If so, what would that mean for the ecosystem and humans?","title":"Being that antibiotics are derived from fungal mold, would fungi in general be susceptible to antibiotic resistant bacteria?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w8axg3/being_that_antibiotics_are_derived_from_fungal/","vote_ratio":0.73},"w8b7kf":{"author":"Ganondorf10987","comment_count":3,"id":"w8b7kf","post_time":1658813174.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"How can you ensure that the one you want to condition ends up the one being conditioned?\n\nTo paint a hypothetical situation for an example, let's consider a child who starts out liking its teddy bear, but because that teddy bear was often present along with another (negative) stimulus, it began fearing or even hating the teddy bear. How can you determine which of the stimuli will be conditioned? \n\nAnd can you somehow \"force\" a particular one of them to be conditioned? Could you perhaps use that teddy bear to condition a negative stimulus (like fear of the dark) into a positive stimulus (eg. an apathy/ambivalence towards the dark, or perhaps even fascination with the dark)?","title":"We all know about Pavlovian conditioning of a neutral stimulus. But how does conditioning of a positive/negative stimulus happen?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w8b7kf/we_all_know_about_pavlovian_conditioning_of_a/","vote_ratio":0.29},"w8by2o":{"author":"phizrine","comment_count":11,"id":"w8by2o","post_time":1658815690.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Asked this question on r/NoStupidQuestions but no one really had an answer for me.","title":"If climate change is acidifying our oceans, why can't we add bases to it to balance it out?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w8by2o/if_climate_change_is_acidifying_our_oceans_why/","vote_ratio":0.67},"w8f89k":{"author":"Danielscseta","comment_count":19,"id":"w8f89k","post_time":1658827717.0,"score":17,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"When I saw \"studies on the bioavailability of zinc in man: II absorption of zinc from organic and inorganic sources\", I was intrigued. Are there such things as anti-nutrients, i.e. are there some things which impair the absorption of nutrients, vitamins and minerals?","title":"Does the bioavailability of certain foods changes when eaten with other foods?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w8f89k/does_the_bioavailability_of_certain_foods_changes/","vote_ratio":0.85},"w8g5iv":{"author":"Flick19841984","comment_count":6,"id":"w8g5iv","post_time":1658831002.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"The way I see it, carbon monoxide is the result of a chemical reaction, the one involved in gas stoves, to my understanding, is oxigen + fuel --> products. Among these products, carbon monoxide.\n\nI was told recently that if your flame burns blue, it doesn't produce carbon monoxide (or not nearly as much as yellow). I don't see how that would work. The color of a flame (in a commercial gas combustion) is dependent on its temperature, I can imagine maybe, if your flame's yellow it partially burns the gas supplied, leading to more gas in the air, but certainly not carbon monoxide, no?\n\nThanks in advance","title":"Does a yellow gas flame really produce more carbon monoxide?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w8g5iv/does_a_yellow_gas_flame_really_produce_more/","vote_ratio":0.64},"w8g9w8":{"author":"OLSAU","comment_count":12,"id":"w8g9w8","post_time":1658831413.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Specifically, are (or could) brain scans (MRI/CT or other) be used for fully or partially diagnosing psychopathy?\n\nIf not, then could such scans still tell us something about psychopathy?","title":"Can brain scans tell us anything about psychopathy?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w8g9w8/can_brain_scans_tell_us_anything_about_psychopathy/","vote_ratio":0.7},"w8h51d":{"author":"Inside-Line","comment_count":12,"id":"w8h51d","post_time":1658834258.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"At a glance, it seems like the efficiency of good generators (80+%?) and  electric engines (80+% too?) still seem to be much higher than the efficiency of ICE engines (<30%?).\n\nIf this is the case (please let me know if my assumptions are wrong), why does it seem like hybrid power trains of cars and boats have their combustion engines linked to the power train through a drive shaft rather than just producing more electricity to drive the electric motors? I get the sometimes they might be doing this to get more power and avoid having to install more powerful electric motors to accept the power from the generator rather than just the batteries, but it seems just having more range would a huge advantage. Is there something I'm missing?\n\n\nThank you!","title":"Why do most hybrid propulsion systems seem to have the ICE directly linked to the drive system rather than just be a dedicated generator to complement the batteries?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w8h51d/why_do_most_hybrid_propulsion_systems_seem_to/","vote_ratio":0.77},"w8j5jr":{"author":"throughthewoods4","comment_count":384,"id":"w8j5jr","post_time":1658840317.0,"score":3175,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"What happens to veins after they are injected with a needle?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w8j5jr/what_happens_to_veins_after_they_are_injected/","vote_ratio":0.93},"w8khxv":{"author":"pennykie","comment_count":40,"id":"w8khxv","post_time":1658843906.0,"score":834,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"I saw a post earlier today of someone holding a sealed quartz crystal filled with water. How is this possible? Wouldn't the forces involved in making a crystal be enough to evaporate water completely out of the equation?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w8khxv/i_saw_a_post_earlier_today_of_someone_holding_a/","vote_ratio":0.94},"w8o5hk":{"author":"imaris_help","comment_count":3,"id":"w8o5hk","post_time":1658852814.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why do older smallpox vaccines (ACAM) cause a reaction if you have eczema, but JYNNEOS does not?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w8o5hk/why_do_older_smallpox_vaccines_acam_cause_a/","vote_ratio":0.52},"w912bz":{"author":"honey-collector","comment_count":23,"id":"w912bz","post_time":1658884856.0,"score":24,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"What areas of body are most sensitive to heat and cold?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w912bz/what_areas_of_body_are_most_sensitive_to_heat_and/","vote_ratio":0.72},"w94lbw":{"author":"Windrammer420","comment_count":13,"id":"w94lbw","post_time":1658894799.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"The first exoplanet was discovered 30 years ago, and thousands have been found since. What was the breakthrough there?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w94lbw/the_first_exoplanet_was_discovered_30_years_ago/","vote_ratio":0.67},"w9536z":{"author":"H0LEESHiET","comment_count":7,"id":"w9536z","post_time":1658896315.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Does the \u201cattention\u201d (as in point of focus) lag behind when you move your eyeballs?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w9536z/does_the_attention_as_in_point_of_focus_lag/","vote_ratio":1.0},"w95fkn":{"author":"ass_hat_mcgee","comment_count":9,"id":"w95fkn","post_time":1658897384.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"White paint is commonly used on aircraft for practical and economic reasons - it's easier to resell a white plane that can be painted with the buyer's livery, its easier to spot leaks, the plane heats up less while sitting on the tarmac and most importantly, white paint will not fade or flake as quickly as other colours since it reflects light rather than absorbing it.\n\nHowever this got me thinking, is there any strong evidence that the reflective nature of white paint used on airliners helps combat exposure to UV-A, B or ionizing radiation for the occupants?","title":"Is there any evidence that the white paint on aircraft decrease exposure to UV or ionizing radiation?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w95fkn/is_there_any_evidence_that_the_white_paint_on/","vote_ratio":0.69},"w95frf":{"author":"NoahColl29","comment_count":4,"id":"w95frf","post_time":1658897402.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Just went to a cafe, got a bottle of Coke, put a paper straw in it, and it started bubbling up, out of the bottle and straight onto the table and onto me. I know that rough surfaces, such as a paper straw, or mentos do encourage nucleation of CO2, but could somebody explain why this happens to me? Thanks, Noah","title":"Why do rough surfaces encourage nucleation of CO2 in fizzy drinks?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w95frf/why_do_rough_surfaces_encourage_nucleation_of_co2/","vote_ratio":0.82},"w95xwb":{"author":"snappy033","comment_count":175,"id":"w95xwb","post_time":1658898988.0,"score":770,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Is there an evolutionary reason for this adaptation? Why doesn't urine just dribble out as it is processed?","title":"Why do animals have bladders to hold urine?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w95xwb/why_do_animals_have_bladders_to_hold_urine/","vote_ratio":0.83},"w9ba6y":{"author":"EverydayPigeon","comment_count":305,"id":"w9ba6y","post_time":1658918235.0,"score":2399,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why is the brain not damaged by impact from running, how is it protected from this sort of impact but not from other impacts?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w9ba6y/why_is_the_brain_not_damaged_by_impact_from/","vote_ratio":0.93},"w9cxjv":{"author":"sunnyman420","comment_count":13,"id":"w9cxjv","post_time":1658923350.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I connect one conductor's end to one cell's negative terminal and then it's other end to ANOTHER cells positive terminal, why doesn't current flow? PLEASE someone explain in an easy way cause this question is eating me dog.","title":"Why doesnt current flow from one cell to another?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w9cxjv/why_doesnt_current_flow_from_one_cell_to_another/","vote_ratio":0.69},"w9esp0":{"author":"iribuya","comment_count":16,"id":"w9esp0","post_time":1658928486.0,"score":141,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"What special weather events (tornado/hurricane/El Nino....) could an Earthlike planet have that has a totally different continental layout.\n\nA lot of our weather events are massively influenced by ocean streams, mountain ranges, water to land ratio. Are there weather events that science can predict, but don't happen on earth, instead could occur on other planets if the conditions are right.","title":"What special weather events could an Earthlike planet with totally diffent geography from Earth have?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w9esp0/what_special_weather_events_could_an_earthlike/","vote_ratio":0.87},"w9f5zp":{"author":"Multch_007","comment_count":17,"id":"w9f5zp","post_time":1658929460.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why does spraying a shirt with water from a spray bottle remove most of the wrinkles? Chemistry or physics, I think? I dunno, I am not a scientist lol.","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w9f5zp/why_does_spraying_a_shirt_with_water_from_a_spray/","vote_ratio":0.56},"w9fjbl":{"author":"AutoModerator","comment_count":87,"id":"w9fjbl","post_time":1658930410.0,"score":174,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on **Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science**\n\nDo you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: \"What would happen if...\", \"How will the future...\", \"If all the rules for 'X' were different...\", \"Why does my...\".\n\n**Asking Questions:**\n\nPlease post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.\n\n**Answering Questions:**\n\nPlease only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. [The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/wiki/index#wiki_answering_askscience). In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.\n\nIf you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, [please refer to the information provided here](https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/about/sticky).\n\nPast AskAnythingWednesday posts [can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/search?q=flair%3A%27meta%27&restrict_sr=on&sort=new&t=all). Ask away!","title":"Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w9fjbl/ask_anything_wednesday_engineering_mathematics/","vote_ratio":0.88},"w9hp5i":{"author":"NycandLachicago","comment_count":0,"id":"w9hp5i","post_time":1658935704.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"What is the immune response to herpes? How does the immune system react to the virus? Can it defeat herpes?","title":"How does the immune system respond to herpes?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w9hp5i/how_does_the_immune_system_respond_to_herpes/","vote_ratio":1.0},"w9i9fm":{"author":"Skoteinoi","comment_count":1,"id":"w9i9fm","post_time":1658937048.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"The question was inspired after reading about Typhoon Hagibis which struck Japan in 2019 and was quickly followed by an earthquake. Can storms influence earthquakes in any way or are there any other geological effects of storms hidden below the surface?","title":"What impact can a large/powerful storms have on sub-surface geology?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w9i9fm/what_impact_can_a_largepowerful_storms_have_on/","vote_ratio":0.57},"w9lrn0":{"author":"MrInfinitumEnd","comment_count":11,"id":"w9lrn0","post_time":1658945503.0,"score":21,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"What is 'Superdeterminism' ?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w9lrn0/what_is_superdeterminism/","vote_ratio":0.87},"w9mzla":{"author":"418397","comment_count":2,"id":"w9mzla","post_time":1658948539.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Consider the potential due to a pure dipole... It's \nV=k(p.r)/|r|^3 ... where r is position vector of the point at which the potential is considered and p is dipole moment of the charge distribution... \n\nBecause the net charge Q=0, p remains the same even if we shift the origin... Now consider shifting the origin such that |r| remains the same but r doesn't so that p.r has a different value now... Therefore V has a different value in this frame...\n\nWhy? Isn't the potential at a point just the potential difference between this point and a chosen reference point(which happens to be infinity in this case) which shouldn't change unless you change the reference point itself? \n\nAny explanation???","title":"Is potential due to a dipole origin dependent?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w9mzla/is_potential_due_to_a_dipole_origin_dependent/","vote_ratio":0.67}}

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997 post returned
ID: v0m24k
Title: Were any viruses or diseases eradicated during the pandemic due to global lockdowns?
Author: BerryGrapeBeard
Score: 4074
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 486
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1653863412
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v0m24k/were_any_viruses_or_diseases_eradicated_during/
Text: If so, which ones? 

If not, how did they manage to survive nearly a year of lockdowns? How did they adapt?

Edit: spelling

ID: v0nyqv
Title: Can a person’s aching joints actually predict a storm?
Author: CookieCat698
Score: 1248
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 195
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1653869810
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v0nyqv/can_a_persons_aching_joints_actually_predict_a/
Text: 

ID: v12ux7
Title: Are Caves with lava rivers/pools (like in minecraft) realistic?
Author: SharkMan247
Score: 829
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 62
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1653924956
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v12ux7/are_caves_with_lava_riverspools_like_in_minecraft/
Text: Also could you survive in the same cave as a lava river?

ID: v192mz
Title: When a antigen-presenting cell activates a Th-cell, does the Th-cell take the antigen? Or does the antigen-presenting cell keep it?
Author: JBsquiddy
Score: 115
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1653942450
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v192mz/when_a_antigenpresenting_cell_activates_a_thcell/
Text: Just really really curious what people know about this detail. I've seen 1 video where the MHC II gives the antigen to the TCR, but I cannot find a verification anywhere on the internet. Thought I'd give it a shot in here, maybe there are some experts? :D

Title of the video: 'The Adaptive Immune System'
By 'Vaccine Makers Project'. It happens at 30 seconds.

ID: v1apr8
Title: How do strawberries get infected with hep A?
Author: Kenpoaj
Score: 2898
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 326
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1653947103
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1apr8/how_do_strawberries_get_infected_with_hep_a/
Text: Title. Is it something to do with the fertilizer like ecoli? Or is Hep A something that survives in the soil?

ID: v1ereg
Title: Why do rock sediment layers change color so suddenly?
Author: empathyboi
Score: 9
VoteRatio: 0.81
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1653959955
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1ereg/why_do_rock_sediment_layers_change_color_so/
Text: Since these formations took millions of years to form, wouldn’t it be a subtle change over time? 

And yet, when I look at the formations, the colors seem to change quickly. Why is this?

ID: v1fa7f
Title: If you have a slightly damaged liver, but donate or otherwise remove a portion of it. will the liver as a whole be healthier once it fully regenerates?
Author: TheSentinelsSorrow
Score: 19
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1653961685
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1fa7f/if_you_have_a_slightly_damaged_liver_but_donate/
Text: 

ID: v1hguf
Title: Is tobacco by itself cancerous? If so, what makes it that way?
Author: slushhead_00
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1653969066
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1hguf/is_tobacco_by_itself_cancerous_if_so_what_makes/
Text: 

ID: v1iakc
Title: Do new galaxies become visible as their light reaches Earth?
Author: Jaranon
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 30
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1653972091
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1iakc/do_new_galaxies_become_visible_as_their_light/
Text: Do galaxies beyond the bounds of the currently observable universe become visible as their light reaches Earth or are they simply too far away or obscured to ever be observed?

ID: v1jsrw
Title: How would palaeontologists know the social structure of dinosaurs?
Author: dash_o_truth
Score: 22
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1653978025
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1jsrw/how_would_palaeontologists_know_the_social/
Text: Hello, I just watched Prehistoric Planet and then perused the Wikipedia pages of some of the featured dinosaurs. For example, how would they know that the Dreadnoughtus males go into the desert to compete to mate? (I suppose they found a whole bunch of male fossils?)

Or the father T-rex wants to eat first?

Or the group of Triceratops journeying through a cave to find an underground clay lick, to protect themselves from eating toxic plants by lining their stomachs?

Or the pterosaurs fighting back against the Velociraptor hunting them?

Or the Quetzalcoatlus (I think it was) crushing the other's eggs?

The Edmontosaurus loves fire or something like that?

Or a smaller Barbaridactylus fools the bigger males into getting to mate with females? 

I haven't researched it further but none of this is in the respective Wikipedia pages, how much of this is educative guesses and story telling?

ID: v1k8e8
Title: What is the data on medical marijuana messing with REM sleep?
Author: autoantinatalist
Score: 16
VoteRatio: 0.84
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1653979859
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1k8e8/what_is_the_data_on_medical_marijuana_messing/
Text: I saw a bunch of studies and assertions that it ruins REM sleep. But I also saw stuff that says it's a miracle for sleep and anxiety and nightmares. These things don't seem to coalesce into one pattern; if it helps with anxiety, then it can't also not let you get real rest, becuase over time you would get worse anxiety from not being able to sleep. Bad sleep=more anxiety. Ditto nightmares, if you can't get real rest, then you get more nightmares. 

So what's going on? Is the data conflicting, does it matter who's being studied and why they're taking the drug, does it matter what particular type of thing they're taking, what ingestion method?

ID: v1lgbh
Title: Why is glycemic index of sucrose lower than all purpose flour even though all purpose flour isn't as sweet as sugar?
Author: SkepticOnHGH
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1653985344
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1lgbh/why_is_glycemic_index_of_sucrose_lower_than_all/
Text: 

ID: v1mfbs
Title: Can you tell from the ECG if the pacemaker is activated?
Author: Peiranthus
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1653989756
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1mfbs/can_you_tell_from_the_ecg_if_the_pacemaker_is/
Text: 

ID: v1namv
Title: Are studies related to humans that use worms as the subject relevant to human living?
Author: Wreckit-Jon
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.59
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1653993433
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1namv/are_studies_related_to_humans_that_use_worms_as/
Text: I was reading some health (diet) related articles and they were talking about possible health concerns of diets due to the way ringworms reacted when subjected to said diet. That sounds super strange to me because...I'm not a worm...

Was just wondering if those articles should just be dismissed or if using worms for studies related to humans is actually a scientifically sound practice.

ID: v1nzjq
Title: Does vapour pressure depend on external pressure?
Author: ShavenJohnCravens
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1653996120
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1nzjq/does_vapour_pressure_depend_on_external_pressure/
Text: My understanding of vapour pressure is that it is the pressure exerted by a vapour above a liquid when at equilibrium. Physically, this arises because some molecules have enough energy to escape from the liquid phase in to the gas phase, and at equilibrium the number of molecules vapourising is the same as the number condensing. 

My question is does the vapour pressure depend on the external pressure? For example, if a volatile solvent was placed in a sealed flask, and it was pressurised with an inert gas, would the additional gas molecules hinder the evaporation from the liquid phase?

ID: v1okq2
Title: Is licking a minor wound (such as a small cut) generally effective or harmful?
Author: twinfiresigns14
Score: 4848
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 402
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1653998263
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1okq2/is_licking_a_minor_wound_such_as_a_small_cut/
Text: And does being immunocompromised make a difference?

**ETA:** I’m not immunocompromised, sorry, didn’t realise people would draw that conclusion. I was just curious about what would happen if an immunocompromised person *did* lick a cut. Clearly, it’s nothing good.

The reddit app isn’t letting me reply to posts, but thanks to all who’ve answered so far!

ID: v1p4mj
Title: The human mind compensates for our noses and blind spots, but what is known of animals with long snouts like dogs and horses? How about creatures like stingrays?
Author: None
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.56
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654000055
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1p4mj/the_human_mind_compensates_for_our_noses_and/
Text: Offered my golden retriever my breakfast scraps and noticed he carefully looked down at all the bits of eggs, toast and bacon before raises his head back up and then accurately licking each tidbit without looking? Did his doggy brain create a map of the food bits or was his brain “showing” him the plate even though his adorable snout was in the way?

ID: v1pw7l
Title: Can heat affect electric signals?
Author: toonzman92
Score: 101
VoteRatio: 0.85
CommentCount: 28
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654002464
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1pw7l/can_heat_affect_electric_signals/
Text: So, here’s my simplistic understanding of the two terms:
Electricity- the flow of electrons
Heat - the general movement of particles/molecules.

While these are not perfect definitions, I think they are fairly accurate. 
If you have electrical signals flowing through a copper cable, why can heat not change the bits being transmitted by disrupting the flow?

I realize that heat is a problem in computing, but usually that is at the processing points and affects materials in the computer rather than the signals, right?

ID: v1q5pe
Title: do large Cities affect weather in any significant way?
Author: WhatisBondage
Score: 119
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 29
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654003274
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1q5pe/do_large_cities_affect_weather_in_any_significant/
Text: I live in Minneapolis, MN and now that it's summer there have been a few big thunderstorms. I was wondering if the large city affects how these storms behave.

ID: v1qejy
Title: How do flash floods happen?
Author: Saturnalliia
Score: 22
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 20
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654004015
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1qejy/how_do_flash_floods_happen/
Text: 

ID: v1sled
Title: Melting ice sheets lead to isostatic rebound and earthquakes. Are any mountain glaciers big enough to cause detectable earthquakes by the same process?
Author: foodtower
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.65
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654010154
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1sled/melting_ice_sheets_lead_to_isostatic_rebound_and/
Text: 

ID: v1xyo9
Title: Why, physically, can’t we see ultraviolet light?
Author: zsdrfty
Score: 304
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 74
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654025384
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1xyo9/why_physically_cant_we_see_ultraviolet_light/
Text: I understand why we can’t see infrared light, because it’s way less energetic than visible light, but ultraviolet is even higher energy and I thought it would still make sense for it to excite our retinas.

The only answer I can find is “because your eyes only see blue light”, but that doesn’t really answer the question of how or why that mechanism actually works.

ID: v225sb
Title: How is a cold virus able to target specific areas of the body, ie the throat?
Author: SirQuaverton
Score: 38
VoteRatio: 0.84
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654036778
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v225sb/how_is_a_cold_virus_able_to_target_specific_areas/
Text: 

ID: v296nc
Title: How is melatonin for supplements made?
Author: Metropolis49
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654059882
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v296nc/how_is_melatonin_for_supplements_made/
Text: I know melatonin is naturally produced in the pineal gland, but how is melatonin made for gummies or supplements?

Is a pure melatonin liquid made and then mixed with the gummies? How is it made, I cannot find it anywhere only a breakdown of the natural biological process

ID: v29nj0
Title: How do mountain rivers formed and how do they look like at the mountain top?
Author: Lukeintoyoureyes
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.39
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654061654
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v29nj0/how_do_mountain_rivers_formed_and_how_do_they/
Text: 

ID: v29pew
Title: What determines the ideal number, length, width and shape for the blades of wind turbines, wind mills, or even interior fans?
Author: MoiJaimeLesCrepes
Score: 2047
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 142
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654061859
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v29pew/what_determines_the_ideal_number_length_width_and/
Text: I notice that wind turbines have only three very long blades, yet windmills and water pump windmills have many more. Likewise, home fans can have three, five, or more blades, and there is a lot of variation in the lengths available. How do you determine what's optimized for a given usage?

ID: v2a0oh
Title: do lower quality synthetic nutrients have higher levels of heavy metals?
Author: Fuxurmother91
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654063123
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2a0oh/do_lower_quality_synthetic_nutrients_have_higher/
Text: I noticed today that when using two different brands of synthetic fertilizers with almost identical NPK levels I was getting a significantly higher EC. the PK levels of one brand of nutrient were higher but I did that math for both nutrient companies in order to ensure I was using identical amounts of RAW NPK. I found that I needed to use significantly more nutrients from one brand to get the same levels of raw nitrogen phosphorus and potassium than the other. After adding the nutrients of the "low quality" brand I noticed the EC was significantly higher (2.3) than the "higher quality" nutrients (1.9) but I'm still adding the same amount of RAW NPK to each tank. 
So my question is this, what exactly is causing the EC to be higher from one brand to the next, is it all the filler from using more nutrients to achieve the same NPK causing this? Or do cheaper/lower quality nutrients use more Iron boron calcium magnesium etc to synthesize their nutrients?

ID: v2ahou
Title: How is circulating tumor dna isolated and analyzed?
Author: Choice_Ad_6775
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654065102
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2ahou/how_is_circulating_tumor_dna_isolated_and_analyzed/
Text: I’ve yet to find an online source that goes into depth about ctdna and the processes involved with its detection (how is it detected? Comparing it with the more regular occurring dna after gel electrophoresis to get the DNA sequences of both?), how it is isolated( from the rest of the cfdna and the plasma), how is it analyzed( what does the sequence tell us, maybe you can find common mutation regions but then what does this mean and how could anything correlate to things like developing resistance against chemo chemicals), and what can we do about it (can we develop better treatments for cancer tutors when analyzing ctdna of the tumour, how is that even possible)

If anyone is well educated on the relatively new topic of ctdna, please offer your help and explaining these topics to me… in detail (explaining when processes like pcr are used and why they are used there). Thank you

ID: v2d9sn
Title: Do monkeys sleep together?
Author: _lucalibre
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654077123
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2d9sn/do_monkeys_sleep_together/
Text: Since we share a lot of common behavior with other big primates this question popped in my mind.
Do they sleep in pairs, groups or even cuddling?

ID: v2dtsx
Title: why are the ice giants furthest away?
Author: benedictholland
Score: 56
VoteRatio: 0.81
CommentCount: 19
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654079373
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2dtsx/why_are_the_ice_giants_furthest_away/
Text: I was taught that when the solar system was forming, the sun pulled in the planets that were heavier, so rocky planets are closest to the sun. Thats why lighter planets (gas giants) are further away. 

But what about the ice planets? are they lighter than the gas giants? were they once in a gaseous state? 

whats the deal with Pluto in all this?

ID: v2e182
Title: Can someone explain to me why does Lanthanum has electronic configuration of [Xe] 6s2 5d1 instead of [Xe]6s2 4f1?
Author: SBsenior
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654080227
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2e182/can_someone_explain_to_me_why_does_lanthanum_has/
Text: Question is up there\^. I have been trying to find an answer for it, But google-ing it either gives unsatisfactory answers like "It's more stable" or such.   
I need a satisfactory and understandable answer. Thanks in advance for helping me out.

ID: v2e7ks
Title: Are there any hydraulic systems that use granular solids like sand or polymer beads with low surface friction as a medium instead of air/liquid?
Author: NorthboundFox
Score: 16
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 15
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654080931
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2e7ks/are_there_any_hydraulic_systems_that_use_granular/
Text: 

ID: v2e8mc
Title: What animal species has a hierarchy of roles based on biological differences?
Author: tristan_noel_safonov
Score: 20
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 17
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654081056
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2e8mc/what_animal_species_has_a_hierarchy_of_roles/
Text: 

ID: v2eaob
Title: AskScience AMA Series: I'm Futurist Amy Webb, and I just wrote a new book about a wild emerging technology called synthetic biology. AMA!
Author: AskScienceModerator
Score: 129
VoteRatio: 0.81
CommentCount: 63
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654081245
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2eaob/askscience_ama_series_im_futurist_amy_webb_and_i/
Text: We can now program cells as if they were tiny computers. What happens when anyone can manipulate organisms - or even create new ones? My new book, [The Genesis Machine](https://www.amazon.com/Genesis-Machine-Rewrite-Synthetic-Biology/dp/1541797914), gives you the background you need to think differently about research underway now, and what that could mean for humanity's futures. What questions do you have for [me](https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/01/10/amy-webb-talks-crispr-ivf-5g/), Redditors? I'll be on from 2-4pmET (18-20 UT), AMA!




Username: /u/Amy_Webb

ID: v2glh3
Title: Why aren't the *sub*species of brassica rapa just considered different *species*?
Author: inna_hey
Score: 276
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 62
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654088752
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2glh3/why_arent_the_subspecies_of_brassica_rapa_just/
Text: I guess the question is, what's the difference between subspecies and species, at least in the plant world? *Is* there even a clear distinction?

ID: v2gtb1
Title: How does Zeki (2003) relate to the unfolding argument?
Author: Nervous_Weather_5272
Score: 9
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654089423
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2gtb1/how_does_zeki_2003_relate_to_the_unfolding/
Text: Doerig and colleagues (2021) present four proposed criteria for a theory of consciousness in the article "Hard Criteria for Empirical Theories of Consciousness". One of these is the unfolding argument. Can't seem to find any literature on how Zekis´ theory of the disunity of consciousness relates to this argument. He provides no function for consciousness, is he therefore subject to the unfolding argument, and could be considered a casual structure theory such as Lammes´ recurrent processing theory (2006) and Tononis´ information integration theory (2004)?

ID: v2ho32
Title: Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science
Author: AutoModerator
Score: 98
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 64
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654092012
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2ho32/ask_anything_wednesday_engineering_mathematics/
Text: Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on **Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science**

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

**Asking Questions:**

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

**Answering Questions:**

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. [The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/wiki/index#wiki_answering_askscience). In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, [please refer to the information provided here](https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/about/sticky).

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts [can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/search?q=flair%3A%27meta%27&restrict_sr=on&sort=new&t=all). Ask away!

ID: v2hx4l
Title: are the effects of faraday cages made of multiple materials aditional to each other?
Author: abusivethrowaway13
Score: 39
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 16
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654092688
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2hx4l/are_the_effects_of_faraday_cages_made_of_multiple/
Text: Language isn't my strong suit so let me explain my question. If I was to make a faraday cage to protect a peice of equipment but I was trying to do so cheaply and get the most EMP protection possible could I use a metal mesh, then an insulating layer, then a foil layer, then more insulation? And would the mesh add to the protection? Or is the amount of protection limited by the most effective layer and all additional layers effectively do nothing. 

Bonus question: under what circumstances would I have to ground the faraday cage to properly EMP protect the equipment?

ID: v2lxhs
Title: After you donate blood, considering that it takes like 3-4 weeks to fully replenish the lost red blood cells that carry oxygen, is your endurance/stamina measurably affected afterwards for some time?
Author: Portalrules123
Score: 33
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654103418
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2lxhs/after_you_donate_blood_considering_that_it_takes/
Text: 

ID: v2pcv8
Title: Why is Fluorocarbon hydrophobic?
Author: Solberg907
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.87
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654112271
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2pcv8/why_is_fluorocarbon_hydrophobic/
Text: If I understand it right, hydrocarbons are hydrophobic because of the non-polar interactions. But what makes Fluorocarbons MORE hydrophobic? Fluor-carbon interaction are very polar aren't they? so wouldn't that make them soluble in water?

ID: v2tyc0
Title: Can we predict when a gene will be expressed?
Author: Dzugavili
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654124022
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2tyc0/can_we_predict_when_a_gene_will_be_expressed/
Text: Genetic modification in the 20th century was a bit of a crapshoot -- literally. You'd put a bunch of DNA on some pellets and shoot them into a plant with an air gun, it's honestly so hilariously basic, it's surprising that it works. That, and Sanford is just a crazy person now. But that's another story.

But the genes get inserted pretty randomly, which is weird to me. Do we just practically test the organisms afterwards to see which ones got the insertion right?

Or can we predict when or how often a gene will be expressed from its contents and location in the genome?

Or do we not know this yet?

ID: v2u8v7
Title: How are vitamins made?
Author: sempered
Score: 54
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 16
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654124793
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2u8v7/how_are_vitamins_made/
Text: 
Exactly as the post says.

I’m curious on how vitamins are made both from the natural and organic side to the synthetic.

How does it get from something like an açaí berry to vitamin B12. Or how is an orange turned into vitamin c?

Thanks for all the help!

ID: v2waae
Title: Dogs can smell COVID infections in patients, with as much accuracy as a PCR test. What's stopping us from building a machine that 'smells' the patients and detects it as well, if not better, than a dog?
Author: celo753
Score: 11033
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 617
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654130363
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2waae/dogs_can_smell_covid_infections_in_patients_with/
Text: You'd just have to build a detector sensitive to the specific molecule or group of molecules that cause the smell, right? And while we are at it, can't we have a bomb-sniffing and drug-sniffing machine, the same way dogs do? Or is there something about dog morphology that allows them to detect these smells better than any machine we can currently make?

[Article I saw about dogs sniffing covid](https://www.reddit.com/r/science/comments/v2ndcz/trained_dogs_sniff_out_covid19_as_well_as_lab/)

ID: v2xq4m
Title: How exactly do prion diseases work and how can they be prevented?
Author: _GenderNotFound
Score: 22
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654134671
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2xq4m/how_exactly_do_prion_diseases_work_and_how_can/
Text: Also, how close are we to a cure?

ID: v36i31
Title: Can the concepts of right and left be objectively explained using magnetic fields?
Author: Grayfox4
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 31
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654168564
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v36i31/can_the_concepts_of_right_and_left_be_objectively/
Text: If you run a current through a wire, you create a magnetic field, and that magnetic field has a direction relative to the flow of the current. So if you were to explain to the aliens with no concept of left and right, you could tell them to set up an experiment where they connect a battery to a wire with the negative pole in a specified direction and the positive pole in the other. 

Then all you need to do is state that when viewing the wire from a perspective relative to the flow of the electrons, you observe the direction of rotation of the magnetic field, and at the "up" position (opposite the direction of gravity) is either right or left depending on the perspective relative to electron flow? Or am I missing something?

ID: v3fkle
Title: Can speech and body language experts tell whether someone is lying if they don't talk like they usually do?
Author: Ethan_Carlton
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.33
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654194804
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3fkle/can_speech_and_body_language_experts_tell_whether/
Text: Say, the subject is doing a Gordon Ramsay impression when they're testifying

ID: v3fptz
Title: What are the mechanisms that cause Skeeter Syndrome and other extreme skin reactions to bug bites? Has there been any advances in cures or treatments?
Author: SamisSmashSamis
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.81
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654195200
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3fptz/what_are_the_mechanisms_that_cause_skeeter/
Text: See title. Thanks!

ID: v3g4w5
Title: If a sound is produced in an environment where there is wind blowing that goes faster than the speed of sound, can you hear that sound if the receiver is "upstream" of the wind?
Author: Bastiproton
Score: 14
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654196344
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3g4w5/if_a_sound_is_produced_in_an_environment_where/
Text: Since the soundwaves would travel through a medium that is moving away from the receiver faster than the speed of the soundwaves itself.

Additionally, can wind cause Doppler effects?

ID: v3g7hl
Title: What is a pattern? Is randomness the inverse of a pattern? And does the definition of a pattern include shared properties between elements?
Author: themoment326
Score: 37
VoteRatio: 0.87
CommentCount: 27
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654196520
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3g7hl/what_is_a_pattern_is_randomness_the_inverse_of_a/
Text: For example, 1 2 3 4 5 6 exhibits a pattern. Each element is the previous plus one. 

But what if say, you know beforehand, the elements of a sequence are between 1 - 6 like in a dice. You’re trying to figure out if a certain sampling method is random. Say you get 3 2 1 2 2 1 3 1 2 2 1 3 2 1 1 2 3 1. The sequence itself doesn’t seem to exhibit a pattern yet they all share the same property of being within the set {1,2,3} and excluding the set {4,5,6}

Randomness is often defined as the lack of a pattern. This sequence by the face of it doesn’t seem to have a pattern yet we know it’s not coming from a uniform random distribution from 1-6 given 4 5 and 6 aren’t selected. How do you explain this?

ID: v3im3k
Title: Which exactly experiment proves that the speed of light does not depend on the speed of observer?
Author: dgladush
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.59
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654203145
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3im3k/which_exactly_experiment_proves_that_the_speed_of/
Text: Is there any experiment that proves that the speed of light does not depend on the speed of observer?

Popular science often tells that Mickelson Morley experiment proves it, but all parts of it are stationary relatively to each other.

So I would say it proves only that the speed of light is C if the source and the observer are in the same frame of reference, as far as I understand. Is there anything else?

Thanks.

ID: v3m3qi
Title: Is there a period of time between infection and eradication of a pathogen in an immunized host wherein the host is still infectious?
Author: SlyGuyontheFly
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.81
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654213100
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3m3qi/is_there_a_period_of_time_between_infection_and/
Text: This question was inspired by my understanding of immune response: A host becomes infected > pathogen replicates until disease > immune response > eradication. At some point between infection and eradication there exists a critical mass of the pathogen such that the host becomes infectious.

An immunized host has memory cells that reduce immune response time. Is that shortened response time enough to prevent the host from becoming infectious before the pathogen is eradicated?

I figure this varies wildly from pathogen so let's just stick to COVID-19 (although additional examples would be great).

A few more things:

First, I'm out of my area of expertise (obviously) so please excuse any misuse of terminology, and please point it out.
Second, please don't hold back with your answers. If I wanted a simple explanation for something as if I was five years old I'd go to another sub (my post was auto deleted for referencing it). If I don't understand something I can go look it up. Hit me with your best shot =)
Third, please don't forget to cite your sources (or expertise) so I have somewhere to go for more information.

ID: v3vcx2
Title: To what degree are all enzyme reactions reversible? How can I tell if a reaction is or isn't?
Author: fragileMystic
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654247534
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3vcx2/to_what_degree_are_all_enzyme_reactions/
Text: Let's take glutamine synthetase as an example. It creates Glutamine by catalyzing the reaction:

 Glutamate + ATP + NH3 → Glutamine + ADP + phosphate

But does this mean that if Glutamine concentration is high enough, Glutamate can be generated while producing ATP?

Is there database cataloguing which enzyme reactions are reversible or irreversible? Are there general principles by which I can predict if a reaction is or isn't reversible?

ID: v3vdjc
Title: Does the epicuticular wax of plant leaves disappear, or become inefficient when that certain plant is near spoiling/spoiled?
Author: bakugouchaan
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654247611
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3vdjc/does_the_epicuticular_wax_of_plant_leaves/
Text: We're conducting a research about using the extracted epicuticular wax from near spoling cabbage leaves. However, we wish to know if the spoiling of this cabbage, or any plant, affects the effectiveness of the hydrophobicity property of their epicuticular wax.

ID: v3vlz6
Title: How long does it take for a vaccine to be absorbed into muscle?
Author: synthroidgay
Score: 9
VoteRatio: 0.65
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654248682
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3vlz6/how_long_does_it_take_for_a_vaccine_to_be/
Text: I don't mean how long until the vaccine takes effect, I mean how long is there a pocket of liquid sitting there inside unabsorbed? Could you hypothetically stick in another needle into the exact same spot, draw the liquid back out, and unnvaccinate yourself? I don't actually want to do this, if it needs to be said

ID: v3ygvr
Title: Can you get Monkeypox more than once?
Author: BlueAdjacent
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.41
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654259880
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3ygvr/can_you_get_monkeypox_more_than_once/
Text: 

ID: v3z56d
Title: Why do viruses like herpes or hpv stay forever, while flu viruses don't?
Author: None
Score: 4828
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 356
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654262037
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3z56d/why_do_viruses_like_herpes_or_hpv_stay_forever/
Text: 

ID: v3za0x
Title: What is the heaviest recorded rainfall? What is the theoretical limit?
Author: SquisherBeMe
Score: 544
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 89
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654262467
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3za0x/what_is_the_heaviest_recorded_rainfall_what_is/
Text: I was in some heavy rain and it made me wonder how it compared. Not looking for the most rain to fall in a day or an hour, but something closer to minute or less.

ID: v40ixk
Title: How are there multiple reading frames if it starts AUG?
Author: idek300
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.6
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654266205
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v40ixk/how_are_there_multiple_reading_frames_if_it/
Text: So I was researching translation and something that everyone mentions but no one explains - why are there 3 possible reading frames for an mRNA, if translation starts at AUG codon? If translation starts at this codon, then the only reading frame possible is the one dictated by AUG ie. there can only be one, so how would it even be theoretically possible for two other reading frames?

e.g. 5\` GUCGAUGCUUGGUAGUAAG......... 3\`

The only potential initiation site is AUG, so why do we say that this could encode 3 different proteins?

ID: v41aw2
Title: Did we discover any unknown islands after humanity first used satellite photography?
Author: Pistolenkrebs
Score: 362
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 65
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654268462
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v41aw2/did_we_discover_any_unknown_islands_after/
Text: 

ID: v422pa
Title: Why don’t microphones on stage at huge stadium concerts have constant feedback?
Author: legomyeggopls
Score: 27
VoteRatio: 0.85
CommentCount: 19
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654270661
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v422pa/why_dont_microphones_on_stage_at_huge_stadium/
Text: When theres’s 20,000 people in the crowd, and speakers that are 50 feet high, how do these microphone not constantly pick up all that sound around them?  It almost seems impossible, so how can the singer’s vocals be so clear?

ID: v48dc9
Title: Is HSV-1 (Cold Sores) contractible through blood/gametes?
Author: 2AM_Tale
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654288442
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v48dc9/is_hsv1_cold_sores_contractible_through/
Text: Quite a bit of my family has it, and my understanding is that most of the population has it, so I was wondering, besides saliva and sharing objects/water; does HSV-1 bind with your gametes (or can you be born with it?)? I’ve tried to google but I haven’t found anything, or anything relating to blood/birth at least.

ID: v4c2xp
Title: How does the body produce the sense of impending doom associated with incompatible blood transfusions, imminent heart attacks, etc?
Author: DarthWoo
Score: 177
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 24
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654299441
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4c2xp/how_does_the_body_produce_the_sense_of_impending/
Text: 

ID: v4d2m4
Title: Is it true that your bones don't get any stronger after your early twenties?
Author: biggerthanUSsteel
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.63
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654302763
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4d2m4/is_it_true_that_your_bones_dont_get_any_stronger/
Text: I heard that your strength of your bones are built in your teens and early twenties and that peak is maintained until 30. So basically, my weightlifting and calcium  won't help my bones get stronger

ID: v4f8nd
Title: I heard bats apparently have insanely good immune systems. Is this true?
Author: KittyScholar
Score: 26
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654310143
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4f8nd/i_heard_bats_apparently_have_insanely_good_immune/
Text: And if so, why? Any other wild adaptions that make them the only flying mammals?

ID: v4gu2b
Title: Where do we get raw elements from? Ie. Neon, helium.
Author: arunningturtle
Score: 640
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 80
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654315896
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4gu2b/where_do_we_get_raw_elements_from_ie_neon_helium/
Text: 

ID: v4gw62
Title: How visually accurate/realistic are the current animations of cellular biology as presented by HarvardX, WEHImovies, and the like?
Author: The_Freight_Train
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654316095
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4gw62/how_visually_accuraterealistic_are_the_current/
Text: How visually accurate/realistic are the current animations of cellular biology as presented by HarvardX, WEHImovies, and the like?

Using this video as an example:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vkYEYjintqU

Is what we see here truly physically occurring, or artist representation of what we theorize is occurring?  

r/AskScience, please tell me that protons literally spin microscopic turbines to create ATP.


Edit:  Thanks guys, my questions are fairly answered and given me more food for thought and direction to focus study.  My general takeaway from the thread is that these videos are close enough to "reality" to be presented to a student as such, with some small disclaimers that do not necessarily detract from the animations' accuracy.

ID: v4l4rd
Title: What are the risks of consuming an excess of vitamins and nutrients? E.G. consuming 1200% of the recommended daily value of Vitamin D, every day?
Author: gabbie_the_gay
Score: 18
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 16
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654334056
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4l4rd/what_are_the_risks_of_consuming_an_excess_of/
Text: 

ID: v4lcfg
Title: Why are rockets/ spacecraft corrosion resistant, if there is no oxygen in space?
Author: owenbananaman
Score: 1810
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 250
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654335056
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4lcfg/why_are_rockets_spacecraft_corrosion_resistant_if/
Text: I was reading about the different types of alloys used in rockets, and many of them are labeled as 'corrosion resistant'; does this actually matter or is it just a useless byproduct of the alloys that rockets use? (btw, sorry if I used the wrong flair.)

ID: v4ngex
Title: Is there any scientific substantiation that alcohol does/doesn’t combat snake venom?
Author: DeviantDahlia
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.68
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654344175
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4ngex/is_there_any_scientific_substantiation_that/
Text: My friend believes drinking alcohol fights snake venom when you’re bitten - I believe it can increase circulation and put you more at risk. However, she’s not happy with MayoClinic as a source. So are there any better sources I could link her, or am I wrong to begin with?

ID: v4o42c
Title: How are the Columbian Hippos (Escobar's Hippos) not horribly inbred if they started from a population of 4?
Author: Havoc098
Score: 286
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 77
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654346626
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4o42c/how_are_the_columbian_hippos_escobars_hippos_not/
Text: As per title, even if hippos don't suffer from inbreeding to the same extent, surely over so many generations it has to have some effect? 
Estimates put the population at around 100 with potential to grow higher.

ID: v4osgy
Title: How much do hormones affect how our bodies 'turn out' as adults?
Author: exomyth
Score: 9
VoteRatio: 0.66
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654348937
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4osgy/how_much_do_hormones_affect_how_our_bodies_turn/
Text: So from my very basic understanding, I understand that there are certain hormones that affect certain parts of the human body. Like oestrogen influences growth of breast tissue for example and there is this other hormone that affects growth and there are many other hormones that affect all kinds of stuff. Correct?

So that has me wondering, if you had this very unethical  experiment where you could inject babies with some hormone cocktails, how much could you control by just controlling their hormones.

For example: Would you have enough control to have a baby turn into 6ft tall adult, with wide hips a big butt, large boobs and a 10 inch penis? Or how much of that would be coded into the DNA?

ID: v4pc8x
Title: If muscle cell never divide, how does people become muscular ? How do they build muscle ? How does a child grow?
Author: meowmeowfuzzyface111
Score: 39
VoteRatio: 0.72
CommentCount: 17
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654350793
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4pc8x/if_muscle_cell_never_divide_how_does_people/
Text: 

ID: v4pcl0
Title: Can salmonella be spread through air transmission such as a fan?
Author: amiibohunter2015
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.44
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654350825
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4pcl0/can_salmonella_be_spread_through_air_transmission/
Text: 

ID: v4pkfd
Title: If you clone an animal is there a biological method to differentiate the clone from the original?
Author: phoinex711
Score: 22
VoteRatio: 0.76
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654351487
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4pkfd/if_you_clone_an_animal_is_there_a_biological/
Text: For example, Dolly the sheep. Other than age is there any biological way to identify the clone from the original?

ID: v4qg7n
Title: Is there any scientific evidence or reason that you gain weight by eating late?
Author: gone_to_kroatan
Score: 2816
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 484
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654354267
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4qg7n/is_there_any_scientific_evidence_or_reason_that/
Text: I almost exclusively eat late, ranging anywhere from 9pm to 11pm. I just need to be relaxed and have time to enjoy eating. When my kids are awake I have to be alert and take care of them,so I don't eat just a few bites with them and prepare dinner after they are asleep.
People who know about of this habit tend to state that it's not healthy as you gain weight and sleep bad. Now I'm interested, is this just a myth or are there any studies or explanations supporting this?

ID: v4qzt2
Title: Are there any fish that live in shallow-ish water that use lures like deep-sea angler fish do?
Author: Odd_Explanation_9951
Score: 9
VoteRatio: 0.65
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654355861
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4qzt2/are_there_any_fish_that_live_in_shallowish_water/
Text: 

ID: v4xy3e
Title: When is a rock considered to be “born”?
Author: The_Real_Mr_F
Score: 3588
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 109
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654376348
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4xy3e/when_is_a_rock_considered_to_be_born/
Text: You often hear that a rock is 1 billion years old or 300 million years old or whatever age it may be. What is the starting point for a rock’s age? I assume it might vary based on the type of rock, like maybe volcanic rocks are “born” when they emerge from a volcano, or sedimentary rocks are “born” when they harden from whatever swampy material they were before, but I’m not sure, and Googling mainly tells me that Dwayne Johnson was born in 1972, which is interesting but not helpful. Since just about every rock is made of material that has been around since the Big Bang, it’s confusing to know what science considers the start of a rock’s existence. What defines a rock’s birthday?

ID: v4yvuk
Title: Why are babies born with “young” DNA?
Author: Enceing
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.65
CommentCount: 19
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654379232
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4yvuk/why_are_babies_born_with_young_dna/
Text: If a 40 year old has a baby, aren’t the babies DNA going to be deprecated just as much as the 40 year old’s? for example a baby is not born with 40 year old wrinkly skin, but new, healthy skin with no DNA defects due to replication over time.

ID: v577pt
Title: Is the Incubation Period and Febrile Phase same?
Author: Cl1ky
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.6
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654409168
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v577pt/is_the_incubation_period_and_febrile_phase_same/
Text: According to Wikipedia page of Dengue Fever, The incubation period of the disease is 2-14 days. Next it states that it's clinical course has 3 phases: Febrile, critical, and recovery.

Out of these, febrile lasts 2-7 days. Now my question is this, is the febrile phase assimilated into the incubation OR does it start after the ending of incubation?

ID: v588i4
Title: What places have the most Intraplate earthquakes? How destructive can they get?
Author: BuilderDahomey
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.58
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654413699
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v588i4/what_places_have_the_most_intraplate_earthquakes/
Text: What are these so called weak spots within a tectonic plate? I live near one of the most geologically active regions, so I was curious.

ID: v5b1rt
Title: How does smell work?
Author: goldfishpaws
Score: 44
VoteRatio: 0.76
CommentCount: 23
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654426935
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5b1rt/how_does_smell_work/
Text: At an interested engineer, totally not a biologist level, I can smell things.  When I try to understand how smell works, though, I get confused.  I've heard a couple of answers which I'm not convinced by, so thought I'd get some clarity.

* Resonating bonds between atoms in molecules.  This sounds semi plausible, but it doesn't account for handedness, where (AIUI) for instance a left hand identical arrangement of atoms smells of lemon and the same atoms arranged right-handed smell of mint.

* That suggests shape is the driver, which seems compelling, but then why do brand new molecules we never evolved for have a smell?  Not perfume blends, that's obvious, but molecularly.  If we don't have a receptor for a molecule shape, how could we smell it, and how could we evolve a receptor for something that doesn't exist?

* Smell buds, and every aroma is a unique combination of the nose equivalent of bitter/sweet/salt/acid/umami.  This seems pretty unconvincing to me as with shape alone - how could novel molecules smell?

* Nose as a diffraction column.  Doesn't seem intuitive, but unique graphs for aromas at least includes the possibility of novel molecules having a smell, but we return to the handedness question.

What am I missing?  Am I overthinking it all, missing something obvious?  I mean it seems like something we should know, but I'm not seeing consensus.

Thanks for your ideas about this, it's troubled me a while!

ID: v5d9n3
Title: Are There Any Diseases That Can Destroy Prokaryote Cell Walls?
Author: caleblewis94
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.7
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654435364
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5d9n3/are_there_any_diseases_that_can_destroy/
Text: Good morning from Atlanta, I am a college student studying History, though I am also interested in Biology and taking a course with a lab this Summer. I am learning about Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic organisms and their functions and noted that a key difference is that most Prokaryoteshave a cell wall to protect them from bursting due to water absorption. I also remember from prior knowledge knowing that our intestines contain a bunch of prokaryotes to aid in breaking down waste, etc. I was curious and didn't want to bother my professor with these random questions that pop up as I'm reading the textbook, so I figured I'd turn to you kind folks on here to enlighten me on this random burning question of mine:

Are there any diseases that can damage/destroy the cell walls of prokaryotes, causing them to absorb water throughout the body, i.e. the intestines and burst? 

Thanks!

ID: v5do7n
Title: How do i differentiate between Protista and Fungi cells?
Author: H_Badran
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654436746
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5do7n/how_do_i_differentiate_between_protista_and_fungi/
Text: 

ID: v5e00t
Title: How significantly do plastic dental appliances, things like retainers, Invisalign, or night guards, contribute to the build up of microplastics in the body?
Author: Mycellanious
Score: 3464
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 244
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654437803
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5e00t/how_significantly_do_plastic_dental_appliances/
Text: 

ID: v5fek1
Title: How were the Columbia, Fraser, Klamath and Pit Rivers able to work their way through mountain ranges? Are there any other examples out there too?
Author: ResidentRunner1
Score: 13
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654442049
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5fek1/how_were_the_columbia_fraser_klamath_and_pit/
Text: 

ID: v5ft2n
Title: Why wouldn't plasma propulsion work within the atmosphere of the earth?
Author: None
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.72
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654443199
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5ft2n/why_wouldnt_plasma_propulsion_work_within_the/
Text: Well, the question in the title? Why wouldn't it work? What's the physics behind the not working? Not enough force to cause an action-reaction?

Thanks in advance!

ID: v5hhnp
Title: To what extent is general intelligence (g) correlated to higher levels of physical attractiveness?
Author: Less-Talk-More-Bach
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.54
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654448160
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5hhnp/to_what_extent_is_general_intelligence_g/
Text: General intelligence (g), physical attractiveness, lifetime income, positive health outcomes, and subjective happiness are all tightly correlated. 

To what extent is the relationship between intelligence and attractiveness causal? Does it come down to a more higher order factor one could call general fitness? What implications does this fact pose for public policy or ethics?

ID: v5idwp
Title: Why do specific variants of COVID19 become dominant over other variants?
Author: wandernomad2020
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.43
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654450785
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5idwp/why_do_specific_variants_of_covid19_become/
Text: My girlfriend and I were having a heated discussion about this.  I was adamant it was based on the fitness of a given variant, but I struggled to explain how that actually plays out in the real world.  She had other ideas that I won't try to explain as I wouldn't be doing her justice.

Can anyone explain this to us, ideally with some actual research papers backing points up?  Ideally with real world examples, e.g. why was Delta pushed out by Omicron and how that plays out on a smaller scale, e.g. even within a single host, and how that interaction changes thing in small but significantly as the macro level. Any help, pointers, etc would be appreciated.

ID: v5kd1y
Title: I read that there are high concentrations of interstellar dust and gas near the center of the galaxy that make it difficult to resolve stars. If Earth were orbiting a planet very near to the galactic center, would space appear “hazy” instead of clear and black?
Author: Salted_One
Score: 673
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 64
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654456512
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5kd1y/i_read_that_there_are_high_concentrations_of/
Text: Likewise, would the same apply to a planet within a nebula? If the affect wouldn’t be enough to make a difference visible to the naked eye, are we inside a nebula or some gas “cloud” ourselves?

ID: v5pf4f
Title: When a star runs out of fuel and collapses, does it happen all at once or does is slowly “deflate?”
Author: Mikey_Sheridan
Score: 16
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654471755
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5pf4f/when_a_star_runs_out_of_fuel_and_collapses_does/
Text: 

ID: v5ppp9
Title: I searched, and cannot find the answer to: which of our eight planets is the newest?
Author: BeingKindToAnimals
Score: 83
VoteRatio: 0.79
CommentCount: 32
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654472711
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5ppp9/i_searched_and_cannot_find_the_answer_to_which_of/
Text: 

ID: v5qwut
Title: Which (if any) gorgonopsids have horns?
Author: PurpleMollusc
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.65
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654476664
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5qwut/which_if_any_gorgonopsids_have_horns/
Text: I'm looking for inspiration to draw something and gorgonopsids and synapsids in general have started to captivate me and I've started to wonder, which ones had horns? I'm talking about those similar to horns we see today like in undulates.

ID: v5rizp
Title: Why does it hurt when you put alcohol or peroxide on a wound?
Author: Meal-Ready
Score: 1962
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 354
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654478693
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5rizp/why_does_it_hurt_when_you_put_alcohol_or_peroxide/
Text: 

ID: v5u5pr
Title: During active transport in a cell, why does modification of a molecule exempt it from violating a concentration gradient?
Author: Green_Agar
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654487874
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5u5pr/during_active_transport_in_a_cell_why_does/
Text: Isn’t diffusion of molecules affected principally by charge, size, and amount, irrespective of the type of molecule? Why would alteration of a molecule render it immune to the effects of a concentration gradient?

ID: v5v383
Title: what is the current consensus on T-rex and feathers?
Author: killakam86437
Score: 13
VoteRatio: 0.85
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654491406
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5v383/what_is_the_current_consensus_on_trex_and_feathers/
Text: I just got done watching prehistoric planet by apple tv. It depicted trex with a scaley body, with what looked like slight hair, like an elephant would have. What is the current consensus on whether or not trex had feathers and why would the show depict them the way they did?

ID: v5vbbn
Title: Are we still discovering new diseases regularly?
Author: TigreSauvage
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654492276
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5vbbn/are_we_still_discovering_new_diseases_regularly/
Text: Medical science has always progressed along with regular advancements in other fields. For example, these days advances in Chemistry and Genetics allows us uncover the secrets of human biochemistry. 

We have obviously discovered many diseases over the years, but are we still discovering new ones?  I other words, are people still stumping scientists with disease they have never seen before and are completely novel?

ID: v5vhbk
Title: What is the shallowest ocean trench?
Author: Snapple207
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.59
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654492958
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5vhbk/what_is_the_shallowest_ocean_trench/
Text: You often hear about the Mariana trench being the deepest trench in the world but which one is the least? Google doesn't seem to provide a good answer on the subject and my searches were dominated with the "deepest" results and unrelated things.

ID: v5z4pv
Title: is Sagittarius A a new black hole or just discovered?
Author: astro_billions
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 13
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654508176
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5z4pv/is_sagittarius_a_a_new_black_hole_or_just/
Text: 

ID: v60m2p
Title: How big of an advantage does high-altitude training actually give to athletes? (say, at 2-2.5 km above mean sea level so with 20-25% less oxygen)
Author: A-Delonix-Regia
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 13
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654512373
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v60m2p/how_big_of_an_advantage_does_highaltitude/
Text: According to an air pressure calculator I found on Google, the air at 2 km above MSL would be about 0.8 atm and at 2.5 km above MSL it would be about 0.75 atm.

As per my understanding, getting 20-25% less oxygen per breath would mean that a high-altitude athlete's body would have more RBCs, bigger lungs, and a bigger heart, and that should give a noticeable advantage to the high altitude athlete.

But from personal experience (as someone who is rather unfit, and has always lived in coastal cities), when I visited a hill station at 2.25 km above MSL I didn't really notice anything that made me breathe faster or deeper, so I guess the 20-25% less oxygen actually translates to just about 5% more breathing and 5% less physical strength.

So, suppose we take two athletes:

1. A person who has spent most of his life in towns at 2-2.5 km above sea level
2. A person who has always lived in coastal cities

And suppose both athletes are capable of doing the same sports with identical performance in their hometowns.

I agree that the high-altitude athlete would have the advantage when competing, regardless of whether the athletes were competing at sea level or at high altitude, but suppose we were to have a way to accurately measure peak strength and endurance as two separate parameters.

How big would the advantage (in each of the two parameters) realistically be in favour of the high-altitude athlete, if both of them were competing at mean sea level? My guess is that peak strength is equal and the high-altitude athlete has maybe 10% more endurance. (if endurance is measured as "how long the athlete can do some exercise at a given intensity level for")

Note: I've chosen the 2-2.5 km range because the highest major cities in my country and in the USA are in that altitude range

Note 2: I made a similar post 2 hours ago but since that post was removed by Reddit's spam filters for linking to the air pressure calculator, I am reposting this and deleting that post.

ID: v60um3
Title: AskScience AMA Series: Summer is tick season. We are experts on the science of Lyme disease (and other tickborne illnesses), and we are here to answer your questions. AUA!
Author: AskScienceModerator
Score: 2381
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 385
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654513202
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v60um3/askscience_ama_series_summer_is_tick_season_we/
Text: Lyme disease, an infection caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi that is primarily transmitted by Ixodes scapularis (also known as blacklegged or deer ticks), [affects between 30,000 and 500,000 Americans every year](https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/datasurveillance/index.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Flyme%2Fstats%2Findex.html). Beyond the characteristic erythema migrans ("bullseye") rash, symptoms range from arthritis to damaging nervous and cardiac systems. With so many cases every year, it is imperative that everyone learn what steps can be taken to minimize and prevent Lyme disease infections while also getting up to date on the current scientific and medical interventions being used to treat and cure Lyme disease in infected individuals.

Join us today at 2 PM ET (18 UT) for a discussion, organized by the American Society for Microbiology, about all aspects of Lyme disease (and other tickborne diseases). We'll take your questions and discuss what people can do to prevent Lyme disease, how Lyme disease is best diagnosed and treated, and what to do if you suspect that you have Lyme disease. Ask us anything!

With us today are:

+ [Dr. Paul Auwaerter, M.D., M.B.A.](https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/profiles/details/paul-auwaerter) (u/Paul_Auwaerter_MD) - Clinical Director, Division of Infectious Diseases, Sherrilyn and Ken Fisher Professor of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
+ [Dr. Alan Barbour, M.D.](https://spiro.mmg.uci.edu/) (u/UC_zoonoses_doc) - Professor of Medicine and Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine
+ [Lillian Rainer Butler](https://www.linkedin.com/in/lillian-butler-808625225/) (u/UMSOM_ticks) - PhD Student, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
+ [Dr. Job Lopez, Ph.D.](https://www.bcm.edu/people-search/job-lopez-25566) (u/BCM_TickBorneDis) - Associate Professor, Pediatrics-Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine
+ [Dr. Jean Tsao, Ph.D.](https://www.canr.msu.edu/people/jean_tsao) (u/MSUTickEcologist) - Associate Professor, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University

Links:

+ [Lyme Disease information from the Center for Disease Control](https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/index.html)
+ [An mRNA Vaccine Against Ticks (podcast)](https://asm.org/Podcasts/TWiM/Episodes/An-mRNA-Vaccine-Against-Ticks-TWiM-256)

Please note that we will NOT be making medical diagnoses or recommending any medical treatments or procedures for individuals.

ID: v623n9
Title: If all drugs have a half-life, how can the body ever truly eliminate a drug?
Author: opteryx5
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.57
CommentCount: 17
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654517532
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v623n9/if_all_drugs_have_a_halflife_how_can_the_body/
Text: Do we still have 1/1,073,741,824th of that drug we took 10 years ago still coursing through our veins?

ID: v62ye3
Title: Are medicin effects different in transpeople that take hormones compared to their assigned sex at birth?
Author: Kortonox
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.51
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654520319
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v62ye3/are_medicin_effects_different_in_transpeople_that/
Text: So I tried to find some information on this topic, especially the difference between medical reactions observed between male and female (Biological not Gender), and how transitioning can change reactions to treatment.

What I found was [this](https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/1201/p1254.html#:~:text=Pharmacodynamic%20differences%20in%20women%20include,experience%20an%20adverse%20drug%20reaction) " Pharmacodynamic differences in women include **greater sensitivity to and enhanced effectiveness of beta blockers, opioids, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and typical antipsychotics**. Additionally, women are 50 to 75 percent more likely than men to experience an adverse drug reaction. "

**So my question is, does transitioning with hormones (lets say a Transwoman/ Male to Female) have an effect on how the body reacts to medical treatment?** 

Also other interesting things I would like to know regarding that topic, are there differences in blood values between male and female, and how do transpeople get evaluated with that in mind.

&#x200B;

(I would greatly apreciate it if you could also link studies if they exist, I tried to find studies, but couldnt find any and I dont know how to find them if they exist. I know that it could probably be a topic that is not well researched).

ID: v63fng
Title: What is meant by "clinical effect" and "domains" in this context?
Author: SapproLappro
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654521784
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v63fng/what_is_meant_by_clinical_effect_and_domains_in/
Text: Hi! I am studying a program in Sweden which will allow me to work as a counsellor.

I'd be super grateful if anybody wants to take time out of their day to help me! :)

A study can be found if searched for via google, with the title:

Positive Effects of Methylphenidate on Social Communication and Self-Regulation in Children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders and Hyperactivity

It's on the website of NCBI. 

Within the study, under 'Discussion', in the last paragraph, the word "clinical effect" is mentioned: "the greatest clinical effect was seen with the medium dose" (Jahromi., et al 2008).

Precisely what is meant by "clinical effect" in that context?

Another sentence found in the last paragraph under discussion is: "there may be greater disparity in dose-response across different domains for optimal change" (Jahromi., et al 2008).

Precisely what is meant by "domains"?

Thanks in advance!

ID: v64lqp
Title: Do fish have set number of eggs for life?
Author: argyyle_styyle
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654525160
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v64lqp/do_fish_have_set_number_of_eggs_for_life/
Text: 

ID: v65q1i
Title: How does a yagi antenna work? None of my education prepared me for the Wikipedia article.
Author: manosinistra
Score: 59
VoteRatio: 0.8
CommentCount: 24
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654528214
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v65q1i/how_does_a_yagi_antenna_work_none_of_my_education/
Text: You’d think something that looks so simple (three rods on a pole) wouldn’t have a Wikipedia article that reads like something out of a Startrek technical manual.

ID: v69ltp
Title: Why is integration much more difficult than differentiation, despite them being just the inverse operations of each other?
Author: Powerpuff_Rangers
Score: 16
VoteRatio: 0.84
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654538641
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v69ltp/why_is_integration_much_more_difficult_than/
Text: 

ID: v6be17
Title: What animal hybrid (either existing or theoretically possible) has/can have the most distantly related parents?
Author: ilovegorillas1776
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654543456
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6be17/what_animal_hybrid_either_existing_or/
Text: If I recall correctly, the most distantly animals can be related to still be able to reproduce is being from different genera, but still in the same family. I'm wondering, though, which two specific animals that can be bred together are the least related?

ID: v6c32m
Title: What does warm blooded really mean? How do we create our own heat when reptiles can’t?
Author: patdashuri
Score: 34
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 21
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654545331
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6c32m/what_does_warm_blooded_really_mean_how_do_we/
Text: 

ID: v6cl1l
Title: Do fish gills separate hydrogen from oxygen molecularly or just take dissolved oxygen from the water?
Author: Chocolatethrowaway19
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654546699
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6cl1l/do_fish_gills_separate_hydrogen_from_oxygen/
Text: And if it's the latter doesn't that mean deep sea fish have less oxygen because presumably its harder for oxygen to get way down there from the churning waves on the surface? Are there pockets of ocean that are oxygen deserts for fish because of lack of plants? How do deep sea creatures compensate for the reduced oxygen? Is bit comparable to land animals living on really tall mountains?

ID: v6ez57
Title: Is there a forensic method for sampling the smell of something?
Author: jamirocky888
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654553074
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6ez57/is_there_a_forensic_method_for_sampling_the_smell/
Text: If Police turn up at a crime scene and there is a particular smell present, is there any way to sample that smell for forensic purposes, or is the smell simply noted as being present (ie. what the smell smells like) by a number of the people at the scene?

ID: v6j1vp
Title: In an interview with Dick Cavett, Richard Burton described a coal seam called "the Great Atlantic fault," that goes from Spain through Wales under the Atlantic to Pennsylvania. Was he full of it?
Author: ArmandoAlvarezWF
Score: 202
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 44
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654565204
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6j1vp/in_an_interview_with_dick_cavett_richard_burton/
Text: [Here](https://youtu.be/708q7LjMGso?t=154) is the interview.

He says 

>There’s a great seam, a famous seam-a world famous one-- which I believe is called the Great Atlantic Fault. And it starts in northern Spain in the Basque Country, and it goes under the Bay of Biscay and comes up in south Wales. Then it goes under the Atlantic and comes up in Pennsylvania. So that if you took a Basque miner, or a Welsh miner or Pennsylvanian miner, and you could blindfold them and transport them, and they will recognise the coalface the moment they see it.  I believe it's four feet, six inches.

It's a beautiful interview and it seems believable enough.  But I can't find any references to the "Great Atlantic Fault," outside of quotes of the interview or from the 2014 movie "Pride" where Bill Nighy's character closely paraphrase's Burton's speech.  Granted Burton says, "I believe it's called the Great Atlantic Fault" so maybe he just got the name wrong.  But is this a real geological feature?

ID: v6jj92
Title: During a solar maximum is it only the frequency of storms or does the average power of said events also increase?
Author: Kritical02
Score: 30
VoteRatio: 0.79
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654566709
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6jj92/during_a_solar_maximum_is_it_only_the_frequency/
Text: Is the power of each solar storm more likely to be stronger?

Or is it simply that there are more solar events likely to occur during that period?

ID: v6jpep
Title: Is HIV-1 present in Skene's gland fluid?
Author: Ganymede25
Score: 75
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 0
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654567226
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6jpep/is_hiv1_present_in_skenes_gland_fluid/
Text: My  background is in molecular virology of lentiviruses such as HIV, SIV  and FIV. However, my clinical background is rather lacking. While I  understand that HIV can be present in vaginal fluids, and perhaps the  main contributor of this may be the Bartholin glands, I have not found  any information on the presence of HIV in Skene's glands. Is HIV absent  in this fluid? If so, is that due to certain factors within the fluid  that make the virus unstable as with the case of saliva?

Any publications or links would be greatly appreciated as I don't want to go down a long Pubmed rabbit hole.

ID: v6jvdf
Title: Do dowsers actually work? If they do work, is there any scientific reason behind it? If they dont, is there any scientific reason why it could, even under extremely special and rare circumstances, theoretically work in the slightest?
Author: Ixmath
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.47
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654567728
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6jvdf/do_dowsers_actually_work_if_they_do_work_is_there/
Text: I'm talking about these guys who claim they can find undeground water sources using sticks, metal rods and/or pendulums. They start walking and wait for the selected item to react in any way to indicate direction of the water or the exact spot of the water source. It sounds like a pseudoscience but there are testimonies of people who claim they work. Like a guy who said their parents digged out lots of holes at their land, but never found water until they hired a dowser.  


Also, please excuse my english, not my native language. And forgive me if I used the wrong tag, I didn't know which one fitted the best.

ID: v6l6te
Title: Does the fusion of tritium and deuterium end up creating hydrogen as a byproduct?
Author: Puzzleheaded_Cow_716
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654571881
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6l6te/does_the_fusion_of_tritium_and_deuterium_end_up/
Text: I know that if Tritium and Deuterium fuse to form Helium, and that a side product is a neutron.

Does this neutron decay into hydrogen, or does it join another atom? where does it go?

ID: v6l8tw
Title: is a container of compressed air more bouyant in water, than the same container filled with normal air at sea level pressure, assuming both containers are the same volume? if not, what determines how bouyant a sealed air filled container is?
Author: veenell
Score: 17
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654572066
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6l8tw/is_a_container_of_compressed_air_more_bouyant_in/
Text: additionally, if you sucked all of the air out of something like a metal or glass bottle (that floats if it is filled with air and sealed) so that it contained a near or complete vacuum, would it still be buoyant and would it still float?

ID: v6lhny
Title: If each cutaneous nerve on the body supplies a particular area (a 'dermatome'), then how can we feel point contacts on our skin?
Author: DoubleZOfficial07
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.63
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654572862
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6lhny/if_each_cutaneous_nerve_on_the_body_supplies_a/
Text: So I've found out that each peripheral nerve in our body supplies a patch of area, and organ failure radiates out to these areas called 'referred pain'. So if each area is supplied by only one nerve, how can we feel specific point contacts as there is no change in the signal produced?

ID: v6m180
Title: Why do we gag and sometimes vomit in response to disgusting things?
Author: ahhhcola
Score: 18
VoteRatio: 0.7
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654574660
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6m180/why_do_we_gag_and_sometimes_vomit_in_response_to/
Text: I can probably understand why eating or smelling something nasty would provoke a gag reflex and induce vomiting. I guess when there is something in your body that couldn’t be accepted, gagging and vomiting act as ways to expel it. I could be misinformed so pardon my ignorance. 

However it dawned on me that even without taste or smell, we can experience the same physical reactions. For instance, I find spit, pee, vomit, certain kinds of food to be disgusting. Looking at these things can make me gag, tear up, and make me feel like I need to vomit. Even thinking about them alone can sometimes provoke such reactions. 

Why does that happen? Why does the body resort to a gag reflex and vomiting when the disgusting things aren’t directly affecting the body, especially internally? Is it because the brain already associates smell, texture, and taste with these objects we’ve come to experience so merely looking or thinking about these objects is similar to us being directly impacted by it?

ID: v6n1e4
Title: Is it known how many times has life spontaneously appeared in earth?
Author: bigjocker
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654578192
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6n1e4/is_it_known_how_many_times_has_life_spontaneously/
Text: Pretty much the title … are all life forms on earth descendant of one single ancestor? Or has life appeared multiple times?

ID: v6np2o
Title: Are lobsters more closely related to crabs or shrimp?
Author: un-chien-galicia
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654580626
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6np2o/are_lobsters_more_closely_related_to_crabs_or/
Text: Keeping aquariums, including crawfish, shrimp, and crabs, I have obviously noticed that crawfish visually look a lot more like a shrimp than the average crab. In fact, at the store I work at, it takes a trained eye to distinguish between young crawfish and shrimp. I am assuming much of this applies to young lobsters as well, though all the ones I’ve seen have more distinguishable claws from an early age.

Anyways, I am trying to understand oceanic evolution through time and I’ve read that decapoda evolved into reptantia (lobsters and crabs) and natantia (shrimp). Does this suggest that lobsters are more closely related to crabs than shrimp, or am I misunderstanding something?

ID: v6pnvj
Title: How soon after our last memory do we fall asleep?
Author: None
Score: 26
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654588185
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6pnvj/how_soon_after_our_last_memory_do_we_fall_asleep/
Text: I can never quite remember at what point I fall asleep. Is there a certain point after the last memory I have from the night before where I'm asleep

ID: v6q4m9
Title: If a child donates a kidney, will it continue to grow in the recipient’s body?
Author: shmoopdogg
Score: 14
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654590114
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6q4m9/if_a_child_donates_a_kidney_will_it_continue_to/
Text: For context I’m watching House, which obviously as a TV show is not a 100% accurate medical resource, but in it a man needs a new kidney and gets it donated by his teenage daughter. They make a joke about him having a small kidney meaning he won’t have to pee as much, which made me wonder if and why it wouldn’t continue to grow to full size once transplanted.

ID: v6qz8g
Title: How are valves within rocket engines 'turned'?
Author: owenbananaman
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654593749
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6qz8g/how_are_valves_within_rocket_engines_turned/
Text: A diagram of an RS - 25 rocket engine showcased valves that allow the flow of the main fuel, main oxidizer, pre-burner, and chamber coolant. How are these valves 'turned' within the rocket engine?

ID: v6qzd0
Title: Polymers and Plastics, are these deratives in the production of Petroleum?
Author: supermaq
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654593765
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6qzd0/polymers_and_plastics_are_these_deratives_in_the/
Text: I have this noob question because yesterday I voiced my opinion in saying polyesters like in my jackets are a by-product result in the production of car fuels. The opposing party stated that it is within its own production proces, these fabric producing companies  just buy crude oil for manufacturing their products. Who can shed a light on this matter for me?

ID: v6rke0
Title: Are there any animals we're aware of that are currently endangered for reasons other than human activity?
Author: idiotsyncrazy
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654596161
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6rke0/are_there_any_animals_were_aware_of_that_are/
Text: If so then what is the stance on preserving the species?

ID: v6rre8
Title: I know there is a correlation between elevation/altitude and suicide. I moved to a place at 8000 ft 7 years ago. I now have 6 people I know that have killed themselves. I had zero before moving here (in my 40's). Why?
Author: skovalen
Score: 11480
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 671
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654596923
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6rre8/i_know_there_is_a_correlation_between/
Text: The fact that I have to choose one "flair" for this question pisses me off.

ID: v6tc5l
Title: Where are there examples of wheels in nature/living beings, or even in some nonliving process?
Author: ScenePuzzled
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 18
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654602532
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6tc5l/where_are_there_examples_of_wheels_in/
Text: The closest thing I can think of might be the femur in the hip bone, using Google/Oxford's definition: <a circular object that revolves on an axle and is fixed below a vehicle or other object to enable it to move [easily over the ground]>. There has to be something more wheel like! Maybe used in movement in a type of aquatic organism? What about in plants at any capacity? Where are all the nonhuman wheels?

ID: v6xako
Title: How do we determine and measure the average temperature of Earth?
Author: mukavastinumb
Score: 9
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 14
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654612409
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6xako/how_do_we_determine_and_measure_the_average/
Text: I assume that the average temperature of Earth changes based on multiple variables: Distance from the sea/ocean, altitude, hours of daylight, time of day etc. What are the criteria for measuring the average temperature of Earth?

I also assume that each nation gives their own averages, but how do we determine the weights for each country? For example Russia is a lot bigger than Luxembourg, so Russia should have more variation in temperatures and their landmass should represent a larger proportion of the average temperatures.

ID: v6xq3c
Title: Are antioxidants also free radicals?
Author: ProneMasturbationMan
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654613364
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6xq3c/are_antioxidants_also_free_radicals/
Text: I'm interested in the chemical reactions that happen between antioxidants and free radicals. There seems to be very little explanation on the internet of the actual chemistry that happens, and if there is it seems a bit too complicated for me.

Free radical = species with unpaired electron. Are all free radicals electrically neutral (not positive nor negative?)

From what I can see, antioxidants are also free radicals. They give an unpaired electron to a free radical. After this, both species have no unpaired electrons. Would they both have a charge of +1 or -1 now?

This makes antioxidants 'good for you' because they result in the free radical now having no unpaired electron, and there are no more chain reactions that occur. I am also curious: when a free radical takes an electron from a different molecule, what makes this reaction 'dangerous' for the body? Which molecule now would go on to be unstable and cause more dangerous reactions, is it the free radical that has been reduced or the other molecule that has been oxidised?

ID: v6xrmq
Title: Are Ladies' finger and Chillies from same family of plants?
Author: cool_eagle7
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654613455
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6xrmq/are_ladies_finger_and_chillies_from_same_family/
Text: They have same internal build. Few holes and seeds on the holes.

ID: v7005h
Title: How does a hydrocolloid bandage actually work?
Author: noobycheese
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654618289
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7005h/how_does_a_hydrocolloid_bandage_actually_work/
Text: I’ve tried to Google this but I can’t really find a straight answer and I don’t necessarily trust the very basic explanations given on Tiktok. Thank you!!

ID: v71uh8
Title: How come eggs become solid after heating them?
Author: ShiBoGod
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.56
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654622194
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v71uh8/how_come_eggs_become_solid_after_heating_them/
Text: Clearly, it's not just a phase change due to temperature. Does anyone know what is actually happening? If you kept on heating an egg past its boiling point, would it become liquid again?

ID: v7857j
Title: If inflammation is bad, why does our body do it?
Author: ThermalFlask
Score: 2212
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 301
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654637083
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7857j/if_inflammation_is_bad_why_does_our_body_do_it/
Text: I constantly see "anti-inflammatory properties" listed as a health benefit of various nutrients in healthy foods, but my understanding is that inflammation is a natural process of the human body. So anti-inflammatory foods are basically inhibiting a normal biological process.

Why do we need to do that to be healthy? Why do we have a self-destructive inflammatory behavior in the human body anyway?

ID: v7e8xv
Title: Since the moon is moving away from us, will it remain tidally locked to Earth or will its rotation one day become out of sync with its orbit?
Author: TheSentinelsSorrow
Score: 671
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 159
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654654223
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7e8xv/since_the_moon_is_moving_away_from_us_will_it/
Text: 

ID: v7g03q
Title: If the human brain is oxygen deprived for even 10 minutes it's very dangerous. Why?
Author: QueryRIT
Score: 45
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 47
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654659685
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7g03q/if_the_human_brain_is_oxygen_deprived_for_even_10/
Text:  You'd think that it would take a few hours or anything more than just 10 minutes for human brain to get severely affected. But even 10 minutes of heart failure and lack of oxygen to brain is devastating. Why? It just sounds so baffling.... is everything in our body like that

ID: v7jjnn
Title: What happens when a newer fossil of unknown species is found in an older rock strata?
Author: MayureshMJ
Score: 31
VoteRatio: 0.87
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654672622
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7jjnn/what_happens_when_a_newer_fossil_of_unknown/
Text: Lets say a new cretaceous dinosaur species is living near the bank of a river, The river is continuously eroding the rock on which the cretaceous dinosaur stands on exposing triassic rocks, the cretaceous dinosaur dies near the exposed triassic rocks and gets buried and fossilized.

We humans then find this fossil of new cretaceous dinosaur along with the triassic rocks and triassic fossils, So how do we avoid not misjudging that the Dinosaur is triassic or the Sedimentary rocks surrounding it are Cretaceous?

Other than absolute dating methods.

ID: v7kmsp
Title: What is the actual mechanism for separating polar and non-polar substances?
Author: whatman640
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.87
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654677110
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7kmsp/what_is_the_actual_mechanism_for_separating_polar/
Text: Every single explanation of non-polar/polar interactions essentially says “non-polar substances have random slight charges that constantly change across the molecule and so are not attracted to the dipoles of water molecules.” I can’t, however, find any explanation to why the two substances (lets say water and oil) actually seperate. I saw a video of someone mixing the oil and water in space and the result was globules of oil randomly dispersed through the water. So in the case of separation of oil and water on earth is it just a case of the water molecules being attracted to each other, “slipping” past the oil and sitting at the bottom of the container due to density and in turn forcing the oil together?

ID: v7mv9w
Title: AskScience AMA Series: We're a global nonprofit ocean exploration organization conducting science research missions in the most unexplored areas of the world, from the Galapagos Islands to the Arctic Ocean. Ask us anything!
Author: AskScienceModerator
Score: 1070
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 150
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654686017
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7mv9w/askscience_ama_series_were_a_global_nonprofit/
Text: OceanX scientists have had rare encounters with a giant purpleback flying squid, identified a potentially region-altering tsunami risk in the Red Sea, and come face-to-face with the elusive sixgill shark, descended from animals that roamed the planet over 200 million years ago. We're currently on mission on our marine research vessel, OceanXplorer, conducting daily sub dives, scuba and ROV ops, and helicopter scouting - and documenting it all to share with the world. Next, we'll be hosting 15 future scientists for a ten-day immersive program aboard our ship.

We're broadcasting live from the Red Sea and have a whole crew of experts from OceanX ready to answer your questions about all things ocean science-exploration, engineering, research, testing, identification - and science education and communications! We are:

+ Mattie Rodrigue, OceanX Head of Science Operations;
+ Dr. Tiara Moore, Scientist and Black in Marine Science Program Lead at The Nature Conservancy;
+ Toby Mitchell, OceanX Submersible Team Leader;
+ Buck Taylor, OceanX Submersible Pilot;
+ Olaf Dieckhoff, OceanX ROV Pilot;
+ Ben Neel, OceanX Helicopter Pilot;
+ Eben Hall, OceanX Executive Producer;
+ Richard Barden, OceanX Dive Team;
+ Roger Solem, Captain of OceanXplorer;
+ Marko Cagalj, Chief Officer of OceanXplorer;
+ Jesse Boulton, Second Officer of OceanXplorer;
+ and Ross Davison-Harmer, Second Officer of OceanXplorer.


We'll be answering questions live from the Red Sea starting around 12 PM EDT (4:00 PM UTC), ask us anything!

Username: /u/oceanxorg

@Oceanx on Social Media

ID: v7qboc
Title: Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology
Author: AutoModerator
Score: 61
VoteRatio: 0.81
CommentCount: 51
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654696811
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7qboc/ask_anything_wednesday_biology_chemistry/
Text: Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on **Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology**

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

**Asking Questions:**

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

**Answering Questions:**

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. [The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/wiki/index#wiki_answering_askscience). In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, [please refer to the information provided here](https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/about/sticky).

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts [can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/search?q=flair%3A%27meta%27&restrict_sr=on&sort=new&t=all). Ask away!

ID: v7rd8z
Title: What experiments or observations did Scientists use to figure out how Retroviruses work?
Author: LaughterCo
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654699699
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7rd8z/what_experiments_or_observations_did_scientists/
Text: I'm wondering how they figured out the function of reverse transciptase and integrase.

ID: v7sma8
Title: Can a nuclear test go undetected?
Author: godyaev
Score: 13
VoteRatio: 0.72
CommentCount: 14
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654703030
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7sma8/can_a_nuclear_test_go_undetected/
Text: Is it possible to hide the fact of a test nuclear explosion if someone wants to hide it from the world?

ID: v7tk9k
Title: If twins are born via IVF, are those twins any more likely to have natural twins or their own?
Author: Peacefulber
Score: 1959
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 187
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654705475
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7tk9k/if_twins_are_born_via_ivf_are_those_twins_any/
Text: Either via genetics, epigenetics or any other factors.

ID: v7vkcv
Title: What is the effect of hormonal birth control pills (estrogen and progesterone) on other hormonal pathways?
Author: strq3
Score: 13
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654710674
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7vkcv/what_is_the_effect_of_hormonal_birth_control/
Text:  I tried looking up some research on the subject, but could not find an answer.

To be more specific, birth control pills are associated with side effects relating to mood. The person in question is suffering from depression and brain fog after taking the pills, in addition to disrupted sleep patterns. We were wondering how the hormonal levels from the pills might be affecting the production of other hormones such as serotonin or melatonin (not an expert here but those are the two I mostly hear about).

ID: v803cc
Title: How do things like arteries stay “watertight” after being stitched together in an operation?
Author: AnxiouslyPessimistic
Score: 131
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 36
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654722521
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v803cc/how_do_things_like_arteries_stay_watertight_after/
Text: When something like an artery is repaired and stitched together how does it become sealed? Is it just regular clotting the way blood repairs skin cuts etc or something else?

ID: v8cuxk
Title: Why does Vishanshar Lake of Kashmir Great Lakes Trek change colours as the day proceeds?
Author: Kkashmironline
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 0
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654766591
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8cuxk/why_does_vishanshar_lake_of_kashmir_great_lakes/
Text: 

ID: v8e901
Title: AskScience AMA Series: Hi Reddit - we are group of 250 engineers, scientists, innovators, technologists, digital experts, and designers with a collected 45 PhDs / Professors and 35 members representing national science or engineering institutions. AUA!
Author: AskScienceModerator
Score: 2567
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 635
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654772442
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8e901/askscience_ama_series_hi_reddit_we_are_group_of/
Text: **TL;DR:**
A year ago, we did an [AMA](https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/m5i6g5/askscience_ama_series_hi_reddit_we_are_group_of/) answering science or technology questions on any topic from Reddit. We had a blast and so we're back again! So please ask us any questions any of you have to do with science or technology and how they affect your life. There are no silly questions - ask us anything and we will try to give an easy-to-understand answer and, wherever possible, provide some further sources to enable you to do your own research/reading.


Our goal is simply to advance everyone's understanding of science, engineering, and technology and to help people be better informed about the issues likely to affect them and their families.

**More info / Longer read:**
CSES is a registered charity in the UK, founded in 1920. We're a volunteer group of over 250 members and our key strength is our diversity and interdisciplinary expertise. Our members come from a variety of educational, social, and economic backgrounds, from industry and academia and a multitude of age groups, representing groups from the millennials all the way to the Silent Generation (our oldest member being 98)!

There has been growing dis-information globally in the last 20 years. Today's global interconnectedness, while being hugely beneficial for making information easily accessible to everyone, has made it ever more difficult to determine 'truth' and who to trust. As an independent charity, not affiliated or biased to any particular group, but with broad knowledge we are here to answer any questions you may have and to hopefully point you to further reading!

Our goal is simply to answer as many of your questions as we can - but we aren't able to give advice on things - sorry! We will also be clear where what we are saying is the experience-based opinion of someone in our team.

So, Reddit... Ask us anything!

CSES will draw from its large pool of volunteers to answer your questions, however some of the people standing by to answer comments are:

+ **Professor David Humber**: Over 30 years' experience as a researcher, lecturer and senior university manager, specialising in immuno-biology and the life sciences.
+ **David Whyte BEM**: Technologist and Chartered Engineer with over 10 years' R&D experience and 16 international patents across a wide range of technologies. Honoured by The Queen with a BEM, for services to engineering and technology.
+ **Amy Knight**: Science teacher and artist experienced in art/science collaborations with organisations like Soapbox Science and The Royal Society; her work has been featured at the Tate Modern's "Tate Exchange".
+ **Anthony McQuiggan**: 10 years of engineering experience and 30 years as a serial entrepreneur having built a number of very successful start-up SME technology companies in the UK, Japan, and the USA.
+ **Roger Pittock**: Active retired engineer with 37 years' experience in electronics, software, mechanical, electrical, process, and safety systems. Avid supporter of the Consumers' Association having been elected to their Council for many years.
+ **Adam Wood - President of CSES**: Chartered Engineer with over 13 years' experience in electronics, software, and systems engineering - working in the medical / healthcare, transport, and aerospace industries.

Username: /u/chelmsfordses

-----

EDI: We will be answering intermittently throughout the night and will stop taking new questions at 9 am BST tomorrow morning, but we will answer as many submitted before that time as we possibly can!

ID: v8levm
Title: Could someone please explain why you can fill a glass with ice and also fill it all the way to the top with water and the ice can melt completely but the glass will never overflow?
Author: lilFireMermaid
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.62
CommentCount: 16
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654794057
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8levm/could_someone_please_explain_why_you_can_fill_a/
Text: Have heard evaporation is the answer but this doesn’t seem to make sense as that rate is variable depending on heat and humidity (?) so how can it always be true?

Thank you in advance! 🙏 🧊

ID: v8s6vq
Title: Is it possible to keep a detached limb "alive" or prevent it from rotting for an extended period of time?
Author: GasMaskGhou1
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654812234
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8s6vq/is_it_possible_to_keep_a_detached_limb_alive_or/
Text: 

ID: v8s9k8
Title: Does distance of food in a pan matters when cooking ?
Author: ebpomtl
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.8
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654812437
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8s9k8/does_distance_of_food_in_a_pan_matters_when/
Text: Hi !

It is a stupid question but I'm in a middle of cooking and it just came to me.

Let's say I'm cooking diced chicken, in a big pan. Not enough to fill up the whole pan.

Would the pieces cook faster if they are all together and touching or would they cook faster if spread on the pan ?

I'm assuming the pan is heating evenly.

Thanks !!

ID: v8tbaq
Title: Can bacterial DNA be transferred into a plant genome?
Author: KingaisKhan
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654815466
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8tbaq/can_bacterial_dna_be_transferred_into_a_plant/
Text: Asking because a friend told me that bacterial dna is added to plants to make them resistent to herbicide (GMO), and they could transfer their dna to other plants via pollen. This friend is pretty wack, but my genetics class was too long ago for me to remember anything so who knows!!

ID: v8tht3
Title: Are there any bacteria or viruses which are resistant/immune to antibodies?
Author: HatZinn
Score: 24
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654815979
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8tht3/are_there_any_bacteria_or_viruses_which_are/
Text: I am aware that it is possible for bacteria to become resistant to antibiotics and for some viruses to gain resistance to anti-viral meds. But is it also possible for them to become resistant to antibodies produced by the immune system?

ID: v8u2tu
Title: How much ATP does it cost for a cell to actively transport 1 molecule of water?
Author: 4thDevilsAdvocate
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654817741
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8u2tu/how_much_atp_does_it_cost_for_a_cell_to_actively/
Text: Let's assume that, for some reason, a cell is using [active transport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_transport) to move water out of itself or an organelle within itself - why, I don't know, but it is, perhaps it's trying to pull the water out of an [aqueous solution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueous_solution) within itself, or perhaps trying to self-desiccate.

How much ATP would the cellular pump in question consume per water molecule it transports this way? Does it depend on the concentration of water on either side of the pump? Is there a correlation between the atomic mass of a molecule in [daltons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalton_(unit)) and the amount of ATP required to force it through a pump?

ID: v8vm86
Title: Would the pharmaceutical inhibition of dopamine receptor downregulation prevent the effects of addiction, both mental and physical? And if so, do we currently have a method of doing so?
Author: The_Codeword_Is_Bunk
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654822585
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8vm86/would_the_pharmaceutical_inhibition_of_dopamine/
Text: I apologize if this question is too unclear or vague - I haven’t done too much research on this topic and am merely spouting off my far-fetched shower thoughts after a high school biology class.

ID: v8zai9
Title: How many calories does the human body burn on average per day naturally when not excersising and just doing everyday things?
Author: Delicious-Yoghurt-50
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 19
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654834766
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8zai9/how_many_calories_does_the_human_body_burn_on/
Text: 

ID: v8zlgj
Title: Do people who have bullets or bullet fragments lodged in their bodies subsequently show symptoms of lead poisoning?
Author: ackzilla
Score: 21
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654835854
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8zlgj/do_people_who_have_bullets_or_bullet_fragments/
Text: 

ID: v8ztyc
Title: Did all Caniforms evolve in North America?
Author: Super_Shock_5765
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654836749
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8ztyc/did_all_caniforms_evolve_in_north_america/
Text: This should include bears, coyotes, wolves, racoons, etc. I'm not specialized in evolutionary history and wikipedia lingo is kinda hard to understand sometimes.

ID: v90rz8
Title: Why does alcohol increase the likelihood of seizures in epileptics?
Author: SocksAndPi
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654840255
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v90rz8/why_does_alcohol_increase_the_likelihood_of/
Text: I've been told many times that it can interact poorly with medication (like increased drowsiness, irritability, etc.), but I've never been given a reason as to why it increases the risk of seizure when you drink, or how it affects our brains differently than non-epileptics.

ID: v90xzo
Title: Can Maillard reaction happen by boiling food in conditions that raises water's boiling point (e.g. salted water or high atmospheric pressure)?
Author: SYwaves
Score: 28
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654840903
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v90xzo/can_maillard_reaction_happen_by_boiling_food_in/
Text: 

ID: v918wu
Title: If the live virus smallpox vaccine can cause serious reactions in people with eczema—even just by being near someone vaccinated—how can someone with eczema safely move about society?
Author: janedoecurious
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.44
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654842127
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v918wu/if_the_live_virus_smallpox_vaccine_can_cause/
Text: 

ID: v91xcr
Title: Can lifelong hayfever cause a reduced sense of smell?
Author: PatientReference8497
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.7
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654844946
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v91xcr/can_lifelong_hayfever_cause_a_reduced_sense_of/
Text: I am in my mid 30s, and have had pretty severe nasal congestion caused by hayfever every summer for as long as I rememeber.

I have noticed that I cannot smell lighter or faint smells, contrasted by my wife who must have supersmelly powers

ID: v93g2o
Title: Can you develop Autoantibodies against your own Blood group antigens?
Author: Awilta
Score: 365
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 33
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654851594
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v93g2o/can_you_develop_autoantibodies_against_your_own/
Text: 

ID: v93v9x
Title: Do animals with four legs utilise inverted pendulum gait to walk, or do they 'drag' their weight along one step at a time?
Author: LeagueOfRobots
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654853351
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v93v9x/do_animals_with_four_legs_utilise_inverted/
Text: 

ID: v94m8d
Title: I can switch between breathing from my mouth, my nose, or both, even with both of my mouth and nose open. Anatomically and physiologically, how does this happen? Also, how does the body switch between the right and left nostrils?
Author: SS7Hamzeh
Score: 1252
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 316
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654856451
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v94m8d/i_can_switch_between_breathing_from_my_mouth_my/
Text: Edit: Thank you for those who made helpful, scientific replies! There are too many of you for me to thank individually, so, thanks to all of you!

ID: v94nzm
Title: How did complex systems like our circulation system evolve?
Author: Stevetrov
Score: 2652
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 377
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654856653
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v94nzm/how_did_complex_systems_like_our_circulation/
Text: I have a scientific background mainly in math and computer science and some parts of evolution make sense to me like birds evolving better suited beaks or viruses evolving to spread faster. These things evolve in small changes each of which has a benefit.

But a circulation system needs a number of different parts to work, you need a heart at least 1 lung, blood vessels and blood to carry the oxygen around. Each of these very complex and has multicellular structure (except blood).

I see how having a circulation system gives an organism an advantage but not how we got here.

The only explanation I have found on the Internet is that we can see genetic similarities between us and organisms without a circulation system but that feels very weak evidence.

To my computer science brain evolution feels like making a series of small tweaks to a computer program, changing a variable or adding a line of code. Adding a circulation system feels a lot more than a tweak and would be the equivalent of adding a new features that required multiple changes across many files and probably the introduction whole new components and those changes need to be done to work together to achieve the overall goal.

Many thx

EDIT Thanks for all the responses so far, I have only had time to skim through them so far. In particular thanks to those that have given possible evolutionary paths to evolve form a simple organism to a human with a complex circulation system.

ID: v96wyd
Title: How can we switch from automatic unconscious breathing to counscious breathing? How does it work in our brain, nerves and diaphragm?
Author: EmuVerges
Score: 37
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654864929
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v96wyd/how_can_we_switch_from_automatic_unconscious/
Text: 

ID: v976k5
Title: Is there weather underwater to match atmospheric weather?
Author: findallthebears
Score: 65
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654865825
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v976k5/is_there_weather_underwater_to_match_atmospheric/
Text: As they're both fluids, they share things like currents, buoyancy, wind, waves. But is there something like rain underwater? Could it hail underwater?

I am familiar with the "snow" made of falling biomass, and I also have questions about that. Does it condense from tiny particles, or break up from much larger falling pieces?

ID: v97k2i
Title: Why does a skin/layer form on the surface of hot milk?
Author: adwaitdixit_da_man
Score: 20
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654867021
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v97k2i/why_does_a_skinlayer_form_on_the_surface_of_hot/
Text: 

ID: v980w2
Title: Why Do We Need To Eat And Drink More At Altitude?
Author: HellfuckinYEAHImAFag
Score: 487
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 59
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654868476
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v980w2/why_do_we_need_to_eat_and_drink_more_at_altitude/
Text:  

I  haven't been able to get precise  answers on this one -- moving from sea  level to 10,000 ft for 3mos. of  work, I was advised to "drink as much water as you possibly can", "avoid  heavy drinking and caffeine", and to  "eat at any time you're hungry at  all" (for the whole time I'm at this  elevation).

What  is the exact  reason for this ? Does it have to do with less oxygen at  altitude ? What  makes the body fall to pieces if you don't practice  this constantly at high elevations ?

ID: v98wnu
Title: Are the shapes of galaxies we see distored by the light from different parts of it getting to us later than others?
Author: JimPlaysGames
Score: 13
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654871018
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v98wnu/are_the_shapes_of_galaxies_we_see_distored_by_the/
Text: Given that a galaxy is thousands of light years wide wouldn't the light from a nearer part of it reach us sooner than light from a further part of it? Why aren't the images of galaxies smeared sideways sometimes because the galaxy is moving sideways across the sky relative to us? Or are some of them like that?

ID: v9bac8
Title: What’s the difference between a deinosuchus and sarcosuchus? Are they closely related?
Author: good_god_lemon1
Score: 9
VoteRatio: 0.74
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654877624
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9bac8/whats_the_difference_between_a_deinosuchus_and/
Text: 

ID: v9fop4
Title: Is this paper on a treatment for rectal cancer as promising as it sounds?
Author: TnecnivTrebor
Score: 298
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 13
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654889802
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9fop4/is_this_paper_on_a_treatment_for_rectal_cancer_as/
Text: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2201445

ID: v9hzif
Title: Is the Hydrogen spectrum fully solved?
Author: octacilio1
Score: 769
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 69
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654896268
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9hzif/is_the_hydrogen_spectrum_fully_solved/
Text: As an undergrad student, I used the Schrödinger equation to solve the Hydrogen atom, but the result would lead to missing transitions. The professor then said that the Dirac equation would give a better result, but it would still lack some corrections from the hyperfine structure and quantum field theory. 

So, my questions are:

1) Are all the known corrections enough? Or are there transitions that happen using a state that shouldn't exist according to the model? I.e., are all states from the Hydrogen atom in the model?

2) Do these corrections make a closed formula, or are they had to be done using numerical methods?

ID: v9jkem
Title: Are there simple speculative formulas for zeta(odd integer number)?
Author: cowox93112
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654900820
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9jkem/are_there_simple_speculative_formulas_for_zetaodd/
Text: For the Riemann zeta function at positive even values, we have the well known closed expression in terms of powers of pi and the Bernoulli numbers. I know there are no proven expressions for odd values, but are there similar formulas that are at least empirically valid up to high precision and could be plausible candidate for an exact formula? Has there been a systematic search?

ID: v9kajc
Title: What would happen if I didn't give my informed consent to participate in a study?
Author: Seths_dad
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 18
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654902985
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9kajc/what_would_happen_if_i_didnt_give_my_informed/
Text: What are the actual consequences for researchers performing a study without informed consent? I would think that being unable to actually publish that work would be a given, but can researchers be held criminally or civilly liable? Is this kind of liability different from something like a medical malpractice case in say a drug trial?

Edit: I apologize for some added confusion on my part. I need to make an edit here because I think I didn't word my question correctly. 

I mean what if I ( or anyone else's) had participated in a study where proper consent was not given because of some kind of error on the part of the researchers. Like someone gave their consent, but it wasn't properly informed consent because of something like an omission of the risks, or failing to outline the responsibilities of the subject.

ID: v9leeh
Title: What am I missing on how multi grade motor oil viscosity is affected by temperature?
Author: byf_43
Score: 68
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654906531
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9leeh/what_am_i_missing_on_how_multi_grade_motor_oil/
Text: I was recently thinking about multi grade motor oil and had a hard time understanding viscosity as a function of temperature.  So far as I understand, the idea is that the oil is less viscous when cold so it’ll run through a cold engine faster, ergo 10w30 would be a viscosity of 10 when cold and then 30 when warm.  But logically that makes zero sense to me; wouldn’t hot oil be less viscous?  One example a website gave was a marble being dropped into honey at two different temperatures and as expected the marble through warm honey traveled faster than the marble in cold honey.  So what am I missing here?

ID: v9qtcu
Title: Do we know what ant scent trails smell like?
Author: bonobeaux
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654925973
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9qtcu/do_we_know_what_ant_scent_trails_smell_like/
Text: Has anyone accumulated enough scent juice from ants’ scent glands for someone to be able to know what they smell like?

ID: v9rmis
Title: How high concentration or radon are in mountainous and rocky places? Are these the hotspots for radon gas?
Author: VonDerBerg
Score: 20
VoteRatio: 0.72
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654929358
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9rmis/how_high_concentration_or_radon_are_in/
Text: 

ID: v9vmcm
Title: Why isn't it always light?
Author: amBrollachan
Score: 1339
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 175
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654946958
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9vmcm/why_isnt_it_always_light/
Text: On a clear night, without light pollution, I can follow the path from Cassiopeia to the Andromeda galaxy, which appears as a dim smear of light. 
I assume that the closer I travel towards Andromeda (as impossible as that is) the brighter and more visible it will be and therefore it stands to reason that if I am *inside* Andromeda it will be incredibly bright. I mean, I'd be standing inside something which is giving off enough light to be seen from *Earth* in a whole other galaxy.

I assume our galaxy looks the similar from the perspective of an Andromedan so why does it ever get dark?

ID: v9ykko
Title: How do turtles navigate?
Author: tallwarm1
Score: 286
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 49
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654957248
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9ykko/how_do_turtles_navigate/
Text: I have heard that sea turtles travel hundreds of miles and return to their place of birth to lay their eggs.   I have heard that fresh water turtles can travel two or more miles by land to their place of birth to lay their eggs.   And I have always been told not relocate land turtles, like box turtles, since they will try to get back to where  you found them or where they were going.      
But how do all these species determine their direction for such long distances whether on land or in the water?

ID: v9zegd
Title: Have there been any efforts to recover fossils from under sea level?
Author: beatbox2sleep
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654959851
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9zegd/have_there_been_any_efforts_to_recover_fossils/
Text: 

ID: v9zj2r
Title: How do scientists know what's about to happen to the Milky Way Galaxy and the Andromeda Galaxy in billions of years?
Author: Little_Quest
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.65
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654960234
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9zj2r/how_do_scientists_know_whats_about_to_happen_to/
Text: 

ID: va0qir
Title: Does early humans have any special abilities that was lost through evolution?
Author: potatoface183
Score: 5263
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 1610
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654963792
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/va0qir/does_early_humans_have_any_special_abilities_that/
Text: This may be a dumb question. But yeah in a previous post I saw that turtles tracks their home via geomagnetic signature or something. Does humans used to have any senses that we lost through evolution ??

ID: va1off
Title: Why does human skin get so thin and fragile as people age?
Author: DarnHeather
Score: 200
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 49
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654966586
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/va1off/why_does_human_skin_get_so_thin_and_fragile_as/
Text: 

ID: va2fni
Title: Are there any other species that use tools to "improve" their environment?
Author: OldschoolSysadmin
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 20
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654968859
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/va2fni/are_there_any_other_species_that_use_tools_to/
Text: Adam Savage pointed out that humanity's ability to adapt to our environment (and adapt our environment to ourselves)^1 has been a major evolutionary advantage.  Clothing seems like the earliest example of this kind of adaptation.  Unlike tool use for hunting/gathering, which definitely predated homo sapiens and shows up in other species, is use of tools for creating habitats unique to us?

1) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vjOOD70T_fM#t=13m39s

ID: va2heu
Title: How did Quality of Life become one of the standard evaluation metrics in therapeutics?
Author: n00ntel
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.4
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654969012
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/va2heu/how_did_quality_of_life_become_one_of_the/
Text: 

ID: va2jxj
Title: How do I scientifically measure quality of life in a therapeutic procedure?
Author: n00ntel
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.36
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654969219
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/va2jxj/how_do_i_scientifically_measure_quality_of_life/
Text: 

ID: vafu59
Title: Is there a way to tell if a product is made from BPA plastics over say, another plastic like ABS, if there are no recycling symbols given?
Author: PrestigiousCommand85
Score: 152
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 62
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655014805
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vafu59/is_there_a_way_to_tell_if_a_product_is_made_from/
Text: Asking because I have fake nails I glue onto my fingers, which means I’m in skin contact with plastic for weeks and through hot showers. I’ve heard BPA is a big issue in both these situations so I’m a bit concerned. Is there any way to test this at home? For example, through their reaction with alcohol or through testing their melting point?

ID: vak2p2
Title: How do scientists get the new genetic code from a newly discovered species to show it is a new species, what machine/process do they use?
Author: ParsleyLion
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.63
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655033612
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vak2p2/how_do_scientists_get_the_new_genetic_code_from_a/
Text: I know a new species description can be conducted by comparison with other relatives, and they can be described with descriptions and illustrations and studied over time to show their are a unique species, but when some sort of genetics are extracted and analysed, how does this happen ?  
Thanks AskScience!

ID: val9tu
Title: Does RTV-1 Silicone Rubber react with hand soap in a way that prevents the soap from foaming?
Author: Just-Another-Lesbian
Score: 43
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655038080
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/val9tu/does_rtv1_silicone_rubber_react_with_hand_soap_in/
Text: I was using some silicone rubber (the kind you use to seal gaps between tiles) and some of it got on my hand. When I went to wash it off in the sink with some hand soap I noticed that the soap wasn't foaming, no matter how much soap I put on my hands. After drying off my hands I tried it again and this time the soap was foaming as usual, so my guess is it must have had something to do with the silicone on my hands

ID: vannn2
Title: Why stem cells can divide endlessly ?
Author: Qeezio
Score: 1851
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 162
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655045707
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vannn2/why_stem_cells_can_divide_endlessly/
Text: Specialized cells have telomers which protect their DNA from damaging, but when cell divides, some telomer is lost and daughter cells have it less than parent cell. After some time, DNA is complitly un protected and so, cell dies. Why then stem cells can divide endlessly ?

ID: vasxtj
Title: Is there a genetic code or mechanism that makes sure that our body grows uniformly?
Author: G_I_B_B_E_R_I_S_H_
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 21
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655060857
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vasxtj/is_there_a_genetic_code_or_mechanism_that_makes/
Text: Like is there something that prevents our hands from growing significantly larger that the other or our bones from growing through our skin?

ID: vat28f
Title: How much water is required to produce a single computer chip?
Author: dafrankenstein2
Score: 14
VoteRatio: 0.72
CommentCount: 18
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655061194
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vat28f/how_much_water_is_required_to_produce_a_single/
Text: 

ID: vax6cd
Title: Does salt intake (directly or indirectly) affect mental health?
Author: Scienc3_HS
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.6
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655072830
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vax6cd/does_salt_intake_directly_or_indirectly_affect/
Text: 

ID: vaxy15
Title: Is there a difference between a pixel of live footage and animated?
Author: fish5196
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.6
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655075096
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vaxy15/is_there_a_difference_between_a_pixel_of_live/
Text: Does live footage take up more or less data than animated when similar resolutions and stuff is accounted for? Or are there any other differences that I'm just not thinking of at all?

ID: vazfya
Title: Does your vision decrease if you use one eye. ore than the other? Read tho whole thing to understand
Author: Half_Smashed_Face
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.6
CommentCount: 17
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655079875
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vazfya/does_your_vision_decrease_if_you_use_one_eye_ore/
Text: I was hit by a van a little while ago and ever since I've had double vision when looking up, down and left. So I've been mainly using my left  eye to focus on things. I think I've noticed that my right doesn't seem to be the same quality as my left. 

Does your vision quality decrease if you don't "exercise" the eye enough?

ID: vb4lzd
Title: How is Milky way and Andromeda galaxy going to colloid if the universe is expanding and everything is going further apart?
Author: Jas6881
Score: 17
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655097302
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vb4lzd/how_is_milky_way_and_andromeda_galaxy_going_to/
Text: 

ID: vb6o58
Title: Do all animals have XX chromosomes for female and XY for male?
Author: pensimen
Score: 36
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 74
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655105825
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vb6o58/do_all_animals_have_xx_chromosomes_for_female_and/
Text: 

ID: vb9isb
Title: AskScience AMA Series: I am Dr. Helen Okoye. As an attending physician and thrombosis specialist at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, I am passionate about women's health and helping to overcome barriers to health care here in Nigeria. AMA!
Author: AskScienceModerator
Score: 3150
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 94
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655118049
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vb9isb/askscience_ama_series_i_am_dr_helen_okoye_as_an/
Text: I am Dr. Helen Okoye, MBBS, FMCPath, FWACP. I am a haematologist currently working as an Attending Physician and Thrombosis Specialist at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital in Enugu, Nigeria. My clinical work focuses on thrombosis and haemostasis with a special interest in women's health. I see all kinds of patients with thrombotic disorders including obstetric and cancer patients. I am passionate about women's health and helping my patients to overcome barriers to health care here in Nigeria, many of which are due to cost and/or lack of resources. I am here to answer your questions about what it is like to work as a female clinician in Nigeria. I will be here at 12 p.m. noon US ET (16 UT), AMA!

Username: /u/WorldThrombosisDay

ID: vbgk00
Title: How effective is platelet-rich plasma (PRP) as healing ligaments and tendons?
Author: Defiant_Performer_56
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655138854
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vbgk00/how_effective_is_plateletrich_plasma_prp_as/
Text: There are so many websites claiming it heals all sorts of injuries but they all seem to be doctors selling the product.

ID: vbmdfy
Title: Why do I need infinite energy to keep a spring compressed, but a vice doesn't?
Author: smittysomething
Score: 1229
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 242
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655154167
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vbmdfy/why_do_i_need_infinite_energy_to_keep_a_spring/
Text: If I take a big strong spring and compress it between my arms, it takes a continuous amount of energy for me to hold it there.

However if I put that same spring in a vice and use some of my energy to close the vice, it'll happily sit there closed without me needing to add extra energy to the vice.

What's the difference here? Why do I seemingly need an infinite amount of energy to hold the spring closed but the vice doesn't? Where is that energy from me going?

ID: vbn88s
Title: Could a meteor impact split apart a tectonic plate?
Author: RustyShadeOfRed
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.74
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655156416
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vbn88s/could_a_meteor_impact_split_apart_a_tectonic_plate/
Text: 

ID: vbq88d
Title: Are reptiles capable of affection and forming bonds?
Author: AlarmingAffect0
Score: 1584
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 265
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655164948
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vbq88d/are_reptiles_capable_of_affection_and_forming/
Text: I thought that was exclusive to mammals and maybe birds, that the [Ancient Reptilian Brains](https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Triune_brain) literally had not developed the “layers” responsible for what we'd call “emotions” (allegedly, the [Limbic System](https://www.wikiwand.com/en/lymbic%20system)?). Yet, I'm finding out many anecdotal examples of reptiles being loyal or physically affectionate. I'm very confused by this.

EDIT: a poster has brought up that we may be confusing “affection,” which only mammals can do, with “imprinting,” which “simpler” brains can manage. What are the differences between the two, in practice? Can one design tests to distinguish one process from the other, on a behavioral, empirical, tangible, objective level?

ID: vbsa4o
Title: Has climate change affected weather forecasting?
Author: RexMcMuffin
Score: 17
VoteRatio: 0.68
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655171472
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vbsa4o/has_climate_change_affected_weather_forecasting/
Text: An increase in severe weather events and anomalies is something scientists attribute to climate change. Does this mean weather in some places is more difficult to predict? 

Does climate change make it harder to create accurate weather forecasts? Or is weather forecast technology able to keep up with changing climates?

ID: vbszj3
Title: Do different neutron stars differ in composition?
Author: keenanpepper
Score: 46
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 16
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655173667
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vbszj3/do_different_neutron_stars_differ_in_composition/
Text: I know that on the one hand black holes "have no hair" (any two with the same mass, change, and spin are identical), while on the other hand normal stars can be different from each other by having different concentrations of elements (hydrogen-rich vs metal-rich etc.).

Which of these extremes is more similar to neutron stars? What material properties, if any, could be different in one neutron star vs another?

ID: vbum84
Title: Is there a limit to the number of materials and compounds that can be made or is it theoretically infinite?
Author: topdotter
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655179067
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vbum84/is_there_a_limit_to_the_number_of_materials_and/
Text: Assuming we're only concerned with currently known elements, is the number of possible materials and compounds that can be made limited? Because there's only a finite number of ways you can join and arrange the basic elements? Or is there something else at play that makes for potentially infinite derivatives? Why?

ID: vby8gm
Title: What exactly is happening in the brain when you try to remember something but can't?
Author: JInglink
Score: 22
VoteRatio: 0.96
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655192968
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vby8gm/what_exactly_is_happening_in_the_brain_when_you/
Text: What Chemical/Physical/Electric actions are taking place in the brain?

ID: vc1f5l
Title: What goes on at the edge of the atmosphere?
Author: Mr_Hughman
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655206361
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vc1f5l/what_goes_on_at_the_edge_of_the_atmosphere/
Text: Specifically I'm asking about the edge of the gaseous matter surrounding the earth. Does it experience a tide? Does it flare up like the surface of the sun?

ID: vc1xhs
Title: Why and how does radiation cause dipole rotation in proteins/amino acids?
Author: detoxiccity2
Score: 21
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655208151
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vc1xhs/why_and_how_does_radiation_cause_dipole_rotation/
Text: I don't really know much about o chem or chemistry much in general, so I'm just wondering.

ID: vc3r1j
Title: Has any research been done on the effects of light pollution and the lack of visible stars on humans, similar to how the effects of green space have been studied?
Author: InfinitelyThirsting
Score: 21
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655214018
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vc3r1j/has_any_research_been_done_on_the_effects_of/
Text: I've had this question stuck in my brain for a few days. We know that light pollution affects a lot of animals in myriad ways, and that artificial blue lights really screw with our time clocks and sleep, and spending time in green space has both physical and mental health benefits. 

So, if spending time in green space is something we seem to need to thrive, what about the stars themselves? A big percentage of people have never seen the Milky Way at night because it's too bright at night now. I know people who didn't know it was something you could see with the naked eye, and had almost spiritual experiences seeing a proper night sky. Maybe it's a silly question, or maybe impossible to really study separately from the impact of artificial light in general. But I am curious if anyone has looked into whether the lack of stars at night has any effects on our health?

ID: vc4hvr
Title: Why are sunburns, chemical burns, and burns from high heat all burns?
Author: quinnbutnotreally
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655216226
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vc4hvr/why_are_sunburns_chemical_burns_and_burns_from/
Text: Sunburns, chemical burns, and burns from high heat all look and feel similar, but their causes are very different. What do they all have in common, and more broadly what makes an injury a burn rather than something else?

ID: vc5lsg
Title: Can you make a star out of elements other than hydrogen and helium?
Author: MarionberryOrnery446
Score: 47
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 31
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655219300
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vc5lsg/can_you_make_a_star_out_of_elements_other_than/
Text: obviously most of the universe is H and He so this would never occur, but in principle if we got a sufficient amount of say oxygen atoms together ( a very large amount yes) could its own self gravity initiate nuclear fusion in the core and begin the main sequence of a star?

ID: vc7j1t
Title: How to think about conservation or permanence in evolution?
Author: aggasalk
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655224464
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vc7j1t/how_to_think_about_conservation_or_permanence_in/
Text: Is there some kind of concept of evolutionary permanence that I can read about?

Like, of course there's DNA: no creature will ever evolve on Earth that is not based in DNA. Right? And probably something similar, if weaker, applies to all the various crazy proteins and other stuff that makes a cell work. Like, look at how conserved photopigments are across the animal kingdom (even beyond, you can find photopigments in non-animals that might be evolutionarily related to the opsins in human and fly retinas, etc etc).

Then you can get up to bigger scales, to things like cell types. Like, will there ever be a descendant of animals that has no neurons? It seems like, since neurons first evolved, they are *stuck*. I read a paper a while back on similarities between invertebrate and vertebrate neurons, and was amazed. They even use more-or-less the same neurotransmitters (if in different roles).

Then bigger: since insects invented wings, virtually none of them have lost them (ants, sort of - and a few other very weird examples). And insects always have that exoskeleton and always will - no insect will ever evolve with an endoskeleton, right?

And how tetrapods all have this 1-arm-bone then 2-arm-bone then lots-of-bones plan for their arms and legs (since they all started as fins-on-pegs). It seems like that just will never go away (though you might lose your arms and legs, like a snake, if you have them they always follow that plan).

What do we call this phenomenon?

ID: vc7lpd
Title: Has the amount of COVID deaths caused the global population to decline when combined with other deaths from other causes?
Author: solipsistrealist
Score: 3477
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 391
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655224658
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vc7lpd/has_the_amount_of_covid_deaths_caused_the_global/
Text: 

ID: vca4fv
Title: Do gravitational waves move at different speeds through different media like electromagnetic radiation?
Author: Surrender_monkey21
Score: 79
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 14
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655231399
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vca4fv/do_gravitational_waves_move_at_different_speeds/
Text: 

ID: vcg57z
Title: Is there any instance in which the amplitude can change the period of a pendulum?
Author: LAMBKING
Score: 9
VoteRatio: 0.74
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655248217
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vcg57z/is_there_any_instance_in_which_the_amplitude_can/
Text: I need to settle a debate with someone. To be clear, we are talking about your average, everyday pendulum like you'd find in a clock or by tying a washer to the end of a string, standing on earth. 

From what I've always learned, the equation T = 2π√(L/g) defines the period of a pendulum. Neither the mass of the bob nor the amplitude have any affect on the period of the pendulum, only the length of said pendulum can change the amplitude.

This person whom I'm debating is stating that with a "huge change in amplitude" (but didn't specify what "huge change" meant) the period will change. As I understand it, acceleration increases proportionally with amplitude and therefore the two cancel each other out.

When I brought that up, they said, "an elliptic integral usually approximated with a series far too long for me to get into." and gave no other explanation. I have never studied this. I've asked for an explanation, but he's gone dark other than to say, "it's too complicated to get into." 

So, can a "huge" change in amplitude change the period, and what exactly did he mean by the elliptical integral comment?

ID: vckrq6
Title: Are there any side effects attributed to frequent blood donation?
Author: Crafty_Sort
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655262658
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vckrq6/are_there_any_side_effects_attributed_to_frequent/
Text: 

ID: vcmk9b
Title: How do we know Earth was in the same place in space when, for example, when the dinos lived?
Author: Bad_Pnguin
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.29
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655268873
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vcmk9b/how_do_we_know_earth_was_in_the_same_place_in/
Text: I know the Earth isn't in the same rotational position everytime exactly, but how do we know the Earth wasn't farther in or out in the Solar system? Maybe the age of dinosaurs isn't a far enough time gap for the Earth to move that far, but ya' know?

ID: vcmtwt
Title: Does an individual proton have multiple energy levels?
Author: SurprisedPotato
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.62
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655269847
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vcmtwt/does_an_individual_proton_have_multiple_energy/
Text: I can't see any obvious reason why the quarks it's composed of wouldn't be, potentially, in an excited energy state. Is there something that forbids this? If individual protons (or neutrons) have multiple energy levels, roughly what's the typical energy difference between them?

ID: vcp5w9
Title: In nature, can lesser emotionally looking organisms like bugs and starfish still feel a sexual attractiveness?
Author: red-cried
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.33
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655279162
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vcp5w9/in_nature_can_lesser_emotionally_looking/
Text: These creatures are small and dont seem to possess some understanding so I would like to know if they can release oxytocin and some feelings?

ID: vcpzg6
Title: Why can hyperandrogenism cause insulin resistance and Type II diabetes in conditions like PCOS, but not in people who take testosterone intentionally?
Author: l1v1ng
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.87
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655282797
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vcpzg6/why_can_hyperandrogenism_cause_insulin_resistance/
Text: I don't know a huge amount about testosterone supplementation or hyperandrogenism, but I do know that hyperandrogenism in females is usually associated with an increased risk of diabetes, obesity, and insulin resistance. 

However, as far as I can tell, those risks are not increased in the case of people, female or otherwise, taking testosterone intentionally. (For example, transgender men who use HRT, or bodybuilders who use steroids that increase testosterone.)

Why is that? Does it have something to do with the conditions that naturally cause hyperandrogenism?

ID: vcr27s
Title: Could a "Wet" or "Humid" desert exist from extreme heat?
Author: Xavion251
Score: 18
VoteRatio: 0.68
CommentCount: 20
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655287481
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vcr27s/could_a_wet_or_humid_desert_exist_from_extreme/
Text: Something I've been thinking about. Generally, if we picture extreme heat wiping out life - we imagine the heat causing evaporation and creating a dry, lifeless desert. 

But hypothetically, if a climate was hot enough - but was still wet/humid/receiving large quantities of rainfall, could you get a "desert" (as in, dead/lifeless) that is still quite wet - but can't support life because of the extreme heat?

In other words, **how hot does it have to get** before plant/animal life can no longer survive **even** in the presence of large quantities of water?

ID: vcrw2g
Title: AskScience AMA Series: We just crunched the numbers on how the transition to a renewable-based future is progressing & we want to talk about it! Go ahead & ask us anything (we're renewable energy experts but we're up for any & all questions)!
Author: AskScienceModerator
Score: 764
VoteRatio: 0.87
CommentCount: 157
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655290832
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vcrw2g/askscience_ama_series_we_just_crunched_the/
Text: "We" are part of [REN21](https://www.ren21.net/)'s team, a network made up of academia, NGOs, industry, govt, and individuals who are supporting the world to transition to renewable energy.

We recently released the Renewables 2022 Global Status Report (#GSR2022) so we're hosting an AMA to talk about renewables, energy, the future, and everything in between.

Multiple people from the team are joining including:

+ Nathalie Ledanois is a Research Analyst & Project Manager of the Renewables 2022 Global Status Report, Nathalie is our expert in anything investment-finance-economy related.
+ Hend Yaqoob is also a Research Analyst at REN21 who led on coordinating the chapter on distributed #renewables for energy access (DREA).
+ Nematullah Wafa is our intern who is a very valued member of the team who brought the #GSR2022 together.

We'll be going live from 11am ET (15 UT), so ask us anything!

Username: /u/ren21community

ID: vcubet
Title: What is the mechanism or process by which dry springs can become active again if the area is reforested?
Author: Altyrmadiken
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655299014
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vcubet/what_is_the_mechanism_or_process_by_which_dry/
Text: 

ID: vcukvg
Title: Does locking your knees while standing actually cause you to pass out?
Author: APoisonousMushroom
Score: 24
VoteRatio: 0.79
CommentCount: 19
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655299804
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vcukvg/does_locking_your_knees_while_standing_actually/
Text: And if so, what is the scientific explanation for this?

ID: vcv6ln
Title: Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology
Author: AutoModerator
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 0
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655301610
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vcv6ln/ask_anything_wednesday_economics_political/
Text: Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on **Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology**

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

**Asking Questions:**

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

**Answering Questions:**

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. [The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/wiki/index#wiki_answering_askscience). In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, [please refer to the information provided here](https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/about/sticky).

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts [can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/search?q=flair%3A%27meta%27&restrict_sr=on&sort=new&t=all). Ask away!

ID: vcvtok
Title: If all forms of elephant went extinct before we came to be, and all we had were fossils, could we figure out that they had long trunks?
Author: markaamorossi
Score: 6870
VoteRatio: 0.95
CommentCount: 441
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655303407
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vcvtok/if_all_forms_of_elephant_went_extinct_before_we/
Text: Assuming any we ever found were *only* bones

ID: vczhdk
Title: How much effect does the concentration of Argon in Earths atmosphere have on the occurrence of lightning strikes?
Author: asmosdeus
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655313194
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vczhdk/how_much_effect_does_the_concentration_of_argon/
Text: 

ID: vczmbn
Title: How did NASA Apollo engineers know that the moon's gravity was 1/6th that of Earth? Without this knowledge, they wouldn't have been able to construct the training vehicles (LLTV, LLRV) used to simulate landing on the moon.
Author: BuzzMonkey
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.8
CommentCount: 14
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655313564
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vczmbn/how_did_nasa_apollo_engineers_know_that_the_moons/
Text: The engineering of the LLRV and LLTV is pretty wild, but in order to construct them, NASA had to be certain of the moon's gravitational force on the actual lunar lander. How did NASA engineers gather knowledge of the moon's gravity prior to the Apollo missions?

ID: vd0pv6
Title: Why does a galvanic cell cause a redox reaction?
Author: AnDraoi
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655316393
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vd0pv6/why_does_a_galvanic_cell_cause_a_redox_reaction/
Text: I understand how the redox reaction works, but I can’t understand why electrons seemingly spontaneously decide to move across the wire to the cathode from the anode.

In the example of zinc and copper in an aqueous solution, it’s obvious why copper oxidizes zinc: they’re in physical contact. However in a galvanic cell they are separated by considerable distance. 

How is it that the cathode just *knows* the anode is there and current starts flowing when there’s no direct interaction between the oxidant and reductant?

ID: vd1n7t
Title: Can Painted turtles live in salt water?
Author: TheActualSoul
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.38
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655318854
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vd1n7t/can_painted_turtles_live_in_salt_water/
Text: 

ID: vd2vy9
Title: Are a ton of animals born intersex, just because of the size of their populations, but we never think of it because we only study such a small percentage of individuals?
Author: FidelisScutum
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.3
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655322279
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vd2vy9/are_a_ton_of_animals_born_intersex_just_because/
Text: 

ID: vd2wrc
Title: Why would someone be prohibited from donating blood after a clinical trial?
Author: Solerien
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.64
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655322354
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vd2wrc/why_would_someone_be_prohibited_from_donating/
Text: 

ID: vd3ky7
Title: Yet another USB cable/charger question: does the USB standard level of the -adapter- also play a role in charge rate?
Author: DeeDee_Z
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.56
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655324148
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vd3ky7/yet_another_usb_cablecharger_question_does_the/
Text: In this case, I am concerned only about charge rate, not data transfer rates; but I understand just enough to grasp that this also depends on USB standard level.

[ELI70:] So, consider the case where there are -four- pieces in the chain: Host, "adapter", cable, device.  Example: in my (old) car, I have a little adapter that plugs into the cig lighter socket; the cable plugs into that; and my phone then charges.  (Until recently, I naïvely thought it was nothing more than a voltage converter.)

* Does EVERY piece need to be at the same level of USB standard in order to get the higher charge rate?  IOW, if the little 12V adapter is 10+ years old, it's probably USB 1.0 and can't possibly deliver 100W even if the cable and device would like it, right?
 * (If that's the case, how does one address this issue?)
* What about these household [combination wall outlets](https://www.acehardware.com/departments/lighting-and-electrical/switches-outlets-and-plugs/outlets/3496551) : What USB version / charge rate will I likely get -- even WITH a USB-C cable?

Many thanks.  Apologies if this has been asked before; I -did- search but didn't recognise anything I could understand 😉 .

ID: vd4m8e
Title: How do the Atomic Clocks in GPS Satellites and Home Clocks account for Light speed lag when syncing with the one in Colorado?
Author: Malkozaine
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 19
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655326957
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vd4m8e/how_do_the_atomic_clocks_in_gps_satellites_and/
Text: 

ID: vd4sgp
Title: How Long Would a Covid Mask Take To Biodegrade?
Author: Johncena1738425
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655327423
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vd4sgp/how_long_would_a_covid_mask_take_to_biodegrade/
Text: I'm talking about one of the blue medical masks mad of plastic.

ID: vd4wzj
Title: Could there ever be a situation where a poisonous/toxic creature could be harmed/killed by its own poisons/toxins?
Author: FanficResearcher
Score: 28
VoteRatio: 0.76
CommentCount: 18
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655327760
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vd4wzj/could_there_ever_be_a_situation_where_a/
Text: 

ID: vd88up
Title: How do the current vaccines prevent severe illness and death against Omicron while showing “no antibody or T-cell recognition”?
Author: tskee2
Score: 20
VoteRatio: 0.66
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655337062
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vd88up/how_do_the_current_vaccines_prevent_severe/
Text: I recently read this preprint, which suggests that triple vaccinated individuals showed zero neutralizing antibodies and zero B- and T-cell recognition of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abq1841

However, real world data clearly show that triple vaccinated individuals are well protected against severe illness and death from all VoCs so far, including Omicron and its subvariants. 

My question is, then, what is the immunological mechanism that provides that protection?

ID: vdfljf
Title: If you were on a submarine underneath the ice of Jupiter's moon: Europa. What would the gravity be like?
Author: CremeCrimson
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 20
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655361694
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdfljf/if_you_were_on_a_submarine_underneath_the_ice_of/
Text: According to the great interwebs Europa has 13.4% of Europe's gravity. Would you feel the 13.4% or would being underwater (assuming there's an ocean underneath the ice sheet) affect that? 

Question is inspired by a game called Barotrauma.

ID: vdhfjv
Title: How much synaptogenesis takes place in the adult brain?
Author: humbug77
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655369433
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdhfjv/how_much_synaptogenesis_takes_place_in_the_adult/
Text: The synaptic density in the human brain supposedly does not change much throughout adult life. And yet i hear there is still some forming of new synapses and elimination of others. How dynamic is this equlibrium? Has the actual level of adult synaptogenesis been quantified?

Thank you!

ID: vdkhky
Title: what development do lungs undergo through between the end of puberty and the ages of 20-25?
Author: Throwaway_Crocheter
Score: 13
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655381237
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdkhky/what_development_do_lungs_undergo_through_between/
Text: I've heard that human lungs finish developing between the ages of 20-25. What sort of additional development do the lungs still have to undergo through after puberty?

ID: vdkij7
Title: Why is the humidity of the air above open ocean not 100%?
Author: kempff
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.79
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655381324
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdkij7/why_is_the_humidity_of_the_air_above_open_ocean/
Text: 

ID: vdkkzc
Title: I've been aware of wet bulb temp, with it's possible danger to mankind for a few years. I never considered it's impact on livestock. How critical is wet bulb temps when it comes to sheep and cattle?
Author: Derelyk
Score: 49
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 14
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655381528
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdkkzc/ive_been_aware_of_wet_bulb_temp_with_its_possible/
Text: I did some quick intertube research and found a vet manual showing sheep and cattle pretty much reach the danger zone from 29 to 33c.. and this map [https://www.weather.gov/tsa/wbgt](https://www.weather.gov/tsa/wbgt) show wet bulb in the midwest exceeding this temp.

&#x200B;

this question was triggered by the 10k dead cattle in kansas headlines today.

ID: vdktvy
Title: Are people with latex allergies allergic to latex house paint?
Author: kempff
Score: 24
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 17
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655382310
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdktvy/are_people_with_latex_allergies_allergic_to_latex/
Text: Do they need to avoid touching walls, for example?

ID: vdl34y
Title: [agriculture] River flooding is that excellent for agriculture?
Author: egnirceravog
Score: 104
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 13
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655383171
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdl34y/agriculture_river_flooding_is_that_excellent_for/
Text: i hear this over and over again in media, tv, books, etc that river flooding is good for agriculture because it deposits sediment, but the flood dont wash away the topsoil? 

afaik rivers have plenty of sand and sand is not very good for agriculture because there is no water retention, do the sediment type differ from one river to another so in some cases can be good but it other case would do harm?


thanks in advance 

*note: there is no flair for agriculture so i picked biology*

ID: vdm9g0
Title: [Organic Chemistry] Can reverse osmosis be used in live fermentation to remove alcohols as they form?
Author: FridaysMan
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.56
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655386778
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdm9g0/organic_chemistry_can_reverse_osmosis_be_used_in/
Text: I've been wondering about non/low alcoholic beer, and how difficult the process to remove (and retain) alcohol could be from a live fermentation process. Would high pressures be possible without stopping the fermentation process? Could it be done in a home/garden environment?

ID: vdmmsc
Title: Can you spray paint in space?
Author: bad8everything
Score: 3824
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 463
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655387870
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdmmsc/can_you_spray_paint_in_space/
Text: I like painting scifi/fantasy miniatures and for one of my projects I was thinking about how road/construction workers here on Earth often tag asphalt surfaces with markings where they believe pipes/cables or other utilities are.

I was thinking of incorporating that into the design of the base of one of my miniatures (where I think it has an Apollo-retro meets Space-Roughneck kinda vibe) but then I wasn't entirely sure whether that's even physically plausible...

Obviously cans pressurised for use here on Earth would probably explode or be dangerous in a vacuum - but could you make a canned spray paint for use in space, using less or a different propellant, or would it evaporate too quickly to be controllable?

ID: vdnm4h
Title: Why don't sealed terrariums explode?
Author: VeggieSmooth
Score: 53
VoteRatio: 0.76
CommentCount: 17
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655390634
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdnm4h/why_dont_sealed_terrariums_explode/
Text: Is it balanced so perfectly that the oxygen released by the plants is utilised by microorganisms that in turn provide carbon dioxide and nitrogen/waste, which feeds the plants and the cycle restarts? I'd just imagine there being some offset that causes gas accumulation eventually causing the glass jar to explode. 

Especially when the animals within, snails and such, piggybacking on the plants I introduce, begin to breed? 

Similarly to when I did sauerkraut that one time and didn't provide a release valve 😅

How can these jars stay sealed for years with no mishap it's amazing!

ID: vdof56
Title: Why does rain (appear to) fall non-uniformly?
Author: cubelith
Score: 43
VoteRatio: 0.7
CommentCount: 28
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655392849
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdof56/why_does_rain_appear_to_fall_nonuniformly/
Text: When driving through extemely heavy rainfall, I noticed that rain appears to have roughly coherent torrents (or "streaks") of higher density (on the scale of meters). Why is that? Is it an optical illusion? The nature of pseudo-randomness (but then why would the "period" be as big as a meter)? Is it some sort of "oscillation" of wind?

I don't think I've ever noticed this with regular rain, so maybe it happens only with very heavy rain? The doplets were definitely big.

ID: vdpqy9
Title: Is opal glass? Do opal exibit glass transition when heated?
Author: Trozuns
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655396456
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdpqy9/is_opal_glass_do_opal_exibit_glass_transition/
Text: I've learned today that obsidian is a type of glass, and was wondering if opal was too. Wikipedia defined "glass" as any solid formed by rapid melt quenching, which would exclud opal, or more generally as any amorphous solid (like opal) that exibits glass transition when heated toward liquid state. So my question is "do opal exibit glass transition?"  


I've tried to look on google, but when I look for "opal" and "glass", I find stuff for "opal glass"...

ID: vdpr0o
Title: How does turpentine/paint thinner/spirits cause the symptoms of oxygen deprivation?
Author: mantitty4416
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.57
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655396461
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdpr0o/how_does_turpentinepaint_thinnerspirits_cause_the/
Text: I know spirits and turpentine can kill, but I've always wondered if the mechanism for that is similar to that of CO and cyanide.

Was reading through this thread: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/4jiwj2/on_a_molecular_level_why_is_inhaling_cyanide_hcn/,

 and looking up the symptoms of inhalant poisoning. A lot of the symptoms of oxygen deprivation (lightheadedness, faint feeling, headache) seemed similar, if not entirely identical to that of CO poisoning. 

Only difference I could find is that turpentine can cause a buildup of fluid in the lungs?

ID: vdpywv
Title: Machine Learning (CNN/RNN/MLP): What is "trained" during training?
Author: badbioinformagician
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.46
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655397056
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdpywv/machine_learning_cnnrnnmlp_what_is_trained_during/
Text: Perhaps this is a dumb question. Recently I've started using programs with machine learning tools and I was posed a question I didn't quite know the full answer to: "what is being trained during model training? ie: what is being modified/adjusted during training"  


If the architecture of the program is CNN into RNN (LSTM) into MLP, is it just the MLP layer that has the weights/connections/etc modified during training?

ID: vdq3kx
Title: Why are some cancers more prevalent in children than in adults?
Author: Angelstone2056
Score: 55
VoteRatio: 0.87
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655397409
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdq3kx/why_are_some_cancers_more_prevalent_in_children/
Text: 

ID: vdr65g
Title: Does the earth gain or lose solid surface area?
Author: BoredDiabolicGod
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655400219
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdr65g/does_the_earth_gain_or_lose_solid_surface_area/
Text: I mean to ask this question both in total with all factors as well as if you disregarded humans transporting earth between different areas and the rising water levels due to climate change (which I guess answers the total, but I am not sure).

What I do know is that volcanoes erupting and the lava cooling down can create new islands, so I wondered whether more earth, sand and mass eroded into the sea or more surfaced due to lava.

When disregarding the continents and only looking at all islands (including new ones) it would also be a very interesting statistic. I have for example heard that the tallest volcano of spain on Tenerife was once a lot taller, but collapsed due to not being stable enough. I would guess that this made the total area over water bigger but reduced the mass over water.

ID: vdrtd8
Title: Is it possible to reverse inflation while increasing minimum wage or creating a "living wage"? If it is possible, how can it be done feasibly?
Author: Zircon_72
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.47
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655401981
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdrtd8/is_it_possible_to_reverse_inflation_while/
Text: 

ID: vds3tw
Title: If Radio Waves bounce off the ionosphere for communications, how can SETI hear anything through the ionosphere?
Author: None
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655402757
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vds3tw/if_radio_waves_bounce_off_the_ionosphere_for/
Text: Wouldn't they need something in space?

ID: vdt5yh
Title: Could you fly a helicopter/drone on Enceladus?
Author: Atothezman
Score: 14
VoteRatio: 0.84
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655405629
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdt5yh/could_you_fly_a_helicopterdrone_on_enceladus/
Text: With NASA's planned Orbilander going to Enceladus, could it host a small rotorcraft like Perseverance did with Ingenuity? I read it does have an atmosphere of water vapor.

ID: vdtead
Title: Could the Quetzalcoatlus and other large Azhdarchid pterosaurs run after prey on land?
Author: chopchunk
Score: 13
VoteRatio: 0.81
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655406244
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdtead/could_the_quetzalcoatlus_and_other_large/
Text: As many of you already know, the Quetzalcoatlus was the largest flying animal to have ever taken to the skies. According to Wikipedia, the Quetzalcoatlus was well adapted for the ground as well as the air. It says that the Quetzalcoatlus's main diet was smaller dinosaurs that it could pluck from the ground, akin to today's stork. However, there is one sentence that really caught my eye:

"Though Quetzalcoatlus, like other pterosaurs, was a quadruped when on the ground, Quetzalcoatlus and other azhdarchids have fore and hind limb proportions more similar to modern running ungulate mammals than to their smaller cousins, implying that they were uniquely suited to a terrestrial lifestyle"

The mention of Quetzalcoatlus's limb structures being similar to known running animals is really fascinating to me. Could a Quetzalcoatlus give chase to a small animal on foot if it had to, galloping after it's prey like a horse?

ID: vdtl7s
Title: How do skin care products work? This is more of a science topic but r/science is only urls.
Author: stoelguus
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655406776
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdtl7s/how_do_skin_care_products_work_this_is_more_of_a/
Text: 
Isn’t the skin waterproof? Also, some say that they restore natural ph levels, ph is -log[H3O^+] and H3O^+ is in a solution. Your skin isn’t a solution, but a solid. Isn’t applying skin care stuff useless, because the matter won’t come in? If this is really off topic I will remove this.

ID: vdvsl1
Title: What is a basic definition of fugacity?
Author: Independent_Cry7562
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.7
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655413086
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdvsl1/what_is_a_basic_definition_of_fugacity/
Text: I’ve just completed my second thermos course and I still am not 100% sure what fugacity is. I know how to apply it and use it in calculations but I realised I can’t give just give a basic definition of what it actually is. I know this topic is a running joke amongst chemical engineers but if actually really like to understand this concept better

ID: vdwkf3
Title: How do we know the amount of carbon in the atmosphere in the past?
Author: KoLobotomy
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.84
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655415161
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdwkf3/how_do_we_know_the_amount_of_carbon_in_the/
Text: I understand ice cores from deep glaciers can tell us the makeup of the atmosphere for the last few hundred thousand years but how do we know what makeup of the atmosphere from before the glaciers existed?

ID: vdxqbk
Title: Does the temperature of a material dissolved in acid affect the speed at which it is dissolved?
Author: Dragon012345
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655418403
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdxqbk/does_the_temperature_of_a_material_dissolved_in/
Text: Like would hot metal dissolve faster than cold metal? (for this example the metal is disolvable)  
To clarify, I am NOT asking if the temperature of the acid affects the dissolving speed, as I know it does.  


(If this Question is removed again it would be very kind if I could be provided a reason because I am not aware of any rules my post should have broken)

ID: vdxvca
Title: Do milk alternatives (Soy, Almond, Oat, etc.) also increase your risk of prostate cancer like regular milk does?
Author: PinkElephantSpy
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.55
CommentCount: 27
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655418800
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdxvca/do_milk_alternatives_soy_almond_oat_etc_also/
Text: I’ve read a couple articles that state studies that show men who drink milk have a ~27% higher risk of developing prostate cancer. I’m debating whether it’s worth paying more for milk alternatives in my protein shake.

ID: vdylir
Title: Does the Adenovirus remain dormant(Latent) in the system after initial infection?
Author: c5608313
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655420973
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdylir/does_the_adenovirus_remain_dormantlatent_in_the/
Text: Title says it, do adenoviruses remain dormant in the body?

Because I've been taking interest in "latent viruses", I found detailed articles about how the simplex, zoster, hiv and other retroviruses remain in the body (there is even a detailed wikipedia table describing the location of the latency). However I wasn't able to find detailed information regarding the latency of adenoviruses on the same level as I found on herpes viruses and retroviruses.

And do other "common cold"/flu-like viruses do latency?

ID: vee9hp
Title: Does diabetes (or a high PH level) cause your body to excrete pharmaceutical drugs in your urine faster than a normal, healthy individual?
Author: AcademicF
Score: 1961
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 143
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655475552
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vee9hp/does_diabetes_or_a_high_ph_level_cause_your_body/
Text: I had a recent urine test and failed to show any of the medication that should have been present (I had last taken it 30 hours earlier but the internet says it usually stays detectable 48-98 hours.)

Just wondering if a high acidity level in my blood/urine or diabetes itself could cause the medication to excretes faster than normal.

ID: ven5vd
Title: Are all putts on a golf green possible?
Author: cragwatcher
Score: 20
VoteRatio: 0.68
CommentCount: 42
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655491788
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/ven5vd/are_all_putts_on_a_golf_green_possible/
Text: Asked in golf with a large number of 'physics says yes' answers from people who know nothing about physics. 

Are there any conditions where a putt would be rendered impossible. For example, a downhill putt where it is not possible for the ball to roll slowly enough to drop into the hole.

ID: vexl3v
Title: Do rivers ever go uphill?
Author: EverydayPigeon
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.49
CommentCount: 13
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655523913
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vexl3v/do_rivers_ever_go_uphill/
Text: This sounds like a "high thought", and I think the answer is no but I was just thinking earlier: How do rivers traverse the landscape? Do they always go downhill on 100% of their journey from mountain down to sea? When they have obstacles they can go around or underground, but is that the end of the story? 

Can anyone talk around this subject a little? Thanks!

ID: vf1esj
Title: Unpowered cooling mats - how do they work?
Author: mts89
Score: 976
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 114
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655539397
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vf1esj/unpowered_cooling_mats_how_do_they_work/
Text: Just come across one of these in real life.

https://www.rosewoodpet.com/dog/travel/options-cooling-accessories/chillax-cool-pad-large

Lying on it genuinely feels nice and cold. 

How on earth does it work?

ID: vf1tvy
Title: Are wild bee hives better or worse pollinators than beekeeper managed ones?
Author: dkysh
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655541214
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vf1tvy/are_wild_bee_hives_better_or_worse_pollinators/
Text: Beekeepers remove the honey from hives and bees must keep working and keep on pollinating flowers.

But I've read in another thread that wild bee hives don't slack, and once the hive is full of honey, they swarm and start a new hive with a new queen somewhere else.

Which of the two methods is better for the ecosystem? I would dare to guess that beekeept hives are better for orchards and fruit trees, as they keep a hive always nearby at full work, while wild hives are better for the wilderness as the colonies are more spread and and reach a larger area?

Also, aren't bees basically almost clones? Don't wild hives promote genetic diversity and are better posed for survival? (if not for a given hive, at least for a number of hives in the area)

ID: vf670b
Title: Glaciers have been melting for decades now. What conditions would need to happen for them to reform?
Author: XtremeConfusion
Score: 373
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 58
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655558704
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vf670b/glaciers_have_been_melting_for_decades_now_what/
Text: And on a different note, can they even reform? Would the glaciers be new and would they settle in a different place compared to where they were before? Or would they grow from existing ones?

ID: vf6ors
Title: Why was the rise in HIV infection incidence in the Eastern Europe And Central Asia region so much higher than that of any other regions in 2010-2020?
Author: geeleegulu
Score: 1868
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 95
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655560289
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vf6ors/why_was_the_rise_in_hiv_infection_incidence_in/
Text: [https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media/images/Change%20in%20new%20HIV%20infections%20and%20aids-related%20deaths.png](https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media/images/Change%20in%20new%20HIV%20infections%20and%20aids-related%20deaths.png)

This region seems to really stand out in this graph from UNAIDS. Over the last decade, the only other region with a rise in incidence was Middle East And North Africa, but it was only a 7% increase, vs +43% in Eastern Europe And Central Asia.     



[https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media\_asset/2021-global-aids-update\_en.pdf](https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/2021-global-aids-update_en.pdf)

I gathered from this document by UNAIDS that the major disease burden in this region is on IV drug users, and the main hurdles to controlling the disease are punitive laws and social stigma (p.336, 338). But why is this region handling the disease so much worse than other regions, specifically Middle East And North Africa?           

It seems that these 2 regions have similarly oppressive political climate and legislature (Table 18.2 & 19.2). The minorities also appears to be similarly marginalized. And according to the document, Eastern Europe And Central Asia had more resources available than Middle East And North Africa did (\~40% vs 20% of the resource needed for achieving 2025 goals) (Fig. 18.10 & 19.6).      



I understand that this is probably a complicated issue with a myriad of factors at play. And I must admit that I do not know much about the political and cultural situation of these regions. To sum up, my question is: 

>What are the major impetus to the remarkably worse HIV control in Eastern Europe And Central Asia, as compared to Middle East And North Africa, despite having a seemingly similar socio-political environment and higher resource availability?

ID: vf7u91
Title: Why do two lines indicate a negative result in ommunoassay urine drug tests when in most other immunoassay tests two lines indicate a positive result?
Author: throwawayguy2395
Score: 23
VoteRatio: 0.61
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655563901
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vf7u91/why_do_two_lines_indicate_a_negative_result_in/
Text: 

ID: vfanvy
Title: What are the Byproducts of woodgas also known as syngas combustion?
Author: Grinchtastic10
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655572338
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfanvy/what_are_the_byproducts_of_woodgas_also_known_as/
Text: So the main combustible components of well filtered syngas are carbon monoxide, methane, hydrogen, and if i remember correctly butane as well(correct me if i’m wrong). In a normal internal combustion engine, would these materials produce any carbon or other deposits similar to how diesel does in a diesel engine?

ID: vfdtgs
Title: So Petroleum Deposits are Dead Organic Matter... Why did Organic Matter Accumulate this Way?
Author: KillerKowalski1
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.57
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655581757
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfdtgs/so_petroleum_deposits_are_dead_organic_matter_why/
Text: It seems like giant pockets of dead things should be an extremely rare occurrence but we're able to power the planet right now because they exist.

Why for?

ID: vfdwi8
Title: How are plants beneficial to the carbon cycle if they "breathe" out co2 during the night? Is this even true?
Author: flockofgopherboys
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.42
CommentCount: 17
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655582009
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfdwi8/how_are_plants_beneficial_to_the_carbon_cycle_if/
Text: How much of their mass is actually made from carbon that comes out of the air? Am I trapping carbon by growing houseplants?

ID: vfefsj
Title: Why do vaccine providers need to wait for child specific COVID-19 vaccine shipments?
Author: Pedalnomica
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.55
CommentCount: 18
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655583595
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfefsj/why_do_vaccine_providers_need_to_wait_for_child/
Text: If the Moderna and Pfizer COVID vaccines for children 6 months to 5 years are simply lower doses of the same vaccines for older people, why do vaccine providers need to wait to receive shipments before they can begin administering shots? Why can't they just draw a smaller amount from the vials of vaccine they already have on hand for adults?

ID: vfmgmr
Title: do rhizomous plants need genetic diversity like humans do ?
Author: redscarfdemon
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655610073
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfmgmr/do_rhizomous_plants_need_genetic_diversity_like/
Text:  

As I understand it, rhizomous plants look like separate plants but are often more like parts of the same plant, or at least clones. And from what I understand about genetics, historically when groups of people interbreed within a small group it can exacerbate the effects of negative genetic traits.

If I were trying to create and sustain a community of plants, and they happened to be rhizomous--like a yarrow plant--would it be enough to transplant several yarrow from one area (which are probably clones) to the target area? Or would it be necessary to go to separate locations to get "different" yarrow plants to seed an area?

If I just plant several of the clone plants would I have "Habsburg lipped" plants in a few years?

ID: vfmw5s
Title: Why do anti fungal toe medication have the ability to impact kidney functions when they are an external application?
Author: Whole-Counter2371
Score: 1914
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 239
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655611668
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfmw5s/why_do_anti_fungal_toe_medication_have_the/
Text: Do all anti fungal toe medication impact the kidneys or just some?

ID: vfso5l
Title: How do bean sprouts grow with just water?
Author: melocatmom
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 16
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655636176
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfso5l/how_do_bean_sprouts_grow_with_just_water/
Text: Why don't they need soil like other plants? Where are they getting nutrients from to grow? Is it just photosynthesis? I tried Googling but didn't find anything!

ID: vft1j8
Title: Can a higher level of Co2 in the blood cause damage to the brain? | Hypercapnia
Author: Zealousideal_Leg9342
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655637656
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vft1j8/can_a_higher_level_of_co2_in_the_blood_cause/
Text: On the internet I read a lot of things about the cause and symptoms of hypercapnia/hypercarbian (drowsiness, dizziness, confusion, headache, etc.). 

But what are the long term effects? Will a higher level of Co2 in the blood cause damage to the brain? 
(kills brain cells or neurons)

ID: vft295
Title: How does sunscreen protect my skin if it’s clear? It blocks UV— so if I were, say an insect that sees in the UV spectrum, would sunblocked skin look extra bright because UV is reflected, or extra dark because UV is absorbed?
Author: LorenaBobbedIt
Score: 1119
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 209
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655637737
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vft295/how_does_sunscreen_protect_my_skin_if_its_clear/
Text: 

ID: vftgpw
Title: How would someone without ADHD react to ADHD stimulants?
Author: Araknhak
Score: 25
VoteRatio: 0.72
CommentCount: 53
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655639340
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vftgpw/how_would_someone_without_adhd_react_to_adhd/
Text: As someone diagnosed with ADHD myself, I have faced unjust accusations of my diagnosis being false, so I'm here to ask how exactly someone without ADHD would 'generally' react to ADHD stimulants?

Keep is mind that this is just me asking questions, and NOT any attempt to undermine anyones diagnosis at all.

Thank you!

ID: vftic0
Title: Is there research on the mental health effects of virtual windows on workers in confined, windowless spaces for long time periods?
Author: Judgment_Reversed
Score: 61
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655639501
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vftic0/is_there_research_on_the_mental_health_effects_of/
Text: When discussing topics like space exploration, underwater colonization, or even just the future of dense urban living and working, it often gets brought up that people may go insane from being subject to windowless conditions for too long. 

It seems like virtual windows (high-quality displays masquerading as windows to other, presumably more serene environments) would be a solution to this (and often is in science fiction).

I've seen one [study exploring the concept of virtual windows for the elderly](https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-40244-4_45), and another on [stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=J.+Environ.+Psychol.&title=Stress+recoveryduring+exposure+to+natural+and+urban+environments&author=R.+S.+Ulrich&author=R.+F.+Simons&author=E.+Fiorito&author=M.+A.+Miles&author=M.+Zelson&volume=11&publication_year=1991&pages=201-230&), but I either can't find or can't access studies examining the actual effects on people in confined, windowless environments for long time periods.

Is there any research on this? And is there any evidence that it improves mental health?

ID: vfv6pl
Title: Are callouses made of living tissue?
Author: bewchacca-lacca
Score: 1692
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 202
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655645240
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfv6pl/are_callouses_made_of_living_tissue/
Text: 

ID: vfvqlc
Title: Can getting insufficient amount of sleep during puberty impair brain development and intelligence?
Author: ProfessionalSmell528
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655646986
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfvqlc/can_getting_insufficient_amount_of_sleep_during/
Text: 

ID: vfwk5i
Title: Why are lemon seeds seemingly randomly distributed about the center of the lemon?
Author: dilfybro
Score: 875
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 29
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655649424
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfwk5i/why_are_lemon_seeds_seemingly_randomly/
Text: Lemons (which I buy from the market) have a high degree of axial symmetry.  Rotate them around their major axis, and they're usually pretty similar from all angles.  Cut one in half along the minor axis, and the segments are each about the same angular size.  The albedo is pretty circular and uniform, too.   


And then, the seeds.   There are usually fewer than one per segment.   And when that's the case, you just have 1 in one segment, another in another, and they jut off in seemingly random angles.   


Why the absence of azimuthal symmetry for seeds?

ID: vfwwae
Title: What did the world look like two years after the K-T Extinction event?
Author: None
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.61
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655650420
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfwwae/what_did_the_world_look_like_two_years_after_the/
Text: Basically what did the world look like two years after the asteroid impact?

ID: vfy3ma
Title: How can your body/immune system get a vaccine dose and still "remember" it forever later?
Author: MitchKramer1989
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.6
CommentCount: 19
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655653877
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfy3ma/how_can_your_bodyimmune_system_get_a_vaccine_dose/
Text: I received a vaccine dose of the two shot Pfizer series last March, and although it's been 16 months, I've been told that I can get the second dose safely.

How is it that the immune system remembers? Would the vaccines truly still function the same even with a huge distance between them?

Thanks! Just trying to understand how these vaccines work!

ID: vfyn78
Title: Does fighting a viral infection use up minerals and vitamins like zinc and vitamin D, leading to low levels of them? If so how severely?
Author: KidKilobyte
Score: 1868
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 50
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655655403
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfyn78/does_fighting_a_viral_infection_use_up_minerals/
Text: 

ID: vg23ck
Title: What defines an organic material?
Author: Willing_Childhood_17
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.64
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655665402
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vg23ck/what_defines_an_organic_material/
Text: How can organic materials be defined? Are there any groupings within organic material? 

Are fossil fuels organic? If they are, then is there a way to differentiate them with an unchanged corpse?

ID: vg3m1h
Title: How did different bird calls evolve from a common origin? Do we know how one relates to another, in the same way we know how different human languages are related?
Author: thisishowwedooooit
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655669753
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vg3m1h/how_did_different_bird_calls_evolve_from_a_common/
Text: 

ID: vg9brc
Title: If I got a blood transfusion, then had a dna test done on my blood. Would it be my dna or the blood donors?
Author: DiscombobulatedBank6
Score: 4370
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 305
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655687139
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vg9brc/if_i_got_a_blood_transfusion_then_had_a_dna_test/
Text: My kid has asked me “if I get someone else’s blood and they’re Italian, does that mean I have Italian blood”.  Which raises a good point.  If she needs a blood transfusion and we then did a 23 and me type test but with blood (not the saliva test).  What results are we going to get back?  The donors heritage or hers?  Or a bit of both.  

Whose dna is in that blood?  If she drops some blood at a crime scene and the police swab it for evidence.  Will it match to her dna, will it have both sets of dna?  If it shows as the donors dna in the blood, does it change back to her blood over time?  What about organ donation?  That organ will always have the dna of the donor yes? 

Sorry if formatting is rubbish - I’m in mobile.

ID: vgb6bh
Title: Why are bananas high in potassium?
Author: nemacol
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.65
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655693317
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgb6bh/why_are_bananas_high_in_potassium/
Text: I have often heard that bananas are high in potassium but I am not sure why.  Is it the soil they grow in?  If we grew something else there (like apples or corn) would they be high in potassium? Or is it something about the way bananas extract minerals from the ground? I assume they are not 'creating' the potassium - it has to be in the ground already and being pulled into the fruit from the plant roots. Right?

Thank you for reading.

ID: vgdmpc
Title: did carnivore dinosaurs have symbiotic relationships with other animals like a bird picking a gator's teeth?
Author: ScoreTechnical5397
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655701911
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgdmpc/did_carnivore_dinosaurs_have_symbiotic/
Text: The title

ID: vgdrrx
Title: Do we know approximate lifespans of dinosaurs?
Author: MelonElbows
Score: 17
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655702431
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgdrrx/do_we_know_approximate_lifespans_of_dinosaurs/
Text: I just watched the new Jurassic World movie and while I understand it wasn't scientifically accurate, it made me wonder if dinosaurs actually lived in current times and reproduced, how fast would it take them?

Generally, most things on Earth have lifespans seemingly corresponding to their size.  Some flies live for days while larger animals live for years.  Of course there are exceptions, but its kind of a general rule.  Do scientists know, or can estimate, how long would, for example, a T-Rex take from egg to hatching, and from hatchling to natural end of life?  Are we talking a few decades, a hundred years, more than a hundred?  Something like the Brachiosaurus must take many decades to reach full maturity right?  If someone told me it took them 200 years to grow to that size I would not question it.

ID: vggfir
Title: Why do major mountain ranges in the US predominantly run north-south but not east-west?
Author: showmelongtime
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655712927
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vggfir/why_do_major_mountain_ranges_in_the_us/
Text: 

ID: vggqig
Title: Which vitamin or mineral supplements actually have evidence for benefits?
Author: jammerjoint
Score: 103
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 121
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655714238
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vggqig/which_vitamin_or_mineral_supplements_actually/
Text: I've always heard 90% or more is bogus marketing, and the literature can be somewhat vague on this subject.  I have heard that zinc is effective for immune function even if taken after symptoms start, is this true?  Also, are there any that can benefit even if taken to surplus?

ID: vgh5xw
Title: Does Omega Centauri have exo-planets?
Author: SUPER_SECRET_AGENT_Q
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.64
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655716042
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgh5xw/does_omega_centauri_have_exoplanets/
Text: I don't mean habitable planets. I'm just asking about any kind of terrestrial planets or gas-giants. I tried looking it up and couldn't find confirmation on the existence of exo-planets in the globular cluster. I was hoping there might be some astronomers out there with an answer.

ID: vghqvu
Title: Why do humans only create their own vitamin D?
Author: T_Lawliet
Score: 9
VoteRatio: 0.68
CommentCount: 15
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655718526
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vghqvu/why_do_humans_only_create_their_own_vitamin_d/
Text: Why don’t we synthesize other vitamins and minerals?

ID: vgir4n
Title: how does the body wake itself up during a nightmare?
Author: netflixandchild
Score: 63
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 22
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655722584
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgir4n/how_does_the_body_wake_itself_up_during_a/
Text: i used to struggle with chronic nightmares. today, they only happen on occasion. whenever the nightmare seems to reach its “peak”—before death or some kind of attack, etc.—i wake up. how is my body able to wake itself up during these moments?

ID: vgjdxl
Title: Do cross links or lesions in DNA prohibit accurate next gen sequencing of those regions?
Author: StarkLMad
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655724884
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgjdxl/do_cross_links_or_lesions_in_dna_prohibit/
Text: 

ID: vgjo4u
Title: Can skin detect different “colours” of infrared light?
Author: rruckley
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655725873
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgjo4u/can_skin_detect_different_colours_of_infrared/
Text: I understand that infrared wavelengths are felt as heat but is there different sensations (ignoring temperature) that would allow one to determine different “colours”? Thought came about from experiencing my cars heated seats and feeling that it felt different to how my heater at home would feel. Perhaps a different bandwidth of infrared?

ID: vgk41y
Title: Are mental disorders associated with higher socioeconomic status?
Author: Ry_uk
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.63
CommentCount: 18
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655727318
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgk41y/are_mental_disorders_associated_with_higher/
Text: Some papers claimed that if you have low latent inhibition and a high IQ, you are creative or a hypergenius. In the past I also read (or misread) an other paper claiming high IQ is associated with higher income.  


Are there any studies that link mental disorders with higher income?

ID: vgl6ch
Title: Do CAM plants open their stomata right at sundown, or do they wait until total darkness?
Author: Karmacological
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 0
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655730611
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgl6ch/do_cam_plants_open_their_stomata_right_at_sundown/
Text: I'm wondering about Cactaceae specifically. Thanks in advance!

ID: vgm0au
Title: How do we know the COVID vaccine does anything if we can still get COVID after having it?
Author: mangoappleorange
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.33
CommentCount: 37
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655733122
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgm0au/how_do_we_know_the_covid_vaccine_does_anything_if/
Text: I and many others I know who have already had the vaccine still got COVID, so it seems like there's still a good chance of getting COVID after having the vax. So what's the point if you can still get infected?

ID: vgmil4
Title: How does indexing work in the brain?
Author: ExtraProfound
Score: 9
VoteRatio: 0.8
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655734569
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgmil4/how_does_indexing_work_in_the_brain/
Text: What are the best current theories on how a human brain indexes interconnected ideas?

Example of the type of indexing to which I'm referring: my mind will often unconsciously start playing music related to something which I've just seen.  Sometimes, I'll realize that I'm remembering a song without having noted the trigger, but by reviewing what the song is and what I just did, I can guess what the trigger is.  E.g., I read the word "aquarium" and hear the music for Jolly Roger Bay.

ID: vgmvvf
Title: How do proteins made by mRNA vaccines get to where they need to go?
Author: Twink_Ass_Bitch
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655735608
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgmvvf/how_do_proteins_made_by_mrna_vaccines_get_to/
Text: The technology/strategy behind mRNA vaccines is truly remarkable, but many explanations I've read seem to skip over a crucial logical step that is the basis of my question.

Once the mRNA enters a cell and the cell begins producing the protein that the mRNA encodes for, what are the processes between this stage and the stage of the immune system interacting with it? The state of affairs at this stage is a foreign protein inside the cell and it needs to end up in the "hands off the immune system". If the protein in question is say the so-called "spike protein" of COVID-19, how does it get outside of the cell or to the surface of the cell? 

Cells are complicated^citation ^needed and usually have many interconnected parts like proteins helping other proteins get where they need to go or to fold in a particular way. Does the inherent shape/structure of the spike protein in this case make it thermodynamically favorable to embed itself in the cell's membrane and express itself outward? Proteins don't generally just leak out of cells so my current best guess is that it's presented by the cell in some way. Assuming this is the case, does that immune system now recognize that cell as foreign and destroy it (and thus 'read' the spike protein)?

Thanks for anyone's time.

ID: vgou4d
Title: Why is having high blood pressure bad for you?
Author: Tales_of_Ba_Sing_Se
Score: 18
VoteRatio: 0.79
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655740855
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgou4d/why_is_having_high_blood_pressure_bad_for_you/
Text: 

ID: vgp9e6
Title: How is AN SHBG test done?
Author: Complex-Opening-9638
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655741947
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgp9e6/how_is_an_shbg_test_done/
Text: When I always search for answers the internet just tells me that is done by a blood sample and using a needle.

What I'm looking for is the scientific procedure, what is used, a microscope, some type of machine, a mathematical formula... ?

How do you go from having the blood to having a particular number and result on a paper.

And as well I would appreciate if somebody told me how to search for this type of more specific I formation on the future, what should I type on the Google bar search to find this information.

Kind regards.

ID: vgpjbc
Title: How big dogs have much shorter lifespans than smaller dogs, is it the same for humans? Say a 6' 7" inch man vs a 5' 5" man?
Author: Quinfluenza
Score: 5816
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 344
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655742658
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgpjbc/how_big_dogs_have_much_shorter_lifespans_than/
Text: 

ID: vgryi1
Title: Is a virus’s mutation rate independent from their host cell?
Author: ShadowVortex888
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655748913
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgryi1/is_a_viruss_mutation_rate_independent_from_their/
Text: Excluding any environmental mutation factors, do virus partially or wholly inherit any mutations based on the host cell’s replication machinery?

ID: vgvge6
Title: Stable Cell Line transfection, with non viral naked plasmid MOA?
Author: ontheceiling315716
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655758202
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgvge6/stable_cell_line_transfection_with_non_viral/
Text: Something I have never understood. How do nonviral plasmids incorporate stably into cellular genomic dna of a cell. I understand viral plasmid delivery systems but how do regular plasmids get stably incorporated. My understanding is that they do but it's very low rate of  occurrence and it happens somewhat randomly.

Thanks

ID: vgvoqw
Title: By what mechanism does the phosphorylation of BK(CA) alpha subunits modulate calcium sensitivity in cavernosal smooth muscle cells?
Author: LilamJazeefa
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.57
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655758810
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgvoqw/by_what_mechanism_does_the_phosphorylation_of/
Text: I am teaching myself about the processes by which penile tumescence occurs and is maintained.  I have found that part of the process of Ca^2+ sensitization that occurs in cavernosal smooth muscle cells is by the action of Src tyrosine kinases acting on BK(Ca) receptors by phosphorylating the alpha subunits.

However, what I don't understand is how exactly that phosphorylation winds up affecting the calcium levels?  Does it activate the ion gate?  Does it hyperpolarize the surrounding membrane?  Are other chemicals like cAMP or DAG involved? I am not a biochemist and I am but a humble physicist.  The publications on the matter seem to overlook this little detail as prerequisite material, so I'm at a bit of a loss.  I see how this works in Na ion channels as well as in vascular smooth muscle cells, but those seem to be operating by a different mechanism.

ID: vgwj2j
Title: what happens to water when land dries up?
Author: longstrokesharpturn
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.64
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655761011
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgwj2j/what_happens_to_water_when_land_dries_up/
Text: We hear more often that countries become more dry. Iran for instance is dealing with an enormous water scarcity. But what happens to the water? Where does it go? Does it just move to another place?

ID: vgynka
Title: How would world climate and weather patterns change if part of Central America was missing and the Pacific and Caribbean were connected?
Author: MSeanF
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.56
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655766801
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgynka/how_would_world_climate_and_weather_patterns/
Text: 

ID: vh0vfd
Title: How resilient is modern electrical infrastructure to a major Coronal Mass Ejection such as The Carrington Event?
Author: BiggieSlonker
Score: 13
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655773406
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vh0vfd/how_resilient_is_modern_electrical_infrastructure/
Text: It is said the massive "Carrington Event" solar storm of 1859 was so powerful it caused telegraph stations to catch fire.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrington_Event

If a coronal mass ejection of equal or greater strength were to hit Earth today, what kind of effects would it have across the globe?

ID: vh27z1
Title: What dictates how much or fast a virus will mutate?
Author: Next_Doughnut2
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.56
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655777597
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vh27z1/what_dictates_how_much_or_fast_a_virus_will_mutate/
Text: 

ID: vh296d
Title: How is crude oil/petroleum highly flammable, but asphalt (made out of petroleum) not flammable at all?
Author: badkey82
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655777707
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vh296d/how_is_crude_oilpetroleum_highly_flammable_but/
Text: 

ID: vh2q1n
Title: If an animal consumes something, and then I consume that animal, will I be affected by the thing the animal consumed?
Author: Lumpy-Upstairs3755
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655779188
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vh2q1n/if_an_animal_consumes_something_and_then_i/
Text: Asking for a friend.  Google was no help.  Friend has an oat allergy that manifest as eczema, and sometimes (not all times) they break out when eating eggs or chicken or other meat.  Could they be affected if the animal ate oats? They put this question to me, and I thought it might be okay to ask here.  I am interested to learn if there is some sort of nutritional pass-along that comes from the food that the animals eat.

ID: vh38ek
Title: How did the middle stages of evolution occur?
Author: ERDRCR
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655780807
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vh38ek/how_did_the_middle_stages_of_evolution_occur/
Text: At one end of development we know that amino acids can form spontaneously. Peptides aren’t that much of a stretch after that.
At the other extreme, the strongest produce more offspring and the genes multiply.

How did we get from peptides to a self-reproducing code that leads to the production of peptides that make more copies of the original code?

Has anyone proposed intermediate complexity structures and then organisms that would then lead to simple single cell organisms?

ID: vh4xx9
Title: Do sealed terrariums increase in energy or mass over time due to sunlight?
Author: PhilNHoles
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655786492
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vh4xx9/do_sealed_terrariums_increase_in_energy_or_mass/
Text: 

ID: vh6c7x
Title: how does plants create food using photons. i.e light? I just don't get it. can someone explain the process?
Author: con86ra
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655791505
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vh6c7x/how_does_plants_create_food_using_photons_ie/
Text: 

ID: vhdj0e
Title: Where do old satellites go when dead?
Author: VagueViper88
Score: 1106
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 145
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655818615
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vhdj0e/where_do_old_satellites_go_when_dead/
Text: After satellites have finished there designed function, what happens to them? Do they float in orbit completely obsolete, thusted of out into deep space or controlled landing back to earth? Side note, is there a possibility all satellites falling out of orbit at the same time and what would be the ramifications of the theoretical senario be? Would it cause an ELE based the amount of satellites?

ID: vhfduv
Title: Are claims that the electromagnetic field of the heart is 100 times stronger than that of the brain true? Is it even capable of emiting such large fields?
Author: roiseeker
Score: 268
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 92
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655823776
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vhfduv/are_claims_that_the_electromagnetic_field_of_the/
Text: So I've been trying to investigate these New Age claims that say our heart is basically an EMF transmitter but didn't find any convincing proof that this is actually true.

Obviously the heart operates through all sorts of phenomena, electricity being involved as well. Where there is current, there are electromagnetic fields. So it's obvious that SOME field could be detected if we would have a sensitive enough device.

But the problem is their claims seem especially outlandish. The research linked below argues that this EMF can even be detected several feet away, which sounds a bit crazy. If the heart would've had such a strong EMF, it would've been more common knowledge in our society. I mean, maybe they are kind of right. After all, they aren't mentioning any concrete values, they just say it's 100 times stronger than the brain's field (which I also doubt).

[https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-hearts-magnetic-field-which-is-the-strongest-rhythmic-field-produced-by-the-human\_fig11\_293944391](https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-hearts-magnetic-field-which-is-the-strongest-rhythmic-field-produced-by-the-human_fig11_293944391)

I first heard about this claim here: [https://youtu.be/ta4w28IlzPE?t=1410](https://youtu.be/ta4w28IlzPE?t=1410)

This man named Joe Dispenza was making a lot of sense up to the timestamp I've selected.  
When he said the heart produces something similar to a WiFi signal, 3 meters wide, that's when my "quack alarm" started going off.

What's your opinion? Is all of this pseudoscience or is there any truth to it?  
Do you have any research to back up these claims?

ID: vhivqy
Title: How do chimeric animals avoid organ rejection or other autoimmune disorders?
Author: I_make_things
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.62
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655833176
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vhivqy/how_do_chimeric_animals_avoid_organ_rejection_or/
Text: 

ID: vhojrq
Title: Why do people sneeze when first going into the bright sunlight or look into a glare of sunlight?
Author: phenols
Score: 2958
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 454
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655848107
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vhojrq/why_do_people_sneeze_when_first_going_into_the/
Text: 

ID: vhpew4
Title: What will happend with the light that goes through an medium, if the medium travels faste than it's phase velocity?
Author: shtefhan
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655850448
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vhpew4/what_will_happend_with_the_light_that_goes/
Text: Let's say if i have a piece of glass or transparent medium that goes through space with a speed higher than the phase velocity and light reaces the medium from the back, can it go through, is it reflected or is absorbed?

ID: vhpihk
Title: Why do some people develop allergies with repeated exposure to an external stimulus vs. some people developing immunity to said stimulus?
Author: qxzsilver
Score: 2524
VoteRatio: 0.95
CommentCount: 155
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655850717
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vhpihk/why_do_some_people_develop_allergies_with/
Text: I’ve noticed watching documentaries or random videos online as well as medical websites that some people may develop allergies to bee stings after getting stung one too many times. However, some people who harvest honey from bees without any protection (one example is the Gurung people of Nepal) seem to develop immunity to bee stings.

Other examples may be exposure to natural stimuli such as pollen, snake bites, certain molds, or food items. How does this happen? What can make someone more likely to develop an allergy vs. more likely to develop immunity?

ID: vhq4uv
Title: Is it at all possible that ‘life’ may accidentally have been brought to Mars by the various rovers sent from Earth?
Author: Just_want_to_log_in
Score: 21
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655852483
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vhq4uv/is_it_at_all_possible_that_life_may_accidentally/
Text: And if so, is there a chance it may thrive and/or impact the local environment in any way?

ID: vhrx8k
Title: Is there any way to teach the immune system to not attack an implant?
Author: Catvanbrian
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655857785
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vhrx8k/is_there_any_way_to_teach_the_immune_system_to/
Text: As in convince the system to treat or even see the implant as ‘self’ or at least a new part of ‘self’?

ID: vhwse5
Title: Why are there so many different types of venoms?
Author: TigreSauvage
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.66
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655873269
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vhwse5/why_are_there_so_many_different_types_of_venoms/
Text: For example, there are different types of snakes. Of the venomous ones, how did their venoms go about evolving in potency and effects?

ID: vhxdu3
Title: What is the highest temperature any solid material/element can take without changing states?
Author: kinjame
Score: 80
VoteRatio: 0.85
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655875372
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vhxdu3/what_is_the_highest_temperature_any_solid/
Text: Im not talking just melting point either. Sublimation too. I know tungsten has the highest known melting point of any *pure* element at 3695 K, but I read somewhere that there are also other alloys that can take hotter temperature. I know carbon sublimes at around 4098 K so i'm wondering if there is anything that can go beyond those temperatures without a phase transition. Compounds are allowed too.

Edit: Under earth's atmospheric pressure at sea level.

ID: vhxl0p
Title: If skin is constantly shedding and being regrown, why does moisturizing and avoiding direct sunlight when you’re young help with your skin long term?
Author: Swimming_Leeks
Score: 393
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 70
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655876091
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vhxl0p/if_skin_is_constantly_shedding_and_being_regrown/
Text: 

ID: vi1jv3
Title: How closely related are Jaguar and Leopards?
Author: hipponuggets_
Score: 31
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 17
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655891749
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vi1jv3/how_closely_related_are_jaguar_and_leopards/
Text: I understand that they both belong to the *Panthera* genus, but are they any more closely related than to their other cousins like lions and tigers? Or did they just *happen* to have evolved similarly in terms of looks?

ID: vi3b7r
Title: Is it possible to solve a Rubiks Cube without ever having to turn one of the faces?
Author: KarmaWhoreRepeating
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.57
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655898415
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vi3b7r/is_it_possible_to_solve_a_rubiks_cube_without/
Text: Just for the sake of curiosity, what I mean is:  Is there an algorithm that can give me a solution to solve any Rubiks cube configuration, but it never rotates the yellow face (for instance)

ID: vi3igi
Title: how would a modern day person likely fare against spanish flu?
Author: dondi01
Score: 14
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 14
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655899119
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vi3igi/how_would_a_modern_day_person_likely_fare_against/
Text: Would it be as deadly as in the past? Would it be milder? Would we be able to immediately deal with it or there is no specific vaccine or medication?

ID: vi4fic
Title: Analogous to pupils dilating and constricting with light, does the human ear physically adjust in response to volume levels?
Author: aroundtheworldtoday
Score: 2790
VoteRatio: 0.95
CommentCount: 393
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655901913
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vi4fic/analogous_to_pupils_dilating_and_constricting/
Text: 

ID: vi4s3d
Title: Are there any academic (or even wild) guesses how important colder climate and ice age was for the development of agriculture in general?
Author: apposnollah
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655902978
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vi4s3d/are_there_any_academic_or_even_wild_guesses_how/
Text: Last ice age in Norhern Europe ended some ~10 000 years ago. Agriculture was developed around the same time, and the area of Fertice Crescent in Middle East is often pointed out here. In present day this area is rather dry, except the areas in Turkey and the river banks in Iran, Iraq and Egypt.

What are the estimates what kind of climate there was in those areas 10 000 years ago? They were probably much more fertile due to lower temperature. I would also guess that a large ice cap in Norhern Europe would have lowered the temperature even more, and also affected on the precipitation in the area.

ID: vi58qq
Title: If it takes more energy to hit the sun than leave the solar system, would it also be equally hard to hit a black hole?
Author: kickin-it-studios
Score: 14
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 28
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655904363
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vi58qq/if_it_takes_more_energy_to_hit_the_sun_than_leave/
Text: Would we slingshot past it? Do we just need really good aim? 

Or is the sun hard to hit only because we are launching rockets from earth which is moving extremely fast around the sun?

ID: vi5y3b
Title: Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science
Author: AutoModerator
Score: 149
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 130
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655906412
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vi5y3b/ask_anything_wednesday_physics_astronomy_earth/
Text: Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on **Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science**

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

**Asking Questions:**

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

**Answering Questions:**

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. [The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/wiki/index#wiki_answering_askscience). In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, [please refer to the information provided here](https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/about/sticky).

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts [can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/search?q=flair%3A%27meta%27&restrict_sr=on&sort=new&t=all). Ask away!

ID: vi7aaa
Title: How do they Detect viruses in sewerage?
Author: AndrewTheAverage
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.57
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655910129
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vi7aaa/how_do_they_detect_viruses_in_sewerage/
Text: Often we see that a virus is detected in sewerage. This happened a lot during Covid but Polio has been discovered in sewerage in England.

How is it actually detected?

As in, the amount of virus must be  infinitesimally  small compared to the volume of sewerage. Does the virus grow/replicate to a point where it is detected easily?

I just dont understand how a small sample could detect it unless there was a major outbrake

ID: vi95b3
Title: Have our lungs any way of cleaning themselves?
Author: Misco28
Score: 14
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655915125
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vi95b3/have_our_lungs_any_way_of_cleaning_themselves/
Text: So, we are constantly inhaling things that are not air into our lungs, specially small solid particles. I assume most of them go out by just breathing out, but its not hard for some particles to get stucked in the web of ducts we have there. Is there something curious about that or im just asking a dumb question?

ID: vibbzu
Title: Have our immune systems lost the ability to fight smallpox now that it is eliminated?
Author: Critical_Reveal6667
Score: 26
VoteRatio: 0.7
CommentCount: 20
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655920964
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vibbzu/have_our_immune_systems_lost_the_ability_to_fight/
Text: 

ID: vic6ui
Title: How many single viruses are in an infected person's body?
Author: Lornedon
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.62
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655923266
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vic6ui/how_many_single_viruses_are_in_an_infected/
Text: I read that you can get infected from HIV with only one virus, and for Covid you need to have about 500 viruses enter your body.

I get that it probably varies from virus to virus and from person to person, but can you give me a ballpark estimate?

ID: vic7fu
Title: Why don't viruses spread throughout your entire body?
Author: Se7enineteen
Score: 20
VoteRatio: 0.72
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655923312
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vic7fu/why_dont_viruses_spread_throughout_your_entire/
Text: I have viral conjunctivitis and I was cautioned about washing my hands and not sharing towels etc.

But it got me thinking, what makes certain viruses only spread via a particular vector?

For example AIDS and blood/sex, Coronavirus is airborne/fomite tramissions, etc.

Logically, it seems once you get a virus, any bodily function should be able to spread it. Why do viruses behave the way they do?

Thanks in advance for your time.

ID: vif1ls
Title: Why are eyes horizontally arranged and not vertically?
Author: EatTheBiscuitSam
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.72
CommentCount: 59
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655930810
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vif1ls/why_are_eyes_horizontally_arranged_and_not/
Text: One would think that there would be a bunch of creatures that would have eyes in a vertical arrangement. Why isn't there more diversity in eye location?

ID: vijj8f
Title: How hot was the earth 30 million years ago?
Author: Doodlebobisright
Score: 36
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 27
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655943237
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vijj8f/how_hot_was_the_earth_30_million_years_ago/
Text: 

ID: vijndx
Title: When an astronaut in space talks to Houston, what is the technology that makes the call?
Author: jrjocham
Score: 2564
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 316
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655943573
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vijndx/when_an_astronaut_in_space_talks_to_houston_what/
Text: I'm sure the technology changed over the years, so I'll ask this in a two parter with the technology of the Apollo missions and the technology of today. Radio towers only have a certain distance on Earth they can broadcast, and if the space shuttle is currently in orbit on the exact opposite side of the Earth as the antenna, the communications would have cut out. So back when the space program was just starting, what was the technology they used to talk to people in space. Was it a series of broadcasting antennas around the globe? Something that has a strong enough broadcast range to pass through planetary bodies? Some kind of aimed technology like a satellite dish that could track the ship in orbit? What was the communication infrastructure they had to build and how has it changed to today?

ID: vikaba
Title: How do birds react in a micro-gravity environment?
Author: toy_boat_toy_boat
Score: 23
VoteRatio: 0.84
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655945567
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vikaba/how_do_birds_react_in_a_microgravity_environment/
Text: I ask this thinking that some test or tests might have been done to determine how birds adapt to micro-gravity. Not in a vaccuum, of course. 

Can birds adapt? Can they learn to navigate in this environment? I think of water birds, who can dive and swim underwater. If any tests showed chaotic results, should one anticipate that they would normalize over time? 

Sorry if I'm asking some easy questions in the course of asking my main one.

ID: vila0l
Title: What makes different plastics recyclable or non-recyclable?
Author: Zombieff
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655948596
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vila0l/what_makes_different_plastics_recyclable_or/
Text: 

ID: vimqe8
Title: how many neurons on a single hypercolumn on average?
Author: mister_chuunibyou
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655953210
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vimqe8/how_many_neurons_on_a_single_hypercolumn_on/
Text: And also how many motor units can one drive?

Is there any scientific estimate?

I tried searching for this information but couldnt find much.

ID: vimxqv
Title: What causes satellites to be tidally locked?
Author: rivernoa
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.64
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655953847
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vimxqv/what_causes_satellites_to_be_tidally_locked/
Text: I know that the moon is tidally locked to earth, but why isn’t earth tidally locked to the sun? And what conditions would cause that to happen?

ID: vin17g
Title: What is the concentration of salt that needs to be in water for it to become undrinkable/unhealthy for human consumption?
Author: Primary_Hawk3
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655954167
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vin17g/what_is_the_concentration_of_salt_that_needs_to/
Text: 

ID: virtn3
Title: Why dont proton proton fusion or CNO cycle used in thermo nuclear weapon?
Author: sepientr34
Score: 72
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 42
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655972005
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/virtn3/why_dont_proton_proton_fusion_or_cno_cycle_used/
Text: Both reactions use hydrogen 1 or carbon 12 which are easier to find on earth why deuterium-tritium fusion is used instead

ID: vj0c3d
Title: How long would it take a drop of water to flow from Parting of the Waters to the Atlantic Ocean?
Author: omgyouresexy
Score: 1111
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 90
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656000234
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vj0c3d/how_long_would_it_take_a_drop_of_water_to_flow/
Text: I just got done watching a video about Parting of the Waters in Moran, WY. There is a unique feature here in which a creek running along the continental divide splits and half runs to the Pacific while the other half runs to the Atlantic. The title of the video is "The Creek that Flows to Two Different Oceans" if anyone wants to check it out for more context.

Anyway, it got me thinking: Assuming no evaporation, absorption into the soil, or any other means of exiting the continuous flow, how long would it take a drop of water to flow from that location all the way to the Atlantic Ocean?

There are overlapping issues like estimating actual path lengths of the creeks and rivers, different flow rates that depend on precipitation and water levels, fluid dynamics, and I'm sure a bunch other stuff I'm not even thinking of. Seems like such a cool multi-disciplinary problem. Is it possible to simplify it enough to get a rough answer? I'd love to hear everyone's take!

ID: vj6766
Title: Temperature and Heat Questions?
Author: Kipkeny
Score: 32
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656015801
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vj6766/temperature_and_heat_questions/
Text: I have recently developed an interest in statistical mechanics and would really like to solidify my understanding of temperature and heat before I continue. Feel free to answer all or some of these questions. Thank you!

1. Does temperature measure translational, rotational, and vibrational motion?

2. If temperature measures average kinetic energy, couldn’t it just be expressed in terms of joules?

3. Is there a strict linear relationship between energy input and change in temperature? If not, why?

4. Does particle mass affect specific heat? If not why do particles have different specific heats?

5. What is the relationship between specific heat and specific entropy? Why do they have the same units?

6. If joules and kelvin both measure energy, then is entropy dimensionless?

ID: vjct7t
Title: Does the water from a tsunami become desalinized as the land absorbs it?
Author: DaSpawn
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.76
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656035033
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vjct7t/does_the_water_from_a_tsunami_become_desalinized/
Text: 

ID: vje6n1
Title: How does lemon juice turn your urine alkaline?
Author: Sinzari
Score: 1983
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 334
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656039371
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vje6n1/how_does_lemon_juice_turn_your_urine_alkaline/
Text: I had heard that lemon juice makes your body alkaline, which made no sense to me, so I did some googling. I found that it was not true, as I anticipated (since your body regulates your blood's pH level), but what I couldn't find a solid conclusion for in either direction was whether or not lemon juice creates alkaline byproducts in digestion. 

I found many semi-reputable sources (https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/lemon-juice-acidic-or-alkaline for example) that seemed to agree with that, and say that while it doesn't affect your body or blood's pH level, it can make your urine more alkaline. Most of the people I'd seen refuting it where simply saying that lemon juice can't turn your body alkaline and that it's pseudoscience hogwash, rather than specifically talking to the point that it does or doesn't make alkaline byproducts during digestion.

So my question is: Does lemon juice produce alkaline byproducts during digestion and make your urine more alkaline, and if it does, what's the process that occurs to make this happen and what is happening to all the acid? Where are the extra Hydrogen ions going?

EDIT: Thanks for all the replies! Got some really good ones that answered my question with academic sources! Just wanted to note that as I mentioned, I know that your body regulates pH and that trying to turn your body or urine "more alkaline" doesn't have any health benefits, was just curious on this specific point of urine/alkaline byproducts because I couldn't find an explanation but saw relatively reputable sources suggest it's true.

Still, always good to include that as part of the explanation for others who may not know that it gives no health benefits.

ID: vje8tr
Title: I'm predicting 60 events to happen over 30 days, randomly distributed. How many days with zero events can happen in a row before I'm statistically unlikely to meet my target? Is this something the Poisson distribution applies to and how can I calculate it?
Author: crimsonengine
Score: 362
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 18
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656039568
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vje8tr/im_predicting_60_events_to_happen_over_30_days/
Text: 

ID: vjl4k8
Title: During the age of the dinosaurs was there a comparable level of biodiversity (in terms of species diversity) as today?
Author: SeldonCrises
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.65
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656065877
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vjl4k8/during_the_age_of_the_dinosaurs_was_there_a/
Text: 

ID: vjms6o
Title: Could someone help me out with the maths behind the estimated number of unique IgG antibodies?
Author: gotasciencequestion
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.7
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656071966
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vjms6o/could_someone_help_me_out_with_the_maths_behind/
Text: I’m sure I’m missing some very basic bit of knowledge on antibodies here but I wanted to get a very rough estimate of the number of unique IgG antibodies. My current working is:

Vh chain - 65 variable * 27 diversity * 6 joining

Vl(kappa) chain - 40 variable * 5 joining

Multiplying these numbers gives me just over 2 million unique sequences but I expected it to be far greater than that.

I’m using Immunology: The immune system in health and disease for the numbers of gene segments.

Thank you for the help!

ID: vjojox
Title: How do limbs grow in utero ? how do the cells know to not be a part of the arm and start being part of the wrist etc.
Author: Total_Bag7240
Score: 27
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656077492
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vjojox/how_do_limbs_grow_in_utero_how_do_the_cells_know/
Text: I understand how plant seeds know how to grow the right way up (gravity) and I understand how a zygote/foetus' cells determine left from right using rotating cilia. How do the cells know when to stop arm or leg growth and become hands or feet? I'm guessing some sort of chemical gradient but could someone point me in the direction of a concrete source

ID: vjq4dk
Title: Why does lithium react so violently with water?
Author: t0gi_
Score: 39
VoteRatio: 0.8
CommentCount: 19
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656081962
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vjq4dk/why_does_lithium_react_so_violently_with_water/
Text: I've seen somebody put lithium in water, obviously it started crackling and creating sparks but I wanted to know why.

ID: vjq63t
Title: Can you see a superior mirage with a thermal camera?
Author: UnIntelligent_Lemon5
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.62
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656082103
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vjq63t/can_you_see_a_superior_mirage_with_a_thermal/
Text: 

ID: vjsshw
Title: How do we know what exoplanets look like?
Author: bl4ck4nti
Score: 314
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 48
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656089243
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vjsshw/how_do_we_know_what_exoplanets_look_like/
Text: If the planets are hundreds and thousands of light-years away, how do we know what they look like and their characteristics? Also because of how long it takes for the light to reach us, is there a possibility that we are looking at a planet that may not exist in present time?

ID: vjt9eb
Title: I get how myosin pulls actin to contract a muscle. But how does a muscle strecthes back?
Author: IonizingBRadiation
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 15
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656090482
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vjt9eb/i_get_how_myosin_pulls_actin_to_contract_a_muscle/
Text: 

ID: vju1wd
Title: How does digestion change in space when your stomach acid is floating around in your stomach?
Author: WarPig262
Score: 14
VoteRatio: 0.8
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656092621
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vju1wd/how_does_digestion_change_in_space_when_your/
Text: 

ID: vju44u
Title: Are there animals that have patterned skin / fur in wavelengths that humans can't see?
Author: ChoopAdoop
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656092786
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vju44u/are_there_animals_that_have_patterned_skin_fur_in/
Text: I feel like the answer is probably yes, but I'm curious to what degree these animals exist. Are there fish that have zebra-like patterns, but only if you can see more than the RGB that humans can see?

ID: vjy0lg
Title: What would happen to a sealed tin can in space?
Author: chazwomaq
Score: 2035
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 391
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656103592
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vjy0lg/what_would_happen_to_a_sealed_tin_can_in_space/
Text: Would it explode? Is the metal strong enough to resist the pressure differential? Does it depend on the temperature? What if it were filled with water vs air at 1 atmosphere pressure?

ID: vk01ly
Title: Which mammal grows the FASTEST between birth and adulthood, as a percentage of its birth body mass?
Author: 4thDevilsAdvocate
Score: 26
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656109287
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vk01ly/which_mammal_grows_the_fastest_between_birth_and/
Text: Note that I'm not talking about "growing the *most*" (i.e. smallest baby size to adult size ratio). I'm talking about "growing the *fastest*".

As of right now, I think it's the red kangaroo.

[This](https://www.nwf.org/Magazines/National-Wildlife/2010/Worlds-Fastest-Growing-Animal) and [this](https://www.ferris.edu/card-riley-center/Kids_Corner/marsupials.htm) say a red kangaroo is 1 gram at birth, and [the red kangaroo's Wikipedia page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_kangaroo) [states that female red kangaroos can be of reproductive age (i.e. "adulthood") as soon as 18 months](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_kangaroo#Reproduction) (but [that they weigh, at most, 88 pounds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_kangaroo#Description)).

Using this information, let's say the following:

1. 1 year = 12 months = 365 days
2. 18 months = 365 \* 1.5 days = 547.5 days
3. 88 pounds / 1 gram = 39,916.1286

Plugging these values into [this exponent calculator](https://www.omnicalculator.com/math/exponent) tells me that, for a female red kangaroo to grow from its birth weight to its weight at adulthood in 547.5 days, it must multiply its body weight by 1.01954x (101.954%) per day.

Alternative, reversing this, and assuming the upper bound of red kangaroo reproductive age (5 years/1825 days), and the lower bound of female red kangaroo body weight (40 pounds), that means said female red kangaroo must multiply its body weight by 1.005387x per day (100.5387%) in order to grow from 1 gram to 40 pounds in 1825 days.

**Are there any mammals** **^((not animals,)** [***^(mammals)***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal)***)*** **that grow faster than this?** Right now, I think the red kangaroo takes the cake, seemingly growing 7.1x to *\~1,170x* its body weight within a year.

ID: vk1h7x
Title: What determines sunspot location?
Author: piedamon
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656113560
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vk1h7x/what_determines_sunspot_location/
Text: I imagine there’s a fairly chaotic underlying system, so I’m curious what factors are at play in why a sunspot appears in the place it does. The sun seems so uniform, so I’m wondering if this is an example of “the butterfly effect” so to speak.

ID: vk7ucw
Title: Do hearts vary a lot among vertebrates?
Author: The_Middler_is_Here
Score: 152
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 36
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656135022
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vk7ucw/do_hearts_vary_a_lot_among_vertebrates/
Text: I learned recently that mammalian four-chambered hearts are more efficient than reptilian three-chambered hearts. Are mammals special as far as hearts go?

ID: vkbelq
Title: What's "worse", longterm, for the greenhouse effect, CH4 or CO2?
Author: polidrupa
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.56
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656149697
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkbelq/whats_worse_longterm_for_the_greenhouse_effect/
Text: CH4 has a much larger greenhouse effect than CO2, but CO2 stays in the atmosphere much longer than CH4. So, if I had CH4 emissions and I had only two options, would it be better to burn them (emitting CO2) or leave the CH4 go freely to the atmosphere? What do simulations say?

ID: vkcvvv
Title: what evidence do we have that (booster) vaccines protect others and slow the spread?
Author: Novel_Ad8758
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.45
CommentCount: 28
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656155881
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkcvvv/what_evidence_do_we_have_that_booster_vaccines/
Text: This question is specifically aimed at showing how asking high quantities of a population to take the vaccine stops the spread at a population level.

I would assume the following things to be relevant

1. chance of people who get infected that are vaccinated
2. chance of then infecting others, modulated by length of illness, viral load and symptoms (coughing)
3. how good the immunity is from infection + vaccine, i.e. how often vaccinated people get reinfected vs unvaccinated

Im asking this because its pretty frustrating that people always pull a specific country with high vaccination rates and high cases and then say young people getting the vaccine doesnt help others at all. I have the suspicion that their view is limited, but I would like to see evidence or more professional perspectives on the matter :)

ID: vkd1hc
Title: Is there a public toxicological database detailing substances' adverse health effects?
Author: PCRnoob
Score: 70
VoteRatio: 0.85
CommentCount: 44
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656156507
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkd1hc/is_there_a_public_toxicological_database/
Text: Similar to pharmacological databases where you can look up a certain medicament and handily find information on dose ranges, formulations, routes of administration, etc. is there an easily accessible toxicological database with detailed toxicological information for particular substances. I.e. known adverse health effects, dose-response relationships, etc.?

ID: vkh8wj
Title: Have we ever seen a new species come into existence?
Author: _LouSandwich_
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.74
CommentCount: 20
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656170332
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkh8wj/have_we_ever_seen_a_new_species_come_into/
Text: 

ID: vkhjtp
Title: How much of our water needs to we meet though the breakdown of hydrocarbons in our bodies?
Author: Professional_Call
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.54
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656171239
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkhjtp/how_much_of_our_water_needs_to_we_meet_though_the/
Text: While we get most of water through food and drink, the breakdown of hydrocarbons in H2O and CO2 must contribute some, too. What proportion of our water need is met through this process?

ID: vkhtix
Title: If somatic cells can only divide up to the Hayflick limit, how do people live longer than a few decades?
Author: insanelylogical
Score: 154
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 18
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656172007
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkhtix/if_somatic_cells_can_only_divide_up_to_the/
Text: I know not all cell types divide that frequently, but some like skin cells divide daily. It seems that it would not be that long before all skin cells have reached the Hayflick limit and eventually our skin will cease to function. 

Even if we replace skin cells with stem cells, I imagine that our source of stem cells is really limited.

ID: vkhz5z
Title: What advantage does the eye's (or brain's) white-balance-like system give, and how does it work?
Author: A-Delonix-Regia
Score: 2032
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 106
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656172460
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkhz5z/what_advantage_does_the_eyes_or_brains/
Text: So I have noticed that when I close my right eye for a while and keep my left eye open in broad daylight, I see warmer colours in my left eye and see cooler colours in my right eye when I open it. This is similar to the white balance in smartphone cameras.

But is there any evolutionary advantage to this? And how does it work?

ID: vkietu
Title: On what does it depend if invertebrates (or other animals) have oesophagus or gullet or both of them?
Author: Gloomy_Efficiency196
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656173693
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkietu/on_what_does_it_depend_if_invertebrates_or_other/
Text: Hey, recently I've been repeating my biology material related to invertebrates and I noticed that, when we were talking about theirs digestive systems some of them have throats (faucets/gullet), while others have oesophagus, or they have both of these structures. Is there here someone knowledgeable  in this topic?

ID: vkj294
Title: Why can't the pythons found in Florida be relocated back to Burma were they are endangered?
Author: ibs2pid
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.58
CommentCount: 16
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656175568
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkj294/why_cant_the_pythons_found_in_florida_be/
Text: I know they have a sort of "homing" that leads them to try and get back to where they were born but does it really work half a world away? If not, they wouldn't make it very far anyway across the oceans. What is keeping us from from just doing a mass capture/relocation for the Everglades pythons to help bolster the population in their native habitats? I know zoos have breeding and reintroduction programs for all sorts of animals. Why couldn't this be used for the python?

ID: vkj8gx
Title: if you have a circuit with an insulator, like rubber, in the middle of it, is it possible for the electricity to jump THROUGH the rubber and complete the circuit?
Author: DuckoPond
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.6
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656176050
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkj8gx/if_you_have_a_circuit_with_an_insulator_like/
Text: Like, say I have a wire running into a 5mm thick plate rubber plate that is floating on top of water. Is there any situation the electricity would be able to travel through the plate, and into the water?

ID: vkjiq0
Title: Does a candle lit in a room that has methane gas dispersed at a lower concentration than LFL gradually combust the methane molecules?
Author: NoStripeZebra1
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656176845
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkjiq0/does_a_candle_lit_in_a_room_that_has_methane_gas/
Text: LFL= Lower Flammability Limit

ID: vkjs11
Title: Does asexual reproduction causes the same genetic problems as incest?
Author: 5L91N
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656177610
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkjs11/does_asexual_reproduction_causes_the_same_genetic/
Text: 

ID: vkkapg
Title: How do explosions work? And what is deadly about them? Heat or air waves?
Author: Eggcellent_DTR
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.33
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656179119
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkkapg/how_do_explosions_work_and_what_is_deadly_about/
Text: 

ID: vkkh0e
Title: Why does added sugar seem to make us obese more than other foods?
Author: WoodPecker_69
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.66
CommentCount: 27
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656179635
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkkh0e/why_does_added_sugar_seem_to_make_us_obese_more/
Text: So I was reading this news article: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/aug/15/age-of-obesity-shaming-overweight-people. 

The author seems to suggest that between 1970 and today, sugar consumption in the USA has increased 39 times, and attributes this as a major cause the obesity epidemic. He pointed out that in 1970 people consumed slightly more calories but yet were thin.

I completely cut out all sweet tasting products from my life. I still eat around the same number of calories and yet in 6 months I've lost 40lbs of weight. Even when I was dieting and in calorie deficit but still consuming sugar, I struggled to lose weight. So I think there could be something true about this, as I don't even think about dieting nowadays and yet the weight just comes off anyway.

Does anyone here know why or how added sugar specifically would lead to rapid weight gain?

ID: vkkzac
Title: can phospholipids form micelles in water if agitated?
Author: futurettt
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.33
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656181095
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkkzac/can_phospholipids_form_micelles_in_water_if/
Text: Question in title. Since phospholipids naturally form bilayers, I was surprised by a study I found using phospholipid micelles to shield sperm in utero. 

The study for those interested:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29856778/

ID: vkkzr7
Title: What does net zero emissions mean?
Author: solipsistrealist
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.62
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656181133
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkkzr7/what_does_net_zero_emissions_mean/
Text: I continue seeing ads, reading articles, and more, surrounding companies meeting net zero emissions by a certain year. But this doesn’t sound like producing zero pollution. What does being a net zero emission company or country actually mean?

ID: vklldh
Title: Is kidney damage caused by acyclovir reversible?
Author: blmb_runt
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.6
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656182880
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vklldh/is_kidney_damage_caused_by_acyclovir_reversible/
Text: Also known as Valacyclovir, causes crystal deposits in kidney and blockage. It can even cause acute failure. So in case it's not acute is damage permanent?

ID: vklloc
Title: Is it possible that a planet somewhere has a serious variation in its rate of rotation during its orbit and what would be the effects?
Author: Sub7
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656182900
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vklloc/is_it_possible_that_a_planet_somewhere_has_a/
Text: 

ID: vkmn7b
Title: Patients with Locked-In Syndrome can move their eyes up and down, but not side to side. What is the difference in these neural systems that results in the divide?
Author: WaitForItTheMongols
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656185925
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkmn7b/patients_with_lockedin_syndrome_can_move_their/
Text: I would think the up/down and left/right movement systems would have a high degree of similarity, such that you should always be able to move either both or neither. Why is there this split where the eye movement is cut in half, where only the sideways movement is knocked out by the neurological conditions that generate Locked In Syndrome?

ID: vkmpoo
Title: Do creamer pitchers slow the growth of microbes in milk?
Author: FiercelyProud
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656186124
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkmpoo/do_creamer_pitchers_slow_the_growth_of_microbes/
Text: I work at a coffee shop and we are discussing keeping half n half from one day to the next after it's been sitting in a container that's partially closed. I've always been told most foods start to develop microbial colonies after about 4 hours, so I don't think it's a great idea, even if it's in the fridge overnight.

ID: vkmxvc
Title: What is the modern position of geneticists on Francis Galton's hypothesis about there being a dysgenic trend affecting human intelligence?
Author: danielgarciaromano
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656186802
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkmxvc/what_is_the_modern_position_of_geneticists_on/
Text: I was hearing people the other day claim that the accumulation of mutations caused by lower mortality rates (thus causing a wider variety of individuals with mutations to survive and reproduce) would result in an overall reduction of average human intelligence, over time.

Just wanted to get feedback from actual geneticists on that claim, as it is expounded more or less in this paper: [https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00361](https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00361). I think this sounds like a load of eugenic bullshit (and that the idea of a co-ocurrence of a dysgenic trend with the Flynn effect is methodologically unsound), but I don't think I have enough knowledge of the subject to actually assert so. 

Is this a fringe theory, or is there any support for it in current genetic studies?

ID: vkn7qa
Title: How did the red fox evolve to remain largely the same species in North America as in Europe?
Author: kattmedtass
Score: 101
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 19
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656187590
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkn7qa/how_did_the_red_fox_evolve_to_remain_largely_the/
Text: 

ID: vkpjho
Title: Why does low blood pressure make you shaky?
Author: Someragingpacifist
Score: 16
VoteRatio: 0.76
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656194446
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkpjho/why_does_low_blood_pressure_make_you_shaky/
Text: Everything I can find is just listing shakiness as a symptom of low blood pressure, but what is actually happening at a cellular level that causes your muscles to not work as well?

ID: vkpvmw
Title: How much do we understand about how different ethnicities in highly diverse societies display greater or lesser susceptibility to the health effects of every day life?
Author: stamosface
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.87
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656195461
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkpvmw/how_much_do_we_understand_about_how_different/
Text: As a Yemeni-American, I've noticed trends in how other first-gens from (loosely) similar regions and genetic backgrounds show greater susceptibility to certain diseases. 

I understand that we know, for example, that certain populations don't react well to alcohol on a genetic level, and have a greater propensity for addiction. Then, after enough generations of that, that population's gene pool has a greater physical tolerance or resistance to some of the negative effects of alcoholism. Yemen is an interesting case because many parts of it are inhabited by people who've resided there for such a long time and with so little mixing, relative to many other places.

Then of course there are the stark differences in lifestyles, and certain morphological or physiological advantages or disadvantages can become the opposite.

Do we understand more than this? I've read that genetics will require a quantum leap before we can more accurately analyze and predict disease susceptibility based on genetic markers, so I guess I'm just trying to get a read on how well we *actually* understand these topics, or even how we come to the conclusions we *can* draw.

ID: vkq2hf
Title: How are the amount of calories burned for any given activity calculated?
Author: NuevoLucha
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656196029
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkq2hf/how_are_the_amount_of_calories_burned_for_any/
Text: While I roughly grasp the concept of expressing energy through calories as a unit of measurement, I’m curious how scientifically one can reliably estimate calories “burned” for swimming compared to day cycling?

ID: vkrt2x
Title: What is the basis for having a sense of rhythm?
Author: Selfeducated
Score: 76
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 24
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656201466
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkrt2x/what_is_the_basis_for_having_a_sense_of_rhythm/
Text: It seems to be more involved than just good coordination. Has neuroscience ever studied it?

ID: vkrt60
Title: Is there any particular reason we ordered the human chromosome pairs the way we did?
Author: Anonymous_001307
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.6
CommentCount: 16
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656201474
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkrt60/is_there_any_particular_reason_we_ordered_the/
Text: 

ID: vks1m3
Title: We all know that gaining weight can be attributed to excessive caloric intake, but how fast does weight gain actually happen? Can we gain a pound or two in fat content over night? Does it take 24 hours for this pound or two to build up?
Author: HavokSTL
Score: 3339
VoteRatio: 0.95
CommentCount: 406
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656202234
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vks1m3/we_all_know_that_gaining_weight_can_be_attributed/
Text: 

ID: vks441
Title: How are foods/drinks analyzed for nutrition to be added to labels?
Author: cheers761
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.74
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656202472
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vks441/how_are_foodsdrinks_analyzed_for_nutrition_to_be/
Text: 

ID: vksgta
Title: What happens to the body exactly if someone is given a transfusion of the wrong blood type?
Author: mrwonderfull_
Score: 880
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 178
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656203654
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vksgta/what_happens_to_the_body_exactly_if_someone_is/
Text: Hello! 

I read a case recently where a young girl was given a lung and heart transplant, except the transplanted organs were of a completely wrong blood type then the patient. I was wondering what exactly happens if someone it given a pint (or more) of the wrong type of blood. 

And to step it up a notch further, what would happen to the body if all the blood in the body were to become a different type? Would the affect change with one blood type over another? 

Thanks for your responses in advance.

ID: vkstzp
Title: How exactly does an organism evolve?
Author: Glittering_Job_9536
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.6
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656204891
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkstzp/how_exactly_does_an_organism_evolve/
Text: I think this is for paleontologists? I'm not too sure honestly. 
I don't really have grasp on the process.
Is it just trying something over and over until it slowly appears. 
Or is the DNA somehow incentivised to do something for better or threatened procreation? 
Could someone provide me the proper key points?
Thank you for reading.

ID: vktgcp
Title: What allows animals with shorter life spans than humans (eg. Cats and dogs) to develop age related illnesses like arthritis and mental degradation in much shorter time spans?
Author: dundoniandood
Score: 20
VoteRatio: 0.72
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656207023
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vktgcp/what_allows_animals_with_shorter_life_spans_than/
Text: For example a 15 year old dog may suffer from arthritis or dementia, but it would take an average human a way longer time to start developing those issues typically.

ID: vktlsa
Title: Are physical formulas like T=0.5*mv^2 literally that precise in reality or is it simplification? Why is it ^2 and not ^1.99999 or ^2.00001?
Author: Ravery-net
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.66
CommentCount: 21
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656207540
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vktlsa/are_physical_formulas_like_t05mv2_literally_that/
Text: Important formulas in physics often have very "easy" coefficients and exponents. They seem so elegant, when otherwise the universe seems full of chaos and side-effects.

ID: vktwkx
Title: Are there good case studies of neural net interpretation leading to novel scientific theory/insight?
Author: Laddenvore
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656208594
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vktwkx/are_there_good_case_studies_of_neural_net/
Text: To clarify my question with a (semi) made up example: say we trained a DL model to take some input data to predict some outcome (eg. amino acid sequence to predict protein conformation). Say we also have very little idea how to relate the outcome to the predictors. Then we did some form of interpretability on the DL model and this led to novel theory/insight (eg. certain amino acid subsequences are highly likely to appear on the surface of the protein once it is folded). 

Are there good case studies of this sort of thing happening? Links to papers would be super appreciated.

(Disclaimer: I know very little biochemistry so my example might be wrong/nonsense/known without DL)

ID: vkuknn
Title: Why do deep-sea divers use mixed gases?
Author: xuuoR
Score: 72
VoteRatio: 0.85
CommentCount: 55
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656210870
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkuknn/why_do_deepsea_divers_use_mixed_gases/
Text: When I look this up I get the answer of "Gasses are greatly compressed underwater from the weight of all the water above, so while diving we are breathing compressed air"

I understand this concept but isn't a tank of air a closed loop? How does the water on the outside of the tank compress gas if the metal itself is the same shape? Sorry if I'm missing something.

Thanks.

ID: vkus7x
Title: Why does the moon seem to have significantly more craters at the poles?
Author: MovingOnYourLeft
Score: 36
VoteRatio: 0.79
CommentCount: 28
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656211601
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkus7x/why_does_the_moon_seem_to_have_significantly_more/
Text: 

ID: vkvwi3
Title: What exactly are instincts ?
Author: overthinkingtodeath
Score: 20
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656215519
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkvwi3/what_exactly_are_instincts/
Text: It is a beavers instinct to build a dam, okay, but what does that MEAN!!?? Like what part of the brain just goes “BEAVER BUILD DAM!!” How does that work, how can a part of your brain encode for building dams. I am a computer engineer and I’m thinking of it like someone codes into beavers brain to build dam BUT HOW IS IT PHYSICSLLY CODED BC THIS IS A BEAVER NOT A COMPUTER !!

ID: vkwbpe
Title: is the infinite amount of numbers between 0 and 1 smaller than the infinite amount of numbers between 0 and 2?
Author: thneeed
Score: 25
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 43
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656217027
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkwbpe/is_the_infinite_amount_of_numbers_between_0_and_1/
Text: my sister and i are going back and forth about this and i’m interested who is right or if we both are.

ID: vl5x7c
Title: More than 80 % of the ocean has never been mapped, explored, or even seen by humans. How we could benefit from discovering our aquatic world?
Author: Jenda_Smerda
Score: 13
VoteRatio: 0.68
CommentCount: 14
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656253740
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vl5x7c/more_than_80_of_the_ocean_has_never_been_mapped/
Text: Do you have some examples (in science, everyday life), how we could benefit from discovering our aquatic world?

ID: vl5ywo
Title: Can hamsters sense red light and infrared light?
Author: p90fans
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.72
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656253872
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vl5ywo/can_hamsters_sense_red_light_and_infrared_light/
Text: As per the title, I googled that but cannot find a source that gives a concrete answer. You may also teach me how to find of the answer of this question,

ID: vl6zg8
Title: Does someone lose the ability to digest milk if they don't drink it?
Author: Kelekona
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 13
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656256740
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vl6zg8/does_someone_lose_the_ability_to_digest_milk_if/
Text: I have a fictional character whose grandparents got a lot of their calories from cheese, but then his culture lost access to grazing animals so he hadn't had any milk since he was weaned.  If he started eating cheese at say ten years old, would he get sick?  Could it be corrected by seeding his gut with the right bacteria?

ID: vl8fio
Title: What caused this ring of flat land circling the end of the Appalachian range?
Author: rounding_error
Score: 366
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 23
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656260750
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vl8fio/what_caused_this_ring_of_flat_land_circling_the/
Text: From Corinth, Mississippi to Montgomery, Alabama, there is a large arc of flat land which stands out on satellite photos because it is mostly farms, surrounded by hilly, forested land.  It seems to perfectly encircle the southern end of the Appalachian mountain range, suggesting it was somehow created when the mountain range formed.  It's not a river valley because a few rivers seem to cross through it without following it.  What is it?

I've circled it here:  [https://i.redd.it/3ly4yk8flw791.png](https://i.redd.it/3ly4yk8flw791.png)

ID: vl8yjt
Title: Death Valley is 282’ below sea level. Would it offset the rising ocean to build a canal and create the Death Valley Sea?
Author: Smartnership
Score: 7800
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 160
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656262193
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vl8yjt/death_valley_is_282_below_sea_level_would_it/
Text: 

ID: vla426
Title: Does phosphorylation of CTD condition binding of RNA polymerase II with preinitiation complex?
Author: SneakyChada
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656265382
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vla426/does_phosphorylation_of_ctd_condition_binding_of/
Text: Does it or does it not is it phosphorylation or dephosphorylation?

ID: vlah4e
Title: Why is some cheese soft and elastic (like mozzarella), while other is hard and brittle (like parmesan)? What is the difference?
Author: iammerp
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656266397
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlah4e/why_is_some_cheese_soft_and_elastic_like/
Text: 

ID: vlbe7d
Title: How does a fetus develop stomach bacteria?
Author: None
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.8
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656268937
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlbe7d/how_does_a_fetus_develop_stomach_bacteria/
Text: 

ID: vlcbc6
Title: Does ingesting prostaglandin analogues reduce the body's own synthesis of prostaglandin?
Author: Acceptable_Clothes_9
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656271518
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlcbc6/does_ingesting_prostaglandin_analogues_reduce_the/
Text: I am wondering if it is similar where if you ingest certain vitamin supplements of which the body can synthesize on its own, there is plenty in the blood so the body doesn't synthesize the vitamin on its own anymore or as much.

ID: vlcjrz
Title: How do you determine coefficient of friction in different materials?
Author: aer0_nerd
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656272186
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlcjrz/how_do_you_determine_coefficient_of_friction_in/
Text: Generally referencing wheels on cars/things that spin

ID: vlcr67
Title: Does an equation or set of equations exist which would predict accurately the position of the sun in the sky at any time for any day of the year, for a given latitude, longitude, and elevation?
Author: Flurbybox
Score: 18
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656272769
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlcr67/does_an_equation_or_set_of_equations_exist_which/
Text: Solar panel sun tracking is why I ask. There are active trackers which use light sensors to change the angle of solar panels in order to maximize their efficiency. As an alternative if setting up a panel at a particular location, that locations position variables could be set statically and using date and time point the solar panel toward the predicted location of the sun in the sky.

I'm wondering if those functions/equations already exist.

ID: vldnc6
Title: What makes light able to pass through solid transparent materials?
Author: Cocoamix86
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 13
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656275335
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vldnc6/what_makes_light_able_to_pass_through_solid/
Text: You could have a foot of solid glass and light will still traverse through it, and yet a thin sheet of paper will block most of it.

ID: vle38h
Title: Why isn't balance a sense like smell or touch?
Author: BicephalousFlame
Score: 14
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 56
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656276568
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vle38h/why_isnt_balance_a_sense_like_smell_or_touch/
Text: 

ID: vlf0cx
Title: How does rabies evade the immune system?
Author: SciNonFi01
Score: 41
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656279153
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlf0cx/how_does_rabies_evade_the_immune_system/
Text: 

ID: vlfssd
Title: How long does monkeypox last on surfaces?
Author: janedoecurious
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.47
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656281433
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlfssd/how_long_does_monkeypox_last_on_surfaces/
Text: 

ID: vlghwh
Title: What is the slowest speed of movement a human eye/brain can perceive?
Author: LunacyNow
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656283510
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlghwh/what_is_the_slowest_speed_of_movement_a_human/
Text: We can see something like a snail move across the sidewalk but don't really notice something like a leaf growing. What is slow but fast enough for us to observe while watching it?

ID: vljacs
Title: Are there any retroviruses that infect bacteria?
Author: o-rka
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.6
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656292209
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vljacs/are_there_any_retroviruses_that_infect_bacteria/
Text: I'm wondering if there are any RNA viruses that infect bacteria.  All of the examples I know infect eukaryotes.

ID: vlk39p
Title: Would there be any treatment for radium poisoning if it happened today?
Author: Gloomy_Astronaut_570
Score: 41
VoteRatio: 0.84
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656294778
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlk39p/would_there_be_any_treatment_for_radium_poisoning/
Text: Just finished reading [Radium Girls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium_Girls) which is about girls in the 1920s who painted watch details using radium-laced paint, essentially ate the paint as part of the painting process, and then developed horrific effects in their bones, especially jaws. There was pretty much no treatment at the time, and I know that even in today there aren't many options to treat radiation sickness from like an attack, but would there be anything that could be done for cases like these? They lived in horrific pain for years after they more or less knew what was going on, making multiple women understandably suicidal.

ID: vlkeg1
Title: Where did the parietal eye originate?
Author: Billiam_Ball
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656295742
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlkeg1/where_did_the_parietal_eye_originate/
Text: Was there just a third patch if photoreceptive cells on the head of ancestral craniates, or is it more complex? Could this have theoretically evolved into a third “proper” eye?

ID: vlkkld
Title: Why is there a window in the absorption spectrum of Earth's atmosphere at a wavelength of 4 μm?
Author: 4thDevilsAdvocate
Score: 9
VoteRatio: 0.85
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656296279
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlkkld/why_is_there_a_window_in_the_absorption_spectrum/
Text: Looking at [the Wikipedia page for absorption bands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_band), it seems to me that there's a sizable window - i.e. a [local minimum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxima_and_minima) \- in the graph for [electromagnetic radiation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation) absorption, as per [this image](https://i.stack.imgur.com/jOhUm.png).

[Water vapor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_vapor), [oxygen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen), [ozone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone), and [methane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane) appear to be entirely transparent to radiation of 4 μm wavelength, [carbon dioxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide) only appears to start absorbing it *after* that point, and even [nitrous oxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxide) has a window there. Moreover, [Rayleigh scattering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayleigh_scattering) is also minimal there.

On top of *that*, [this Earth Science Stack Exchange answer](https://earthscience.stackexchange.com/questions/13620/does-anyone-have-absorption-coefficients-at-different-wavelengths-for-sulfur-dio/13621#13621) and [its source](https://earthscience.stackexchange.com/questions/13620/does-anyone-have-absorption-coefficients-at-different-wavelengths-for-sulfur-dio/13621#13621) show minimal (sub-0.5%) absorbance of [sulfur dioxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide) at that wavelength. Why is this? It seems like a rather odd coincidence for so many things to be transparent to 4 μm (a specific wavelength of mid-wavelength infrared) EM radiation.

As a coincidence, this is one of many parts why global warming is a thing, IIRC: mid-range infrared comes in through the 4 μm gap, gets soaked up by the Earth, and later gets re-radiated at different wavelengths that *do* get soaked up by the atmosphere.

I just don't know *why* there's a 4 μm gap there.

ID: vlkm5q
Title: Could someone explain qualitatively *why* atoms seek to fill their orbitals and become more stable when they do so?
Author: diprosyum
Score: 47
VoteRatio: 0.85
CommentCount: 17
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656296414
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlkm5q/could_someone_explain_qualitatively_why_atoms/
Text: For example, in terms of stability, what’s stopping a hydrogen atom from filling up its 2s orbital and remaining that way?

ID: vlls90
Title: How do Spacecraft and Satellite Electronics Deal With the Inability to Ground Themselves?
Author: JOSmith99
Score: 16
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656300152
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlls90/how_do_spacecraft_and_satellite_electronics_deal/
Text: I know that electronics can function without grounding, but I am curious how high-reliability electronics are made when grounding isn't an option.

ID: vlmhpe
Title: Why does taro root turn purple when cooked?
Author: InfinityCat27
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656302471
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlmhpe/why_does_taro_root_turn_purple_when_cooked/
Text: 

ID: vlmm8b
Title: Why do some birth controls stop your period?
Author: obamababe
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.79
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656302894
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlmm8b/why_do_some_birth_controls_stop_your_period/
Text: I was wondering why some birth controls lessen or completely get rid of your period. From what I understand some do this while others don’t. What’s the biological reason for this and what in birth controls causes it? Sorry is this is a dumb question, thanks a bunch 💜

ID: vlqlqe
Title: How does DNA control how an embryo grows?
Author: silver202m
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.79
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656318337
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlqlqe/how_does_dna_control_how_an_embryo_grows/
Text: I googled it and can’t figure it out, when a zygote starts developing into an embryo( I think that’s how it works) it’s one cell that’s starts dividing and dividing until you have a whole baby right, how does DNA show the way for all the cells to know how to divide? Develop?

ID: vlr8p0
Title: Can water erode rocks?
Author: MustBeHere
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.45
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656321062
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlr8p0/can_water_erode_rocks/
Text: Can clean water slowly erode rocks?  
I've oftentimes head of erosion due to river flow or ocean waves but I was wondering if it's the water itself or perhaps sand/rocks tumbling and hitting against each other that causes the erosion.

ID: vlv9bt
Title: Is there a difference between electrical impulses sent to the brain by different sensory organs (say, between an impulse sent by the inner ear and one sent by the optic nerve)?
Author: Savinsnsn
Score: 449
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 66
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656335674
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlv9bt/is_there_a_difference_between_electrical_impulses/
Text: Or are they the same type of electrical signal and the brain somehow differentiates between them to create different representations?

ID: vlvrxt
Title: Do animals have episodic memory?
Author: ScrollWithTheTimes
Score: 444
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 61
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656337225
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlvrxt/do_animals_have_episodic_memory/
Text: I was driving past an equestrian place the other day while there was a show happening. I drove past again the next day and all the horses were back in their fields quietly munching grass, and it got me wondering whether they had any memory of the previous day's events.

We know that animals are able to remember which plants or other animals are good to eat, and which ones are dangerous, but I wouldn't call this episodic memory. We also know that many animals can be trained to perform a certain action which they associate with a reward, but I doubt a dog is remembering what happened in training when told to sit - it's become an instinct. Conversely we know that abused dogs will exhibit fear of humans, of men, or of particular objects because of negative experiences associated with these things, but are the dogs remembering specific times that they were hurt by these things, or is it again just a learned instinct?

When we as humans recall a memory, we are to all intents and purposes experiencing a dulled down abbreviated version of the original sensory inputs that created it (although obviously the sensory neurons from the body aren't involved this time). We know that it's only a memory, but I'm wondering whether an animal would be able to make this distinction. Perhaps the horses in my introduction would become really confused as to why they were eating grass but at the same time being ridden around, hearing a crowd but at the same time not seeing one, then suddenly seeing a crowd but not hearing any noise, then chewing on grass again but at the same time feeling a bit in their mouths. Do animals possess the intelligence to distinguish memories from live experiences, or is this a reason why they can't possess episodic memory, because it would mess with their heads too much?

ID: vlw4yx
Title: Do viruses have any beneficial function at all for the ecosystem?
Author: navpirx
Score: 3442
VoteRatio: 0.95
CommentCount: 417
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656338313
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlw4yx/do_viruses_have_any_beneficial_function_at_all/
Text: 

ID: vlyx4q
Title: What is the CMB scattering or reflecting off of for us to see it?
Author: Nemarus
Score: 9
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656345818
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlyx4q/what_is_the_cmb_scattering_or_reflecting_off_of/
Text: When we see a distant star or galaxy, we are seeing light that is coming toward us from a luminous source.

When we see a planet, we are seeing light reflected back at us after scattering on the planet's surface.

But I've never understood how we 'see' the CMB. If it represents the early universe before any luminous structures existed (i.e. "background"), and that early universe is expanding away from us, what surface sent those photons toward us? Are they just flying in every random direction? 

I suspect I am just thinking about universal expansion incorrectly, but would love some clarification. Thanks!

ID: vm2aup
Title: Would childhood obesity make losing weight as an adult more difficult because of higher fat cell count or anything as as a result of it?
Author: TheTwelveYearOld
Score: 24
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656354491
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vm2aup/would_childhood_obesity_make_losing_weight_as_an/
Text: (I didn't get any answers on r/loseit and a mod on r/nutrition recommended to post this here)

I'm not going to quote any sources but correct me if I get anything wrong. I did some googling and reading on Reddit, and heard that when you grow up obese, your body makes more fat cells to store fat and that number gets locked in after adolescence, or they won't be made except under extreme circumstances afterwards. Also that generally childhood obesity makes the body have a tendency / more "biologically wired" to store fat or more fat.

Let's say I have person A and person B. A had childhood obesity while B didn't, and both have the same stats that would be put in a TDEE calculator like [this one](https://www.freedieting.com/calorie-calculator) (sex, age, physical activity, etc.) except for weight, but if they enter in the same weight, both would get the same TDEE Result. If they both ate, let's say 2000 calories a day, would person A weight noticeably more, or they weigh about the same (and any difference would just be the result of being 2 different people)?

ID: vm7vv8
Title: Why are clade diagrams structured the way they are?
Author: Catvanbrian
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656370552
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vm7vv8/why_are_clade_diagrams_structured_the_way_they_are/
Text: why is it always two divergences between clades? can a three-way divergence (three clades split from one at the same time) be made and what would that look like?

ID: vm7xzo
Title: Is it possible to have solid that absorbs only 1 type of liquid?
Author: Sain_x
Score: 30
VoteRatio: 0.74
CommentCount: 23
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656370716
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vm7xzo/is_it_possible_to_have_solid_that_absorbs_only_1/
Text: My friend asked me a question: 

I was wondering if we could made a solid that would suck the water but not the other liquids..

Honestly that made me think and I don’t have an answer…
Is it possible?

ID: vm7yzu
Title: 2 years later, do we have any data or suggestion on why people react so wildly differently to COVID?
Author: sadhukar
Score: 2984
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 418
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656370797
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vm7yzu/2_years_later_do_we_have_any_data_or_suggestion/
Text: How come most people get mild or no symptoms at all, and other people die? That's quite a range of afflictions. Do we know anymore than 2 years ago?

ID: vmewqr
Title: Why isn't everyone O blood type by now?
Author: Not_as_witty_as_u
Score: 25
VoteRatio: 0.81
CommentCount: 16
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656392317
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vmewqr/why_isnt_everyone_o_blood_type_by_now/
Text: "Two O blood type parents can produce a child with only O blood type. Two parents with A blood type can produce a child with either A or O blood types. Two parents with B blood type can produce a child with either B or O blood type. One parent with A and another with B can produce a child with A, B, AB or O blood types. If one parent has A and another has AB, they can either produce a child with A, B or AB blood types. If one parent has A and another has O, they can either produce a child with A or O blood types."

If most parental combinations can produce an O baby and two O's can only produce O, why isn't everyone O?

ID: vmn46h
Title: The Credibility and Ramifications of Ocean Fertilization Reducing Carbon?
Author: unsolicited_decency
Score: 37
VoteRatio: 0.79
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656422335
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vmn46h/the_credibility_and_ramifications_of_ocean/
Text: [The Highly Controversial Plan To Stop Climate Change](https://youtu.be/i4Hnv_ZJSQY)

I am not an environmental scientist, a climate scientist, nor a resource scientist, but I do have a fairly robust understanding of our current predicament in regards to climate change. The video I’ve linked presents Russ George, who claims that based upon his research, a planet wide bloom of phytoplankton could absorb a significant percentage of the world’s carbon. I have several questions about this.

Based on what I’ve seen, his message is backed by research. However, I’m unaware whether or not it is peer reviewed, or even seriously considered by others within his field. If it were to be true, then I would imagine climate scientists would be talking about this nonstop, but I’ve only just heard about it. I can’t tell, and any clarity on whether or not his work and claims are credible would be helpful.

If it is credible, then I have several further questions. What would be the ecological ramifications of having a phytoplankton bloom on a global scale? Beyond that, how much time would it buy humanity to switch over to carbon neutral methods of energy production?

Thank you in advance for any insight into this issue.

ID: vmnk7l
Title: What did the mile-high ice sheet covering North America look like?
Author: lightsong1610
Score: 355
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 37
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656423675
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vmnk7l/what_did_the_milehigh_ice_sheet_covering_north/
Text: I’ve read lots of references to the Laurentide ice sheet being a mile thick layer of ice covering Canada and part of the US but I’m struggling to visualize what this would look like. 

Did it eventually slope down to ground/sea level at its edges? Or could you walk on dry ground next to it with open air on one side and a mile high wall of ice on the other? 

What happened when it encountered mountains? Did the ice move like glaciers or did the sheet just add and lose ice at the edges? 

How did weather work over the ice sheet if for thousands of miles in any direction, the “ground” was a over 5,000 feet higher than the rest of the continent and surrounding oceans? Did clouds run into it and get stuck? Did they exist over it?

ID: vmp5ol
Title: Why does a woman’s risk of having a baby with Down Syndrome increase with her age, when women are born with all the eggs they will ever ovulate?
Author: heinz_inthecity
Score: 6632
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 471
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656428089
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vmp5ol/why_does_a_womans_risk_of_having_a_baby_with_down/
Text: I just don’t understand why the risk of “producing” an egg - or ovulating an egg - with an extra copy of chromosome 21 increases with age, when the woman has all her fully formed eggs in her ovaries at birth? 

Or do the ovaries for some reason start to ovulate more eggs with the extra chromosome 21 as a woman ages?

ID: vmz88a
Title: What is happening is physiologically happening in the brain when a person experiences brain zaps?
Author: ty88-1
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656453901
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vmz88a/what_is_happening_is_physiologically_happening_in/
Text: 

ID: vn3u6a
Title: Theoretically, can someone have one healthy lung and one asthmatic lung?
Author: RoseXing1007
Score: 74
VoteRatio: 0.85
CommentCount: 32
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656467430
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vn3u6a/theoretically_can_someone_have_one_healthy_lung/
Text: This is a completely hypothetical question with no real world applications, coming from spiraling about donating blood, then plasma, then organs. 

If someone with asthma had other underlying health conditions and needed a lung transplant, but only one, and got a healthy lung--- Would they then have one healthy lung and one lung with asthma? 

Where does asthma reside in the body? In the lungs themselves or is there a 'control center' somewhere, where the healthy transplanted lung would also 'get' asthma? 

If not, how would the lungs function in an asthma attack? Would they breathe differently? Can lungs breathe independently of each other?

ID: vn6tym
Title: Is creatinine kinase included in total protein levels?
Author: Careless-Tie-5005
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656476569
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vn6tym/is_creatinine_kinase_included_in_total_protein/
Text: pathology question: I was wondering whether or not high CK would cause a high total protein or if total protein doesn’t include CK.

ID: vn6wtl
Title: Does air density change based on temperatures?
Author: FoFfEvErYoNe
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 22
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656476827
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vn6wtl/does_air_density_change_based_on_temperatures/
Text: In Baseball, it is commonly stated that the ball will travel more (distance) once the weather warms up.  My curiosity is if that 1. Is actually true 2. Does having an enclosed stadium with a roof and controlled environment change this factor?

ID: vnaivi
Title: Are there any extremophiles that could survive on somewhere like titan?
Author: Original-Passenger75
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.65
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656490176
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnaivi/are_there_any_extremophiles_that_could_survive_on/
Text: And if they were to survive given enough time would that lead to the developing of extremely diverse and complex life such as the ones found here on earth?

ID: vncch9
Title: How does calcium overload lead to cell death (e.g. neurons)?
Author: greekFoodRocks
Score: 16
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656497637
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vncch9/how_does_calcium_overload_lead_to_cell_death_eg/
Text: 

ID: vncfwt
Title: Why do RBC's get bigger or smaller depending on whether Vitamin B12 or Iron is deficient?
Author: AadiRimal_5
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656497982
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vncfwt/why_do_rbcs_get_bigger_or_smaller_depending_on/
Text: I have studied that in Vitamin B12 deficiency, there is macrocytic (big celled) RBC production, whereas when there is a lack of iron, there is a microcytic (small celled) RBC production.

I know that vitamin B12 is required for DNA synthesis, and iron is required as a part of the heme group of hemoglobin, but why do the deficiencies have such different outcomes?

ID: vncqpf
Title: What does "the brain finishes developing at 25" really mean?
Author: Amazing-Steak
Score: 4124
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 393
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656499104
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vncqpf/what_does_the_brain_finishes_developing_at_25/
Text: This seems to be the latest scientific fact that the general population has latched onto and I get pretty skeptical when that happens. It seems like it could be the new "left-brain, right-brain" or "we only use 10% of our brains" myth.

I don't doubt that there's truth to the statement but what does it actually mean for our development and how impactful is it to our lives? Are we effectively children until then?

ID: vnd6zl
Title: If a baby was removed with the umbilical cord and placenta intact and somehow kept it from going bad - could the born baby absorb oxygen from water through the placenta - being able to breathe underwater?
Author: mudplugg
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.49
CommentCount: 19
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656500825
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnd6zl/if_a_baby_was_removed_with_the_umbilical_cord_and/
Text: 

ID: vndcfx
Title: Why is titanium dioxide used in supplements?
Author: PrOxyMoron21
Score: 34
VoteRatio: 0.85
CommentCount: 16
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656501389
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vndcfx/why_is_titanium_dioxide_used_in_supplements/
Text: What other purposes would Titanium dioxide serve in a supplement other than colour enhancement/ whitener?

ID: vne2yw
Title: Is DLCO affected by changes in perfusion?
Author: MedSJO
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.56
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656503903
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vne2yw/is_dlco_affected_by_changes_in_perfusion/
Text: I am a medical student and I am currently going through pulmonary physiology. I understand the concepts of diffusion and perfusion-limited gases, but there is one point in my physiology textbook which I cannot seem to understand.

When discussing DLCO, the textbook states that CO is a diffusion-limited gas. It then goes on to discuss the effects of changes in flow (Q) on DLCO and how doubling or halving flow does not impact DLCO, supporting that it is a diffusion not perfusion-limited gas. But I do not get why changing Q would not affect DLCO. Here is my take on it: Arterial CO pressure does not equilibrate with alveolar CO pressure by the end of the pulmonary capillary (i.e., diffusion-limited), but it still does rise slightly to some value lower than that of the alveoli. So wouldn’t increasing flow decrease contact time and thus cause an even lower arterial CO pressure throughout the pulmonary capillary and thus the gradient for CO diffusion would be greater than at lower flow rates? And therefore, a higher DLCO?

In support of my understanding, increased DLCO can be observed in obesity and is attributed to increased pulmonary blood flow in these patients.

Noteworthy to mention, the textbook does assume that pulmonary capillary dimensions are constant with changing flow. But still, I do not believe this would make the above reasoning false.

Thank you in advance!

ID: vnf4jc
Title: Do birds like Flamingos that don't have quill knobs (but still have feathers) have some other structures that indicate the presence of feathers?
Author: VoteForGodzilla
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656507193
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnf4jc/do_birds_like_flamingos_that_dont_have_quill/
Text: If a group of people, who don't know anything about this bird, were to find its bones then how would they determine whether it had feathers or not???

ID: vngi7a
Title: Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science
Author: AutoModerator
Score: 137
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 85
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656511213
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vngi7a/ask_anything_wednesday_engineering_mathematics/
Text: Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on **Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science**

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

**Asking Questions:**

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

**Answering Questions:**

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. [The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/wiki/index#wiki_answering_askscience). In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, [please refer to the information provided here](https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/about/sticky).

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts [can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/search?q=flair%3A%27meta%27&restrict_sr=on&sort=new&t=all). Ask away!

ID: vnoot1
Title: How do USB devices communicate their purpose with computers?
Author: MinecraftSplashText
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.7
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656532739
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnoot1/how_do_usb_devices_communicate_their_purpose_with/
Text: How does a mouse tell a computer that it is a mouse, and not a USB cord trying to charge something?

How does a USB charging cable tell a computer whether it wants to charge a device or transmit data?

ID: vnqfpw
Title: How do urine drug tests work? In particular, how come the presence of two bands (test + control) means there is NO drug present
Author: britainpls
Score: 85
VoteRatio: 0.81
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656537189
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnqfpw/how_do_urine_drug_tests_work_in_particular_how/
Text: Urine drug tests that rely on dipsticks seem really counterintuitive. There, the presence of two bands (test + control), no matter how faint, means that the sample is **negative** for the drug tested. On the other hand, the absence of a band in the test area means the sample is **positive**. 

This is of course the 'opposite' of how COVID-antigen tests work. Moreover, if the test is detecting the drug (or a secondary metabolite) through immunocolorimetry, the way these tests work make little sense.

Could anybody explain? It'd be greatly appreciated.

ID: vnr9az
Title: How does the autism test on adults work?
Author: jorgebascur
Score: 16
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656539309
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnr9az/how_does_the_autism_test_on_adults_work/
Text: I've recently seen a post about a female singer I follow, and how she recently was diagnosed with autism, and I'm curious about how the adult testing is related to the infant testing: their similarities and differences.

I gave that example of the female singer, but eventually I would like to test myself, and I'd like to have the info available, to consider.

ID: vnrau5
Title: Is mental acuity the same as we age?
Author: thoro36
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656539423
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnrau5/is_mental_acuity_the_same_as_we_age/
Text: Hi, i'm asking if the brain,mind is the same for someone at 16 and for 28 in mental ability(focus,memorization,mental sharpness etc..) without any change in general health? (for a healthy person)

ID: vns1bt
Title: How did pre-modern Plains inhabitants survive tornadoes?
Author: shibbster
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.8
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656541352
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vns1bt/how_did_premodern_plains_inhabitants_survive/
Text: I'm talking about folks that lived in "Tornado Alley" before basements or "hard buildings" existed. How did pre-Colombian Native Americans survive the severe weather that is relatively unique to the American heartland? How did the first, second, or third generation of European colonists survive some of the most destructive weather on our planet with little to no warning? I'm aware that weather has gotten more severe after industrialization but I really don't know how the random nomadic Native tribe managed to not get killed when an EF2 dropped down a mile away

ID: vnu2nq
Title: Did we know about dinosaurs before fossils?
Author: Stars2dust
Score: 22
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 16
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656546869
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnu2nq/did_we_know_about_dinosaurs_before_fossils/
Text: Were dinosaurs theorized to have existed before fossil evidence was found?

ID: vnuzbi
Title: Do elephants have a sense of smell proportionate to the size of their trunk?
Author: Happy1327
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.68
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656549566
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnuzbi/do_elephants_have_a_sense_of_smell_proportionate/
Text: How good is their sense of smell compared to other animals with an excellent sense of smell. Do they have a keen sense of smell as dogs or cats or pigs for instance?

ID: vnvx6n
Title: How can bones last so long outside the body (such as a skeleton after the person/animal dies) yet become brittle and weak with age during a shorter period in the body (e.g. dogs in 15 years)?
Author: Garglebarghests
Score: 375
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 44
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656552359
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnvx6n/how_can_bones_last_so_long_outside_the_body_such/
Text: Update: this blew up more than I thought!! Thank you so much for everyone providing explanations!

ID: vnw6y7
Title: Any proof that getting waxed actually ‘lessens hair growth’—or effect it at all?
Author: writepielie
Score: 875
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 181
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656553153
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnw6y7/any_proof_that_getting_waxed_actually_lessens/
Text: 

ID: vnwa06
Title: Does a having a high school pep rally before a football game increase the odds of winning the game in any measurable way?
Author: pleaseatme
Score: 39
VoteRatio: 0.72
CommentCount: 14
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656553410
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnwa06/does_a_having_a_high_school_pep_rally_before_a/
Text: 

ID: vnwnq4
Title: Does the brain go through any physiological changes when the person is in coma? And are there any differences between medically induced coma?
Author: les_ignorantt
Score: 889
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 46
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656554543
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnwnq4/does_the_brain_go_through_any_physiological/
Text: 

ID: vnxfy1
Title: Do the least advanced animals, speaking in terms of intelligence, have or employ a primitive way of counting?
Author: param_T_extends_THOT
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 15
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656556892
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnxfy1/do_the_least_advanced_animals_speaking_in_terms/
Text: For example, does one fish in a school of fish -- no pun intended --  have a concept of numbers by seeing how populated by other fishes his  immediate surroundings are and "feeling lonely" or "in danger" if there  are not as many fishes?

ID: vnxpva
Title: What does having more SNPs for the genetic pathways mentioned in this paper by Nature mean?
Author: abracadabra_iii
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656557733
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnxpva/what_does_having_more_snps_for_the_genetic/
Text: https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/36/1/127/5146762

Nature published this article which basically takes a look at the change in # of snips within various genetic pathways between Neolithic/Bronze Age Europeans and modern Europeans.

Certain pathways clearly lost associated SNPs while others gained some. What does this mean for these genetic pathways to have more or less associated SNPs?

Does each pathway correspond to a singular trait or set of traits?

Does having more SNPs mean these traits are expressed to a higher degree / magnitude?

For example, hsa04114 	Oocyte meiosis

Or 

hsa04740 	Olfactory transduction

And 

hsa05204 	Chemical carcinogenesis 


Thanks for any help / input

ID: vnziq5
Title: How do scientists measure a persons "energy" (endurance, alertness / opposite of tired / fatigue)?
Author: GodOfTheThunder
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.65
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656563438
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnziq5/how_do_scientists_measure_a_persons_energy/
Text: 

ID: vnzitf
Title: Are there any studies on linguistic similarities between geographically separate cultures?
Author: SkumPunk
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.63
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656563447
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnzitf/are_there_any_studies_on_linguistic_similarities/
Text: Example: similarities in how words are formed in indigenous languages of the americas and the indigenous languages of African cultures.

ID: vnzlfa
Title: Why do forehead thermometers need to point in the direct center of the forehead? Why can’t we take readings on other parts of the forehead?
Author: sgrams04
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.43
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656563683
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnzlfa/why_do_forehead_thermometers_need_to_point_in_the/
Text: The instructions on my thermometer show a very specific point to take a reading. Why is that? I’ve noticed the areas on the outside boundary of my forehead do read warmer, but for what reason is that not the true reading and the middle is?

ID: vo08oe
Title: What is the Difference between Internal Energy and the other Energies (Enthalpy, Helmholtz, Gibbs)?
Author: Kipkeny
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656565877
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vo08oe/what_is_the_difference_between_internal_energy/
Text: I am aware of the definitions of each of the energies (H=U+PV, F=U-TS, G=U+PV-TS), but I am still not sure what information you gain from these. If U has a different value at different values of P and T why would that include the energy necessary to bring it to that state? I feel like I’m missing something basic here. What is the use of these other forms?

ID: vo5n83
Title: AskScience AMA Series: We're NASA asteroid experts! ¡Somos expertos en asteroides de la NASA! Ask us anything (in English and Spanish/en inglés y en español) about near-Earth objects and how we're working to protect Earth from potentially hazardous asteroids!
Author: AskScienceModerator
Score: 1334
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 215
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656586803
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vo5n83/askscience_ama_series_were_nasa_asteroid_experts/
Text: ¡Somos expertos en asteroides de la NASA! ¡Pregúntanos cualquier cosa (en inglés y en español) sobre objetos cercanos a la Tierra y cómo trabajamos para protegerla de asteroides potencialmente peligrosos!

-----


Today, June 30, is International Asteroid Day-but at NASA, every day is asteroid day!

Asteroids are rocky, airless remnants left over from the early formation of our solar system about 4.6 billion years ago and NASA and our partners are always looking to the skies to study these ancient time capsules. From our missions [to explore the Trojan asteroids in Jupiter's orbit](https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/lucy/in-depth/) and [bring a piece of an asteroid back to Earth](https://www.nasa.gov/osiris-rex), to our [efforts to find, track and monitor asteroids](https://www.nasa.gov/specials/pdco/index.html) and other near-Earth objects to protect our planet from potential impact hazards, we're uncovering the history of our solar system while working to keep our future safe.

Ask our experts anything about what we're learning from asteroids, how we're protecting the Earth, and much more!

Talent:​

+ Lindley Johnson, NASA Planetary Defense Officer, NASA Headquarters
+ L.A. Lewis, FEMA Detailee, NASA Planetary Defense Program Officer, NASA Headquarters
+ Dr. Shantanu Naidu, Navigation Engineer, NASA Center for Near-Earth Object Studies (CNEOS)
+ Dr. Joe Masiero, NEOWISE Deputy Principal Investigator & NEO Surveyor team member, Caltech
+ Dr. Carolyn Ernst, DRACO Instrument Scientist, JHU APL
+ Prof. Vishnu Reddy, Associate Professor, University of Arizona
+ Dr. Lucas Paganini, Program Scientist, NASA Headquarters - Spanish-Speaking Expert

-----

Hoy, 30 de junio, es el Día internacional del asteroide, pero en la NASA, ¡todos los días son días de asteroides!

Los asteroides son restos rocosos sin atmósfera que quedaron de la formación temprana de nuestro sistema solar hace unos 4.600 millones de años. La NASA y sus socios miran constantemente al cielo para estudiar estas antiguas cápsulas del tiempo. Desde nuestras misiones para explorar los asteroides troyanos en la órbita de Júpiter y traer un trozo de asteroide de vuelta a la Tierra, hasta nuestros esfuerzos para encontrar, rastrear y monitorear asteroides y otros objetos cercanos a la Tierra para proteger nuestro planeta de posibles peligros de impacto, estamos descubriendo la historia de nuestro sistema solar mientras trabajamos para mantener nuestro futuro seguro.

Pregunta a nuestros expertos cualquier cosa que quieras saber sobre lo que estamos aprendiendo de los asteroides, cómo estamos protegiendo a la Tierra y mucho más.

Talento:

+ Lindley Johnson, Oficial de Defensa Planetaria de la NASA, Sede de la NASA
+ L.A. Lewis, Oficial del Programa de Defensa Planetaria de la NASA, Sede de la NASA
+ Dr. Shantanu Naidu, Ingeniero de navegación, Centro de estudios de objetos cercanos a la Tierra de la NASA (CNEOS)
+ Dr. Joe Masiero, Investigador principal adjunto de NEOWISE y miembro el equipo del telescopio NEO Surveyor, Instituto de Ciencia Planetaria
+ Dra. Carolyn Ernst, científica del instrumento DRACO, JHU APL
+ Prof. Vishnu Reddy, Profesor Asociado, Universidad de Arizona
+ Dr. Lucas Paganini, Program Scientist, NASA Headquarters - Experto hispanohablante

-----

Our guests will be joining us at 12:00 - 1:30 p.m. EDT. Please forgive the moderator over formatting difficulties.

Nuestros invitados llegan a las 12:00 a 1:30 p.m. (UTC-4). Por favor, perdone al moderador por las dificultades de formato.

Username/Usuario: /u/nasa


-----

**EDIT**: That’s a wrap for this AMA – thanks to everyone for your great questions! You can learn more about asteroids on NASA’s [Asteroid Watch](https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/asteroid-watch) and [Planetary Defense Coordination Office](https://www.nasa.gov/specials/pdco/index.html) websites – and follow us on Twitter at [AsteroidWatch](https://twitter.com/AsteroidWatch) and [NASASolarSystem](https://twitter.com/NASASolarSystem).

ID: voaibc
Title: Does the abundance of heavy metals in coal imply that they used to be more abundant in the biosphere?
Author: SpikeMF
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656601358
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/voaibc/does_the_abundance_of_heavy_metals_in_coal_imply/
Text: One of the (many) environmental considerations of burning coal is the release of heavy metals, specifically lead and mercury.  Since coal is the compressed remains of (mostly plant) organisms in the distant past, does that mean that such metals used to be much more abundant in the tissue of life on earth?

If not, is the process of how they got there understood?  If so, does that imply that life on earth used to be more adapted to elevated levels of heavy metals?

ID: voc4on
Title: Is psilocin a full or partial 5-HT2A agonist?
Author: OutliersOutlier
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.43
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656605502
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/voc4on/is_psilocin_a_full_or_partial_5ht2a_agonist/
Text: I've seen it described as both in the literature. Is there a definitive answer somewhere?

ID: vocgvs
Title: When we take “pictures” of atoms, what are we actually seeing?
Author: declan_B
Score: 35
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656606358
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vocgvs/when_we_take_pictures_of_atoms_what_are_we/
Text: As far as what I’ve been taught, atoms are almost entirely empty space. So when the “pictures” are taken (I know that they aren’t technically pictures) what are we looking at? The nuclei? The valence shells? What is actually bring seen? [Here is an example of a picture that I am talking about.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/A_Boy_and_His_Atom_Movie_Stills_%288675821573%29.jpg)

ID: vocu1v
Title: Is it really true that permafrost actually holds some ancient microorganism and how dangerous it is in our era today ?
Author: KeyCompetition8534
Score: 16
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656607306
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vocu1v/is_it_really_true_that_permafrost_actually_holds/
Text: 

ID: voef3y
Title: Does opening medicine container (pills) affect expire date?
Author: djm2467
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.6
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656611475
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/voef3y/does_opening_medicine_container_pills_affect/
Text: Once a container with pills is opened (only opened once, than closed after about a minute), does that have any effect on the expiry date of the drug? Or does it remain the same regardless of whether the container has/hasn’t been opened at all

ID: voeh07
Title: How sustainable and efficient are hydrogen fuel and hydrogen fuel systems, and what is the resulting byproduct from its production?
Author: Tempura_Daddy
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 19
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656611615
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/voeh07/how_sustainable_and_efficient_are_hydrogen_fuel/
Text: 

ID: voeknm
Title: How far could a modern human go back though evolution and still be able to reproduce successfully with said ‘earlier humans’?
Author: writepielie
Score: 207
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 62
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656611884
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/voeknm/how_far_could_a_modern_human_go_back_though/
Text: 

ID: vofcy8
Title: Does all life on earth originate from the same source? In other words, do humans and cabbages share a common ancestor?
Author: BeardSpock
Score: 580
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 132
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656613895
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vofcy8/does_all_life_on_earth_originate_from_the_same/
Text: 

ID: voifrk
Title: Does the chemical balance of the brain cause depression or is it an expression of it?
Author: Tokentaclops
Score: 20
VoteRatio: 0.74
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656621952
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/voifrk/does_the_chemical_balance_of_the_brain_cause/
Text: How would we know the difference? 

It seems a very important point to understand how to prevent and treat depression. The extend to which depression is being talked about almost as a purely physical ailment like a broken leg or a weak heart in modern culture has helped destigmatize it but it just makes me wonder if this is really the right way to think about it. 

Thinking about it as a syndrome seems to put the problem on the shoulders of the individual rather than their enviroment (and vice versa).

Any input would be appreciated. Maybe some neurobiological insight?

Edit: arguably this is a psychology or even philosophy question but I'm specifically interested to know if any neurobiological research has been done on this.

ID: vojocu
Title: Why do we have baby teeth and adult teeth?
Author: r_f4h4d_
Score: 263
VoteRatio: 0.87
CommentCount: 199
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656625209
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vojocu/why_do_we_have_baby_teeth_and_adult_teeth/
Text: What's the difference in composition between the two sets? Is there a reason why we can't develop adult teeth in replace of baby teeth and only live with the one set?

I imagined that perhaps as your increased calcium intake had something to do with it. Are there any conditions that can affect this transition, is it even necessary?

TIA

ID: vojx5o
Title: There are a lot of articles about how lead poisoning (especially from fumes of motorcicle exhausts) affected US citizens. what about the rest of the world?
Author: se_nicknehm
Score: 2647
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 285
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656625849
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vojx5o/there_are_a_lot_of_articles_about_how_lead/
Text: i know for a fact that fuel enriched with lead was also used outside of the USA. yet, i realy can't find anything about it. my last post was completely ignored. i'd appreciate any info

ID: voqnw6
Title: How much does your quantity of blood fluctuate on a day to day basis?
Author: AnarchyPigeon2020
Score: 17
VoteRatio: 0.74
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656645583
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/voqnw6/how_much_does_your_quantity_of_blood_fluctuate_on/
Text: So I read that your body generates on average 50mL of blood every day. So what happens to the old blood? Where does it go? 

So blood cells die and deteriorate just like any other type of cell, but what happens to the blood then? Do your other cells absorb the collapsed blood cells? 

I guess I'm also meaning to ask, if your circulatory system is, for the most part, a closed loop system, what happens to blood cells when they die? Where do they go? 

And, this may be the weirdest question of all, what are the long term effects of blood doping? 

So your body has roughly 10 pints of blood in it. You take out a pint and refrigerate it, then wait for your body to regenerate 1 pint worth of blood, bringing your total back up to 10. 

Then you put that first pint *back* into your body. Does your body just permanently have more blood now? Does it sense that there's more than usual and stop producing new blood until the amount returns to normal? What happens there?

ID: vor4qm
Title: What are electrolytes? I know what they DO, but I don't know what they ARE.
Author: Gratuitous_Nerdity
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.85
CommentCount: 18
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656647046
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vor4qm/what_are_electrolytes_i_know_what_they_do_but_i/
Text: Are they minerals? Vitamins? Tiny alien symbiotes? Some sort of fancy salt?

ID: votfji
Title: Does pressure affect the way atoms bond? Are there any compounds/reactions that are not possible at NTP but could be if the reactants are placed in a chamber with a higher/lower pressure?
Author: ModernVintage15
Score: 27
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656654875
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/votfji/does_pressure_affect_the_way_atoms_bond_are_there/
Text: We all know how pressure affects intermolecular forces, but how about *inner* molecular forces?

ID: votl52
Title: Can someone explain to me the science behind tanning oils "lowering the refractive index of the skin"?
Author: GhostJY7
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656655401
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/votl52/can_someone_explain_to_me_the_science_behind/
Text: I'm doing some research on the effects of UV radiation on skin and found that there is not much literature on exactly how tanning oils help the skin to darken faster/better. After reading around, the common phrase I come across is that it "lowers the refractive index of the skin" to permit greater penetration of radiation, but what does that phrase mean??

My thought is more inclined to the tanning oil refracting light like how immersion oil in light microscopy would refract light, but what does that have to do with the refractive index of skin?

The other explanation is in the moisturizing property of the oil sustaining the substrate accumulation for the melanocytes.

\*correct me if I'm wrong\*

ID: votq8u
Title: Gases and liquids are fluids, but solids aren’t. Does plasma, the fourth state of matter, count as a fluid?
Author: Ninjas-and-stuff
Score: 148
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 44
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656655899
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/votq8u/gases_and_liquids_are_fluids_but_solids_arent/
Text: Most of my search results are giving me information on blood plasma, and I’m not finding a clear yes or no about the kind of plasma I actually want to know about. Is the definition of fluid absolutely applicable to plasma the same way it is for liquids and gases, or is it just used as a theoretical condition to lay down a framework for studying its behavior? Or, is it a “yes, but more complicated” situation kind of like how light is both a particle and a wave?

ID: vov99e
Title: Is it possible that life on earth originated from extraterrestrial origins? Such as Eukaryotic/Prokaryotic cells attached to a meteor that hit earth?
Author: -tarinitup-
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.74
CommentCount: 18
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656661780
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vov99e/is_it_possible_that_life_on_earth_originated_from/
Text: 

ID: vovcpg
Title: Is nuclidic stability impacted by environmental factors (e.g. temperature, pressure, gravity, etc.) or purely a consequence of nucleus composition?
Author: nicholasdwilson
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.6
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656662177
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vovcpg/is_nuclidic_stability_impacted_by_environmental/
Text: i.e. are there any conditions under which heavier elements do not undergo radioactive decay?

ID: voz867
Title: How are cancer rates going up when we've made regulations on regulations to control carcinogen use?
Author: matthewv1998
Score: 309
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 150
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656677097
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/voz867/how_are_cancer_rates_going_up_when_weve_made/
Text: as the title says, it just seems like cancer rates are going up, but we've made tons of regulations, warnings and other things to show, limit or stop use of carcinogens. to me this means cancer rates should trend down. but they're not?? what would cause this in modern society???  are genes less healthy?? is our food worse?? are products really not that clean??

ID: vp0rp9
Title: How can the liver break down so many different chemicals?
Author: TheCoop1986
Score: 56
VoteRatio: 0.79
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656681802
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vp0rp9/how_can_the_liver_break_down_so_many_different/
Text: The liver is where a lot of chemical compounds are broken down into useful or waste compounds. But how does the liver correctly handle so many different compounds? There are literally thousands and thousands of different compounds we can ingest, how do the liver cells know how to deal with each one correctly?

ID: vp0tcz
Title: What’s the minimum density needed to form a black hole?
Author: Dagreifers
Score: 1325
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 317
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656681934
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vp0tcz/whats_the_minimum_density_needed_to_form_a_black/
Text: Is this a stupid question? Or does it depend? I thought that the answer is constant, but when I googled it I couldn’t find the answer, only irrelevant things, can someone answer this question?

Edit: aight guys this is solved thanks for the help.

ID: vp2s8l
Title: Are there differences between genetic modification of animals and plants??
Author: TheBananaBagel
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.56
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656687401
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vp2s8l/are_there_differences_between_genetic/
Text: Hi there, confused EPQ student here.

I'm researching genetic modification and I'm just wondering about the differences between the GM of plants and animals, if there even are any. It wouldn't be a big deal if not, I just wanted to make a clarification at the start of the section I'm writing as I'm only covering cattle GM.

Thanks in advance!

ID: vp3wcu
Title: The behavior of dogs towards humans has changed as they have been domesticated. Has their behavior towards other dogs changed as well?
Author: f0rgotten
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.81
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656690321
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vp3wcu/the_behavior_of_dogs_towards_humans_has_changed/
Text: Basically the title, not sure how to elaborate.

ID: vp7luv
Title: How does mixing magmas of different types cause large explosive volcanic eruptions?
Author: Charyou-Tree
Score: 152
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656700288
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vp7luv/how_does_mixing_magmas_of_different_types_cause/
Text: I've read from several different sources that when a fresh injection of basaltic magma intrudes into a more silica-rich magma chamber under a volcano, some sort of reaction happens that ultimately leads to a large explosive eruption. I've specifically heard this implicated for the 19th century Krakatoa eruption, where people point to volcanic rock of varying color bands indicating partially mixed magmas that cooled preserving the different rock types. 

However, these sources don't mention a mechanism for this. Is there some sort of chemical reaction between the different magmas? Is it a physical reaction relating to different temperature/density/viscosity/gas content/something else?

What leads two bodies of relatively stable magma to generate immense pressure and explode when mixed together?

ID: vpdtn8
Title: Can a gun firing bullets conduct electricity in a direction like how ocelot does in mgs3?
Author: virgilthemonk
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.28
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656717429
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpdtn8/can_a_gun_firing_bullets_conduct_electricity_in_a/
Text: In this clip https://youtu.be/tzODRWtEsXs at 14:35 volgin shoots electric bolts and ocelot literally shoots them away from him. While i am aware of how incredibly stupid the question and the source of the question are in terms of reality, is it possible to conduct electrical discharges away from you by firing a gun?

ID: vpdumo
Title: Will a small puncture at a vein cause more bleeding than a puncture elsewhere through the skin?
Author: Proper-Slide-6095
Score: 2572
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 136
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656717512
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpdumo/will_a_small_puncture_at_a_vein_cause_more/
Text: I was trimming bushes when I noticed a small thorn stuck itself into my knuckle. My finger looked normal and didn't hurt, so I removed the small thorn and continued trimming. 30 seconds or so later I raise the same hand up again and noticed I had blood all over the finger, and some had dripped onto my pants. By the time I noticed this it had already stopped bleeding.

Did the thorn hit a vein or something, and removing it caused the area to bleed so much until it clotted? The area now has a bruise around a half inch in diameter.

This thorn was incredibly small, and the puncture isn't even noticeable. It's really hard for me to believe such a small "injury" could cause so much blood. How could that much blood escape an invisible little puncture in only 30 seconds?

I'm disappointed I didn't get to witness it.

Edit: I'm glad this post got more attention than my popular comment about shirtless Li Shang from Mulan and the sexual awakening it inspired in me as a kid

ID: vpduvd
Title: What happens after a hormone binds with a receptor?
Author: ASpiderling
Score: 230
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656717531
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpduvd/what_happens_after_a_hormone_binds_with_a_receptor/
Text: For example: Insulin binds to the insulin receptor, which causes a chain of events to happen to ultimately move GLUT4. 

After insulin binds to the receptor, what happens to insulin itself? Does it get released from the receptor? Absorbed? Does it change/get recycled? Break down?

ID: vph2ke
Title: Normally in the body fluids and minerals in those fluids flow from areas of high concentration to low concentration. However the kidneys are able to remove minerals/toxins from your blood and concentrate them into urine which is much more concentrated. How does it do this?
Author: Careless_Bat2543
Score: 722
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 45
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656727799
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vph2ke/normally_in_the_body_fluids_and_minerals_in_those/
Text: 

ID: vpmigb
Title: How do hot-spot volcanoes erupt after they are no longer connected to the hotspot?
Author: Noise_Used
Score: 14
VoteRatio: 0.79
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656748076
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpmigb/how_do_hotspot_volcanoes_erupt_after_they_are_no/
Text: For example - Haleakala on the island of Maui in Hawaii. It has had several eruptions within the past 10,000 years - and one as recent as 500 years ago. Isn't it far removed from the hotspot, or any connection to it? How could it still erupt?

ID: vpqiqy
Title: If a Tunguska-like meteoroid impact event happens every few hundred years, then what are some others from our recent recorded history?
Author: questions1223232
Score: 156
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 27
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656764114
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpqiqy/if_a_tunguskalike_meteoroid_impact_event_happens/
Text: Everywhere I look up the Tunguska event of 1908, it seems to suggest that a meteoroid of this size impacts Earth every few hundred  years. Some go so far as to put it at around every three hundred years. But I couldn't find references to any other impact event of this scale from the last two millennia. What am I missing?

ID: vpsp1q
Title: If infected with Covid BA.4 or BA.5, how soon can reinfection occur?
Author: purpletwinkletoes
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.53
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656771243
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpsp1q/if_infected_with_covid_ba4_or_ba5_how_soon_can/
Text: 

ID: vptiys
Title: Will the universe turn out to be very different for different speeds of light?
Author: dhanush_ram
Score: 801
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 81
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656773704
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vptiys/will_the_universe_turn_out_to_be_very_different/
Text: What if the speed of light is much slower or much faster than it is? Would the universe turn out to be different? My guess is that the speed is an arbitrary constant and its value may not matter but I am not sure.

ID: vpusl0
Title: how the fed knows how much points it need to raise interest rate?
Author: usernameisafarce
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.41
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656777422
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpusl0/how_the_fed_knows_how_much_points_it_need_to/
Text: 

ID: vpvdil
Title: Why might a community, who has not experienced more than two earthquakes in the past decade, have around 30 in six months, localized in a space of around 15 miles?
Author: kanondreamer
Score: 9
VoteRatio: 0.7
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656778989
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpvdil/why_might_a_community_who_has_not_experienced/
Text: 

ID: vpwj0d
Title: Can AlphaFold predict protein-protein binding affinities?
Author: SutttonTacoma
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656782292
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpwj0d/can_alphafold_predict_proteinprotein_binding/
Text: 

ID: vpxsx9
Title: What is denser: A black hole or a neutrons star?
Author: AZG2275
Score: 265
VoteRatio: 0.84
CommentCount: 73
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656785994
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpxsx9/what_is_denser_a_black_hole_or_a_neutrons_star/
Text: Thank you.

ID: vpxv1k
Title: This may sound a bit silly, but how does the sun not fall apart if it's entirely made out of gas?
Author: SilenttWasTaken
Score: 3863
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 549
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656786168
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpxv1k/this_may_sound_a_bit_silly_but_how_does_the_sun/
Text: 

ID: vpy11e
Title: How are some birds so smart?
Author: LodlopSeputhChakk
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656786651
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpy11e/how_are_some_birds_so_smart/
Text: Think about all the animals we consider reasonably intelligent.  Apes, dolphins, whales, elephants. All mega fauna.  Basically you have to be large to house a large brain.

Then there’s birds.

Some birds, like parrots and crows, are extremely intelligent. They use language, make tools, and have complex problem-solving abilities.  How can they fit all that into a tiny bird brain, while the rest of us have to have a giant head?

ID: vpyodu
Title: Are there benefits in initiating dialysis before renal failure, for patients undergoing uremic hemolytic syndrome?
Author: luisvel
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656788567
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpyodu/are_there_benefits_in_initiating_dialysis_before/
Text: 

ID: vpyy6o
Title: How does the universe expand?
Author: JammingScientist
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.66
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656789366
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpyy6o/how_does_the_universe_expand/
Text: Is it expanding from a central point? Does it expand in a certain shape? Does if expand at the same rate at all sides? What is it expanding into? How does it expand if matter cannot be created?

ID: vpz14y
Title: How do cells ensure crossover during meiosis doesn't result in fatal mistakes?
Author: 0hmyscience
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656789613
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpz14y/how_do_cells_ensure_crossover_during_meiosis/
Text: I am currently reading [The Selfish Gene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Selfish_Gene), and during one chapter he lightly touched on crossover during meiosis. I started thinking about crossover and I have a lot of questions that I can't really find the answer to. It seems like most places just touch on crossover as a step during meiosis, but don't really elaborate much. Anyway, here are my questions I hope someone can help me wrap my head around this:

* First of all: does crossover only happen (at most) once per chromosome? All diagrams look somewhat like [this](https://ib.bioninja.com.au/_Media/crossing-over_med.jpeg), which indicate that they swap only the ends. Is that the case, or are those diagrams an oversimplification and more than one "pieces" that are crossed over?

* If the answer to the above is yes, then I want to move onto this [meiosis diagram](https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Overview-of-meiosis-I-and-II-1200x1034.png). Is it true to assume then that we all likely possess entire chromosomes that came directly from our grandparents? In the diagram, each of the 4 cells has 2 chromosomes, one that's intact, and one that's crossed over. So for example, if my dad passed an "intact" chromosome 1 to me, there's a 1/4 chance that I'll pass that intact chromosome 1 to my son. Is that correct?

* How does crossing over work with the sex chromosomes? In the case of eggs, there's always two Xs, do those crossover? In the case of sperm, there's one X and one Y, do those crossover in anyway, or are they left alone?

* If the answer to question 1 is yes, then is there a pre-determined (approximate or accurate) length that's exchanged? If so, how is it determined? If it's random, what determines it? 

* Is the number of base pairs in an exchange the same on each side? Also, this question and the above assume it's done by number of base pairs. Is it "calculated" differently perhaps? Number of genes? Something else?

* Now, the question in the title: how does the process ensure that no really bad errors are introduced? If I understand correctly, it's not necessary that the two homologous chromosomes are the same length. One may have mutations the other doesn't, and vice versa. It's also likely those mutations are fine independently. But when mixed together, they could break things... so why doesn't it?

* And lastly: if question 1 is yes, has the existence of the crossover process lead to "less important" (or "more ok to mutate) genes to be at the tips, and "more important" genes to be towards the middle? For example, per the question above, I imagine that eye color genes or genes that contribute to my face shape or skin color or traits like that are more "ok" to be mutated, where as for example, the gene for hemoglobin... you don't want to mess with that one.


Thanks for looking at my wall of text. I'm happy to restate questions if they don't make sense. Hope someone or many of you can help me with this.

Thanks again!

ID: vpz83q
Title: Can we know anything about the older star that created our sun?
Author: dynastylobster
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656790210
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpz83q/can_we_know_anything_about_the_older_star_that/
Text: the solar system (along with other stars) were created by a cloud of gas and dust formed by the nova of a previous star. is there anything we can learn or find out about what that "parent" star system was like? like.. theres gotta be some kind of evidence. Can we find clues as to what kind of planets were around it when this old star existed? what kind of star it was?

ID: vq9sr0
Title: Does gravity affect sound? Would musical instruments sound the same on different sized planets, if they all had the same atmosphere?
Author: moustache4you
Score: 63
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 21
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656824177
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vq9sr0/does_gravity_affect_sound_would_musical/
Text: 

ID: vq9vbt
Title: How do we know how ancient languages sound?
Author: HubrisPersonified
Score: 25
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 22
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656824420
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vq9vbt/how_do_we_know_how_ancient_languages_sound/
Text: Like the title suggests, how do people who study ancient languages like Latin or Ancient Greek know how the letters are pronounced? Do they just compare it to modern languages, or is there another way?

ID: vqcqwe
Title: Why can't you make beverages 'sparkly' using pressurized air? Why do we use pressurized CO2 instead?
Author: yusoglad
Score: 89
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 75
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656836004
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vqcqwe/why_cant_you_make_beverages_sparkly_using/
Text: 

ID: vqdyvf
Title: Are pacemakers able to adjust their "heart rate" based on the exertion of the person they belong to? Do they support a feedback system with the body?
Author: beacheytunez_
Score: 1476
VoteRatio: 0.95
CommentCount: 184
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656841303
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vqdyvf/are_pacemakers_able_to_adjust_their_heart_rate/
Text: I was thinking about this today, since someone's heart rate fluctuates even as they just stand up, do pacemakers have a way of dealing with such fluctuation? And if they can, to what extent can they support changes in heart rate? Could a pacemaker patient go for a run, or participate in extreme sport, for example?

ID: vqe8sr
Title: I recently found out that with enough time, you can dissolve (up to a certain point of) salt into water without ever heating or stirring it. Does this rule also apply to non-crystalline rocks? If you left granite in water for a really long time, would that make it eventually disintegrate as well?
Author: unlikelyrisktaker
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.58
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656842474
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vqe8sr/i_recently_found_out_that_with_enough_time_you/
Text: 

ID: vqhf8t
Title: How do deep-sea creatures MOVE in the sea with all that pressure?
Author: __Questioner__
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656854203
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vqhf8t/how_do_deepsea_creatures_move_in_the_sea_with_all/
Text: I'm not talking about how they can withstand the pressure. I understand the internal pressure is the same as the outside. 

But how do they like move their fins to move thru the water shouldn't it be harder to move with all the pressure. Are their muscles stronger or do they just move slowly or what?

ID: vqhpzi
Title: Does dental plaque fossilize?
Author: ackzilla
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656855168
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vqhpzi/does_dental_plaque_fossilize/
Text: I don't recall ever seeing a fossil skull with anything like dental plaque on it, do scientists simply clean it right off along with the other debris or is plaque an entirely modern thing?

ID: vqmsgv
Title: In species where only the strongest male gets to breed, or kills non-offspring babies, how does the species maintain genetic diversity?
Author: NASA_official_srsly
Score: 2557
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 175
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656869883
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vqmsgv/in_species_where_only_the_strongest_male_gets_to/
Text: How do they manage to not all end up inbred in a couple of generations?

ID: vqmuwe
Title: Is there an analogous condition to color blindness in hearing?
Author: Elviejopancho
Score: 39
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 47
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656870074
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vqmuwe/is_there_an_analogous_condition_to_color/
Text: T.L.D.R.: Is there any medical condition that make two clearly different tones indistinguishable from each other?

Take in acount that color blindness is very different to tone deafness because listening silence is like seeing black and not like confusing different types of light. I know that hearing are sight are very different processes for analogous physical phoenomena, but you should get what I am asking.

ID: vqnfvv
Title: Are there any vertebrates that can see significantly far into the infrared range?
Author: Billiam_Ball
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.79
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656871805
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vqnfvv/are_there_any_vertebrates_that_can_see/
Text: 

ID: vqofeq
Title: Do viruses evolve faster than humans?
Author: okami_xaero
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.43
CommentCount: 31
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656874727
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vqofeq/do_viruses_evolve_faster_than_humans/
Text: Like in the title, do viruses evolve faster than humans? Or, more in general, faster than mammals? And what about bacteria?

ID: vqrh9a
Title: Is there any practical use for laminar flow in liquids, or is it purely a neat aesthetic phenomenon?
Author: DakotaMaker
Score: 37
VoteRatio: 0.8
CommentCount: 34
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656883501
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vqrh9a/is_there_any_practical_use_for_laminar_flow_in/
Text: 

ID: vqus6f
Title: Is stable, short term axial tilt oscillation possible?
Author: DownvoteThisTempAcc
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.57
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656893863
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vqus6f/is_stable_short_term_axial_tilt_oscillation/
Text: Earth's axis averages 23.5 degrees, but it can range from 22 to 24.5 and only changes in tens of thousands of years. Is shorter term oscillation possible in thousand or hundred year timescales for other (real or hypothetical) planetary objects?

ID: vr1urh
Title: In your gut how do Dandritic cells differenriate between commensal and pathogenic bacteria?
Author: Abriv12
Score: 22
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656919699
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vr1urh/in_your_gut_how_do_dandritic_cells_differenriate/
Text: I have been wondering this, I mean can they differentiate. Dandritic cells penetrate their membrane extensions through epithelial cells of gut and react immediately if the sense a pathogenic bacteria, does it react the same way if it senses commensal bacteria??

ID: vr3uzj
Title: How is it that we so reliably have a new influenza vaccine ready each year? What's our process?
Author: beacheytunez_
Score: 14
VoteRatio: 0.66
CommentCount: 17
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656928454
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vr3uzj/how_is_it_that_we_so_reliably_have_a_new/
Text: I guess firstly I wanna know a few logistical things:  

How do we discover what the new strand of the flu is?

How long does it take to develop a vaccine for it?

Why is this faster than other vaccines?

How do we verify that it works and is safe for patients in less than a year?

How effective is the vaccine, and if it's really effective, how is it made to be so effective year after year?

&#x200B;

I feel like there's a "How to Make a Flu Shot This Year" handbook out there.

Are there any other viruses out there that we update our vaccines for so regularly? Thanks in advance!

ID: vr7tbu
Title: What is the relevance of the Poincaire group and the SU1xSU2xSU3 group in Quantum Field Theories?
Author: fbi767
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.8
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656942425
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vr7tbu/what_is_the_relevance_of_the_poincaire_group_and/
Text: What I know is that the Poincaire group is characterised by, like, 9-10 commutation relations. And every field, before quantisation, is a vector space on which there must be representations of the Poincaire group defined as operators.

For instance, the operator e^(xd/dy-y/d/dx) is a representation of a member belonging to this group, and this operator acts on the vector space of fields, causing to rotate them. e^(d/dx) is another member of this group. Another member would be the exponentiation of Pauli matrices. Those don't operate on infinite dimensional fields, but rather on 2- component objects. Another member of this group could be 4x4 Lorentz transformations, which operate on 4 vectors. Bottom line : **every field that we quantise must have operators of this group defined on them.**

About SU1xSU2xSU3, I know that these are used as gauge groups. But idk much more than that. 

Have I understood them right? And **is there any connection between what these two groups have to do with physics?** Or are just important but independent ideas?

ID: vr808v
Title: Do we know when, in human evolution, menstruation appeared?
Author: rasputinette
Score: 3556
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 365
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656943037
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vr808v/do_we_know_when_in_human_evolution_menstruation/
Text: I've read about the different evolutionary rationales for periods, but I'm wondering *when* it became a thing. Do we have any idea? Also, is there any evidence whether early hominins like *Australopithecus* or *Paranthropus* menstruated?

ID: vr8ff8
Title: Is there an animal that primarily subsists on eating members of its own species/cannibalism?
Author: Makurabu
Score: 702
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 217
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656944241
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vr8ff8/is_there_an_animal_that_primarily_subsists_on/
Text: 

ID: vrb1kq
Title: how does the body fight infections on its surface parts?
Author: None
Score: 29
VoteRatio: 0.76
CommentCount: 18
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656951473
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrb1kq/how_does_the_body_fight_infections_on_its_surface/
Text: The back of your throat, or on your tongue, stuff like that.
Does the common cold have to die on its own on the surface of my throat? 
I had my tonsils removed. 
Does bad stuff just live there until I get too stressed and I catch an infection I was always carrying?
Are there tiny holes where my blood can get to the surface?

ID: vrc1w0
Title: Are CMEs more likely from certain areas of the sun?
Author: _bobby_tables_
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656954194
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrc1w0/are_cmes_more_likely_from_certain_areas_of_the_sun/
Text: Is it more likely that CMEs originate in an equitorial region of the sun?  Or are CMEs as likely from the poles?  Has CME origin location been statistically studied and mapped?

ID: vrc5dh
Title: How was the Japanese Archipelago formed?
Author: atmdk7
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.79
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656954462
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrc5dh/how_was_the_japanese_archipelago_formed/
Text: I’ve always though Japan was formed as volcanic islands along the subduction zone of the Asian Plate and Pacific Plate. However, I’ve recently learned that Japan used to be connected to the mainland and the Sea of Japan was formed relatively recently, around 10 million years ago I think, as Japan was pulled away. But I could find any answer (that I fully understood) as to why this happened.

What’s going on there?

ID: vrdvei
Title: Have atoms ever been observed to quantum tunnel out of a weak chemical bond (Such as hydrogen bonds)?
Author: the-antiredditor
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.8
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656959146
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrdvei/have_atoms_ever_been_observed_to_quantum_tunnel/
Text: Bonds are sort of like potential energy wells, so that means they can be quantum tunneled out of, right? I've never heard of this being reported though, so is it just very rare or is it not possible. If not possible, why do you think/know so?

ID: vrexi0
Title: Did Marie Curie ever wonder if the radiation she was studying was dangerous?
Author: ReasonablyConfused
Score: 3321
VoteRatio: 0.95
CommentCount: 349
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656961992
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrexi0/did_marie_curie_ever_wonder_if_the_radiation_she/
Text: 

ID: vrigax
Title: Theoretically, can you gain energy through nuclear fusion then gain energy through fission of the same material?
Author: TheGermanMoses1
Score: 49
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 46
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656971858
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrigax/theoretically_can_you_gain_energy_through_nuclear/
Text: 

ID: vriuq5
Title: Why is sunlight bad for scars?
Author: CJWard123
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.8
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656972982
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vriuq5/why_is_sunlight_bad_for_scars/
Text: So I’ve been told that sunlight is especially bad for scars because it can cause “hyper-pigmentation”, among other things. Yet, I’ve yet to see exactly why this is. What is it about scars that make them vulnerable to sunlight?

ID: vrmgnu
Title: How the HIV expanded in world? What was the firsts causes to HIV being globalized? And where was the first evidence in the history of the virus?
Author: aka_augusto
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.6
CommentCount: 17
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656984665
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrmgnu/how_the_hiv_expanded_in_world_what_was_the_firsts/
Text: 

ID: vrn69w
Title: do fireworks inhibit bats echolocation?
Author: front_yard_duck_dad
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.7
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656987115
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrn69w/do_fireworks_inhibit_bats_echolocation/
Text: I love watching the bats in my yard eat mosquitoes and I do it almost every night in the summer. The last few nights with all of the fireworks and I mean it is pretty crazy here right now I feel like the flight of the bats looks off. The turns looks almost clumsy. Is this possible?

ID: vrnhis
Title: Although the main driver of our seasons is the Earth's tilt, do the aphelion and perihelion have any calculable effect?
Author: seanbrockest
Score: 41
VoteRatio: 0.8
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656988166
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrnhis/although_the_main_driver_of_our_seasons_is_the/
Text: I understand that exposing a larger chunk of a hemisphere to the sun has an incredible effect on the amount of the sun's energy which is able to impact the planet, I have to assume that the elliptical nature of our orbit has some effect as well. Is it at least calculable?

Naturally the reason I'm asking is because the Earth reached aphelion today, meaning we are at the furthest point from the Sun in this orbit, meanwhile we are also very close to the first day of summer, when our tilt puts the northern hemisphere in full view of the Sun.

ID: vro08j
Title: How long is the LHC at CERN on for at a time? How long does it take before a test will be done?
Author: the0nerealm
Score: 218
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 46
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656989912
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vro08j/how_long_is_the_lhc_at_cern_on_for_at_a_time_how/
Text: Does it take a long time to actually charge up? Somebody told me it’ll take months before anything actually happens after they turn it on today, but I wanted to ask here if that’s how it works.

ID: vrpfdm
Title: Are there any species where the parents contribute non-equal numbers of chromosomes to their offspring, or does it have to be the same number from each?
Author: wickermanmorn
Score: 56
VoteRatio: 0.79
CommentCount: 26
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656994878
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrpfdm/are_there_any_species_where_the_parents/
Text: 

ID: vrsld6
Title: If Jupiter has 79 moons, why are they rarely seen in photos of the planet?
Author: bl4ck4nti
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.7
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657007543
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrsld6/if_jupiter_has_79_moons_why_are_they_rarely_seen/
Text: 79 is a lot and I'm puzzled why we never see them in photos of Jupiter. Are they farther away than the satellites/probes that have taken the images of Jupiter? Are they digitally removed?

ID: vrtjl3
Title: How fast did the temperature increase in the Roman and Medieval Warming Periods, and how does that differ to the rapid temperature increase in recent decades?
Author: Aussie_Stalin
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657011767
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrtjl3/how_fast_did_the_temperature_increase_in_the/
Text: I know anthropogenic climate change is happening and I don't post this with bad intentions, I'm just curious to know the answer, since I can't seem to find a definitive number (if there is one) on the rate of temperature increase during the 2 periods anywhere on Google. Any help would be much appreciated.

ID: vrtlqy
Title: Why do minerals become more disordered (crystallographically) as temperature of formation decreases whereas matter should be perfectly ordered as the temperature reaches Absolute zero?
Author: MayureshMJ
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.65
CommentCount: 13
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657012019
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrtlqy/why_do_minerals_become_more_disordered/
Text: General physics i learnt in highschool taught me that as any material reaches Absolute zero temperature the defects and flaws in it are removed and it becomes perfectly ordered in structure.
While when i am studying mineralogy and crystallography i see that many mineral's higher temperature polymorphs are more ordered than the low temperature. For example Akali feldspars high temperature polymorphs (Sanidine and Orthoclase) are Monoclinic in symmetry and the lower temperature polymorph (microcline) is in Triclinic symmetry.

As far as i understand monoclinic is supposed to be more ordered than triclinic. So what am i misunderstanding here? Why are these two things counter intuitive?

ID: vrtptk
Title: AskScience AMA Series: We're infectious disease experts here to answer your questions about monkeypox. AUA!
Author: AskScienceModerator
Score: 1045
VoteRatio: 0.87
CommentCount: 210
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657012512
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrtptk/askscience_ama_series_were_infectious_disease/
Text: In early May, reports began circulating about confirmed cases of monkeypox, an orthopoxvirus similar to smallpox. As of mid-June, there were over 2100 reported cases of monkeypox in dozens of countries. While a great deal is already known about the science of the monkeypox virus, this outbreak has raised several new questions about its transmissibility and impact on human health in both the short and long terms. With the world's attention heightened to such disease outbreaks due to the COVID-19 pandemic, this seems like a good opportunity to provide answers and help alleviate concerns.

We are experts in infectious diseases who are here to provide the facts about monkeypox and counter the mis-information that has been spreading about this disease. Join us today at 2 PM ET (18 UT) for a discussion, organized by the American Society for Microbiology, about the monkeypox outbreak. We'll answer your questions about the symptoms of monkeypox and how it spreads, current strategies for treatment and prevention, and what can be done to contain this (and future) outbreaks. Ask us anything!

With us today are:

+ Dr. Christy Hutson, Ph.D., M.S. (u/CHutson_CDC)- Branch Chief, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
+ [Dr. Reeti Khare, Ph.D., D(ABMM)](https://www.nationaljewish.org/doctors-departments/providers/researchers/reeti-khare) (u/DenverIDLab)- Director, Infectious Disease Laboratory, National Jewish Health
+ Dr. Rodney E. Rohde, Ph.D., MS, SM(ASCP)CM, SVCM, MBCM, FACSc (u/DocMicrobe)- Regents' Professor, Texas State University System, University Distinguished Chair & Professor, Clinical Laboratory Science
+ [Dr. Rachel L. Roper, Ph.D.](https://microbiology-immunology.ecu.edu/rachel-l-roper/) (u/RroperECU)- Professor, Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University

Links:

+ [Monkeypox: What We Do and Don't Know About Recent Outbreaks](https://asm.org/Articles/2022/May/Monkeypox-What-We-Do-and-Don-t-Know-About-Recent-O)
+ [Monkeypox Clinical Update with Dr. Daniel Griffin](https://asm.org/Podcasts/TWiV/Episodes/Monkeypox-Clinical-Update-with-Dr-Daniel-Griffin)
+ [CDC Monkeypox page](https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/index.html)
+ [WHO Monkeypox page](https://www.who.int/emergencies/situations/monkeypox-oubreak-2022)

Please note that we will NOT be making medical diagnoses or recommending any medical treatments or procedures for individuals.

ID: vrufw5
Title: Mint tea and low blood pressure, how?
Author: Bachpipe
Score: 9
VoteRatio: 0.72
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657015644
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrufw5/mint_tea_and_low_blood_pressure_how/
Text: Hello Reddit!    


I'm not looking for medical advice, but I am looking for an explanation! I just read some articles about mint tea and in almost all the articles it's written that you shouldn't drink mint tea if you're on low blood pressure medication, because it will enhance said medication. But none of the articles explain WHY it does! And then I thought; the Science Reddit  probably knows this. So, is there someone here who can explain to me why this is an effect that mint has?

ID: vrxmls
Title: Why isn’t cloud seeding used to fight the droughts currently happening in the world?
Author: ThrowAwayMyLife2341
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.59
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657026954
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrxmls/why_isnt_cloud_seeding_used_to_fight_the_droughts/
Text: It is my understanding that cloud seeding is an effective way to make it rain in certain areas. Why isn’t this being used in a country such as Italy or the US west to try to combat the droughts?

ID: vryrlk
Title: Would there be higher gravity if Earth didn't spin?
Author: DirtSeth
Score: 2017
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 263
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657030214
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vryrlk/would_there_be_higher_gravity_if_earth_didnt_spin/
Text: Does the Earth's spin cause an outwards centrifugal force. Theoretically if there was a planet with earth's mass that didn't spin or span slower would it have a higher gravity? I assume that if there is a difference its negligible though.

ID: vrytb5
Title: Are there distinct protons/neutrons in a nucleus, or is it just a "soup" of quarks?
Author: vilhelm_s
Score: 352
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 23
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657030352
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrytb5/are_there_distinct_protonsneutrons_in_a_nucleus/
Text: When the nucleus decays there are definite nucleons coming out, but what about the bound nucleus itself? And can you somehow demonstrate that there are distinct nucleons inside it, similar to how Rutherford's gold foil experiment shows that there's a distinct nucleus inside an atom?

ID: vrzpvd
Title: Are pictures taken by a telescope colour-corrected for redshift?
Author: Mr-Cas
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.8
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657032855
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrzpvd/are_pictures_taken_by_a_telescope_colourcorrected/
Text: Hey there

In general, stars are moving away from us and, in combination with the doppler effect, this gives us redshift. When we look at stars with our eyes, they look more red than they actually are. When a picture is taken, the star looks more red than it actually is. This leads to two ways to represent a star in a picture (like [this one](https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/NXmL6bbh7QMA3xxfuu56uZ.png)):

1. The way a star looks for a human on earth (non-colour corrected for redshift)
2. The way a star *actually* looks (colour corrected for redshift). It would display the colour of a star like the star actually sends out.

And so rises my question: are pictures of stars colour-corrected for redshift? Do the pictures display a star like a human would see it, or how it looks in reality (as if you were right next to it)?

For example, in the picture linked above, the star at the centre is just a white spot. But let's take the orange star to the left bottom of the middle. Is it actually that red (colour-corrected)? Or does it look that red because of red shift (not colour-corrected)?

In school, in dutch, I learned the term "Emission spectrum" of a star (almost always hydrogen is used). I think the official english term is RVS? You can use that and the default ("recorded" on earth) to calculate the amount of redshift. If you know how much redshift there is, you can colour-correct a picture for redshift. So if you supply a picture of a star and it's RVS, you can do some calculations and color-correct a picture. However, when searching the web, I didn't find a single "tool" that could do this. Why isn't there any?

I just had this topic in physics class at school and I came up with these questions after his lesson and my teacher didn't know the answer, so here I am, asking it to you people. I hope you can shed some light!

ID: vs00dw
Title: When has an animal evolved enough to be classified as a new species?
Author: julianapauki
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.6
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657033613
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vs00dw/when_has_an_animal_evolved_enough_to_be/
Text: We classify animals according to species but isn’t evolution more like a continious process? If that is true, why do classify them like this and when do we see an animal as a new species? For example. Species A exists today, but has an ancestor species B which existed 100k years ago. At what point does an animal of species B differ so much that it is seen as a new species A?

ID: vs3z8r
Title: Would tides have been more ferocious a billion years ago, when the moon was closer to Earth?
Author: BrewsCampbell
Score: 206
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 21
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657043994
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vs3z8r/would_tides_have_been_more_ferocious_a_billion/
Text: 

ID: vs51cb
Title: Is brilliant green (zelyonka) actually an antiseptic?
Author: kittenco
Score: 108
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 19
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657046825
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vs51cb/is_brilliant_green_zelyonka_actually_an_antiseptic/
Text: I don't think this is used in Western countries, but nations that were part of the former USSR seem to still use a [liquid brilliant green solution](https://russianlife.com/sites/default/assets/Image/417px-Brilliant_green_1a.jpeg) as a wound treatment (similar to/as well as iodine).

It's something I grew up with and never really thought about, but when I looked it up today, I'm not really understanding if the dye itself has any active ingredients. Per my understanding, over-the-counter zelyonka is just the brilliant green dye crystals dissolved into diluted alcohol, so... Is it only antiseptic because of the alcohol? Or does the brilliant green actually have antiseptic properties on its own?

ID: vs5top
Title: What electrode material is used in industrial hydrogen production using electrolysis?
Author: EqualTransit
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.99
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657048884
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vs5top/what_electrode_material_is_used_in_industrial/
Text: I have messed around quite a bit electrolyzing materials in order to generate hydrogen, oxygen and chlorine. I had very limited means and it was just a hobby project, but a consistent problem I had and I saw others having on the internet is the corrosion of the anode. Even stainless steel or graphite could not stand the test of time and I can imagine platinum electrodes are prohibitively expensive for industrial scale. Other options such as Mixed-metal-oxide seems too expensive for gigawatt scale production as well. Most hydrogen manufacturing websites only mention marketing buzzwords ("ultra high density" / "innovative corrosion resistance") and no technical details. Perhaps it's all a bit of a trade secret, but I am quite curious!  


Sidenote, I can imagine it getting messed up when messing with NaCl electrolysis with chlorine and carbon steel electrodes. But if I recall correctly even NaOH solutions with stainless corroded after some time. So my question focusses specifically on hydrogen production.

ID: vs82y0
Title: How are neurotransmitters in a brain measured?
Author: spiffyhandle
Score: 45
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657054808
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vs82y0/how_are_neurotransmitters_in_a_brain_measured/
Text: I've heard things like "adenosine increases while awake and decreases when sleeping". How is adenosine (and other NTs) measured in a living human? My understanding is the only way to measure neurotransmitters is to cut open the brain, which you can't do on a living person.

ID: vsa6rn
Title: Can vultures drink stagnant water?
Author: TheMailMan92
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657060315
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsa6rn/can_vultures_drink_stagnant_water/
Text: After a heavy rain, I saw a vulture in the ditch drinking fresh rain water. That made me wonder if vultures are picky about their water intake. Can their stomach acid/immune system handle the many bacteria found in stagnant water without them getting sick? Obviously fresh water is preferred.

ID: vsaid9
Title: Does humidity affect animals that don’t sweat to cool themselves in a similar way as it does humans?
Author: 0010MK
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657061199
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsaid9/does_humidity_affect_animals_that_dont_sweat_to/
Text: Do animals that don’t sweat to cool themselves feel hotter on humid days, like we do (all else being equal)? Or is this sensation unique to animals that sweat, because humidity reduces our ability to cool ourselves?

ID: vse7u0
Title: If light has no mass, why is it affected by black holes?
Author: General-Pea2016
Score: 3817
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 824
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657072003
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vse7u0/if_light_has_no_mass_why_is_it_affected_by_black/
Text: 

ID: vsel2w
Title: Why are fungi classified as a different kingdom from plants? They seem very similar.
Author: MinecraftSplashText
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657073117
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsel2w/why_are_fungi_classified_as_a_different_kingdom/
Text: 

ID: vsg1nm
Title: Can resistant bacteria evolve to become no more resistant to old antibiotics?
Author: Golitan11
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.63
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657077543
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsg1nm/can_resistant_bacteria_evolve_to_become_no_more/
Text: Say some bacteria became 100% resistant to antibiotic A 20 years ago, is now 50% resistant to antibiotic B and 10% resistant to antibiotic C. Since antibiotic A is no longer effective, B and C are being administered instead. Fast-forward to 2050, the same bacteria has become resistant to B and C, and new antibiotics are being used instead. Since antibiotic A has been deprecated a while ago and the bacteria has evolved multiple times because of other antibiotics, would antibiotic A ever become a viable treatment again?

ID: vsgy0f
Title: Why don't we feel the heat from the core/mantle?
Author: Nome_Qualquer
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657080382
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsgy0f/why_dont_we_feel_the_heat_from_the_coremantle/
Text: Most if not all heat we experience on the surface comes from the Sun, but the core and mantle are also very hot, much closer to us and they have been around for a really long time, so how can the crust be so much colder?

ID: vsh3sx
Title: Are the calories in fruits spread out evenly?
Author: YOSH_97
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657080907
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsh3sx/are_the_calories_in_fruits_spread_out_evenly/
Text: Do the calories in fruits change based on their proximity to say the seed/pit? Or for any other reason? 

If that doesn’t make sense, for example gram for gram does the calorie content change in say an apple the closer it is or further it is from the core?

ID: vsibcv
Title: Why does the sky seem to turn green during a thunderstorm?
Author: lorgskyegon
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657085100
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsibcv/why_does_the_sky_seem_to_turn_green_during_a/
Text: 

ID: vsj3h1
Title: how do scientists observe what's happening inside the LHC?
Author: Eazy_MF_E
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657088037
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsj3h1/how_do_scientists_observe_whats_happening_inside/
Text: With the recent discovery of tetraquarks and pentaquarks at CERN, how are scientists able to “see” what’s happening inside the collider? Is it a bunch of data that’s analyzed and an inference is made? And what instruments detect what’s happening?

ID: vsjr0s
Title: Why did all the extinct ice age megafauna die out at the start of this current interglacial period when they presumably survived multiple previous interglacial periods? Surely humans could not have killed all the mammoths in Eurasia and North America?
Author: LanKstiK
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657090776
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsjr0s/why_did_all_the_extinct_ice_age_megafauna_die_out/
Text: Thanks

ID: vsjzaj
Title: Are all dioecious plants able to be feminized?
Author: Damnoneworked
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 0
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657091695
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsjzaj/are_all_dioecious_plants_able_to_be_feminized/
Text: In cannabis, you can force female seeds with colloidal silver. Is this possible in other dioecious plants? Would colloidal silver be used for all dioecious plants or would you need another chemical or process? 

Say you wanted to feminize a kiwi vine, how might you do this?

ID: vskyb6
Title: Where does water come from?
Author: Grand_Afternoon7166
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.57
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657095892
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vskyb6/where_does_water_come_from/
Text: There's alot of thoery surrounding where does the water on earth come from. But what is the most plausible theory now? Is there any proven theory?

ID: vsmetu
Title: How did cells evolve receptors for pathogens?
Author: nextleveldumbness
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.54
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657101865
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsmetu/how_did_cells_evolve_receptors_for_pathogens/
Text: Hello everyone hope you have a great day. So I just began studying the immune system and I have some questions. 
So if I understand it correctly so far, when pathogens enter the body they have to get recognized somehow, so the body can destroy them. So pathogens have these pamp (pathogen associated molecular patterns) that get recognized by the phagocytes with the help of "toll like receptors". Also my textbook says something about opsonins, chemical compounds that " mark" the pathogens so phagocytes can recognize and destroy them. 

My questions are:
1) How did the cell evolve those toll receptors? Was it randomly but they stayed bc they are useful? Let's say you have a cell that no pathogen has ever interacted with it. So logically, the cell hasn't any receptor for it (or it has but it was a random generation-im not sure how it works). 
2) From my understanding, opsonins bind to the pathogen somehow and help the phagocyte recognize it. So opsonins have a lock-key relationship with phagocytes? It would make sense for the cell to recognize molecules that are part of the cell. But how do opsonins bind to the pathogens? My textbook isn't going on detail. 

Thank you for reading so far and sorry if my questions are stupid. Also sorry for any grammar or spelling mistakes, English isn't my first language.

ID: vsmzhi
Title: Does freeze drying damage paper? If not, why?
Author: efdhfbhd2
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.59
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657104093
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsmzhi/does_freeze_drying_damage_paper_if_not_why/
Text: Recently there was a heavy downpour and I was told that the nearby library had to freeze dry books/papers in their magazine. Apparently, there had been a small water leak and parts of their inventory got wet.

I have then been searching online, how the process of freeze drying actually works and found several sources. However, while reading I began wondering: These processes usually create ice crystal inside the material they want to dry. How does paper survive this process?

I can imagine, that the paper isn't too rigid, it can bend and deform given pressure unlike cell walls. Cell walls seem to be rather fragile as ice crystals can break them. However, if paper had been completely drenched/soaked in water, I would expect at least some damage to the paper. But apparently, freeze drying seems to be a very safe method, why is that?

ID: vso7v0
Title: Why is a bone marrow transplant not always 100% effective at curing blood cancers?
Author: beacheytunez_
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.74
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657108486
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vso7v0/why_is_a_bone_marrow_transplant_not_always_100/
Text: I was reading earlier today about the kinds of ailments that bone marrow transplants are used to treat (as I am thinking about signing up on the registry to donate), and I noted that in the case of leukaemia, chemotherapy or radiotherapy is used to completely destroy the recipient's immune system first.

However, whilst relatively good, there are still figures that suggest that survivability over the years following treatment is not always that high, some still slip through the gaps.

But what causes these deaths after transplants over a long time since the procedure? Do the recipients somehow reject and attack the donated marrow? Does the new marrow eventually fail? But the recipient's immune system was destroyed, why can't the received marrow/immune system exist indefinitely, or a repeat/follow-up transplant procedure performed further down the line?

A follow-up question I have is are there grounds for marrow transplants to be used to treat immunodeficiency disorders such as CVID? I also read that some investigation has been performed into treating MS with bone marrow transplantation.

This is a long one, thanks in advance!

ID: vsojh8
Title: Why do different acids (citric, malic, lactic, etc.) taste different?
Author: Marssunrise
Score: 14
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657109453
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsojh8/why_do_different_acids_citric_malic_lactic_etc/
Text: From what I've heard, we have 5 or 6 different types of taste buds, one of them being able to detect acids in food. Why do different acids such as malic, citric and lactic acids have a distinct taste to them? Does it have to do with aromatics or do we have different varieties of acid taste buds that can distinguish between acids?

ID: vsooob
Title: Why does Australia have such high concentrations of uranium?
Author: PHealthy
Score: 266
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 69
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657109918
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsooob/why_does_australia_have_such_high_concentrations/
Text: 

ID: vsp0i8
Title: Can an embalmed human body be preserved in epoxy resin?
Author: Dong-Konkey
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.72
CommentCount: 16
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657110968
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsp0i8/can_an_embalmed_human_body_be_preserved_in_epoxy/
Text: As in it would continue to physically appear the same as the day it was embalmed. Like if I had an aquarium fish tank the size of a room, and filled it entirely with resin, the body at the center, would it continue to appear the same 100+ years from now?

ID: vsqp6p
Title: Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology
Author: AutoModerator
Score: 28
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 14
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657116009
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsqp6p/ask_anything_wednesday_biology_chemistry/
Text: Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on **Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology**

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

**Asking Questions:**

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

**Answering Questions:**

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. [The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/wiki/index#wiki_answering_askscience). In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, [please refer to the information provided here](https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/about/sticky).

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts [can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/search?q=flair%3A%27meta%27&restrict_sr=on&sort=new&t=all). Ask away!

ID: vsrwcc
Title: Does earth's specific gravity facilitate life or do all the other variables dictate that life would have prospered anyway and adapted to almost whatever gravity our planet had.?
Author: Irishane
Score: 217
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 63
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657119298
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsrwcc/does_earths_specific_gravity_facilitate_life_or/
Text: i.e. is our gravity also in a Goldilocks zone?

ID: vss0b4
Title: Why can CTE only be diagnosed by autopsy, and is there a chance this could change anytime soon?
Author: ChalkDstTorture
Score: 3743
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 385
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657119598
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vss0b4/why_can_cte_only_be_diagnosed_by_autopsy_and_is/
Text: 

ID: vsxj6i
Title: If the 96.5% carbon dioxide atmosphere of Venus was reduced to 20.95% oxygen (i.e. earth equivalent %) and 75.55% carbon dioxide, would the air be breathable?
Author: Moltress2
Score: 854
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 171
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657133858
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsxj6i/if_the_965_carbon_dioxide_atmosphere_of_venus_was/
Text: 

ID: vsy0bi
Title: Why are "other" intensities so low in compton scattering curve?
Author: 418397
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657135069
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsy0bi/why_are_other_intensities_so_low_in_compton/
Text: If we look at the intensity vs wavelength graph in compton scattering experiment...,we see two peaks, one due to scattering from free electrons and the other due to scattering from tightly bound electrons.

But that doesn't make the intensities at other wavelengths zero... They are there, non zero but small... I suspect they appear due to scattering from no so tightly bounded electrons. 

But my question is why should they be so low? Like why is the concentration of free electron scattering and tight electron scattering so high compared to the rest(the no so tight electron scattering)...?

ID: vsy2sj
Title: How were we able to eradicate some diseases, with vaccines, and not others?
Author: highxv0ltage
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657135249
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsy2sj/how_were_we_able_to_eradicate_some_diseases_with/
Text: The way I understand it, vaccines use a dead, or weakened, virus. Some vaccines use only parts of a virus (or bacteria). And in the case of the Covid vaccines, they use mRNA technology. 

Now, the way I understand it, once this is introduced into the body, the immune system reacts and neutralizes the antigen. So, when the antigen enters the body a second time, the immune system reacts much quicker. I also understand that microbes can mutate, which has an effect on the vaccine's potency. This is why we have to get a flu shot every year, because the virus mutates. 

However, in the cases of Smallpox and Polio, we have managed to eradicate these diseases by way of vaccines. So, my question is it possible that, with vaccines, we were able to eliminate some diseases with vaccines, but not others? Did these other viruses just not have a chance to mutate? How would we get to the point where we don't let the flu or Covid to mutate? 

Please no "Big Pharma" conspiracies. I just want to know people's thoughts from a scientific standpoint. Thanks.

ID: vt0aq6
Title: What does Pixel to Pixel rms mean within the context of photometric astronomy?
Author: DaybreakHonor
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.6
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657140846
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vt0aq6/what_does_pixel_to_pixel_rms_mean_within_the/
Text: 

ID: vt120m
Title: Does the sun spin around it's own axis like the rest of the planets?
Author: taracus
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.66
CommentCount: 23
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657142799
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vt120m/does_the_sun_spin_around_its_own_axis_like_the/
Text: 

ID: vt3hrq
Title: If a fully vaccinated person is unequivocally exposed to covid but never develops symptoms, is their immune response now greater for having fought off the virus, or reduced for having had to wage war on it?
Author: elbeees
Score: 94
VoteRatio: 0.81
CommentCount: 21
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657149180
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vt3hrq/if_a_fully_vaccinated_person_is_unequivocally/
Text: As the title states. Trying to discover if there's a boost to the body's immune response or if the immune response is depressed each time it fights off the virus.

ID: vt414e
Title: Are viruses more prevalent in wild animals and how come our hunter gatherer ancestors dont suffer from great plague all the time?
Author: MyNameIsNonYaBizniz
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.62
CommentCount: 16
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657150654
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vt414e/are_viruses_more_prevalent_in_wild_animals_and/
Text: 

ID: vt72j6
Title: Are plastic containers (with or without BPA) relatively safe as long as they're not used to store/heat up food?
Author: fullsunset
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657159497
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vt72j6/are_plastic_containers_with_or_without_bpa/
Text: I'm into organizing, and plastic containers, storage boxes, and trays are the most commonly available items for that. I've recently become aware of the dangers of BPA (Bisphenol A), as well as BPS (Bisphenol S) (which is not flagged equally but considered just as dangerous) as endocrine disruptors and carcinogens. I've learned that it is strongly recommended to replace plastic when it comes to food containers. However, I have a few questions about the use of plastics in every day life that I have found opposing answers for when searching and I'd appreciate your take on:

1. Are plastic containers relatively safe (with or without BPA) as long as they're not used to heat up food? Is not using them for storing food in the fridge or at room temperature still highly recommended or are the risks exaggerated?
2. Do plastic containers/trays/storage bins (with or without BPA) for clothes, personal items, and paper pose similar risks? Should plastic be avoided to store and organize items in desks, closets, shelfs, etc, too?
3. Do the risks of doing 1 and 2 increase for a person with actual hormone problems?

ID: vt77lz
Title: How long does California have before it becomes an island or a crunched-up mountain range?
Author: Luigifan18
Score: 31
VoteRatio: 0.8
CommentCount: 14
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657159913
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vt77lz/how_long_does_california_have_before_it_becomes/
Text: I vaguely recall hearing that California is on a different tectonic plate than the rest of the landmass that is currently North America. I don't recall if California's tectonic plate is moving away from or into the rest of North America, but it's only a matter of time before it's no longer part of America as we know it. The question is, how long is it going to be before we have to start building literal bridges between California and the rest of North America?

ID: vt86nb
Title: Does produce absorb pesticides directly or though water?
Author: mikesalami
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657162782
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vt86nb/does_produce_absorb_pesticides_directly_or_though/
Text: So eating pesticides isn't good. I wash my stuff in baking soda usually to try to get off what I can.

I'm curious however if plants absorb pesticides directly into their flesh?

For example avocado... can you spray avocados with pesticides all you want and it will be safe to eat because you are removing the thick external cover? Or will the pesticide leach into the water, and then be absorbed by the plant, then eaten by you?

Or does it perhaps get absorbed directly through the skin?

Just curious!

ID: vtai3g
Title: Why are virus capsids usually icosahedrons?
Author: CarelessVirus2
Score: 14
VoteRatio: 0.7
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657170304
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtai3g/why_are_virus_capsids_usually_icosahedrons/
Text: 

ID: vtby0u
Title: What is the *chemical* structure of depleted uranium?
Author: 4thDevilsAdvocate
Score: 21
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657175529
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtby0u/what_is_the_chemical_structure_of_depleted_uranium/
Text: For instance, see [this picture of a 30-millimeter depleted uranium armor penetrator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depleted_uranium#/media/File:30mm_DU_slug.jpg), which I shamelessly stole from [the Wikipedia page on depleted uranium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depleted_uranium). 

What's the *chemical* structure of the uranium compound used in that round? 

I know depleted uranium has less [uranium-235](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235) than [natural uranium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_uranium), since said U-235 has been refined out and used in a nuclear reactor or weapon, but I don't know what all the [uranium-238](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-238) left over has bonded to. Is it an oxide? A carbide? Pure uranium metal? An alloy of pure uranium metal mixed with something else?

ID: vtc4t2
Title: Why do some plants bloom for only one night?
Author: PremiumPrimate
Score: 9
VoteRatio: 0.85
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657176261
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtc4t2/why_do_some_plants_bloom_for_only_one_night/
Text: There are a number of plants that bloom for just one night per year. It seems reasonable to think that a mutated variant blooming for two nights would eventually out-compete the one-nighters, but since that hasn't happened I guess that's not the case. Why?

ID: vtdpph
Title: Why are some lakes clear and others murky?
Author: ProtagonistForHire
Score: 9
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657182704
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtdpph/why_are_some_lakes_clear_and_others_murky/
Text: Even if the water is still. Won't all the sediment settle to the bottom eventually and become clear.

ID: vtfuh7
Title: Why do we have kneecaps but no elbow caps?
Author: TophsYoutube
Score: 4148
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 277
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657191202
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtfuh7/why_do_we_have_kneecaps_but_no_elbow_caps/
Text: And did we evolve to have kneecaps or did we lose elbow caps somewhere along the way?

Edit: Thank you everyone for the insightful answers! Looks like the answer is a lot more complicated than I thought, but I get the impression that the evolutionary lineage is complicate. Thanks!

ID: vtjw2v
Title: If all precipitation stopped, how long would it take for all the rivers to empty into the oceans?
Author: whidzee
Score: 1656
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 79
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657203883
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtjw2v/if_all_precipitation_stopped_how_long_would_it/
Text: 

ID: vtl3in
Title: How do Mosquitoes Suck?
Author: SpaceMangos
Score: 111
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 51
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657207236
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtl3in/how_do_mosquitoes_suck/
Text: I've briefly read about the 6 needles they use in their proboscis, but I want to know how the blood is moved from the bloodstream to the mosquito and cannot find anything. How similar is it to how we suck through a straw where we create a lower pressure environment in our mouth and the liquid moves to fill a pressure difference? Can a mosquito mouth do what we do?

ID: vtm1jf
Title: When was it realized/ proposed that modern birds were actually dinosaurs?
Author: A_HECKIN_DOGGO
Score: 247
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 53
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657209759
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtm1jf/when_was_it_realized_proposed_that_modern_birds/
Text: Was there a specific year when it was first theorized that dinosaurs and birds were the same group of animals? Or was there more of a gradual process where bits and pieces of information were gradually added together to come up with a tentative suggestion that there may have been a link between the two groups which has steadily grown over time?

Also, was there anybody in particular who influenced this theory?

ID: vtq2ww
Title: Was junk DNA always junk or is it vestigial?
Author: LurkerFailsLurking
Score: 22
VoteRatio: 0.7
CommentCount: 18
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657220195
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtq2ww/was_junk_dna_always_junk_or_is_it_vestigial/
Text: I know that random mutations will produce "nonsense" and assume that at least some of the "junk DNA" we carry can be attributed to that, but I was wondering if some of it are fragments of vestigial DNA from our distant ancestors?

If it exists, can we tell the difference between those two categories of DNA and has any of that vestigial DNA been traced to its origin? I'm imagining that it's possible that we and chimpanzees share some junk DNA that's been hanging out since our ancestors diverged a relatively short time ago. Is this true?

Thanks.

ID: vtt8qh
Title: How much would a COVID variant have to mutate before current COVID tests wouldn't properly detect it?
Author: darthjoey91
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.61
CommentCount: 16
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657228379
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtt8qh/how_much_would_a_covid_variant_have_to_mutate/
Text: Like how the current batch of vaccines didn't protect against infection from the Omicron variants, could a variant sufficiently mutate to not be able to be detected by either a PCR or an antigen test? And if it reached that point, would it still be COVID 19, or instead of evolved to the point where it probably deserves a different name?

ID: vty0iq
Title: Do hair products targeted toward a certain type of hair (curly, straight, frizzy, etc) actually matter, or is it all just a marketing tactic?
Author: chicodesopa
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657241863
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vty0iq/do_hair_products_targeted_toward_a_certain_type/
Text: 

ID: vty159
Title: Effects of exposure to +Gs on cardiovascular system of fighter pilots?
Author: claire_inet
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657241921
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vty159/effects_of_exposure_to_gs_on_cardiovascular/
Text: My brother is training to be a fighter pilot and his training requires him to go through simulations that expose him to upwards of +7.5 Gs. My questions regards the risk of RV/LV hypertrophy due to the alterations in cardiac preload and afterlife from being under these Gs. 

I currently work as a scribe in pediatric cardiomyopathy and see a lot of HCM, and knowing the pathology of ventricular hypertrophy got me wondering if there was a risk on RV or LV hypertrophy in fighter pilots due to chronic exposure due intense +Gs

I read one study from Israeli fighter pilots that found no difference in cardiac dimensions by echocardiography when comparing pilots exposed to +Gs vs. -Gs (compared over a 5 year period). However are there studies that compare cardiac dimensions and functions of pilots to the baseline population not exposed to these type of G forces?

ID: vtyg05
Title: Saw this on another subreddit. A guy tried to jump on a trampoline under water but it looks like he landed on solid grand. How does that work?
Author: None
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 0
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657243142
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtyg05/saw_this_on_another_subreddit_a_guy_tried_to_jump/
Text: 

ID: vtz0iy
Title: Is it normal for squirrels (in "packs") to attack birds? And each other?
Author: TipAgreeable9659
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657244899
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtz0iy/is_it_normal_for_squirrels_in_packs_to_attack/
Text: Hopefully my question is alright! I hope I can get some answers. Lately I've been finding dead baby birds all over my backyard, and I hadn't a clue what was killing them. This morning I heard a terrible commotion and found five squirrels circling an adult collared dove like a pack of wolves. They took turns jumping on her back and attacking her. Then, later, the same squirrels started attacking one another! One seemingly nearly killed the other one - By the end of the fight it was hanging off of a tree branch, mouth open, clearly exhausted. It wasn't even holding onto the branch. Is this normal behavior for squirrels? What's the science behind this behavior? I've never seen it before!

ID: vu0je8
Title: Does DNA contain information on an organisms anatomy, shape, size or form?
Author: Zkv
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 24
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657249526
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu0je8/does_dna_contain_information_on_an_organisms/
Text: I've been watching prof. Michael Levin's work in regenerative biology and morphology, where he is working on how cells build bodies. He states that DNA contains no information related to a multicellular organism's three dimensional anatomy. 

Timestamped explanation.

[https://youtu.be/ZmRaIQOlxTY?t=654](https://youtu.be/ZmRaIQOlxTY?t=654)

&#x200B;

But everything I see online, and everyone I ask online explicitly states that DNA tells cells how to build bodies. 

&#x200B;

If Levin is wrong, and DNA does contain anatomical information, are we able to learn the anatomy of an animal, or even a simple plant *just* by reading the genome? Obviously without comparing it to a related organism.

ID: vu0ykf
Title: Why does boiling water form bubbles at the BOTTOM of the pot?
Author: Mightycrevice
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.54
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657250846
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu0ykf/why_does_boiling_water_form_bubbles_at_the_bottom/
Text: Is it breaking the molecule apart, creating the air? Do these bubbles contain the steam?

ID: vu1h7g
Title: Are sleep patterns controlled by genetics in any way?
Author: reanukeeves07
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.63
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657252531
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu1h7g/are_sleep_patterns_controlled_by_genetics_in_any/
Text: Both my parents are early risers (5-6 a.m. wake-up sans alarm) and two of my three siblings as well as myself are the same. My oldest sister is usually 7:30 - 8:30. It could very well be due to being raised by early risers and personal preference, but genetics are still a possibility, plus that looks suspiciously like a basic double-heterozygous punnet square.

ID: vu1y9y
Title: Would marine mammals such as dolphins and belugas enjoy the taste of sugar foods like cake?
Author: ericstern
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657254050
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu1y9y/would_marine_mammals_such_as_dolphins_and_belugas/
Text: I figured, bears have been observed eating all sorts of human food, and seem to have a sweet tooth just like we do, I wonder if that applies to mammals who have only ever eaten fish their whole lives.

ID: vu27ep
Title: Is there an effect where watching people eat can make you feel full?
Author: An-Orange-Mess
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657254930
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu27ep/is_there_an_effect_where_watching_people_eat_can/
Text: When I was watching a video essay about the "mukbang industry" it explained that some people say that they experience "vicarious satiation", where they feel full just by watching these content creators eat. Can it really satiate hunger for some or is it just them convincing themselves that they are not hungry once they have watched those videos?

ID: vu3r40
Title: Can a dormant herpes virus become active if someone is in contact with cold sores?
Author: parkix
Score: 103
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 17
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657260462
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu3r40/can_a_dormant_herpes_virus_become_active_if/
Text: I've read that most of the world population already has herpes (something like 80-90%) but only a small minority show symptoms (cold sores). In the case of HSV-1 virus, if someone already has the virus, but is asymptomatic (never had any outbreaks, as seems to be the case with most of the population) and gets into contact with cold sores (from a partner), will that person develop symptoms (cold sores) or will the virus continue to be dormant?

ID: vu41fi
Title: Why do acardiac twins mostly fail to develop an upper body?
Author: weeknie
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 0
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657261539
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu41fi/why_do_acardiac_twins_mostly_fail_to_develop_an/
Text: I was reading the wiki page about acardiac twins, which states the following:

> The acardiac twin is a parasitic twin that fails to properly develop a heart, and therefore generally does not develop the upper structures of the body.

How does the lack of development of a heart, hinder the development of the upper body? Why isn't the lower body (as) affected? (generally the legs do grow, just not properly)

Does it have something to do with the lack of proper oxygenated blood?

ID: vu47qs
Title: Why do certain plants such as Hibiscus produce and transfer pollen grains even though they don't produce any seed or fruit?
Author: Strong_Produce_6501
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657262200
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu47qs/why_do_certain_plants_such_as_hibiscus_produce/
Text: 

ID: vu47v0
Title: What causes the hours-long delay between a vaccine injection and the onset of immune responses symptoms (chills, etc.)?
Author: 9183b_34834
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.64
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657262213
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu47v0/what_causes_the_hourslong_delay_between_a_vaccine/
Text: I've gotten seven vaccines in the past year or so and it seems that although I feel fine immediately after the injection other than a slightly sore arm at the injection site, after about 9-12 hours the immune symptoms begin to kick in. Chills, fatigue, and generally feeling out of sorts.

What specifically is happening during that interval?

ID: vu4cuj
Title: I used to hear more frogs at night. Is the declining population of insects also impacting invertebrate and amphibians?
Author: Prudent_Studio_4453
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.54
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657262751
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu4cuj/i_used_to_hear_more_frogs_at_night_is_the/
Text: More so, where are they being affected the most?

ID: vu4tpi
Title: How do antidepressant cause semi-permanent sexual dysfunction even after quitting the medication?
Author: cololz1
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657264598
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu4tpi/how_do_antidepressant_cause_semipermanent_sexual/
Text: In the literature there have been rising number of studies/reviews done on PSSD (post ssri sexual dysfunction), with the recent track since the EMA [accepted it as a syndrome page 5](https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/prac-recommendation/prac-recommendations-signals-adopted-13-16-may-2019-prac-meeting_en.pdf).

sexual dysfunction are atypical from standard sexual dysfunction, symptoms include : 

\-anorgasmia

\-genital numbness

\-ejaculatory anahedonia 

ID: vu54y4
Title: Apparently Tsunamis can go up to 800-900 km/h, are there any video of this?
Author: CampaignImmediate683
Score: 26
VoteRatio: 0.85
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657265892
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu54y4/apparently_tsunamis_can_go_up_to_800900_kmh_are/
Text: 

ID: vu56wi
Title: Are there any benefits of continuing to drink breast milk long past infancy?
Author: bavtersaurus
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.29
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657266129
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu56wi/are_there_any_benefits_of_continuing_to_drink/
Text: I believe that breast milk is very important for a baby’s development, but would there be any physiological benefit for a person to continue drinking it well into adult life if that was a viable option (assuming you replace a persons normal consumption of cow’s milk)? 

Do the benefits that a baby experiences stop when they stop growing and at what point in a humans life would that be?

ID: vu6u9p
Title: Would a human being find swimming in liquid water easier or more difficult on a high gravity planet?
Author: Shanghai_Banjo
Score: 18
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657273088
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu6u9p/would_a_human_being_find_swimming_in_liquid_water/
Text: 

ID: vu75gj
Title: Does voluntary exposure to germs increase your immunity against them?
Author: SHJPEM
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.84
CommentCount: 18
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657274404
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu75gj/does_voluntary_exposure_to_germs_increase_your/
Text: 

ID: vu7qju
Title: is nicotine a blood thinner?
Author: bendiksen00
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657276682
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu7qju/is_nicotine_a_blood_thinner/
Text: 

ID: vu7wke
Title: So much happens in the body during regular sleep. Is there anything going on during a 20-minute nap?
Author: HayNakoRed
Score: 37
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657277368
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu7wke/so_much_happens_in_the_body_during_regular_sleep/
Text: 

ID: vu9ljq
Title: How do mammals deal with placenta and the umbilical cord?
Author: Finn_Storm
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 17
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657283140
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu9ljq/how_do_mammals_deal_with_placenta_and_the/
Text: With humans, if the placenta is left in the woman it can cause harm so it is removed. However, animals can't do this.

Similarly, whilst not life-threatening, the umbilical cord can still be a danger if left unattended.

ID: vu9q21
Title: What happens to a virus if the host that it lives in dies? Does it decompose with the body?
Author: neenonay
Score: 2489
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 277
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657283541
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu9q21/what_happens_to_a_virus_if_the_host_that_it_lives/
Text: 

ID: vu9rrg
Title: If you take rabies vaccine right after getting bit by a rabid animal, can the vaccine help?
Author: Booomhaver
Score: 2356
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 457
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657283700
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu9rrg/if_you_take_rabies_vaccine_right_after_getting/
Text: 

ID: vu9uwv
Title: What is cardiovascular fitness on a physiological level?
Author: grondboontjiebotter
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.64
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657283986
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu9uwv/what_is_cardiovascular_fitness_on_a_physiological/
Text: Or put differently what changes in your body as you get fit?

ID: vu9uy6
Title: Can insects see very small things like bacteria?
Author: stagistadirepubblica
Score: 290
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 47
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657283989
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu9uy6/can_insects_see_very_small_things_like_bacteria/
Text: Can they see smaller things than us? How small?

ID: vu9z46
Title: Radio, X-rays, and visible light are different wavelengths on the same EM spectrum. Could a modified chlorophyll molecule perform photosynthesis from a radio source instead of visible light?
Author: option8
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.87
CommentCount: 14
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657284373
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu9z46/radio_xrays_and_visible_light_are_different/
Text: 

ID: vua95u
Title: Can different water types increase how wrinkly your hands get after a bath?
Author: No-Mango5939
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657285247
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vua95u/can_different_water_types_increase_how_wrinkly/
Text: Coming for summer break back home, I noticed my hands got super wrinkly after a 20’ bath, something that doesn’t happen as fast and intense at school. Now I’m guessing water isn’t wetter than in the Netherlands, but something surely is different. 

Can it be from different substances in the water treatment? If so, which ones? If not, why?

ID: vuaa7m
Title: Are there more extinct species than living species?
Author: msief
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657285334
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vuaa7m/are_there_more_extinct_species_than_living_species/
Text: What about bird species?

ID: vuc0ul
Title: What is the difference between the old idea of an electromagnetic ether and the theory of quantum fields?
Author: nathan500
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.7
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657290393
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vuc0ul/what_is_the_difference_between_the_old_idea_of_an/
Text: Is the idea of an ether resurgent now that quantum studies argue for quantum fields? Are they at all similar?

ID: vucj8s
Title: Can a bone marrow transplant transmit leukemia?
Author: inucune
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.66
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657291843
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vucj8s/can_a_bone_marrow_transplant_transmit_leukemia/
Text: I understand that a bone marrow transplant is a common treatment for leukemia. 

I also understand that there is screening for any issues with the donor tissue.

For the purpose of this question, if a person who is getting a bone marrow transplant for a non-cancer related issue (such as aplastic anemia), could this transmit leukemia from the donor to the recipient?

ID: vuckjp
Title: May be a dumb question, but do stars of the same mass also have the same volume?
Author: crocnahalf
Score: 124
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 45
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657291947
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vuckjp/may_be_a_dumb_question_but_do_stars_of_the_same/
Text: Given that stars are mostly made of the same stuff (hydrogen and helium) and gravity is only dependent on mass, I figured equal stellar masses would have similar densities.

ID: vucn9s
Title: Brood parasitism in wasps?
Author: NickYuk
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657292160
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vucn9s/brood_parasitism_in_wasps/
Text: There’s a ton of brood parasites in solitary bees, it’s been estimated to have 15 origins. But in apiod wasps it’s only developed twice in the Crabronidae family. Why is there such a huge discrepancy between the two when they are so closely related?

ID: vuhwm2
Title: How much does gravity affect moving objects at extremely short distances?
Author: ryanasimov
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 20
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657306339
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vuhwm2/how_much_does_gravity_affect_moving_objects_at/
Text: For example, imagine a bullet leaving a gun barrel. If an instrument was sensitive enough to measure the distance between the bullet and the ground, would you be able to record a drop in the first meter? Centimeter? Millimeter? Planck length?

ID: vul2o1
Title: What are rocks made of?
Author: whambamthankyoumaan
Score: 286
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 70
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657315005
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vul2o1/what_are_rocks_made_of/
Text: Like, i know it sounds dumb, but I dont really know what they would be made of. Like, if I look at a diamond, I know it's carbon. If we talk about air, ik its oxygen, nitrogen, etc, etc. But what are rocks made of?

ID: vumexi
Title: Do humans become more acclimated (sweating less) to high temperatures when living in warmer countries for long periods of time?
Author: _Zouth
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657318675
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vumexi/do_humans_become_more_acclimated_sweating_less_to/
Text: I'm from northern Europe and currently visiting souther Europe where temperatures are currently ~30 degrees celsius during daytime. Temperatures that I'm not used to at home. I can only step outside for a few minutes before I'm sweating quite heavily. Meanwhile I see the locals walking around wearing full lenght pants, long sleeved shirts etc. looking like they're completely unaffected by the heath. Would I be more acclimated to the heath (i.e. sweat less) if I were to stay here for longer periods of time? If so, how long?

ID: vunmmh
Title: What Animal is Genetically Furthest from Humans?
Author: None
Score: 13
VoteRatio: 0.84
CommentCount: 14
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657322071
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vunmmh/what_animal_is_genetically_furthest_from_humans/
Text: So often people talk about what animals are closest to us (chimps, monkeys, etc) but I've never really heard of someone talking about the most unrelated animal to us. So, in terms of what would be commonly referred to as an animal in every-day talk (so no single-celled organisms or things like that), what is furthest from us?

Edit: For clarity, by "animal in every-day talk" I just mean no single celled organisms, bacteria, etc. Things that are just so obviously far from us because they're so simple. Things like insects, sponges, etc all count. I eliminate them simply because while most likely correct, it's just not an interesting answer, and most people not in the scientific field wouldn't consider a bacteria to even be an animal in any way. For the sake of what discussion can be drawn from this, I want more interesting answers than the very obvious.

ID: vunz2p
Title: How fast can temperature change?
Author: Ok_loop
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657323050
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vunz2p/how_fast_can_temperature_change/
Text: I was thinking about the JWST and it’s incredibly extreme temperature gradient from heat-shield side to cryo-cooled instrument block, all over a physical space of maybe a few meters. 

Is the fundamental limit to how fast a temperature can change based of a plank length, or something else? I suppose it must be linked to fundamental forces and atomic motion, but I can’t really get an intuitive sense of what might limit the speed of temperature change. 

Cheers!

ID: vuobkj
Title: What happens to a fireant colony when the queen dies?
Author: TexasIsForRednecks
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657324114
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vuobkj/what_happens_to_a_fireant_colony_when_the_queen/
Text: So I use Indoxacarb fire ant bait on the colony and I see the workers carry the bait inside the mound.  Then on avg 3 days later the mound is dead.  The pesticide supposedly is fed to the queen and the colony dies.  But how?  Do they all just starve?  Or shutdown like the Borg? Or do they relocate and find a new queen?

ID: vuogxy
Title: Does the amount of exposure to a sick person increase your level of sickness?
Author: Charlito1
Score: 26
VoteRatio: 0.66
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657324562
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vuogxy/does_the_amount_of_exposure_to_a_sick_person/
Text: Let’s say if you are in a store and a single airborne COVID virus gets into your system. Would you get less sick than someone who gets directly sneezed on and a thousand COVID viruses get in your system? 

I’m curious if it only takes one single virus and the amount doesn’t really matter since in both cases the virus would still multiply a lot anyways.

ID: vutds3
Title: why did the first cratons form and why do continental plates exist?
Author: LurkerFailsLurking
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657340329
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vutds3/why_did_the_first_cratons_form_and_why_do/
Text: When magma oozes up from the mantle at divergent plate boundaries or from hot spots like Hawaii, they form "oceanic plate material" that's low in silicates.

Then that stuff gets subducted under continental plates where it melts and bubbles back up but now when that lava comes out it forms high silicate "continental plate material".

But why? Where did the first cratons come from and why does continental plate material ever form? Why isn't it all oceanic plate material?

ID: vutlqz
Title: Do Anti-inflamatory medications slow the healing process?
Author: marksills
Score: 525
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 178
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657341088
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vutlqz/do_antiinflamatory_medications_slow_the_healing/
Text: A common refrain when small injuries (like a tweak to a back muscle) occur is to take ibuprofen, which in theory reduces inflammation. But from my understanding, inflammation is your body's natural reaction to an injury and is meant to heal you. So while they may have short term pain relief effects, are these drugs slowing the healing process? How does this apply to non NSAID pain relievers such as Tylenol?

ID: vutngm
Title: “In 1796, Edward Jenner, considered the founder of vaccinology in the West, successfully inoculated an eight-year-old boy against smallpox using vaccinia virus—from cowpox.” How?
Author: pillowtalkingtonoone
Score: 141
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 29
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657341260
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vutngm/in_1796_edward_jenner_considered_the_founder_of/
Text: When first making a vaccine, how do scientists extract (harvest?) a virus and make it administrable to humans? After a vaccine is successfully made, can it just be made synthetically from then on?

ID: vutwmc
Title: How is memory related to intelligence?
Author: fanglife
Score: 28
VoteRatio: 0.74
CommentCount: 20
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657342184
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vutwmc/how_is_memory_related_to_intelligence/
Text: 

ID: vutxsp
Title: In oil/gas drilling, how is torque applied effectively to the drill bit a mile or more below the surface? Is there a significant spring effect on the shank?
Author: Clay_Pigeon
Score: 169
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 78
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657342306
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vutxsp/in_oilgas_drilling_how_is_torque_applied/
Text: It seems to me that it might take many rotations at the surface to start the bit spinning against the rock, and that the extremely long shank of the drill gets twisted up somewhat. I probably have some bad assumptions.

ID: vutxwh
Title: Why are there hydrating creams, gels etc for the skin of the face and the body? Doesn't water get to every skin tissue to hydrate it?
Author: MrInfinitumEnd
Score: 4018
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 399
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657342316
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vutxwh/why_are_there_hydrating_creams_gels_etc_for_the/
Text: 

ID: vuu4wx
Title: Does solar activity leave terrestrial records?
Author: Nianarl
Score: 32
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657343024
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vuu4wx/does_solar_activity_leave_terrestrial_records/
Text: For example, would a massive solar flare leave any record of itself? Radiation in rocks, or that sort of thing? Is there any way to know about the history of solar flares or increased solar activity other than written human records?

ID: vuzp8r
Title: Do birds of the same species in different geographical areas have variance in their calls like humans have different dialects? Why or why not?
Author: steel_sun
Score: 32
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 14
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657366260
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vuzp8r/do_birds_of_the_same_species_in_different/
Text: 

ID: vv25r9
Title: How effective were the COVID-19 lockdowns?
Author: JustQsTime
Score: 16
VoteRatio: 0.63
CommentCount: 28
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657374703
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vv25r9/how_effective_were_the_covid19_lockdowns/
Text: This is an issue raised by many friends of mine that I find have a tendency towards the conspiratorial.
I'd be interested where I could find some relevant data on the efficacy of lockdowns at managing the pandemic.

ID: vv431x
Title: If two different viruses invade one cell, which virus wins?
Author: PaddleMonkey
Score: 24
VoteRatio: 0.76
CommentCount: 16
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657380373
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vv431x/if_two_different_viruses_invade_one_cell_which/
Text: 

ID: vv6utt
Title: are bats actually blind or is it just a myth and do they have really good eyesight, if so why do they use sound to move around which causes them to die on power lines, which they can see with their eyes?
Author: Scarlett_is_here
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.65
CommentCount: 14
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657388310
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vv6utt/are_bats_actually_blind_or_is_it_just_a_myth_and/
Text: I have two books in physics of the same class, one of 2021 and one of 2017 but they have one contradicting information, the one in 2017 says 

> With echo of sound bats can move easily, they cannot see through their eyes. 

In the book of 2021, 

> Bats have eyes, they can actually see very well with it. 

(Translated by me, very poorly.) 

Which ones correct? 

Also Why do they say you're blind as a bat?

ID: vv9167
Title: Why would the immune system attack the eyes, if it knew they were there?
Author: Skate4needsLIDAR
Score: 1565
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 83
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657394575
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vv9167/why_would_the_immune_system_attack_the_eyes_if_it/
Text: 

ID: vvayl8
Title: How does rayleigh scattering polarize light?
Author: GuRoux_
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657400166
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvayl8/how_does_rayleigh_scattering_polarize_light/
Text: As far as I understand, the light from the sun is scattered with a bias towards certain polarization angles. But, the sunlight is randomly polarized and the molecules in the air are randomly oriented, so how does this bias come about?

ID: vvbp6j
Title: When you're infected with a virus, what percentage of your body's cells actually contain the virus?
Author: Gromflake
Score: 2131
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 97
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657402341
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvbp6j/when_youre_infected_with_a_virus_what_percentage/
Text: 

ID: vvcawp
Title: Is the acceleration of Piaget developmental stages possible?
Author: dog3000baby
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657404106
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvcawp/is_the_acceleration_of_piaget_developmental/
Text: Hello everyone,

&#x200B;

I have been learning about Piaget recently through the Introduction to Psychology Yale course ([https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL6A08EB4EEFF3E91F](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL6A08EB4EEFF3E91F)) and I was wondering if it would be possible, maybe through a set of tailored puzzles, to accelerate a child's advancement through Piaget's developmental stages.

 

\- Is there a physical limit for this (possibly that children gain these abilities not only through assimilation with their environment but also the physical growth of brain, therefore such puzzles/toys would not be effective as the child does not have the physical brain capacity to advance in their developmental stage yet?)

&#x200B;

Any studies/videos regarding this topic would be greatly appreciated, let me know what you all think.

ID: vvcr16
Title: Is there any actual cases of ‘If you don’t move they can’t see you’ in nature and if so, why?
Author: AugustineBlackwater
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657405414
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvcr16/is_there_any_actual_cases_of_if_you_dont_move/
Text: 

ID: vvd8rc
Title: Why is Covid dangerous both to immunocompromised people, and via cytokine storms?
Author: rasputinette
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657406886
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvd8rc/why_is_covid_dangerous_both_to_immunocompromised/
Text: So, one of the dangers of Covid is that it will cause a cytokine storm, and the storm - not the virus - will kill the victim. At the same time, however, Covid is especially dangerous to immunocompromised people. How does the infection work, that both having a "strong" immune system and a "weak" one makes a person extra-vulnerable?

ID: vvedx4
Title: Why do tree rings equal one year?
Author: Inlhia
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657410380
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvedx4/why_do_tree_rings_equal_one_year/
Text: Also, why do they continually grow instead of staying the same size at a certain age?

ID: vvgxzn
Title: How does body hair know what length to grow to?
Author: Spiritual_Age_4992
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657418623
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvgxzn/how_does_body_hair_know_what_length_to_grow_to/
Text: *Observations:

Every time I trim my body hair, it grows back.

Now there can be two possible explanations for this:

*Explanation 1:

Body hair growth is continuous and hair grows indefinitely long if left ungroomed.

But I know this is not true, because for the first 18 years of my ife I never trimmed any hair, but they still didn't grow further after reaching a certain size.

*Explation 2:

There is some sort of feedback mechanism that let's the hair root cells know that the hair has been trimmed and they grow enough to compensate for the exact length that has been lost.

*Question:

But if hair is made of dead cells, how exactly can the body tell if that particular strand of hair has been cut

(I tried cutting out a patch of hair for this purpose and it grew to the same length as well after a few weeks)

And the exact length to which it has been cut?

....

I specifically put body hair in my question because I've never tested our the full limit of head hair, so I assumed it grows indefinitely.

ID: vvhero
Title: What is the total surface area of the bronchioles/bronchi (not alveoli) in a typical human lung?
Author: tasmaniansyrup
Score: 22
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657420184
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvhero/what_is_the_total_surface_area_of_the/
Text: It's widely known that the alveoli have a massive total surface area (70-100 m\^2) in order to transmit oxygen to the bloodstream. What about the passages in the lungs that transmit the air to the alveoli but don't participate in gas exchange? Is their total surface area known?

ID: vvidcm
Title: How does Herpes (cold sores) actually cause the body to create the structure it is known for?
Author: Teri_Windwalker
Score: 24
VoteRatio: 0.84
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657423356
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvidcm/how_does_herpes_cold_sores_actually_cause_the/
Text: Is the virus specifically giving instructions that are interpreted as "raised, blister-matted skin" or is it something that human body would already make in response to skin damage and is simply being "tricked" into doing so?

ID: vviokv
Title: How does your body know what shape to make your teeth?
Author: ReadingIt_
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.84
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657424440
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vviokv/how_does_your_body_know_what_shape_to_make_your/
Text: I can see how the parts of your body made of cells might know how to shape themselves, but teeth are mostly just minerals. How does your body know how shape something that isn’t made of cells?

ID: vvqnk3
Title: What is a metric of measuring a persons metabolism ?
Author: __Catfish__Obama
Score: 17
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657456822
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvqnk3/what_is_a_metric_of_measuring_a_persons_metabolism/
Text: 

ID: vvsxof
Title: Are there any large terrestrial exoplanets with an accretion disk similar to Saturn's?
Author: bengarrr
Score: 1732
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 116
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657464167
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvsxof/are_there_any_large_terrestrial_exoplanets_with/
Text: 

ID: vvszsb
Title: What is gas-liquid mass transfer in the context of bubbles?
Author: existntialMelancholy
Score: 124
VoteRatio: 0.84
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657464346
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvszsb/what_is_gasliquid_mass_transfer_in_the_context_of/
Text: Hi there, I am doing some research on micro bubbling technology used in water-treatment. One term that comes across very frequently is gas-liquid mass transfer. Right now, my interpretation of this term is the rate at which gas in the bubble dissolves and transfers to the liquid or the water body. Is this accurate? I am struggling to find a simple to understand explanation of the term through goggle searches.

ID: vvul6s
Title: What are migraines specifically?
Author: LeekMajor5391
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 22
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657468926
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvul6s/what_are_migraines_specifically/
Text: I’ve recently started getting migraines after being in the sun too much and I can’t find anywhere anything that explains what a mirgaine actually is

ID: vvuuyp
Title: Our water is hard. If we want to minimize limescale deposits in our electric kettle, is it better to only boil the amount of water we need or to boil a kettle full every time?
Author: LadyDriverKW
Score: 34
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 21
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657469701
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvuuyp/our_water_is_hard_if_we_want_to_minimize/
Text: [Water Quality numbers](https://imgur.com/a/PeUDIQU) 

The kettle boils between .5L and 1.7L at a time.

This is to settle a longstanding marital disagreement.

ID: vvvenq
Title: Why don’t mammals typically have a cloaca?
Author: MERmook
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657471257
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvvenq/why_dont_mammals_typically_have_a_cloaca/
Text: It seems most vertebrates and invertebrates utilise some form of a cloaca for excretion and reproduction; what led mammals to developing differently? Is there a reason we need multiple ways of releasing waste?

ID: vvw10g
Title: Is there a particular reason human ears are shaped like that? Other animals like cats or cows don't have it nearly as weird and complicated.
Author: thetimujin
Score: 205
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 60
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657472990
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvw10g/is_there_a_particular_reason_human_ears_are/
Text: 

ID: vvwf3t
Title: If rivers are constantly flowing and eventually end up in the ocean how do they last for thousands of years without running out of water from their source?
Author: ZantetsukenX
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.53
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657474078
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvwf3t/if_rivers_are_constantly_flowing_and_eventually/
Text: I realize the answer is precipitation, but is there truly so much water being converted from air/clouds into liquid every day that rivers don't quickly run dry after a set of time (years/decades)?

ID: vvwwnb
Title: How do they reduce calories in juice?
Author: phalseprofits
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657475427
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvwwnb/how_do_they_reduce_calories_in_juice/
Text: Like cranberry juice- what process are they using to remove the calories without it tasting horribly tart? I didn’t see any added artificial sweeteners in the ingredients which is how I assumed it was done.

ID: vvxm22
Title: How fast (duration) does a flash of light have to be before we can detect it?
Author: None
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657477373
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvxm22/how_fast_duration_does_a_flash_of_light_have_to/
Text: e.g. if a flash of light was 50ms would the naked eye + brain perceive it? What duration would we not be able to detect the flash of light?

ID: vvxw1p
Title: How different are SARS-CoV2 Omicron surface antigens other than the spike protein compared to the (Wuhan) wild type?
Author: FermatSim
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.58
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657478160
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvxw1p/how_different_are_sarscov2_omicron_surface/
Text: I've been vaccinated 3 times against SARS-COV2 (Pfizer-Pfizer-Moderna) without a breakthrough infection so far; the fourth jab would be available for me but I'm hesitant to train my immune system again against the Wuhan-type of the Spike protein when it has mutated so much over the years, culminating in all the Omicron variants. Original Antigenic sin is a concern for me.

So my question is, of all the other available surface epitopes of the virus, how much mutation has been going on there? I would wager that the Spike protein faces the most evolutionary pressure right now with the amount of vaccinated people. Are other surface antigens as variable?

What would be the advantages/disadvantages of an inactivated vaccine (e.g. *Valneva*) for a fourth vaccination?

ID: vvxx7n
Title: so,when a star dies it changes to a black hole or a neutron star ,so, there's any signs that the star gonna be a black hole or a neutron star?
Author: otako_gamer1937
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.48
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657478248
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvxx7n/sowhen_a_star_dies_it_changes_to_a_black_hole_or/
Text: 

ID: vvy039
Title: Why doesn't cancer instantly spread to the entire body like other diseases?
Author: lawrence1998
Score: 35
VoteRatio: 0.8
CommentCount: 17
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657478474
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvy039/why_doesnt_cancer_instantly_spread_to_the_entire/
Text: I know that cancer can spread to other parts of the body but why does it take so long and why does it sometimes not happen at all?  


 Wouldn't just a few cells moving through the body be enough to "infect" another part of the body?

ID: vvylv5
Title: Does the South Atlantic Anomaly produce any measurable increased exposure to ionizing radiation to humans?
Author: Next-Ad-7267
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.74
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657480162
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvylv5/does_the_south_atlantic_anomaly_produce_any/
Text: 

ID: vvyo1e
Title: Is the phenomenon of 'photographic memory' real? If so what were the differences of the brain of the individual from an average individual?
Author: MrInfinitumEnd
Score: 59
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 40
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657480325
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvyo1e/is_the_phenomenon_of_photographic_memory_real_if/
Text: If the phenomenon is real, are there perceived differences in the brain, body and behavior of the individuals that have it?

ID: vvypy7
Title: Why do we get mold in other warm and moist areas but not in our armpits?
Author: 6ran9eee
Score: 555
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 102
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657480476
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvypy7/why_do_we_get_mold_in_other_warm_and_moist_areas/
Text: I was practicing taekwondo and I suddenly remembered that it’s not our sweat that smells but the bacteria that consumes it does and we never have mold grow in our armpits similar to when food gets moldy, why is that? Is it simply because our sweat contains salt and water? Is it a different bacteria?
Edit: Guys, I practice good hygiene like any reasonable human would. Quit being rude by telling me to “shower more often” or “clean your pits,” I thought about it because of the sweat that was falling on my face and my mind wandered from there.

ID: vw0r4q
Title: Are wave-particle duality and "quantum" gravity just observation and measurement problems?
Author: izactuallydolan
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.44
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657486136
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vw0r4q/are_waveparticle_duality_and_quantum_gravity_just/
Text: When we "observe" photons, they behave a different way, this is the "spookiness" and the lynchpin of quantum physics. Is applying the energy to the photon what causes the wave function to collapse? Or is it "seeing" it, like a thief having a 20% chance to of being in one of five houses, but that probability "collapsing" when we catch him in one specific house? Does that means Schrodinger's Thief isn't really in all 5 houses at once, right? Is the cat just a thought experiment to show absurd consequences of Copenhagen? 

Is observing/applying energy the same problem with a hypothetical graviton? Like if we abstract out a graviton, we can't measure it without adding to energy to it, which adds to the mass, which adds to the gravity, etc etc etc?  

EDIT: grammars

ID: vw2ni0
Title: Are smell/taste memories as fallible as memories of feelings and events?
Author: Fop_Vndone
Score: 1538
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 97
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657491437
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vw2ni0/are_smelltaste_memories_as_fallible_as_memories/
Text: 

ID: vw2rk3
Title: How do chemists figure out the stoichiometry/outcome of complicated reactions before doing them?
Author: deputymcnugget
Score: 97
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 25
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657491758
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vw2rk3/how_do_chemists_figure_out_the/
Text: I can see how they do it with more basic reactions like double replacement, synthesis, etc., but I’m curious how people can predict specific chemical reactions.

ID: vw4hbv
Title: What determines the different colors and makeup of sand on different beaches?
Author: Iwantmorelife
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.81
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657496829
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vw4hbv/what_determines_the_different_colors_and_makeup/
Text: 

ID: vw7z6j
Title: Can human infections be passed on by flatulence?
Author: LawnShame
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657507708
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vw7z6j/can_human_infections_be_passed_on_by_flatulence/
Text: Presumably every other discharge including exhalation from one person can infect others fairly easily. What about farts?

ID: vwbfv9
Title: Why are some types of cancer more common?
Author: Angel_thebro
Score: 16
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 20
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657519751
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwbfv9/why_are_some_types_of_cancer_more_common/
Text: I've always wondered why some types of cancer are more common than others. Especially breast cancer, what is it about the cells there that make easier to get cancer there than in other parts of the body? I know lot of cancer can be directly caused by someone's lifestyle like lung cancer for smokers, and I can kind of guess at ovarian and testicular cancer being common because I'd guess that since that region is just really like used a lot, with a lot of specialized stuff happening there all the time it makes sense.

ID: vwd6hx
Title: Has there been any carnivores that evolved into herbivores, and vice versa? Plus how would it be possible?
Author: Kingofj1234
Score: 37
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 17
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657526942
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwd6hx/has_there_been_any_carnivores_that_evolved_into/
Text: Probably a stupid question

ID: vwe27g
Title: Is the coding strand of DNA ever transcribed?
Author: Minilychee
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.72
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657530840
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwe27g/is_the_coding_strand_of_dna_ever_transcribed/
Text: My understanding is that RNA polymerase runs along the template DNA strand during transcription, pumping out a strand of RNA identical to the coding strand. But I was wondering if the coding strand can only be that, or if it is also used as a template strand every once in a while. Do the two strands switch roles? It seems like a simple question, but I can't seem to get a clear answer through google.

ID: vwes4u
Title: Is adrenaline always effective for anaphylaxis?
Author: NonHealingUlcer
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657533889
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwes4u/is_adrenaline_always_effective_for_anaphylaxis/
Text: 

ID: vwhj6x
Title: What are the physiological processes in a woman's body responsible for inducing and performing the expulsion of a fetus during a miscarriage?
Author: EVOSexyBeast
Score: 88
VoteRatio: 0.81
CommentCount: 24
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657543409
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwhj6x/what_are_the_physiological_processes_in_a_womans/
Text: I understand an early miscarriage is often induced by a chromosomal abnormality, but how does the body know there is a chromosomal abnormality? And then how does the body proceed to expel the fetus? Is it just the fetus "falling out" or does the body intentionally and actively push out the fetus? If the latter, what are the physiological processes involved and how do they work?

ID: vwhkay
Title: Why are the planets in our system so different from each other? You’d think at least a couple would have developed the same/looked alike.
Author: GeekYogurt
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.48
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657543505
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwhkay/why_are_the_planets_in_our_system_so_different/
Text: 

ID: vwirml
Title: When you "feel" the sun beating down on you, is that some part of your body reacting to radiation rather than the normal sense of warmth carried via conduction or convection?
Author: GavinThePacMan
Score: 6805
VoteRatio: 0.96
CommentCount: 312
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657547005
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwirml/when_you_feel_the_sun_beating_down_on_you_is_that/
Text: 

ID: vwjd1d
Title: How do white blood cells replicate immunity between generations?
Author: General_Elephant
Score: 16
VoteRatio: 0.84
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657548647
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwjd1d/how_do_white_blood_cells_replicate_immunity/
Text: How does our immune system transfer genetic information about identified viruses and bacteria to future generations of white blood cells and other immune system functions? Does it get transferred, and if so, how can we develop a persistent immunity to something like polio?

How are white blood cells recycled by the body? Does the genetic data coded by these WBCs get lost? 

It is my understanding that WBCs encode some of the genetic material it breaks down to help identify future threats, but WBCs don't live forever, so what happens to this captured genetic material?

ID: vwjylm
Title: How are Coronavirus classification numbers created, and is there a universal system for all viruses?
Author: proboardslolv5
Score: 23
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657550289
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwjylm/how_are_coronavirus_classification_numbers/
Text: I see variants of coronavirus with labels like B.1.617.2 (Delta) and B.1.1.529 (Omicron), and then for Omicron there are subvariants like BA.1, BA.2, etc.

Is this classification system unique to SARS-CoV-2? What does B mean? What does each number mean? Do they use this same classification system for other viruses? Is there a database of viruses with their classification numbers somewhere, along with basic factsheet information like R0 value?

ID: vwka0g
Title: Do snakes get itchy?
Author: blackinaminute
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657551141
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwka0g/do_snakes_get_itchy/
Text: 

ID: vwmklx
Title: How did the rivers choose their meandering paths on the same soil structure, and how did the rivers choose where they bifurcate?
Author: Curious_Strike3950
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657557024
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwmklx/how_did_the_rivers_choose_their_meandering_paths/
Text: 

ID: vwmsdd
Title: When physicists or cosmologists say that there may be much more of the universe beyond our "cosmic horizon", how is that possible?
Author: theundiscoveredcolor
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.84
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657557568
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwmsdd/when_physicists_or_cosmologists_say_that_there/
Text: If I understand correctly, the further we peer into the cosmos, the further back in time we see. In that case, wouldn't the cosmic microwave background radiation and the first stars and galaxies then infer that the universe we observe is all there is?

I can understand that there could be a causal horizon, given the perceived flatness of our universe. However, I am hoping that someone can help differentiate between the "firewall" of the CMB and the speculative universe beyond what we can see with telescopes.

ID: vwnss6
Title: Are parasite species that specifically require a human host rare, or common?
Author: raimbows
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657560145
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwnss6/are_parasite_species_that_specifically_require_a/
Text: I know many parasites have evolved to rely on a particular host species for part or all of their life cycle; is this common or uncommon for the ones that parasitize us? The only examples of parasites I know of that are dependent on us for survival are certain species of lice and certain intestinal hookworms. I know many other parasites like *Giardia* and *Trypanosoma* can infect a range of host species.

ID: vwpcqn
Title: Why does the jump in the rate of Uranium enrichment is so much faster going from 20% to 90% vs initially going to 3.5%?
Author: TexasIsForRednecks
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657564123
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwpcqn/why_does_the_jump_in_the_rate_of_uranium/
Text: 

ID: vwqp8r
Title: Why is Plasma usually omitted or not mentioned at all in textbooks or articles about states of aggregation?
Author: lav3nd33r
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.61
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657567526
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwqp8r/why_is_plasma_usually_omitted_or_not_mentioned_at/
Text: 

ID: vwrn3u
Title: When you "feel" the sun beating down on you, is that some part of your body reacting to radiation rather than the normal sense of warmth carried via conduction or convection?
Author: Business-Advice7399
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657569860
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwrn3u/when_you_feel_the_sun_beating_down_on_you_is_that/
Text: When you "feel" the sun beating down
on you, is that some part of your body
reacting to radiation rather than the normal
sense of warmth carried via conduction or
convection?

ID: vwtml4
Title: Is there anywhere in the universe where energy exists without matter?
Author: Jondo_McRondo
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.64
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657574822
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwtml4/is_there_anywhere_in_the_universe_where_energy/
Text: Or in other words, does all the matter in the universe account for all the energy?

ID: vwucpa
Title: Is there any notable speciation of pest species that reside in urban environments like pigeons, rats, and cockroaches between major cities, countries, or continents? Or does the movement of people, and the inadvertent transportation of individuals of these species, prevent speciation?
Author: SakanaToDoubutsu
Score: 18
VoteRatio: 0.84
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657576635
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwucpa/is_there_any_notable_speciation_of_pest_species/
Text: Likewise for invasive species like Asian carp, lionfish, and snakeheads, where transportation of these species is strictly controlled to prevent further damage, is there any notable speciation between the original native populations and the individuals that exist in the invasive range?

ID: vwvkvi
Title: Are there “unlimited galaxies” in the universe as NASA administrator Nelson claimed today during the James Webb photo unveiling?
Author: ragold
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657579818
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwvkvi/are_there_unlimited_galaxies_in_the_universe_as/
Text: In the press conference, Joe Biden throws to a NASA official who makes the claim of infinite galaxies.

ID: vwvuab
Title: How is it insects can rub their 'eyes' without injuring them, but mammals/etc touching their eyes is damaging?
Author: A_BadNews_Bear
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657580518
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwvuab/how_is_it_insects_can_rub_their_eyes_without/
Text: 

ID: vwvx00
Title: Why do stars have spikes/flares in the James Webb Image?
Author: TheHopelessInfidel
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657580731
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwvx00/why_do_stars_have_spikesflares_in_the_james_webb/
Text: If you see the latest image by the James Webb telescope:
https://www.reddit.com/r/jameswebbdiscoveries/comments/vwuxzv/first_image_of_the_james_webb_discovery_telescope/?utm_medium=android_app&utm_source=share

The stars have spikes/flares coming out of them but the galaxies are crisp and clear. Why is that? Is it related to where we are focusing on in the image? 

PS: I read somewhere that stars are the ones with flares/spikes. If not please feel free to correct me.

ID: vwwk3b
Title: Why are galaxies galaxy sized?
Author: mikom636
Score: 9
VoteRatio: 0.72
CommentCount: 17
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657582537
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwwk3b/why_are_galaxies_galaxy_sized/
Text: It seems that galaxies have a range of sizes that they come in why the galaxies arranged at that variety of sizes? Why cosmic bodies dont come as an even larger arrengement of matter than galaxies?

ID: vwx9w9
Title: Can NASA zoom into the closest solar system with the Webb telescope to see planets?
Author: bigb0ned
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657584601
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwx9w9/can_nasa_zoom_into_the_closest_solar_system_with/
Text: 

ID: vwxnpz
Title: Why aren't all galaxies randomly spread out and instead are clustered in these weird structures?
Author: ctp_user101
Score: 9
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 19
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657585729
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwxnpz/why_arent_all_galaxies_randomly_spread_out_and/
Text: I just saw new webb space telescope image and have outlined some of the patterns you can see right away.

https://i.ibb.co/dQN1sPD/heic1214a.gif

ID: vwz5wr
Title: How come local stars (in the milky way) don't overexpose the JWST's image?
Author: edgymemesalt
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657590211
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwz5wr/how_come_local_stars_in_the_milky_way_dont/
Text: 

ID: vwzgmx
Title: Why are infrared telescopes like the JWST critical for observing the early universe? If light from far away is being red-shifted, wouldn't the farthest light eventually be shifted into radio wavelengths making radio telescopes more useful?
Author: chetanaik
Score: 888
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 85
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657591108
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwzgmx/why_are_infrared_telescopes_like_the_jwst/
Text: 

ID: vx03ur
Title: How does the JSWT take "color" photographs?
Author: Doctrina_Stabilitas
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.8
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657592985
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vx03ur/how_does_the_jswt_take_color_photographs/
Text: So I know in a camera that there's a bayer filter that makes color out of a black and white photograph, but for the JWST, it works in near infrared. Some news articles seem to say that it is able to un-red shift images from near infrared, but I assume, since it requires interpolation, that the JWST works in black and white and doesn't have a near infrared bayer filter equivalent. 

&#x200B;

So my question is by what process is a color image generated from near infrared light? If it requires multiple types of wavelengths, how is that collected because I thought that it was a "black and white" camera sensitive to all unfiltered wavelengths equally

ID: vx27ar
Title: Why are most galaxies and solar systems lateral?
Author: SilverWolfGames1
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657599481
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vx27ar/why_are_most_galaxies_and_solar_systems_lateral/
Text: Why do starts/planets in a typical galaxy/solar system fall on the same plane?
Why aren't they all around making a spherical shape?

ID: vx2ctv
Title: why do we hardly see dead birds (aside from roadkill) where do birds go to die?
Author: LemonAioli
Score: 106
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 60
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657600006
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vx2ctv/why_do_we_hardly_see_dead_birds_aside_from/
Text: 

ID: vx2y57
Title: Is there a method that will be used to name all that galaxies that will be discovered with the Webb telescope?
Author: slybird
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.64
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657602013
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vx2y57/is_there_a_method_that_will_be_used_to_name_all/
Text: I'm just wondering how galaxies are named. There is a lot of them. Possibly trillions of visible galaxies with this new telescope. Wondering if there is a method. Do most go unnamed or only get named if there is something significant about it?

ID: vx3x5w
Title: Why are galaxies not round?
Author: Nedpet
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657605434
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vx3x5w/why_are_galaxies_not_round/
Text: Observing all the round things in the universe, why are galaxies different?

ID: vx4mql
Title: How are boundaries between colors defined? Are they a cultural/linguistic/anthropological phenomenon stricto sensu, or are there biological/neurological bases behind color definition?
Author: MoiJaimeLesCrepes
Score: 1288
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 242
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657608155
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vx4mql/how_are_boundaries_between_colors_defined_are/
Text: A friend and I were arguing about the color of a car. I said it was pink. He said it was purple. I'm not a native speaker of English, so I wondered if that had perhaps something to do with it - perhaps my mother tongue delimited pink and purple differently than English. But asking some Americans, I found out that actually the jury was split. This got me thinking...  


\- Are some color boundaries fuzzier / more ambiguous than others? For instance, yellow might not be as contentious a color as others, but that is just my impression. 

  
\- If some color boundaries are fuzzier than others, is that consistent across languages? For instance, is the boundary between green and blue always fuzzy?

&#x200B;

\- Are there any biological bases for color definitions, anchored perhaps in color perception and processing?  


I realize that this question straddles many disciplines, so I flaired it with Psychology but it could as well have been linguistic, anthropological etc.

ID: vx5qua
Title: Does getting tattooed affect your white blood cell count and things like erythrocyte/eosinophil?
Author: Squidgewidge
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.64
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657612651
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vx5qua/does_getting_tattooed_affect_your_white_blood/
Text: 

ID: vx69rb
Title: How are Quasars formed?
Author: godcombat
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.57
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657614835
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vx69rb/how_are_quasars_formed/
Text: The brightest object in universe

ID: vx6m22
Title: In JWST's first picture, why do some galaxies look distorted while others don't?
Author: itengelhardt
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.54
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657616243
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vx6m22/in_jwsts_first_picture_why_do_some_galaxies_look/
Text: I marvel at the first picture taken by James Webb Space Telescope.   
However, I can't help but feel like some galaxies are (sometimes heavily) distorted - just like a long exposure shot that was taken with my DSLR. Meanwhile, other galaxies (that seem to be close to the distorted ones) look crisp. 

Am I seeing it wrong? Are these galaxies distorted by gravitational (or other?) effects? 

&#x200B;

Here's an image where I added red & yellow arrows to the different galaxies: [https://imgur.com/a/Y5Yk22e](https://imgur.com/a/Y5Yk22e)

ID: vx9vwq
Title: How safe is the James Webb Space Telescope from space debris?
Author: -DoguCat-
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.57
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657628443
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vx9vwq/how_safe_is_the_james_webb_space_telescope_from/
Text: 

ID: vxbs04
Title: Why is so much of the night sky dark, even when there are so many stars/galaxies?
Author: HanaHonu
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.55
CommentCount: 16
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657633974
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxbs04/why_is_so_much_of_the_night_sky_dark_even_when/
Text: The first image from the JWST shows thousands of galaxies. NASA's article says that this image "covers a patch of sky approximately the size of a grain of sand held at arm's length by someone on the ground."

If there are thousands of (even extremely distant) galaxies at every point in the sky (when viewed from Earth), why is the night sky dark in so many places? It seems like it could be bright almost everywhere -  is it just that some are so much closer & brighter, so it looks that way?

ID: vxc2kj
Title: What causes the arcs of light in the image from the James Webb telescope?
Author: RightWritingRites
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.56
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657634782
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxc2kj/what_causes_the_arcs_of_light_in_the_image_from/
Text: There are multiple arcs of light spreading from many of the galaxies shown in the deep field image from the James Webb Telescope. From googling I'm understanding that these arcs are generally the result of gravitational lensing caused by a mass outside the focus of the image. My specific question stems from the multiple arcs that aren't concentric.

I've worked to the perhaps invalid understanding that each non-concentric arc must represent a different lense (gravitational mass) How is a single perspective (the telescope) able to focus the light from multiple lenses at once?

ID: vxdwsk
Title: What does "Soft Metal" mean in a chemical context?
Author: Coolshirt4
Score: 18
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 14
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657639691
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxdwsk/what_does_soft_metal_mean_in_a_chemical_context/
Text: Was looking through some Safety Data sheets of a chemical cleaner, and noticed that it said "Contact with soft metals forms flammable chlorine gas"


Surely "soft" can't be just about it's actual hardness, because gold, for example is very soft, but chemically non-reactive.

So what is "Soft" meaning and what metals are "soft"

ID: vxe4lq
Title: Will the James Webb telescope be able to zoom in on the planets inside of our solar system? Or are the lenses not designed/capable for close viewing?
Author: BellyScratchFTW
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657640256
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxe4lq/will_the_james_webb_telescope_be_able_to_zoom_in/
Text: 

ID: vxe7wj
Title: Car collision physics - are there any differences between heavy trucks (SUVs) and regular ones safety-wise?
Author: chowder-san
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 13
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657640490
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxe7wj/car_collision_physics_are_there_any_differences/
Text: Assuming there is a frontal collision of 2 cars, are there any differences in safety between heavy trucks and lighter cars?

 I mean, there are some claims that due to how rigid the reinforced frame in heavy vehicles is, one is more susceptible to organ damage due to how kinetic energy is transferred. 

In case of lighter ones, they are intentionally made in a way that makes the body and chassis "absorb" the energy in order to reduce the damage the crash inflicts on the passengers. 

I guess the outcome of a collision could rely on the differences in weight between the participants.

TLDR: would a heavy vehicle be a better option safety wise? Or are there other factors in play?

ID: vxea2p
Title: If the JWST was pointed at the Sun, would it cook?
Author: speece75
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.31
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657640650
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxea2p/if_the_jwst_was_pointed_at_the_sun_would_it_cook/
Text: If so, how long would the space telescope need to be pointed at the sun before burning up?  1 minute, 1 hour, 1 day?  
Maybe this should go to /r/estimation . 
Thanks!

ID: vxeaey
Title: With the JWST newly released images, I noticed that the glare of bright objects tend to have a “cross-stitch” pattern. What is this image artifact caused by?
Author: measurethisman
Score: 19
VoteRatio: 0.63
CommentCount: 13
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657640675
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxeaey/with_the_jwst_newly_released_images_i_noticed/
Text: Super excited with these fantastic images! But I am curious about this

ID: vxeaw1
Title: Did I get rid of calcium chloride dessicant properly?
Author: Pussog
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.48
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657640709
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxeaw1/did_i_get_rid_of_calcium_chloride_dessicant/
Text: I accidentally spilled dessicant over my greens. As it's saturated calcium chloride I thought it'd be good to submerge and thoroughly rinse a couple of times to get rid of it. Now I've ran an ISO extract on it, it isn't fully solidifying like it normally would. Could this be leftover dessicant? Or could it be due to water/ISO that has refused to fully evaporate?

ID: vxect4
Title: I know everyone is excited about the Webb telescope, but what is going on with the 6-pointed star artifacts?
Author: seeLabmonkey2020
Score: 3292
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 396
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657640852
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxect4/i_know_everyone_is_excited_about_the_webb/
Text: Follow-up question: why is this artifact not considered a serious issue?

ID: vxefp8
Title: How dangerous is a dental x-ray?
Author: 21arkumar
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.55
CommentCount: 34
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657641067
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxefp8/how_dangerous_is_a_dental_xray/
Text: Hey guys, I am 19m. Today I went for a dental check-up. They did 3 dental x-rays on me. 2 on left cheek and 1 on the right. This is my frist time being exposed to a dental x-ray. Previously I have never had it done.

I was wondering as to how dangerous is a dental x-ray and how bad can it's effects be for someone of my age.

ID: vxfs7e
Title: Has James Webb taught us anything about the universe thus far? Or mostly just shown us what we expected?
Author: Legendary_Lamb2020
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657644521
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxfs7e/has_james_webb_taught_us_anything_about_the/
Text: I've been waiting excitedly for the images released by James Webb for years. They are wonderful, but they don't appear much different from Hubble images to my untrained eyes. I do understand that these images are diving much deeper in to space and time, but to a scientist, have these images brought any surprises thus far? Are we already changing our understanding of the universe in some way with what we can see?

ID: vxiocu
Title: Will JWST be used to observe nearby astronomical objects, or is it only useful to observe very distant objects?
Author: wickedwickedzoot
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657652162
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxiocu/will_jwst_be_used_to_observe_nearby_astronomical/
Text: The first JWST image is said to be the deepest infrared image of the universe ever observed, featuring galaxies billions of light years away. But would it make sense to point the JWST at a relatively nearby object like Pluto, or Proxima Centauri, and generate the most detailed images of these objects ever recorded?

ID: vxjt6a
Title: Our planet needs heat from the sun to sustain life. Would it be possible for an exoplanet or a rogue planet to achieve life-sustaining heat exchange through geothermal processes?
Author: greenwavelengths
Score: 52
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 16
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657655160
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxjt6a/our_planet_needs_heat_from_the_sun_to_sustain/
Text: 

ID: vxkp60
Title: Why do objects have different terminal velocity if they fall at the same speed?
Author: EstebanOD21
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.61
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657657500
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxkp60/why_do_objects_have_different_terminal_velocity/
Text: > "The mass, size, and shape of the object are not a factor in describing the motion of the object. So all objects, regardless of size or shape or weight, free fall with the same acceleration." Nasa

> "As such, all objects free fall at the same rate regardless of their mass."

So all objects fall at the same speed regardless of their mass. Therefore, an object's **mass doesn't matter**. Okay.

> "Terminal velocity will depend on the mass, cross sectional area, and drag coefficient of the object as well as the density of the fluid through which the object is falling and gravitational accelleration."

But now I'm told that **mass do matter**, and that an object with more mass will fall faster?

So do they or do they not fall at different speed...?

ID: vxnum7
Title: If galaxies look like they have a center, in popular imagery, why don’t we ever see the center of our galaxy in the night sky?
Author: ilovepalmtree
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657665929
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxnum7/if_galaxies_look_like_they_have_a_center_in/
Text: As the title suggests, but for example in this [animation](https://www.reddit.com/r/spaceporn/comments/vxcm23/milky_way_and_andromeda_colliding_45_billion/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=ios_app&utm_name=iossmf) where there looks like the center of the galaxy is a mass of stars, why can’t we ever see that from earth? Is it behind our sun? How is that possible if the earth is always rotating?

ID: vxnxht
Title: Why do mosquito's make that buzzing sound?
Author: Ufo_piloot
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657666158
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxnxht/why_do_mosquitos_make_that_buzzing_sound/
Text: For an animal that relies on remaining undetected,  it seems rather silly to announce it's presence. 

Is there some benefit to it?

ID: vxocvw
Title: The James Webb Telescope (JWT) sent back some amazing pictures. What, if any, are some of the specific questions that scientists are hoping to answer using the JWT?
Author: joeyjoejoe_7
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 0
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657667376
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxocvw/the_james_webb_telescope_jwt_sent_back_some/
Text: 

ID: vxoe3h
Title: Is the air above the wing technically cooler in temperature than the air below a wing?
Author: SumOfKyle
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.6
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657667471
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxoe3h/is_the_air_above_the_wing_technically_cooler_in/
Text: 

ID: vxp6sh
Title: What determines a material's heat capacity? Why is water's so high?
Author: KrishaCZ
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 17
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657669860
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxp6sh/what_determines_a_materials_heat_capacity_why_is/
Text: This question came to me at 1:30AM in bed thinking about *why* we actually boil stuff in water: it has high heat capacity so it spreads the heat evenly and stays hot after we turn off the heat (or put out the fire)

But yeah water seems like an unassuming molecule if that makes sense, what makes it able to take in so much energy before changing temperature?

ID: vxps4v
Title: How dense is a nebula such as the Carina nebula in the JWST photos? What would the sky be likely to look like from a planet in a cloudy nebula?
Author: like_big_mutts
Score: 28
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 16
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657671626
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxps4v/how_dense_is_a_nebula_such_as_the_carina_nebula/
Text: I can't really get my head around the size of nebulas. They look like a cloud from far away but if we were inside one would it be huge distances between lights or particles or whatever is being photographed? Or would it look just like a cloud from inside, too?

ID: vxqu3n
Title: When astronomers say that "space is expanding," does that just mean that the things in space are moving away (say, from 3 to 7 cm on a ruler), or does it mean the unit length itself is being distorted (it's still 3 cm, but centimeters themselves are now longer)?
Author: WartimeHotTot
Score: 450
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 138
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657674915
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxqu3n/when_astronomers_say_that_space_is_expanding_does/
Text: 

ID: vxrgvb
Title: What is the solution they put biopsy samples in?
Author: readthat2022
Score: 13
VoteRatio: 0.76
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657676891
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxrgvb/what_is_the_solution_they_put_biopsy_samples_in/
Text: When they remove a piece of tissue, what is the solution in the specimen container to be sent to the lab? Oral/throat tissue.

ID: vxrord
Title: Do we know how long did it take for an Otodus Megalodon to reach its full 20m. size? How does this growth compare to animals today of comparable sizes or to other large, predatory sharks?
Author: wiz28ultra
Score: 45
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657677570
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxrord/do_we_know_how_long_did_it_take_for_an_otodus/
Text: 

ID: vxrvwx
Title: In TV shows, there are occasionally scenes in which a character takes a syringe of “knock-out juice” and jams it into the body of someone they need to render unconscious. That’s not at all how it works in real life, right?
Author: monkeybrains12
Score: 4896
VoteRatio: 0.95
CommentCount: 956
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657678173
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxrvwx/in_tv_shows_there_are_occasionally_scenes_in/
Text: 

ID: vxs7bb
Title: How does pressing the calculator button on my keyboard open the calculator?
Author: animadverter
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.47
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657679158
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxs7bb/how_does_pressing_the_calculator_button_on_my/
Text: What goes on under the hood?  Is it handled in the driver or does windows have a dedicated open calculator routine?  If it is handled in the driver, how does the keyboard send the data to the computer (i.e. what does the calculator signal look like)?  

I'm trying to build a keyboard from scratch, and would like to include a calculator button, but I'm struggling to find a real answer to this question.  Please be technical in your answer!

ID: vxszwy
Title: How do astronomers find the oldest sections of the sky to look at?
Author: Farts_McGee
Score: 84
VoteRatio: 0.85
CommentCount: 85
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657681656
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxszwy/how_do_astronomers_find_the_oldest_sections_of/
Text: Obviously a lot of space related questions with the JWST doing it's thing, but i wanted to know how they find the ancient sections of space to analyze? Do they scan the entirety of space looking for super redshifted space, or are there areas of the sky that are known to be particularly old?

ID: vxu5om
Title: How Common Are New Stars From Stellar Collision In The Late Universe?
Author: Iridium141
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 0
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657685510
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxu5om/how_common_are_new_stars_from_stellar_collision/
Text: I have heard that in the late universe (Degenerate Era I believe, but unsure if the technical stellar formation puts it before this) a small number of stars will likely form through stellar collision. I've heard of direct mechanisms for this that are below the Chandrasekhar Limit using carbon or hydrogen black dwarfs and brown dwarfs and some using neutron star collisions releasing "degenerate gas" (I assume this is a form of degenerate matter?). My questions are, How common are these interactions expected to be? Is it likely to happen anywhere in the universe multiple times in sequence? And What are these stars expected to be like?

ID: vxul8k
Title: Does the preparation for a colonoscopy have any effect on the health of the gut biome?
Author: BiggerDamnederHeroer
Score: 20
VoteRatio: 0.96
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657686985
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxul8k/does_the_preparation_for_a_colonoscopy_have_any/
Text: 

ID: vxv8h9
Title: Why is it not beneficial to keep the James Webb Space telescope perpetually in Earth’s shadow, relative to the sun?
Author: FortunateSonofLibrty
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657689330
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxv8h9/why_is_it_not_beneficial_to_keep_the_james_webb/
Text: With the sun shield playing such a crucial role, why is it not considered to keep the JWST perpetually occluded by the earth?

(I know smarter people have thought of this, if you could tell me, it would be the promise of the internet fulfilled.)

ID: vxwhua
Title: what does it mean for the universe to have a shape?
Author: ForeheadLipo
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.8
CommentCount: 16
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657694137
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxwhua/what_does_it_mean_for_the_universe_to_have_a_shape/
Text: I’ve read different articles discussing theories of the shape of the universe but I can’t wrap my mind around all of the jargon explaining what that means and why it’s important to study. help!

ID: vy0wpo
Title: is there a limit on how far back in time we can see with a telescope?
Author: DrColossusOfRhodes
Score: 25
VoteRatio: 0.84
CommentCount: 20
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657711582
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy0wpo/is_there_a_limit_on_how_far_back_in_time_we_can/
Text: I've heard about how the JWST allows us to see things that happened close to the start of the universe.  I sort of understand how this works, but I was wondering if there is any sort of theoretical limit on how long ago something could have happened that we could see with the telescope?  Are there things that are just gone from our ability to observe, or will we be able to see further back by looking in the right places with more and more powerful telescopes?

ID: vy1ick
Title: Are rapid SARS-COV-2 tests still as reliable with the new lineages BA.4 and BA.5?
Author: paran0iid
Score: 20
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 13
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657713626
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy1ick/are_rapid_sarscov2_tests_still_as_reliable_with/
Text: And how come the rapid test kits can still detect the antigen even though these new variants shows such affinity for immune evasion?

&#x200B;

Will we have to test for another antigen in the near future? Or is the antigen somehow better "protected" against mutations?

ID: vy1tk1
Title: Why do we need to send JWST 1.5 million kms out to get images? With how grand the universe is wouldn't the difference in position mean almost nothing compared to how much more time/effort/$$ it cost to send it out that far?
Author: flodra
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 15
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657714610
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy1tk1/why_do_we_need_to_send_jwst_15_million_kms_out_to/
Text: 

ID: vy2geu
Title: I need to know does each person's body has their own bioelectricity signature ?
Author: Living_Dragonfruit13
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.47
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657716585
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy2geu/i_need_to_know_does_each_persons_body_has_their/
Text: Because each body have the same bioelectricity 
Or two different for each person like each person has different amount of electricity coursing through their body or or do the human body make different types of higher electricity in each person's body I just thought about it and I just want to see if my theory is true

ID: vy2tqe
Title: How do "color filters" work with an infrared telescope like JWST?
Author: sentirn
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.62
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657717648
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy2tqe/how_do_color_filters_work_with_an_infrared/
Text: The James Webb Space Telescope famously records infrared wavelengths to get better images because infrared light can penetrate dust and molecular clouds. The recent images that are released are stunning, but as with many space telescope images, they are false color. This is not a problem; it's still the real image, real data, and really beautiful, but while looking up how they do the false coloring [this article](https://blogs.nasa.gov/webb/2022/07/06/webbs-fine-guidance-sensor-provides-a-preview/) references "color filters" that are required for the telescopes operation. [Another article](https://english.elpais.com/science-tech/2022-07-12/james-webb-space-telescope-a-guide-to-the-first-full-color-image.html) mentions blue, green, and red filters (this one is not from NASA, so I cannot verify it's validity). Blue, green, and red are visible wavelengths, so how do these filters work with an infrared camera? Thank you!

ID: vy3hjt
Title: Botany: What is the difference between elaiosomes and fruit?
Author: GreatMotherPeachy
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.72
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657719569
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy3hjt/botany_what_is_the_difference_between_elaiosomes/
Text: Or are elaiosomes considered a type of fruit? And in that case, what defines them? Is it something structural or are they functionally defined by the relationship with ants? I just encountered the word for the first time, and I'm trying to put the information into the proper conceptual slot.

The Wikipedia article is somewhat unclear and could use some revision, or at least more explanation in this regard.

ID: vy3u0j
Title: How can radiation cause burns?
Author: allahyokdinyalan
Score: 114
VoteRatio: 0.84
CommentCount: 47
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657720553
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy3u0j/how_can_radiation_cause_burns/
Text: I wouldn't guess it transfers much heat so why does it cause skin "burns"?

ID: vy3xe6
Title: Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology
Author: AutoModerator
Score: 18
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657720810
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy3xe6/ask_anything_wednesday_economics_political/
Text: Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on **Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology**

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

**Asking Questions:**

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ID: vy4dse
Title: What shape do air parcels take below the LCL?
Author: lukemia94
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 0
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657722050
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy4dse/what_shape_do_air_parcels_take_below_the_lcl/
Text:  Above the LCL clouds take on very
 recognizable structures, though their morphology can vary vastly based on their state. Given that, do we know what shapes saturated air parcels take on below the LCL, like at the bottom of a cumulonimbus' anvil?

ID: vy5nym
Title: What exactly am I looking at with the new picture of the Carina Nebula from the JWST?
Author: VitaAeterna
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.6
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657725390
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy5nym/what_exactly_am_i_looking_at_with_the_new_picture/
Text: What exactly is going on in this picture? 

I'm assuming like all pictures of space, it's taken with some sort of long exposure and covers an absolutely massive area? Like this sort of thing you wouldn't be able to see with your naked eye?

ID: vy9mmj
Title: Why are the periods of earliest and latest sunrises and sunsets separated by several weeks on either side of the solstice?
Author: NetworkLlama
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657735332
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy9mmj/why_are_the_periods_of_earliest_and_latest/
Text: I've noticed that here in Dallas, TX, the longest day of 2022 (June 21) does not have either the earliest sunrise (06:18 from 07-17 June, with the actual earliest presumably around the middle of that) or the latest sunset (20:39 from 25 June-02 July). Similarly, the shortest day (December 21) has neither the latest sunrise (07:30 from 04-13 Jan 2023) nor the earliest sunset (17:20 from 29 Nov-08 Dec).

ID: vy9wbv
Title: Alternators convert kinetic energy into electrical energy, where does the energy go when the circuit is broken?
Author: Muttywango
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.72
CommentCount: 29
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657736045
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy9wbv/alternators_convert_kinetic_energy_into/
Text: An alternator in a car is connected to a battery charging system : the spinny motion, magnets and copper,  charges the battery, and some noise and heat is generated.

A cable between the alternator and battery is cut : the battery does not charge. What happens to this generated energy? It can't be noise/heat/light. 

Energy can't be created or destroyed so where does this kinetic energy go?

ID: vyaqx5
Title: How do we know what we know about dinosaurs?
Author: KAI_IS_FINE
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.57
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657738245
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyaqx5/how_do_we_know_what_we_know_about_dinosaurs/
Text: I watched the new jurassic movie last night and I got to wondering, how do we know things such as: what color certain dinosaurs were, what ones had feathers, which ones ate which, etc. I don't know much about dinosaurs, but I'd be very interested to learn more!

ID: vyc9pg
Title: What happens to underground fauna at the site of an artillery strike? Also do trees suffer from shockwaves?
Author: Viciuniversum
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657742167
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyc9pg/what_happens_to_underground_fauna_at_the_site_of/
Text: Today I saw pictures of a field in Ukraine completely littered with artillery craters. And that got me thinking- what happened to all the underground animals that were living in that field? Are all the earthworms now dead from shock trauma? Did ant colonies die off in it? How about mammals like field mice and moles? And also I wondered if trees suffer from shock trauma. If a massive round explodes near a tree, does it sustain damage and simply recovers from it or is it mostly unaffected by the explosion?

ID: vycbfc
Title: Wouldn’t we get the same or a similar deep field image from pointing the telescope anywhere else in space?
Author: CostaNic
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657742293
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vycbfc/wouldnt_we_get_the_same_or_a_similar_deep_field/
Text: I feel that this is a silly question and I’m probably wrong but I was seeing a post of the scale of the dot where the JWST pointed at and people were surprised there were so many galaxies in that spot. But..there aren’t right? There were that many galaxies that close together 13 billion years ago, not now.

If what we’re doing is looking into the early universe, and the universe has been expanding since the Big Bang, then aren’t we just seeing those first galaxies as they were closer together than they would be today? 

And if what we’re seeing is the very beginning of the universe then wouldn’t pointing the telescope anywhere else for a long enough time reveal a similar picture? In fact, wouldn’t we technically be seeing even the same early galaxies no matter where you point it at?

ID: vyde0e
Title: How is a mosquito proboscis physically capable of puncturing human skin?
Author: ForestManJ
Score: 510
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 123
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657745045
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyde0e/how_is_a_mosquito_proboscis_physically_capable_of/
Text: Human skin should be way too dense and strong for something so small and fragile like a mosquito. How is this possible?

ID: vyft1e
Title: Can oxpeckers be classified as weavers?
Author: ferahm
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.33
CommentCount: 0
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657751270
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyft1e/can_oxpeckers_be_classified_as_weavers/
Text: 

ID: vyhjp0
Title: What does AdS/CFT correspondence really tell us about the physics of gravity?
Author: dieEhrevonGrayskull
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.79
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657756006
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyhjp0/what_does_adscft_correspondence_really_tell_us/
Text: My understanding of math/physics is formally at an undergraduate level, so I apologize in advance if my questions are confusing or not very well formulated.

I've watched some videos about the holographic principle and how it was the attempts to solve the so-called black hole information paradox that lead to the development of string theories and the holographic principle. Ultimately this culminates in the correspondence between Anti-de Sitter spaces (a model of the universe under general relativity) and conformal field theories (i.e., quantum field theories). In the video [here](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klpDHn8viX8), the presenter tells us two things: 1.) That this correspondence leads to a "natural" theory of quantum gravity, and 2.) that interactions (between quantum particles?) on the boundary of the mathematical object's surface correspond to the emergence of gravity within the volume. However, he tells us that this isn't applicable to *our* universe, because anti-de Sitter spaces assume a negative curvature on the space-time metric, while as far as I understand, in reality it is zero (i.e., a Minkowski space-time).

So my questions are twofold: what quantum information is the problem here, and in need of conservation; are they things like spins and energies, and why does this lead to the holographic principle? Secondly, what is being said about the actual physics going on between quantum field theories and gravity with regards to this strange mathematical object?

ID: vyim8e
Title: How are colors chosen on James Webb's images?
Author: plain_baunilha
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.65
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657759162
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyim8e/how_are_colors_chosen_on_james_webbs_images/
Text: I get that being an infrared camera, it will not capture any of the colors that we can see with our own eyes, but do they try to represent the colors in a way consistent with the variation of our sight spectrum?

ID: vyivs6
Title: Would it be possible to use the James Webb Space telescope to look at planets in our own solar system and see them in more detail or through a thick atmosphere to their surface?
Author: wolfavino
Score: 9
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657759956
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyivs6/would_it_be_possible_to_use_the_james_webb_space/
Text: 

ID: vyjxlw
Title: What is the difference between an accent and a dialect?
Author: hereforyebeer
Score: 16
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 14
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657763080
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyjxlw/what_is_the_difference_between_an_accent_and_a/
Text: 

ID: vyk1pk
Title: [Medicine] Would a child born without parts of their limbs, e.g. no phalanges from amniotic band syndrome, still have phantom sensations the way an adult who has lost a limb would have?
Author: Gorilla_Boombox
Score: 125
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 22
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657763433
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyk1pk/medicine_would_a_child_born_without_parts_of/
Text: Saw an x-ray of a baby without fingers from amniotic band syndrome and was curious. Personally I couldn't find research papers or other info on it. Thank you!

ID: vyki5f
Title: What is the density of the Carina Nebula?
Author: thunk_stuff
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.72
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657764814
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyki5f/what_is_the_density_of_the_carina_nebula/
Text: In a James Webb photo thread, someone posted that the Carina Nebula has a density of a few atoms per cubic meter. This seems off to me, as this is close to the average density of the intergalactic medium of one atom per cubic meter, which is much less than the interstellar medium average density of one atom per cubic centimeter, which is much less than the average density of a planetary nebular (100-10,000 atoms per cubic centimeter). But I can't find any information on the web to help me understand this better.

ID: vyklv0
Title: Do humans actually have invisible stripes?
Author: Severe-Criticism3927
Score: 4755
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 537
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657765123
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyklv0/do_humans_actually_have_invisible_stripes/
Text: I know it sounds like a really stupid question, but I've heard people say that humans have stripes or patterns on their skin that aren't visible to the naked eye, but can show up under certain types of UV lights. Is that true or just completely bogus? If it is true, how would I be able to see them? Would they be unique to each person like a fingerprint?

EDIT: Holy COW I didn't think this would actually be seen, let alone blow up like it did! LOL! I'm only just now starting to look at comments but thanks everyone for the responses! :D

ID: vyl4n1
Title: How come some things melt and some things dry before burning?
Author: Fyre-Bringer
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657766755
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyl4n1/how_come_some_things_melt_and_some_things_dry/
Text: 

ID: vyl7lv
Title: Is the integer assigned to Kepler objects of interests random, or is there a system ? (for example, the star KOI-718, is the 718 assigned as a random integer?)
Author: Zephyrean2
Score: 26
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657767018
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyl7lv/is_the_integer_assigned_to_kepler_objects_of/
Text: 

ID: vylf9v
Title: If I warm up a sandwich, would the energy needed to heat it up be equal to amount of energy needed to accelerate that sandwich to achieve same root-mean-square speed of its molecules?
Author: kvyatkovskij
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.62
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657767670
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vylf9v/if_i_warm_up_a_sandwich_would_the_energy_needed/
Text: 

ID: vymnng
Title: Why are desalination plants so hard to set up?
Author: americanmullet
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.84
CommentCount: 20
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657771574
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vymnng/why_are_desalination_plants_so_hard_to_set_up/
Text: With the ongoing south western US water crisis the answer most people would think of is setting up desalination plants along the coast. This is often stated to be too difficult to build/maintain or not economically feasible. Yet a US aircraft carrier is able to purify roughly 250,000 gallons of seawater a day. How is this not seen as proof of concept? Why can we not purify the water by building nuclear reactors that recapture the steam used to generate power as clean water on a large scale?

ID: vynkxy
Title: Does light or image quality from deep time deep time degrade in any way as it travels billions of lightyears?
Author: Few-Advice-6749
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657774704
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vynkxy/does_light_or_image_quality_from_deep_time_deep/
Text: This might be a dumb question but it blows my mind that we can see images from our early universe—but I’ve always wondered, are the pictures captured actually what it would’ve looked like or do they become degraded or significantly distorted by the time they reach us.

ID: vynnqh
Title: can humans be born with cancer?
Author: chuzwuzzer
Score: 56
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 40
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657774962
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vynnqh/can_humans_be_born_with_cancer/
Text: 

ID: vynzdj
Title: Is it possible to get close enough to a galaxy so that it's bright for the human eye, yet far enough that you can see it's full shape?
Author: koleslaw
Score: 34
VoteRatio: 0.87
CommentCount: 18
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657776109
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vynzdj/is_it_possible_to_get_close_enough_to_a_galaxy_so/
Text: Since telescopes compress the focal range astronomically, wouldn't it be impossible to see galaxies as they appear in images? I guess another way to put this is, I'm thinking that at any given planet in the universe, discounting any close objects, the night sky will always be dark with tiny twinkles. I can't imagine being close enough for it to be visible without being "in" the galaxy. Is this right?

ID: vyq1ea
Title: How do parrots talk like us if they have a beak and no lips to form sounds the way we do?
Author: txboh
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657783900
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyq1ea/how_do_parrots_talk_like_us_if_they_have_a_beak/
Text: Okay, maybe this is a stupid question but yesterday I was chatting with my sister and she brought up one of her patient's parrot and how he greets everyone, sings lyrical and even says goodnight. She actually told me she was scared at first because the first time she entered his house, she greeted the patient (Hello [name]) and she heard this robotic like voice saying "Oh [patient's name] who is this?"

And then the question came up. How do they talk almost like us if they have a totally different mouth? We change sounds based on our tongue and lips, but they have a beak, yet they can still sound *almost* human!

Thanks to anyone who might respond. :)

ID: vyrpmb
Title: Are left-handed people more common in countries that write from right to left?
Author: PJtheDk
Score: 26
VoteRatio: 0.85
CommentCount: 20
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657790896
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyrpmb/are_lefthanded_people_more_common_in_countries/
Text: Seems quite obvious, but: if that would be the case, do right-handed people suffer from the same problems as left-handed people in languages that write from left to right?

I don't know if this is a part biology, human body or linguistics....

ID: vyrv1t
Title: No one answered my previous question, here is why I want to know if we can tell if particles are still entangled without disrupting said entanglement?
Author: Nine-Planets
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.55
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657791521
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyrv1t/no_one_answered_my_previous_question_here_is_why/
Text: Two reasons actually, first, how do we know they are still entangled from just one end? And does the knowing disrupt the entanglement?

So if we have two entangled particles and we send one out to orbit Jupiter (or anywhere far away) on a spaceship, can the people on the ship know if the particle is still entangled without disrupting the entanglement and without communicating at all with the people holding the other particle on Earth?

What if we had the tech to send sets of 26 entangles particle pairs on the ship, for simple example we send 3 sets of 26 entangled particles, and designate each pair in each 26 set a letter of the alphabet, then the people on earth interrupted the pair, in the first set of 26, with the designation of the letter Y causing it to disentangle so the people on the ship would know that we disentangled the letter Y pair. Then the second set the people on Earth caused the pair designated letter E to disentangle, and then the third set they disentangle the pair designated letter S, have we not just communicated FTL?

I'm a stupid monkey so just tell me why.

ID: vysjmy
Title: What is the difference between NMN and βNMN?
Author: RattyRusty1
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.46
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657794233
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vysjmy/what_is_the_difference_between_nmn_and_βnmn/
Text: 

ID: vyx31v
Title: Why hasn't the CDC recommended a second booster (4th shot) of mRNA vaccines for adults under 50?
Author: bubbastars
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.49
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657808556
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyx31v/why_hasnt_the_cdc_recommended_a_second_booster/
Text: As some who is very eager to get another booster, it feels like things have stalled since the CDC authorized it for adults 50+. Is there a reason for this? My impression was that each shot remains effective for around 6 months. For myself and others I know under 50, we're well past that point.

ID: vyy7h5
Title: What would a spaceship experience if it flew through a nebula?
Author: cartern
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657811504
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyy7h5/what_would_a_spaceship_experience_if_it_flew/
Text: I was just checking out some photos of the pillars of creation and was wondering what would it be like. Are they all made of just gasses, or is it more like a debris filled.

ID: vz88zk
Title: Are there multiple independent measurement of the universe’s age?
Author: Pandagineer
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657837572
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vz88zk/are_there_multiple_independent_measurement_of_the/
Text: I understand using redshift data to back out when the Big Bang occurred. Can we instead use Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) data to determine the universe age, *without* using redshift data?

ID: vz98n3
Title: Is there any evidence that the strains of Covid prevalent in the US this summer tend to produce milder, shorter symptoms?
Author: frank_mania
Score: 1096
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 215
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657840223
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vz98n3/is_there_any_evidence_that_the_strains_of_covid/
Text: The reports of the illness I read in 2020 were typically along the lines of "holy shit that was awful!" and this summer, I get much more muted reports.  Does the large-scale data collected by public health reflect my own personal/anecdotal impression?  Also, is there data providing any sign that rates of mortality, and chronic, post-infection complications are reduced this summer?

ID: vzbt7a
Title: How many stars exploded in order to create the Carina nebula?
Author: filipehenrique
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.76
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657847689
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzbt7a/how_many_stars_exploded_in_order_to_create_the/
Text: I just saw this post: https://reddit.com/r/jameswebb/comments/vysbxk/in_the_highresolution_image_of_carina_the_size_of/

And it made me wonder. How many stars exploded to create this nebula? Or was it formed through some other process?

Given how large this is, it’s hard for me to imagine that one star could create something like this?

ID: vzc432
Title: How does drying pasta actually work scientifically?
Author: btqb
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.59
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657848591
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzc432/how_does_drying_pasta_actually_work_scientifically/
Text: So from my understanding, commercially dried pasta is dried using hot air and then cool air somehow to remove moisture. But my question is how this works, like on a chemical level. Like how does this not just bake the pasta? If I made pasta at home and tried to dry it, it wouldn't end up the same as the theoretically everlasting dry pasta that you get at the grocery store. What's actually happening to the pasta when it dries?

ID: vzekld
Title: How can an electric sparker ionize air with such low voltage?
Author: justacalcstudent
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.62
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657855958
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzekld/how_can_an_electric_sparker_ionize_air_with_such/
Text: According to google the piezoelectric sparkers used for things like barbeque lighting have a voltage of around 800 volts, while air has a breakdown voltage of ~30k volts/cm, yet an electric sparker can still easily create an arc over half a centimeter of air. How is this possible?

ID: vzgaa0
Title: When we landed humans on the Moon, was the Van Allen belt a problem?
Author: stellar-stuff
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.99
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657861459
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzgaa0/when_we_landed_humans_on_the_moon_was_the_van/
Text: I guess to specify, did we know about the Van Allen belt enough to protect our astronauts? Was the belt ‘weaker’ back then; was the launch scheduled during a low-point for the belt? Or did we cross our fingers hoping they’d make it through and back without too much radiation damage to their bodies?

ID: vzggot
Title: Ok so I’m no scientist here and I hope this isn’t a stupid question but if the JWST can see so far deep into space then could we theoretically use it to map the surface of a lot of planets that are relatively close to us? I’m not saying we should I’m just saying is it possible?
Author: _zFlame_
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.68
CommentCount: 13
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657862056
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzggot/ok_so_im_no_scientist_here_and_i_hope_this_isnt_a/
Text: 

ID: vzh8ag
Title: Is there a way to protect the JWST from damage from space debris or are we taking a chance that nothing will hit it?
Author: Whats__in__a__name
Score: 9
VoteRatio: 0.84
CommentCount: 15
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657864771
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzh8ag/is_there_a_way_to_protect_the_jwst_from_damage/
Text: 

ID: vzhmbk
Title: Why does COVID produce neurological symptoms and is it common for viruses?
Author: Equal-Explanation222
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657866180
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzhmbk/why_does_covid_produce_neurological_symptoms_and/
Text: I’ve wanted to ask this question since the pandemic began. 

I don’t remember hearing of many viruses that cause neurological systems (like loss of scent/taste) but I’m not a biochemist or virology expert.

ID: vzjlxy
Title: What is the “dust” / “fog” in the carina nebula image from the James Webb images made of?
Author: Hazzaminicoo
Score: 16
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657874038
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzjlxy/what_is_the_dust_fog_in_the_carina_nebula_image/
Text: Been looking at the new images from the James Webb telescope and they look really cool and excited to learn what new info we gain from this telescope 

Just curious what the dust / fog looking stuff is actually made of from the Carina Nebula image

ID: vzl07c
Title: How single propeller Airplane are compensating the torque of the engine without spinning?
Author: 0K4M1
Score: 2092
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 374
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657879596
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzl07c/how_single_propeller_airplane_are_compensating/
Text: 

ID: vzlamf
Title: Did proto-bears have long tails?
Author: Tesfidian
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.6
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657880694
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzlamf/did_protobears_have_long_tails/
Text: Is there in the fossil record any bear ancestor with a long tail?

ID: vzlvs8
Title: AskScience AMA Series: We are Cosmologists, Experts on the Cosmic Microwave Background, The Cosmic Web, Dark Matter, Dark Energy and much more! Ask Us Anything!
Author: AskScienceModerator
Score: 397
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 197
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657882822
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzlvs8/askscience_ama_series_we_are_cosmologists_experts/
Text: We are a bunch of cosmology researchers from the Cosmology from Home 2022 conference. Ask us anything, from our daily research to the organization of a large, innovative and successful online conference!

We have some special experts on:

+ Inflation: The mind-bogglingly fast expansion of the Universe in a fraction of the first second. It turned tiny quantum fluctuation into the seeds for the galaxies and clusters we see today
+ The Cosmic Microwave Background: The radiation reaching us from a few hundred thousand years after the Big Bang. It shows us how our universe was like, 13.8 billion years ago
+ Large-Scale Structure: Matter in the Universe forms a "cosmic web" with clusters, filaments and voids. The positions of galaxies in the sky shows imprints of the physics in the early universe
+ Dark Matter: Most matter in the universe seems to be "Dark Matter", i.e. not noticeable through any means except for its effect on light and other matter via gravity
+ Dark Energy: The unknown force causing the universe's expansion to accelerate today


And ask anything else you want to know!

Those of us answering your questions tonight will include

+ Shaun Hotchkiss: u/just_shaun large scale structure, fuzzy dark matter, compact objects in the early universe, inflation. Twitter: @just_shaun
+ Ali Rida Khalife: u/A-R-Khalifeh Dark Energy, Neutrinos, Neutrinos in the curved universe
+ Benjamin Wallisch: u/cosmo-ben Neutrinos, dark matter, cosmological probes of particle physics, early universe, probes of inflation, cosmic microwave background, large-scale structure of the universe.
+ Niko Sarcevic: u/NikoSarcevic cosmology (lss, weak lensing), astrophysics, noble gas detectors
+ Neil Shah: /u/neildymium Stochastic Inflation, Dark Matter, Modified Gravity, Machine Learning, Cosmic Strings
+ Ryan Turner: /u/cosmo-ryan Large-scale structure, peculiar velocities, Hubble constant
+ Sanket Dave: /u/sanket_dave_15 Early Universe Physics, Cosmic Inflation, Primordial black hole formation.
+ Matthijs van der Wild: u/matthijsvanderwild quantum gravity, quantum cosmology, inflation, modified gravity
+ Luz Ángela García: u/Astro_Lua dark energy, reionization, early Universe. Twitter: @PenLua.


We'll start answering questions from 18:00 GMT/UTC on Friday (11pm PDT, 2pm EDT, 7pm BST, 8pm CEST) as well as live streaming our discussion of our answers via [YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ORWs4-WmyiM) (also starting 18:00 UTC). Looking forward to your questions, ask us anything!

ID: vzm2c5
Title: How do we know that a 3rd or 4th booster is helpful?
Author: GetnLine
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.54
CommentCount: 16
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657883425
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzm2c5/how_do_we_know_that_a_3rd_or_4th_booster_is/
Text: Do we have data to backup saying that a 4th dose will reduce hospitalization for someone under 50? Are the memory B and T cells no longer active? I am so confused by the messaging from the thought leaders because I thought that part of the immune system had long term memory

ID: vznwrz
Title: (Geology) Could the North and South American continents have remained separated?
Author: stanthefax
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657889335
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vznwrz/geology_could_the_north_and_south_american/
Text: North American and South American continents remained separated until 3 million years ago, when Panama formed, uniting the two continents. This then resulted in migration of animals from North America into South America, causing some of the South American as well as sea animals like Megalodon to die out. I was wondering if it was possible for the two continents to never unite, thus some of the strange ancient animals could have survived longer, possibly until modern day?

ID: vzosus
Title: What is the most exciting, realistic thing we can/are hoping to learn about the Universe through the James Webb telescope?
Author: BridgeNumberFour
Score: 43
VoteRatio: 0.76
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657891843
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzosus/what_is_the_most_exciting_realistic_thing_we/
Text: 

ID: vzp27l
Title: How reliable is the DNA molecular clock?
Author: SomeAnonElsewhere
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.59
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657892568
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzp27l/how_reliable_is_the_dna_molecular_clock/
Text: I was reading the rise and reign of the mammals by Steve Brusatte, and in it he says we can calculate species divergence by looking at the DNA, and calculating how long that much difference from each other must have taken given DNAs rate of change.

How true is this? Is the rate of change the same in all animals/bacteria/etc.? Wouldn't the average age of reproduction of a species change this or no?

ID: vzp3yk
Title: Is there such thing as having resistance and/or immunity to some diseases due to a specific blood type like AB or O positive?
Author: katherynnethegreat96
Score: 659
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 143
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657892705
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzp3yk/is_there_such_thing_as_having_resistance_andor/
Text: 

ID: vzp46u
Title: What is the link between the way the brain converts visual perception into a language representation?
Author: iliicho1
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.62
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657892721
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzp46u/what_is_the_link_between_the_way_the_brain/
Text: If a non-blind person sees a given familiar object (e.g., a dog on the street), they immediately "know" what that object is, even before the word describing the object (e.g., "dog") in a given language "appears" in consciousness.

Is it understood why this delay occurs and what the link between the brain's ability to perceive a given object, and then recall its lexical term is? In a broader sense - where and how does the link between vision and language occur in the brain?

ID: vzqik5
Title: Is there a reason your own "young" bone marrow couldn't put in storage for an immune system "restoration" when you are older?
Author: Natolx
Score: 3125
VoteRatio: 0.95
CommentCount: 272
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657896516
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzqik5/is_there_a_reason_your_own_young_bone_marrow/
Text: It seems a reasonable hypothesis that a portion of the "problems" with an aging immune system come from aging stem cells in your bone marrow.

Obviously bone marrow extraction is very painful, but other than that hurdle, is there some reason I am not seeing that storing your own bone marrow on LN2 for later wouldn't be a way to restore the "youth" of your immune system later on in life?

ID: vzux3x
Title: How old are the pillars of creation?
Author: platypodus
Score: 14
VoteRatio: 0.76
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657907850
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzux3x/how_old_are_the_pillars_of_creation/
Text: I'm trying to find out more about celestial nebulas and ai read that the pillars of creation may already have been destroyed at their location 7000ly away, but how old are they?

It doesn't say anything about how long they've been swirling about for, neither on Wikipedia, nor on their NASA website. Is it something we can't say for sure?

ID: vzy8vo
Title: How are plants in greenhouses pollinated?
Author: TerrificFyran
Score: 18
VoteRatio: 0.79
CommentCount: 13
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657916633
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzy8vo/how_are_plants_in_greenhouses_pollinated/
Text: e.g. tomatoes, cucumbers. Do they bring in bee hives?

ID: vzymy0
Title: If you are infected by Covid and produce natural antibodies, will occasional exposure to Covid ensure regular production of antibodies?
Author: Azrael351
Score: 14
VoteRatio: 0.64
CommentCount: 15
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657917709
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzymy0/if_you_are_infected_by_covid_and_produce_natural/
Text: Not sure if I worded the title correctly, but I was wondering how antibodies and resistance to Covid works. Take, for instance, my experience with the virus…

* I was vaccinated in August 2021.
* I was infected by Covid-19 in October 2021. No hospital visit or monoclonal treatment required.
* Antibodies are said to be good for 90 days. 
* I chose not to get any boosters. 
* I have not been as “safe” as one could be, and have been in largely unmasked crowds on occasion. I have been to stores, out with friends, on vacation, etc. — always following Covid guidelines, but when given the option not to mask up, I have chosen not to. 
* Luckily, to my knowledge, I have not been infected by Covid-19 a second time. 

If your body produces antibodies after infection, is it possible that continued exposure to Covid would ensure your body continues to produce antibodies?

Why would continual exposure to Covid *not* act similarly to a booster?

ID: vzzgmu
Title: Why/how do benzodiazepines and Z drugs/sleeping pills cause damage when used long term?
Author: Critical-Bullfrog-10
Score: 215
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 91
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657919935
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzzgmu/whyhow_do_benzodiazepines_and_z_drugssleeping/
Text: 

ID: w04bkp
Title: How do scientists schedule time with the JWST Telescope?
Author: big_brown_mounds
Score: 33
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 15
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657933899
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w04bkp/how_do_scientists_schedule_time_with_the_jwst/
Text: I’m assuming it’s an appointment thing, but I’m just curious if anyone knows how the process works?

ID: w05key
Title: How do some Odonates fly in tandem while mating and why do they do it?
Author: comit_autocoprophagy
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657937790
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w05key/how_do_some_odonates_fly_in_tandem_while_mating/
Text: I have seen dragonfly pairs and damselfly pairs fly around while connected. Is there a name for this behavior and how do they coordinate this flight? Does one member of the mating pair “steer” while the other just follows their lead like two people on a tandem bicycle? Or do they coordinate their flight in another way? Also, why do some species of Odonates do this while others don’t? Is it due to sexual selection?

ID: w05vfa
Title: Do peoole in comas have cycles like sleep/wake for brain activity or is a general muted brain activity the whole time?
Author: Passing_Thru_Forest
Score: 1295
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 46
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657938724
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w05vfa/do_peoole_in_comas_have_cycles_like_sleepwake_for/
Text: 

ID: w065w4
Title: How does optimizing an aircraft for stealth affect aerodynamics?
Author: flight_recorder
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.8
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657939629
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w065w4/how_does_optimizing_an_aircraft_for_stealth/
Text: 

ID: w06gvh
Title: How hard does the wind blow on Mars?
Author: spikebrennan
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657940597
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w06gvh/how_hard_does_the_wind_blow_on_mars/
Text: Is a destructive windstorm on Mars (like the fictional one one that creates the plot situation in Andy Weir’s novel “The Martian”) plausible, considering the thinner Martian atmosphere?  Does the weaker Martian gravity offset the thinner atmosphere by allowing the wind to be more effective in blowing things about?

ID: w0c2iz
Title: Why is mad cow/CJD transmissible to humans, but deer chronic wasting disease and scrapie is not?
Author: 0x0BAD_ash
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.74
CommentCount: 14
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657961113
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0c2iz/why_is_mad_cowcjd_transmissible_to_humans_but/
Text: 

ID: w0fyyd
Title: How did elephants evolution lead to them having a trunk?
Author: avdolian
Score: 3326
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 363
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657975840
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0fyyd/how_did_elephants_evolution_lead_to_them_having_a/
Text: Before the trunk is fully functional is their an environmental pressure that leads to elongated noses?

ID: w0gyg4
Title: Does hot weather bother insects?
Author: klompje
Score: 112
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 33
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657978860
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0gyg4/does_hot_weather_bother_insects/
Text: While I find it too hot to do anything, the insects seem to be busy as always, especially the bees on the lavender. Does the heat have an influence on them?

ID: w0he96
Title: Why is an inclined U-tube manometer more accurate than the normal one?
Author: yaghlaoui
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.76
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657980164
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0he96/why_is_an_inclined_utube_manometer_more_accurate/
Text: 

ID: w0hlyv
Title: Is there any scientific evidence that consciousness is the result of quantum phenomena occurring in the brain?
Author: Taiyou04
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 14
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657980785
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0hlyv/is_there_any_scientific_evidence_that/
Text: 

ID: w0ijw0
Title: Why are planets almost perfectly spherical?
Author: AimForYaBoat
Score: 49
VoteRatio: 0.65
CommentCount: 89
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657983542
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0ijw0/why_are_planets_almost_perfectly_spherical/
Text: Why are there no odd shaped planets, or planets shaped like cubes etc?

ID: w0ktij
Title: How did mosquitos evolve to suck blood? How does the needle thing evolve?
Author: Vicarious_schism
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657989866
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0ktij/how_did_mosquitos_evolve_to_suck_blood_how_does/
Text: 

ID: w0kxh6
Title: Was Deinosuchus basically just a modern crocodile in big or does it have biological differences from modern crocodiles?
Author: Melbourne_Australia
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.64
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657990189
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0kxh6/was_deinosuchus_basically_just_a_modern_crocodile/
Text: 

ID: w0nl5k
Title: How close is "too close" for the JWST?
Author: capn_kwick
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657997493
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0nl5k/how_close_is_too_close_for_the_jwst/
Text: For instance, if Betelgeuse, at a bit over 600 light years away were to become a supernova, would the energy levels pretty much overwhelm its sensors?

ID: w0o3je
Title: How does JWST receive information such as temperature, atmospheric composition, mass, etc.?
Author: Glass_Alpaca
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.59
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657998916
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0o3je/how_does_jwst_receive_information_such_as/
Text: Based on NASA, WASP-96b has water. But how did we find that out from JWST? Like, all we're receiving is the emitted light from the celestial object? How do we know anything beyond its visuals??

ID: w0o8et
Title: Why do the north east US get affected by tropical storms even though tropical storms don’t usually form above the tropical Atlantic Ocean?
Author: solarflare70
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.46
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657999305
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0o8et/why_do_the_north_east_us_get_affected_by_tropical/
Text: 

ID: w0q2ml
Title: Would a white hole look similar to a pulsar?
Author: ForwardGrape2328
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658004526
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0q2ml/would_a_white_hole_look_similar_to_a_pulsar/
Text: As I understand pulsars spin and eject electromagnetic radiation. Since a white hole would eject matter and light would a white hole look or behave similar to a white hole?

ID: w0qiri
Title: Does geology play a part in showing the average temperature of the Earth in a certain time period, like the chemical makeup of the rocks? Or is there more to it in determining geologically what the climate was like in the past?
Author: QuothTheRaven713
Score: 66
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 20
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658005797
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0qiri/does_geology_play_a_part_in_showing_the_average/
Text: Had someone mention in another thread that we have historical data on temperatures obtained by geology studies that shows the climate currently doesn't match with the general trend we'd expect to be naturally occurring, so I'm curious as to if there's something geologically that shows the Earth's average climate in comparison to now, and how that shows it's much warmer now than it should be by natural progression.

ID: w0qqao
Title: Elephant tusks are modified upper incisors, Deinotheriidae of the elephant order are modified lower incisors. Is this likely a case of convergent evolution, fulfilling a similar purpose in different way, or a varied expression of a shared genetic change?
Author: ajifoster321
Score: 19
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658006401
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0qqao/elephant_tusks_are_modified_upper_incisors/
Text: I'm not entirely sure the best way to word this question. Would the large size of the incisors be because of a shared large incisor set of genetic changes, or rather the large lower incisor developed independently of the large upper one.

ID: w0qqwy
Title: How do whales dive ?
Author: DrSuppe
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658006449
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0qqwy/how_do_whales_dive/
Text: Like the title says. What mechanism do they use to dive ? are there different ones ?

I mean fish have their sim bladder. But what do whales do ? do they "just swim down"? What happens when the air in their lungs get compressed and the average density increases ? How do they stay buoyant at different depths ? 

And what do the sperm whales do when they sleep in this strange buoyant way ? how do they stay buoyant while sleeping ?

Or do they just "overpower" the density change with muscle power ?   


This might be a bit of a convoluted question but maybe someone has some expertise in the area. Thanks :)

ID: w0yybc
Title: How do telescopes, on Earth, take pictures of the space with long exposures?
Author: Furita
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.55
CommentCount: 14
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658032164
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0yybc/how_do_telescopes_on_earth_take_pictures_of_the/
Text: People often say “picture with x hours of exposure” to capture images of the space. Since we are constantly rotating, how do you “fix” the telescope / camera for the long expose to a galaxy, the sun, or whatever is in space?

ID: w0z3py
Title: Does the universe as a whole have an orbit?
Author: AnselmFox
Score: 1042
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 361
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658032714
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0z3py/does_the_universe_as_a_whole_have_an_orbit/
Text: I know it’s expanding- but does it have a rotation? Our planet orbits our sun, which orbits our super massive black hole… it seems like rotation is the standard. So does the universe as whole have a spin? And if not why?

ID: w10wjs
Title: How strong is the medical scientific case for vitamin C against the common cold?
Author: BubbleDevere
Score: 37
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 36
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658039509
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w10wjs/how_strong_is_the_medical_scientific_case_for/
Text: 

ID: w15dgz
Title: Do all planets receive the same wavelengths of light from their star?
Author: ShineOnYouFatOldSun
Score: 14
VoteRatio: 0.8
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658057411
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w15dgz/do_all_planets_receive_the_same_wavelengths_of/
Text: We observe our world through the light visible to our eyes, however there are know organisms who see different wavelengths, bees for example can see ultraviolet light. Could there be planets where potential lifeforms might have to evolv to see x-rays or microwaves in order to observe their world?

If some planets received a different composition of light waves than ours I suspect it might be possible but I don't know if that is physically accurate. 

I know there are different types of stars and I know that the consensus is that a planet needs to be in the 'goldilocks zone' of a star to support life.

Thought I might ask here and hope it's not a completely stupid question haha thanks.

ID: w16xz6
Title: Pins & Needles ( what is actually happening ? )
Author: 4fingerfrank
Score: 2736
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 125
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658062919
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w16xz6/pins_needles_what_is_actually_happening/
Text: What is actually happening in the body/brain to cause the pins and needles or sharp tingling sensation felt after blood rushes back to a numb body part ?

ID: w18dxa
Title: Could we handle nuclear waste by drilling into a subduction zone and let the earth carry the waste into the mantle?
Author: Droodster
Score: 2569
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 527
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658067358
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w18dxa/could_we_handle_nuclear_waste_by_drilling_into_a/
Text: 

ID: w19icf
Title: [Evolutionary Biology/Botany] Cactaceae is a very young plant family. Is this why they're so promiscuous?
Author: Kittten_Mitttons
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 0
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658070512
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w19icf/evolutionary_biologybotany_cactaceae_is_a_very/
Text: Cactaceae are the only family I know of where almost any species can be successfully grafted to almost any other species. Almost every cactus is capable of producing fertile, hybrids within its genus. Beyond that, it's been found that many cacti are even capable of intergeneric hybridization. Desert cacti are supposed to have diverged and evolved during a worldwide drying event roughly 10-25 mya (I'm assuming the rainforest/vining species evolved at a similar time) This is relatively recent on the scale of plant evolution, is this why they're able to graft and breed so freely? They haven't had enough time to diverge to the point of incompatibility?

ID: w1aldy
Title: Can we detect the effect of economic recessions, depressions, etc. on the statistical distribution of e.g. height?
Author: QQwas
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.72
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658073502
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1aldy/can_we_detect_the_effect_of_economic_recessions/
Text: I figure that (economic) hard times equal, at least for some populations/groups, lower caloric consumption than usual, which could have some consequences for body size, in particular, height.

In particular if it happens to children or young adults still in the progress of growing, which i figure would be more sensitive to changes in intake(?), and therefore prevent them from reaching their full "potential". 

Are there any data indicating that, e.g. "population group X experienced economic difficulties in the year Y, which was reflected in a statistically detectable deviation/anomaly in the distribution for height for the group some N years later, compared to how it is normally"

ID: w1dwe5
Title: Is the Atlantic Ocean mostly dead?
Author: thenormaldude
Score: 1451
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658082510
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1dwe5/is_the_atlantic_ocean_mostly_dead/
Text: This article, citing research from the Global Oceanic Environmental Survey Foundation, claims that the Atlantic Ocean is mostly deprived of life due to plankton population collapse from pollution: [https://www.sundaypost.com/fp/humanity-will-not-survive-extinction-of-most-marine-plants-and-animals/?fbclid=IwAR0kid7zbH-urODZNGLfw8sYLEZ0pcT0RiRbrLwyZpfA14IVBmCiC-GchTw](https://www.sundaypost.com/fp/humanity-will-not-survive-extinction-of-most-marine-plants-and-animals/?fbclid=IwAR0kid7zbH-urODZNGLfw8sYLEZ0pcT0RiRbrLwyZpfA14IVBmCiC-GchTw)

It sounds bad, but it's also from a study that may not be peer reviewed (I can't seem to find methodology, authors, or even the text of the study) by a group I've never heard of and seems focused on activism.

Is there any way to verify if this study is real? And if it's real, is it scientifically sound?

ID: w1fzfv
Title: Can you fuse any two pieces of the same material in space just like metal?
Author: Ilayeggs121
Score: 38
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658088013
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1fzfv/can_you_fuse_any_two_pieces_of_the_same_material/
Text: We know that on earth here when we cut two pieces of metal the freshly cut surface oxidizes preventing the metal from joining back together, 

Though in space the metal does not oxidize and is able to fuse back together into a single piece of metal, 

My question is, is this the case for all material? For example wood, (I don’t know why we can’t fuse that back together on earth) if we took a piece of wood to the vacuum of space could we fuse it back together just through pressure? 

And if we can’t, can someone explain why we can’t?

ID: w1k1yq
Title: Would a replacement reaction between a metal and a solution of more then one metal salt result in an alloy precipitate?
Author: venbrou
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658099022
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1k1yq/would_a_replacement_reaction_between_a_metal_and/
Text: Summary: Large solid chunk of steel submerged in a solution of copper(ii) sulfate and tin(ii) sulfate (estimated ration of 10-1). Left to sit for 24 hours. Reaction expected to produce precipitates of metallic copper and tin and a solution of iron(ii) sulfate.

Question: Would the copper and tin precipitate out as a metallic alloy, or would they come out as separate layers, crystals, etc.. ?

So... I've been messing around with copper(ii) sulfate for the past few days. One of my ongoing experiments started with putting scrap electronics solder in a solution of the stuff. My idea was the tin and lead would replace the copper and leave a solution of pure tin(ii) sulfate and insoluble lead(ii) sulfate and copper metal. The results were promising as I was left with a beautiful turquoise blue solution along with white precipitate of lead(ii) sulfate and copper collecting on the old solder. My only mistake was that I did not have enough solder, and so the resulting solution was still mostly copper(ii) sulfate.

It was this mixture of tin(ii) sulfate and copper(ii) sulfate that I added a slightly rusted steel hammer head to. I honestly didn't have a plan at this point other then a quick google search to see where iron was in terms of reactivity. Success on that: I now have an almost pure solution of iron(ii) sulfate. I will likely continue using sulfate to juggle metal ions with reckless abandon.

It's the hammer head I sacrificed that I'm really curios about. It's completely covered in copper crystals and I'm pretty certain the tin is mixed in as well. I'll link a picture in the comments. I really want to know if I just accidentally made a copper-tin alloy.

ID: w1pwvd
Title: I’ve been watching some WW1 videos, and I have to ask. What happened to all the chemical weapons that activated?
Author: Huhthisisneathuh
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.8
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658116888
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1pwvd/ive_been_watching_some_ww1_videos_and_i_have_to/
Text: So during the first offensive where Germans launched the first chemical attack using Mustard Gas. What happened after the battle was over with the released gas? Did the cloud of toxic chemicals disperse? Did it just float away or something? What exactly happened?

ID: w1q8yo
Title: is Earth's helium really running out?
Author: Lucky-Sail8207
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658118070
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1q8yo/is_earths_helium_really_running_out/
Text: 

ID: w1tw85
Title: Moon craters mostly circular?
Author: G1rvo
Score: 2418
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 316
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658131865
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1tw85/moon_craters_mostly_circular/
Text: Hi, on the moon, how come the craters are all circular? Would that mean all the asteroids hit the surface straight on at a perfect angle? Wouldn't some hit on different angles creating more longer scar like damage to the surface? Thanks

ID: w1u2wp
Title: How infectious are you during the inflammatory phase of COVID?
Author: nickoskal024
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.52
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658132645
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1u2wp/how_infectious_are_you_during_the_inflammatory/
Text: 

ID: w1ucjj
Title: How does a hornet build its hive?
Author: just1the2green3dino
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658133774
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1ucjj/how_does_a_hornet_build_its_hive/
Text: 

ID: w1wlnb
Title: In the Warming Stripes, how can the blue stripes be explained?
Author: qkvb
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658142387
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1wlnb/in_the_warming_stripes_how_can_the_blue_stripes/
Text: The way I understand the Warming Stripes (the blue/red bar code showing global temperature changes), the reds indicate temperatures warmer than what they're supposed to be, while blue indicates colder than what they're supposed to be.

But the bar starts with a lot of blue until 1980 or so. Why were temperatures lower than they're supposed until from ~1900 to 1980 and how is that determined?

ID: w1yunq
Title: Why is the “Buzz” on High Voltage power lines Louder on a cloudy day than on a clear day?
Author: MayrutSingh
Score: 171
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 26
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658149398
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1yunq/why_is_the_buzz_on_high_voltage_power_lines/
Text: When walking in a parking lot that has High Voltage Power lines over it, I noticed that the ‘Buzz’ was much louder today, a cloudy day, than it is normally on a clear day. What is the reason for this? Is it even louder when it rains?

ID: w1zmvs
Title: Static and dynamic equilibrium?
Author: TheGuans
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.65
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658151617
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1zmvs/static_and_dynamic_equilibrium/
Text: I dont understand the point of static equilibrium? If the forward and backward reaction rate is zero then why is it not just considered as not reacting at all? Why call it static equilibrium? I dint understand the answers on google like the example of diamond and graphite, is there another possible example of a static equilibrium?

ID: w22h90
Title: Why aren't space-based radio telescopes really a thing?
Author: HardlineMike
Score: 839
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 109
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658158899
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w22h90/why_arent_spacebased_radio_telescopes_really_a/
Text: So searching for radio telescopes I found that there are almost none currently operating in space and historically very few as well. Most of the big radio dishes in space are turned Earthwards for spying purposes.

As a layperson this strikes me as strange because it seems like a radio telescope would be significantly easier to build and launch than an optical telescope. 

A few possible guesses come to mind based on my small amount of astronomy knowledge:

Fewer advantages over land-based observation, relative to an optical scope?

Interferometry using huge numbers of smaller ground based dishes simply more useful?

Some engineering challenge I'm not considering?

ID: w23xwr
Title: Does our total human energy use noticeably warm the planet?
Author: Enough-Screen-1881
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.62
CommentCount: 17
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658162520
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w23xwr/does_our_total_human_energy_use_noticeably_warm/
Text: I'm not talking about the warming effects of CO2, but rather adding up all of our total energy use and assuming it will all eventually turn into heat, does that in itself have a warming effect on Earth?

ID: w26rts
Title: Why does COVID have an effect on menstrual cycles?
Author: OnARolll31
Score: 71
VoteRatio: 0.74
CommentCount: 24
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658169670
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w26rts/why_does_covid_have_an_effect_on_menstrual_cycles/
Text: 

ID: w2b4ah
Title: Why do pictures of the same planet sometimes have completely different colors?
Author: Selechar
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658180594
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2b4ah/why_do_pictures_of_the_same_planet_sometimes_have/
Text: For example, most of us see Jupiter with beige, tan, and red colors, but there is also pictures where Jupiter has vibrant blue swirls mixed in with some tan colors. This situation can also be seen with pictures of Venus.

ID: w2c0jo
Title: Are there ever cancer studies testing new drugs that don't involve concomitant therapy with chemo and radiation?
Author: rrdein
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.47
CommentCount: 18
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658182896
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2c0jo/are_there_ever_cancer_studies_testing_new_drugs/
Text: In trying to research potential treatments for glioblastoma, I came across cannabinoids.  It seems like they all fight cancer (glioblastoma specifically) and could inevitably some day cure people's cancers.  There have been hundreds of studies, but as near as I can tell there has never once been a single study that tested these in live humans, without being administered in combination with chemo and radiation.  I heard a long time ago that they will never ever do that because if a person dies then someone gets blamed for not using chemo and radiation.  That kind of logic seems designed to forever prevent there from being any kind of cure or alternative to chemo and radiation, ever.

Do they ever do any in vivo studies on any (new or existing) cancer drugs that are not designed to see if the drug can "assist" chemo and radiation?  If not, is there any "path forward" for anyone to ever develop a drug that actually cures cancer?

ID: w2cnqd
Title: Is it possible to use multiple satellites across space to speed up space communication?
Author: Lonewolf_drak
Score: 1613
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 300
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658184583
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2cnqd/is_it_possible_to_use_multiple_satellites_across/
Text: Reading about the Webb teleacope amd it sending info back at 25mb a sec, i was thinking abput if it were possible to put satellites throughout space as relays. Kinda like lighting the torches of Gondor. Would that actually allow for faster communication?

ID: w2ehkc
Title: How does the JWST take pictures while orbiting?
Author: RodPa715
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.6
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658189619
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2ehkc/how_does_the_jwst_take_pictures_while_orbiting/
Text: Sorry for the dumb question but I'm wondering at that scale  how does movement affect the pictures?

Is there software to compensate for that, is the orbit special for that reason? Is it a non-problem because the "focus" is very far away?

ID: w2ei56
Title: How much dry ice in a vessel would you need to make it supercritical?
Author: Marys-first-born
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.2
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658189662
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2ei56/how_much_dry_ice_in_a_vessel_would_you_need_to/
Text: Im interested in doing some small scale oil extractions but rather than using c02 and a liquid pump i was wondering if dry ice could be used

ID: w2f3pv
Title: Why is grapefruit juice not safe to consume with certain medications?
Author: ItzMunchbell
Score: 641
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 116
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658191386
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2f3pv/why_is_grapefruit_juice_not_safe_to_consume_with/
Text: Edit: Thank you for the explanations! I realized I should have mentioned that I'm not taking any prescriptions nor do I like grapefruits. A few days ago, I saw somebody buying grapefruit juice (not accusing that person of anything) and I was thinking about how I'd heard that it's not safe to consume with certain medicines. I was curious about the reasons why combining the two is dangerous.

TL;DR: I was just curious.

ID: w2fhj6
Title: Do birds fly around for fun?
Author: nickofthenairup
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.74
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658192491
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2fhj6/do_birds_fly_around_for_fun/
Text: I’ve always wondered this. I’m on the 46th floor of a hotel right now and see small birds chasing each other around outside. Is there a biological reason for this (food / insects I can’t see) or do they just fly around for fun?

ID: w2gxbu
Title: Does the electric field of light exert force on plasma particles?
Author: Bananawamajama
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.87
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658196650
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2gxbu/does_the_electric_field_of_light_exert_force_on/
Text: Say there's a cloud of plasma floating in space, and there's a uniform magnetic field around/permeating it. If there is also an electric field present, the plasma will move in the direction of E x B, from what I understand.

Now say there is a beam of laser light shooting through the plasma. Light is made of photons, which are electromagnetic oscillations.

So how does a photon end up affecting the plasma?

One option I could see is that the electric field from the laser and the background magnetic field means the plasma moves in the E_laser x B_background direction.

Another option is that it moves in the E_laser x B_laser direction.

Another option is that it doesn't move but oscillates back and forth along one of those directions, because light is oscillating.

Another option is that it moves in the direction the light was going, because light has momentum and its pushing the plasma. Which is just the 2nd option, but with a different reason.

Another option is that it doesn't move at all and I don't understand photons.

ID: w2kp5y
Title: Has the gene frequency of Tay-Sachs disease in humans decreased since screening began in the 70s?
Author: LJAkaar67
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.8
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658208413
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2kp5y/has_the_gene_frequency_of_taysachs_disease_in/
Text: Genetic testing for Tay-Sachs begin in the 70s.

Since then [the incidence of Tay-Sachs has fallen by more than 90 percent among Jews, thanks to a combination of scientific advances and volunteer community activism that brought screening for the disease into synagogues, Jewish community centers and, eventually, routine medical care.](https://www.timesofisrael.com/how-jewish-activism-has-wiped-out-tay-sachs/#:~:text=Since%20the%20'70s%2C%20the%20incidence,%2C%20eventually%2C%20routine%20medical%20care.)

[Until 1969, when doctors discovered the enzyme that made testing possible to determine whether parents were carriers of Tay-Sachs, 50 to 60 affected Jewish children were born each year in the United States and Canada. After mass screenings began in 1971, the numbers declined to two to five Jewish births a year, said Karen Zeiger, whose first child died of Tay-Sachs.](https://www.timesofisrael.com/how-jewish-activism-has-wiped-out-tay-sachs/#:~:text=Since%20the%20'70s%2C%20the%20incidence,%2C%20eventually%2C%20routine%20medical%20care.)

[Tay–Sachs disease is a genetic disorder that results in the destruction of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord.[1] The most common form is infantile Tay–Sachs disease, which becomes apparent around three to six months of age, with the baby losing the ability to turn over, sit, or crawl.[1] This is then followed by seizures, hearing loss, and inability to move, with death usually occurring by the age of three to five.[3][1] Less commonly, the disease may occur in later childhood or adulthood (juvenile or late-onset).[1] These forms tend to be less severe,[1] but the juvenile form typically results in death by age 15.](https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Tay%E2%80%93Sachs_disease)

[Tay–Sachs disease is caused by a genetic mutation in the HEXA gene on chromosome 15, which codes for a subunit of the hexosaminidase enzyme known as hexosaminidase A. It is inherited from a person's parents in an autosomal recessive manner.](https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Tay%E2%80%93Sachs_disease)

[Three main approaches have been used to prevent or reduce the incidence of Tay–Sachs:](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tay%E2%80%93Sachs_disease&section=8)

+ [Prenatal diagnosis. If both parents are identified as carriers, prenatal genetic testing can determine whether the fetus has inherited a defective gene copy from both parents.[30] Chorionic villus sampling (CVS), the most common form of prenatal diagnosis, can be performed between 10 and 14 weeks of gestation. Amniocentesis is usually performed at 15–18 weeks. These procedures have risks of miscarriage of 1% or less.](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tay%E2%80%93Sachs_disease&section=8)
+ [Preimplantation genetic diagnosis. By retrieving the mother's eggs for in vitro fertilization, it is possible to test the embryo for the disorder prior to implantation. Healthy embryos are then selected and transferred into the mother's womb, while unhealthy embryos are discarded. In addition to Tay–Sachs disease, preimplantation genetic diagnosis has been used to prevent cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia among other genetic disorders.](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tay%E2%80%93Sachs_disease&section=8)
+ [Mate selection. In Orthodox Jewish circles, the organization Dor Yeshorim carries out an anonymous screening program so that carriers for Tay–Sachs and other genetic disorders can avoid marrying each other.](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tay%E2%80%93Sachs_disease&section=8)

Each of the mechanisms above would work to eliminate embryos with two Tay-Sachs genes, and preimplantation genetic diagnoses could be used to eliminate embryos with one Tay-Sachs gene, though I have no reason to think it is used that way.

By eliminating embryos with two Tay-Sachs genes, adults (who could reproduce) with Tay-Sachs are also eliminated and so I would think that over time, the genetic frequency of the Tay-Sachs disorder would decline.

Is there any evidence of this for Tay-Sachs?

Has the gene frequency of any recessive genetic disorder been reduced through screening mechanisms?

ID: w2l2wb
Title: How is it possible for the JWST to have the bandwidth to send back all the data it's collecting?
Author: non-troll_account
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.58
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658209782
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2l2wb/how_is_it_possible_for_the_jwst_to_have_the/
Text: It's so far away yet collecting so much data, I don't understand how it can send it all back. Is it using lossless compression of some kind?

ID: w2l540
Title: If gravity increased drastically at a certain spot of the ocean, what would happen in that area?
Author: looking_at_themoon
Score: 9
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658209998
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2l540/if_gravity_increased_drastically_at_a_certain/
Text: Lets say for example there was a circle in the Pacific Ocean with a diameter of 100ft. Within that circle, the gravity increases by an incredible amount and it only increases within that circle. What would happen to the water in that area? would it cause a straight hole to the bottom of the ocean or would a different kind of phenomenon occur?

ID: w2m0no
Title: How does wood glue work?
Author: glock2glock
Score: 114
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 36
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658213195
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2m0no/how_does_wood_glue_work/
Text: I understand how glue works but wood glue seems to become a permanent piece of the wood after it’s used sometimes lasting hundreds of years. Just curious what’s going on there chemically.

ID: w2m180
Title: How do captive-bred reptiles become salmonella carriers?
Author: Ohsa
Score: 18
VoteRatio: 0.81
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658213257
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2m180/how_do_captivebred_reptiles_become_salmonella/
Text: Allegedly 90% of reptiles carry salmonella. Where do captive-bred reptiles pick it up if they're hatched in incubators and away from the poop of older reptiles? Is it passed on during the formation of the egg? Or can it just survive for so long on water/surfaces that it's just a matter of time until they do? What about the remaining 10%, why don't they get it?

ID: w2nghg
Title: What is the process through which physical/mineral sunscreens (the ones that block with titanium/zinc oxide) lose their efficiency within a few hours?
Author: prookyon
Score: 13
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658218850
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2nghg/what_is_the_process_through_which_physicalmineral/
Text: If I understand correctly FDA has a ban on claiming more than 2 hours of protection regardless if its a chemical or physical sunscreen - but I would assume that without swimming/washing the physical ones should work longer as the oxides do not break down due to sunlight?

ID: w2qn0l
Title: What is stopping scientists from adding more and more neutrons to an atom to create an infinite amount of isotopes?
Author: EGKMRF
Score: 53
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 14
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658230836
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2qn0l/what_is_stopping_scientists_from_adding_more_and/
Text: I understand that at a point, more neutrons do not 'stick' to the nucleus, but why? What is stopping them from doing so? Why is it not possible to get an infinite amount of isotopes?

ID: w2t8ds
Title: Do elastic arteries follow Bernoulli’s principle? If not, why?
Author: DoubleZOfficial07
Score: 169
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 35
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658238589
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2t8ds/do_elastic_arteries_follow_bernoullis_principle/
Text: Okay, so this is a doozy. I was basically having a doubt in the physiology of blood pressure and arteries and my professors were unable to completely answer it, but they gave the reason as ’the large elastic arteries do not follow Bernoulli’s principle’. I‘m not satisfied with this explanation but as they are not physics professors they just made me accept it as such. So I’m flairing this as physics, but it could be that they misinterpreted my original question which is kinda complicated. So is it true? And why?

ID: w2tkje
Title: is it true that one of the effects of puberty is the rapid growth of the brain?
Author: mrpotato4565alt2
Score: 34
VoteRatio: 0.7
CommentCount: 15
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658239488
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2tkje/is_it_true_that_one_of_the_effects_of_puberty_is/
Text: 

So one of the effects of puberty is the rapid growth of the human body 

BUT is it true that one of the effects of puberty is rapid growth of the brain? Because I read somewhere that one of the effects of puberty is rapid growth of the brain 

Please when you answer send me the scientific paper / source that you got the answer from

ID: w2u7gh
Title: How does tomato juice remove smells? Why is it more effective than many other natural and synthetic compounds?
Author: seaflans
Score: 2936
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 269
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658241196
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2u7gh/how_does_tomato_juice_remove_smells_why_is_it/
Text: Edit: Should have posted this to r/nostupidquestions! Turns out, tomato juice is NOT more effective than many other natural and synthetic compounds. Damn you Spiderman (The Spectacular Spiderman, 2008) for inspiring this question after a fight at the dump.

ID: w2uwt2
Title: Why don’t the ‘cos’ ends of viral DNA bind inside the capsid?
Author: plectinresearcher
Score: 54
VoteRatio: 0.76
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658243036
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2uwt2/why_dont_the_cos_ends_of_viral_dna_bind_inside/
Text: So, the DNA within the head of a capsid such as a lambda particle have these extensions at the 5’ strand of each end, called ‘cohesive’ or ‘cos’ ends. Apparently, they don’t bind to each other during packaging and they don’t bind to each other while bundled up inside the capsid. Once released into the host cell, however, they have no issues finding and then binding to each other. Why is that?

ID: w2wgez
Title: How do train tracks withstand hot and cold temperatures?
Author: cosulytt
Score: 23
VoteRatio: 0.79
CommentCount: 22
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658247023
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2wgez/how_do_train_tracks_withstand_hot_and_cold/
Text: In the UK, Network Rail explained why the UK rail infrastructure is unable to cope with hot temperatures, however, it also said that 'If we stressed our rails for exceptionally hot weather, they wouldn’t be safe for the winter and we’d have broken rail because it’s too cold.' 

What I'd like to understand is how the rail infrastructure in places that do experience extreme sides of weather is able to withstand the extremes. In my head I'm thinking of cities in North America on the east coast which experience very low and very high temperatures. How does their rail infrastructure cope with extremes? How are they built differently?

ID: w2wxto
Title: What's the most massive black hole that could strike the earth without causing any damage?
Author: Syscrush
Score: 1428
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 313
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658248256
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2wxto/whats_the_most_massive_black_hole_that_could/
Text: When I was in 9th grade in the mid-80's, my science teacher said that if a black hole with the mass of a mountain were to strike Earth, it would probably just oscillate back and forth inside the Earth for a while before settling at Earth's center of gravity and that would be it.

I've never forgotten this idea - it sounds plausible but as I've never heard the claim elsewhere I suspect it is wrong. Is there any basis for this?

If it is true, then what's the most massive a black hole could be to pass through the Earth without causing a commotion?

ID: w2xqe6
Title: Thru what mechanisms do queen ants store male sperm for up to 25 years?
Author: Flowonbyboats
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658250256
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2xqe6/thru_what_mechanisms_do_queen_ants_store_male/
Text:  

I did google searched and searched this sub for an answer. The closest I got was the link at the bottom.

I understand that many animals have sperm with short life cycles. I also understand that women are able to keep their same oocyte their whole life's. However eggs are living cells that are still attached to the host body and are being fed/wasted carried away from. Is this the same action that happens inside a queens body's when they store sperm for up to 25 years? Or is there a different mechanism of action?

If you have info related to other animals besides queen ants I'd be interested in hearing it as well.

[https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/pwwpq/why\_is\_the\_fertile\_life\_of\_human\_sperm\_so\_short/](https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/pwwpq/why_is_the_fertile_life_of_human_sperm_so_short/)

ID: w2yq7e
Title: Where can I get a fasta file for the rhinovirus genome?
Author: plsdontkillmee
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.45
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658252755
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2yq7e/where_can_i_get_a_fasta_file_for_the_rhinovirus/
Text: I'm trying to make a parser for .fa files and this seems like it won't be a huge file.

ID: w38cnt
Title: Are ants capable of flatulence?
Author: McNuggiezz
Score: 264
VoteRatio: 0.87
CommentCount: 67
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658277422
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w38cnt/are_ants_capable_of_flatulence/
Text: 

ID: w3a60c
Title: How can a bacteria have membrane bound organelles?
Author: Cyberman2277
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.56
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658282632
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3a60c/how_can_a_bacteria_have_membrane_bound_organelles/
Text: I just came across a video about the giant bacteria thiomargarita magnifica, which is visible to the naked eye and has membrane bound organelles. How is it classified as bacteria instead of protozoa with membrane bound organelles?

ID: w3atux
Title: Some people are more prone to mosquito bites. What criteria does a mosquito use when selecting their victims?
Author: Lienidus1
Score: 35
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 20
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658284513
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3atux/some_people_are_more_prone_to_mosquito_bites_what/
Text: 

ID: w3btdw
Title: How do Projectile Tracking Systems actually function?
Author: Otisliveson
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658287410
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3btdw/how_do_projectile_tracking_systems_actually/
Text: Especially with regard to the spinning mirror. I can’t find a good source that explains how the mirror is capable of turning so quickly. Example footage here: https://youtu.be/z7H5_o4UYw4

ID: w3ckvf
Title: If temperatures reach 125F+ for several hours in a place with vegetation (Texas, for example), are there concerns of the landscape getting pasteurized?
Author: SirNanigans
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.56
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658289721
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3ckvf/if_temperatures_reach_125f_for_several_hours_in_a/
Text: Wouldn't it shatter the microbial ecosystems present on plants and the surface of soil?

ID: w3culo
Title: Do the elements of supernovae stay within the range of the previous solar system? Is a solar system with a star of sufficient mass just recycling elements within that range?
Author: tbird1134
Score: 78
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658290558
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3culo/do_the_elements_of_supernovae_stay_within_the/
Text: I get that nebulae can be many AU’s in diameter, but isn’t the distance between solar systems much larger to the point where there would be very little cross pollination between solar systems? Also what happens to planets that aren’t destroyed by supernovae? Are there gas giant sized planets drifting around within galaxies unattached to a star?

ID: w3d587
Title: Is D-Ribose a precursor to Ribitol?
Author: GCWR3
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.4
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658291487
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3d587/is_dribose_a_precursor_to_ribitol/
Text: 

ID: w3eafw
Title: Why don’t species that are capable of parthenogenesis eventually turn into all females?
Author: candid_page38
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658295270
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3eafw/why_dont_species_that_are_capable_of/
Text: Is there some evolutionary benefit of continuing to mate with males?

ID: w3fcbb
Title: What does atmospheric pressure really tell us about anything? Can we use the number of hectopectares to divine something useful or even tangible? Like anything to do about the weather, chance of rain, temperature
Author: Lesbianseagullman
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.59
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658298985
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3fcbb/what_does_atmospheric_pressure_really_tell_us/
Text: I have a barometer that tells me a number in hPa (right now it says 1007, which is apparently close to normal? But what is the significance of that, of an- I assume- "normal level of atmospheric pressure"?) I can't figure out what the point even is of knowing this information at a given time! 
The only time in which I could see this being useful is if-whether weather conditions occur at corresponding hPa levels--if i could replace temperature, chance of rain, is it sunny or cloudy, etc. with it.. I have no idea what I'm talking about. 

Can anyone just fill me in and explain atmospheric pressure, its significance to life- my life, every day life, anything

Hope this is the right flair, I couldn't find the one for meteorology or something.

ID: w3firn
Title: How does the genetical difference between modern humans and our 300 000 year old ancestors compare to the genetical difference between our 300 000 year old ancestors and our 600 000 year old ancestors?
Author: andreasdagen
Score: 35
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 13
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658299658
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3firn/how_does_the_genetical_difference_between_modern/
Text: 

ID: w3ib4f
Title: When do gases uniformly fill a container vs layer by layer based on density?
Author: KesTheHammer
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 24
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658310408
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3ib4f/when_do_gases_uniformly_fill_a_container_vs_layer/
Text: Air in a closed container has Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapour etc in an even distribution throughout the container, despite the N2 having a lower density (1.2 kg/m³) than oxygen (1.4kg/m³) or CO2 (1.9 kg/m³)

But in other cases, it is argued that the carbon dioxide will drop down (as in fire suppression systems), or hot air will rise etc based on differing densities.

Is it all about mixing - or are there other effects at play?

ID: w3iwdg
Title: Could trauma result in bicephaly in reptiles?
Author: svconfession411
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.22
CommentCount: 0
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658312630
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3iwdg/could_trauma_result_in_bicephaly_in_reptiles/
Text: Forgive the weird question, but I was curious. From what I understand bicephaly in reptiles is typically caused by either genetic or environmental factors, the most common being abnormal incubation temperatures. I was wondering if there is any sort of physical trauma that could result in bicephaly, such as an egg being dropped or slightly damaged? If so, would it be possible for scientists to make a notch in a developing embryo and encourage bicephaly? I know it's kind of morbid, but I was really curious as to whether or not physical environmental factors have an impact on this since I couldn't find many sources surrounding it!

ID: w3jzip
Title: Is it possible for a new born to develop no genitals at all?
Author: ShueiHS
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.47
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658316570
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3jzip/is_it_possible_for_a_new_born_to_develop_no/
Text: And if yes, in what genetical conditions? Would they physically develop more like a female or male?

I'm mostly interested in this to know if sexually "neutral" humans could exist, and how. If you need me to be more precise, please tell me !

Thanks for your answers!

ID: w3kegy
Title: What is causing this 2022 global heat wave?
Author: transporter3
Score: 162
VoteRatio: 0.84
CommentCount: 41
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658317981
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3kegy/what_is_causing_this_2022_global_heat_wave/
Text: Any article I can find just says "climate change" which I understand but what are the specific factors and systems that are causing this? And what is seemingly making those systems produce something global and intense?

ID: w3n2ex
Title: Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science
Author: AutoModerator
Score: 930
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 476
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658325611
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3n2ex/ask_anything_wednesday_physics_astronomy_earth/
Text: Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on **Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science**

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

**Asking Questions:**

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

**Answering Questions:**

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. [The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/wiki/index#wiki_answering_askscience). In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, [please refer to the information provided here](https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/about/sticky).

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts [can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/search?q=flair%3A%27meta%27&restrict_sr=on&sort=new&t=all). Ask away!

ID: w3nq0n
Title: How long does it take naturally for silver to form? (not man made ones)
Author: YtSabit
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.41
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658327271
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3nq0n/how_long_does_it_take_naturally_for_silver_to/
Text: 

ID: w3rut0
Title: AskScience Panel of Scientists XXVII
Author: AskScienceModerator
Score: 20
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658337273
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3rut0/askscience_panel_of_scientists_xxvii/
Text: **Please read this entire post carefully and format your application appropriately.**

This post is for new panelist recruitment! The previous one is [here](https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/s93rpe/askscience_panel_of_scientists_xxvi/).

The panel is an informal group of Redditors who are **either professional scientists or those in training to become so**. All panelists have at least a graduate-level familiarity within their declared field of expertise and answer questions from related areas of study. A panelist's expertise is summarized in a color-coded AskScience flair.

Membership in the panel comes with access to a panelist subreddit. It is a place for panelists to interact with each other, voice concerns to the moderators, and where the moderators make announcements to the whole panel. It's a good place to network with people who share your interests!

\-------------------

**You are eligible to join the panel if you:**

* Are studying for at least an MSc. or equivalent degree in the sciences, AND,
* Are able to communicate your knowledge of your field at a level accessible to various audiences.

\-------------------

**Instructions for formatting your panelist application:**

* Choose exactly one general field from the side-bar (Physics, Engineering, Social Sciences, etc.).
* State your specific field in one word or phrase (Neuropathology, Quantum Chemistry, etc.)
* Succinctly describe your particular area of research in a few words (carbon nanotube dielectric properties, myelin sheath degradation in Parkinsons patients, etc.)
* Give us a brief synopsis of your education: are you a research scientist for three decades, or a first-year Ph.D. student?
* Provide links to comments you've made in AskScience which you feel are indicative of your scholarship.  Applications will not be approved without several comments made in /r/AskScience itself.

\-------------------

Ideally, these comments should clearly indicate your fluency in the fundamentals of your discipline as well as your expertise. We favor comments that contain citations so we can assess its correctness without specific domain knowledge.

Here's an example application:

`Username: /u/foretopsail`

`General field: Anthropology`

`Specific field: Maritime Archaeology`

`Particular areas of research include historical archaeology, archaeometry, and ship construction.`

`Education: MA in archaeology, researcher for several years.`

`Comments: 1, 2, 3, 4.`

Please do not give us personally identifiable information and please follow the template. We're not going to do real-life background checks - we're just asking for reddit's best behavior. However, several moderators are tasked with monitoring panelist activity, and your credentials will be checked against the academic content of your posts on a continuing basis.

You can submit your application by replying to this post.

ID: w405g1
Title: How are the stages of cancer determined? Like, what do doctors see in a tumour that makes them go "yep, that's a four. No going back. That's all"??? What makes a cancer a stage two, or three, or four?
Author: lemon_scented_Enby
Score: 5128
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 374
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658357755
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w405g1/how_are_the_stages_of_cancer_determined_like_what/
Text: 

ID: w46rwr
Title: How severe is the maximum of the current solar cycle expected to be?
Author: Hedgehogs4Me
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658376217
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w46rwr/how_severe_is_the_maximum_of_the_current_solar/
Text: A friend and I were looking at some news stories and wiki articles about solar storms, and we were really confused by how many of the news articles seem to be making a big deal of the upcoming solar cycle maximum, but other resources say that we're expected to have a quieter-than-average solar cycle.

We're aware of the risks and big events that are possible with solar cycle maximums, but since a lot of news stories sound like they're trying to convince us that the sun is about to kill us all, we're looking for something a little bit more nuanced to give us some perspective. My friend is interested in astronomy but *also has astrophobia* so has been looking for something a little more reassuring than articles constantly popping up on his social media recommendations that exaggerate for clicks.

What should we actually expect, and what should we look for in news articles to tell us what we actually need to know?

ID: w4aeai
Title: Does high natural gas and fuel reserves in the ground indicate higher amounts of flora and fauna in the dinosaur age ?
Author: This-Wrongdoer-1858
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.84
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658388639
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4aeai/does_high_natural_gas_and_fuel_reserves_in_the/
Text: Is it correct to make the direct assumption that countries which have higher fuel reserves had higher flora and fauna, i.e. higher bio-matter in the dinosaur era(excuse the layman terms sorry).

ID: w4bdl4
Title: Does graphene fiber need to be impregnated with resin to be applicable as carbon fiber?
Author: ArtWheelDrive
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.72
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658392418
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4bdl4/does_graphene_fiber_need_to_be_impregnated_with/
Text: I think we all know what graphene is, and it's cheap production. 

During my time finding graphene online, I also found out that it can be manufactured into fibers. And an idea went up in my head: *"What if I use graphene fiber, instead of carbon fiber?"*. After all, it's more better in a lot ways than carbon fiber, especially in cost. Like, you can make your own graphene at home-type cheap. 

BAC motors made a sports car that has graphene body panels, probably using graphene in its' fiber form, that's what I think is most likely how they used it. I read an article about it, but the article didn't say how the graphene became as applicable as carbon fiber, like how BAC used carbon fiber. 

Does graphene fiber need to be impregnated with resin, like carbon fiber? Or no, it doesn't need to be impregnated with resin?

ID: w4bi3e
Title: What makes one feature dominant and other recessive?
Author: Gloomy_Efficiency196
Score: 47
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 26
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658392925
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4bi3e/what_makes_one_feature_dominant_and_other/
Text: I want to know why some features in genetics are dominant and can overcome this recessive ones, how they do this, what is the difference between them?

ID: w4ccb9
Title: Do male sharks & their relatives exhibit "clasperedness"? i.e. do individuals prefer to use on or another of their two claspers in mating more often than others & does it vary similarly to right & left handedness in humans?
Author: screwyoushadowban
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 0
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658396089
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4ccb9/do_male_sharks_their_relatives_exhibit/
Text: 

ID: w4cse1
Title: why don't ice bergs melt even after floating in water for a long time?
Author: YakZealousideal782
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.7
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658397724
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4cse1/why_dont_ice_bergs_melt_even_after_floating_in/
Text: 

ID: w4e0p4
Title: Is it possible for paper and plastic to grow mould?
Author: Old-Masterpiece-9564
Score: 18
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658402047
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4e0p4/is_it_possible_for_paper_and_plastic_to_grow_mould/
Text: I know moisture + bread = mould but what about non-food?

ID: w4es3e
Title: How do I combine two probabilities to compare them to a single probability?
Author: m00nwatcher11
Score: 22
VoteRatio: 0.74
CommentCount: 14
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658404452
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4es3e/how_do_i_combine_two_probabilities_to_compare/
Text: Here's a hypothetical scenario I'm trying to figure out:

Say I have a basket of 250 apples, and one of them is poisoned. So if I eat one apple out of the basket, I have a 1:250 chance of dying.

Now, say I was given the opportunity to instead eat an apple from another basket that holds 2,175 apples (one being poisoned), but to get that opportunity, I first have to eat one from a basket of 30,000 apples.

My question is: How do I calculate the combined probability of me dying when first having eaten from the 30,000 basket, then the 2,175 basket? How much safer is that option than just eating from the original 250 apple basket?

ID: w4fqn9
Title: When does the bulk of muscle recovery happen after a world out?
Author: jrdubbleu
Score: 95
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 32
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658407332
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4fqn9/when_does_the_bulk_of_muscle_recovery_happen/
Text: When someone works out, lifts weights, runs, etc. When does the bulk of muscle recovery and repair occur?

Does the intensity matter? Short of a full muscle injury like a tear, does a harder workout with more strain on the muscles have a longer peak recovery? Are there things that can assist recovery or bolster it during that period—or hinder it?

ID: w4g94s
Title: Spent the day curled up on the bathroom floor recovering from a norovirus stomach flu infection. Recently found out that noroviruses are resistant to alcohol-based sanitizers. How is this possible?
Author: payloadchap
Score: 3452
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 434
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658408804
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4g94s/spent_the_day_curled_up_on_the_bathroom_floor/
Text: I thought hand sanitizer was supposed to completely sterilize your hands by denaturing proteins that make up the outer layer of all viruses and bacteria? What is it about noroviruses specifically that make them resistant?

ID: w4iqb3
Title: How does the Webb telescope capture the big bang itself, and how is it expected to look like?
Author: RednBlackEagle
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.57
CommentCount: 24
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658415337
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4iqb3/how_does_the_webb_telescope_capture_the_big_bang/
Text: 

ID: w4qgd9
Title: Since BA5 can avoid antibodies from the original virus and vaccines, can you also get the original COVID after a bout of BA5?
Author: SuperSimpleSam
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658434283
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4qgd9/since_ba5_can_avoid_antibodies_from_the_original/
Text: I'm wondering if it's a one way street or if they are different enough that their antibodies don't effect the other.

ID: w4u9qd
Title: Are Hyenas really devastating to their environment?
Author: sebiiooo97
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.52
CommentCount: 13
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658443827
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4u9qd/are_hyenas_really_devastating_to_their_environment/
Text: In the Lion King, Hyenas are painted as consuming everything around them and leaving their habitats bare. Is this something based in reality or is it purely for the sake of the movie?

ID: w4um66
Title: Why is the set of positive integers "countable infinity" but the set of real numbers between 0 and 1 "uncountable infinity" when they can both be counted on a 1 to 1 correspondence?
Author: Namaenonaidesu
Score: 547
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 221
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658444734
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4um66/why_is_the_set_of_positive_integers_countable/
Text: 0.1, 0.2...... 0.9, 0.01, 0.11, 0.21, 0.31...... 0.99, 0.001, 0.101, 0.201......

1st number is 0.1, 17th number is 0.71, 8241st number is 0.1428, 9218754th number is 0.4578129.

I think the size of both sets are the same? For Cantor's diagonal argument, if you match up every integer with a real number (btw is it even possible to do so since the size is infinite) and create a new real number by changing a digit from each real number, can't you do the same thing with integers?  


Edit: For irrational numbers or real numbers with infinite digits (ex. 1/3), can't we reverse their digits over the decimal point and get the same number? Like "0.333..." would correspond to "...333"?

(Asked this on r/NoStupidQuestions and was advised to ask it here. [Original Post](https://www.reddit.com/r/NoStupidQuestions/comments/w4u4ar/why_is_the_set_of_positive_integers_countable/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=web2x&context=3))

ID: w4w5zl
Title: What is the neuroscience behind the motion after effect?
Author: BringsHomeBones
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.79
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658448981
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4w5zl/what_is_the_neuroscience_behind_the_motion_after/
Text: I have a basic understanding of neural adaptation: the brain stops responding to stimuli after being exposed for an extended period of time. 

But I don't understand how this leads to seeing motion in static object.

This particular sentence (in relation to waterfalls) has me stumped.

*"Cells responding to the movement of the water suffer a reduction in responsiveness, so that during competitive interactions between detector outputs, false motion signals arise."*

ID: w4xush
Title: If the light omitted on the far side of a galaxy is significantly older than that of the front side, why isn't the shape distorted?
Author: defire101
Score: 988
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 83
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658453785
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4xush/if_the_light_omitted_on_the_far_side_of_a_galaxy/
Text: I can't wrap my head around this. In a galaxy that is, say, 100,000 light years across, why do we still see it as a "perfect" formation?

ID: w51qrv
Title: Do primate communication contain grammar like human languages?
Author: deadfermata
Score: 345
VoteRatio: 0.85
CommentCount: 66
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658465678
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w51qrv/do_primate_communication_contain_grammar_like/
Text: 

ID: w523oy
Title: If there are solid and gas planets, are there also liquid planets somewhere in the universe?
Author: cyanraider
Score: 18
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658466853
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w523oy/if_there_are_solid_and_gas_planets_are_there_also/
Text: 

ID: w56cck
Title: Are there any long-term climate implications of huge wildfires seen in Western Europe?
Author: SusiGrantHopeful
Score: 17
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658482644
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w56cck/are_there_any_longterm_climate_implications_of/
Text: Right now Western Europe is experiencing unprecedented levels of wildfires. Does this impact the rate of wildfires in the future i.e. will the burnt forests be more prone to catching fire next year? And does the carbon monoxide from the burning have a significant impact on climate?

ID: w57o8z
Title: Does being born during different seasons make a difference for early child development?
Author: Gettothachoppurr
Score: 868
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 141
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658487390
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w57o8z/does_being_born_during_different_seasons_make_a/
Text: For example, adults experience different physiological and psychological effects during winter months due to shorter day length and lower vitamin D intake. Is a similar effect noticeable during early child development ?

ID: w58yn6
Title: If abruptly stopping your alcohol intake can be harmful, or even lethal depending on how long you were consumed by it - does the same apply to Marijuana?
Author: CloudStrife8797
Score: 811
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 241
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658491591
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w58yn6/if_abruptly_stopping_your_alcohol_intake_can_be/
Text: 

ID: w59c1e
Title: Do neuter-and-release programs for feral cats and dogs change the population's behavior?
Author: bobtheghost33
Score: 2524
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 320
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658492733
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w59c1e/do_neuterandrelease_programs_for_feral_cats_and/
Text: Neutering an animal can change it's behavior and temperament. Does this affect a population's behavior as more of them are neutered?

ID: w5h4cu
Title: Any epigenetic info stored on telomeres?
Author: charlielwallace
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658513131
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w5h4cu/any_epigenetic_info_stored_on_telomeres/
Text: Since telomeres consist of repeats of a simple dna sequence, there's no genetic information, but this dna could be modified via methylation, that is epigenetic info could be attached.  Is it known if that happens?  Would this be a possible explanation of how memories are formed?  Or could this be used as a way to tag cells with ID numbers for research?  Thanks

ID: w5hraz
Title: Which “way” do we point the James Webb Telescope?
Author: itisacircle
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658514720
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w5hraz/which_way_do_we_point_the_james_webb_telescope/
Text: Do we always have the telescope pointing in one direction? And this might be a stupid add on but If the Big Bang happened and everything came from a point then wouldn’t that mean the center of the universe is in one given direction? About 13 Billion light years as the crow flies.

ID: w5ht5h
Title: Are gases and air the only fully transparent compounds?
Author: FETU55LAYER
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.58
CommentCount: 14
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658514854
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w5ht5h/are_gases_and_air_the_only_fully_transparent/
Text: We cant see air and some gases because the particles that compose it dont have a color, right?

Is there any other compound with this property? All the other transparent things I can think of, like glass or water, are only partially transparent as they can still reflect light.

Also, can air in other planets with an atmosphere be made of different particles that reflect light, and therefore be visible? And why are gases particularly so... eager to be "invisible"?

ID: w5lgfh
Title: Has the number of total insects shrunk in the modern times?
Author: KarmaWhoreRepeating
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658524103
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w5lgfh/has_the_number_of_total_insects_shrunk_in_the/
Text: I sat on my porch for two hours today. I must have killed a dozen ants and Hal a dozen mosquitoes... On top of that, i spray the house against termites, ants, moths, mosquitos, flies....

My question is... If we were to compare the global number of mosquitoes+ants+flies living in a general area, would human action have significant influence on their number or no?

Arguments for yes: we (humans) are very invasive, and pesticides are powerful.

Arguments for no: the houses' area are insignificant compared to the wooded/grassy area. More over, we are creating a nutrition-rich environment for these insects and that's why they are around us. So we are killing as many as we produce.

ID: w5lkg4
Title: How exactly does stopping alcohol intake, abruptly, cause medical issues and even death?
Author: barefoot_yank
Score: 75
VoteRatio: 0.85
CommentCount: 36
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658524376
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w5lkg4/how_exactly_does_stopping_alcohol_intake_abruptly/
Text: Thinking of quitting but worried about the ramifications. Thanks.

ID: w5mgpa
Title: What can be done to protect space telescopes (like James Webb) from damage due to micrometeorites?
Author: thermal7
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.6
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658526647
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w5mgpa/what_can_be_done_to_protect_space_telescopes_like/
Text: I've read the the James Webb space telescope is already experiencing damage from micrometeor impacts.  I've also read that there are plans for larger space telescopes in the future.  What can be done to protect future telescopes from micrometeor damage?

ID: w5q3zx
Title: How does ingesting bleach harm you exactly?
Author: TheCreepyPL
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.63
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658536466
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w5q3zx/how_does_ingesting_bleach_harm_you_exactly/
Text: 

ID: w5rdtu
Title: Why do we not cough in sleep?
Author: AnonHoodieGirl
Score: 844
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 118
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658540200
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w5rdtu/why_do_we_not_cough_in_sleep/
Text: Hello! First post here so bear with me.
So, ever since I recovered from covid in May 2021, I've had this long covid wheezing and coughing it's not extreme just a little bit don't worry, anyway I was thinking, I just woke up from a night's sleep and I was coughing last night and now this morning. Why do we not cough in our sleep? Does coughing require consciousness? Or is it something else, maybe it could be related to our breathing patterns? Like when you try taking deep breaths to stop wheezing but cough bad while you exhale? Idk, I don't have anything near a biology background. 
Thank you in advance!
Ps:This may or may not be a stupid question so again, bear with me.

ID: w5rpbp
Title: Can lake Mead ever refill?
Author: Lanky80
Score: 14
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658541150
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w5rpbp/can_lake_mead_ever_refill/
Text: Basically the title…are we in a long period of drought or is this the new normal? Is there any realistic amount of rain/snowpack in a wet year that would get the lake back to its 1980s levels?

ID: w5yi46
Title: Do the spiciest plants produce it all naturally, or do they require some extra environmental help?
Author: Nekomiminya
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.6
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658563211
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w5yi46/do_the_spiciest_plants_produce_it_all_naturally/
Text: Thinking stuff like ghost pepper etc, I don't know proper names. It feels pretty extreme to know that there are peppers that are thousands(?) times spicier than others.

Do they just devote that much resources into making capsaicin? Or is it also matter of something else?

ID: w5zn4r
Title: How do fatty animals like seals or walruses not get diabetes (from lipotoxicity) or coronary artery disease?
Author: mylifeisanidiotplot
Score: 109
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 39
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658567510
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w5zn4r/how_do_fatty_animals_like_seals_or_walruses_not/
Text: 

ID: w60tjb
Title: Will lab grown meat have the same nutritional value as regular meat?
Author: andr4599
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 21
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658572015
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w60tjb/will_lab_grown_meat_have_the_same_nutritional/
Text: In terms of minerals, vitamins, proteins etc.

ID: w618ia
Title: Why neutral and a ground?
Author: bob_smithey
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 17
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658573591
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w618ia/why_neutral_and_a_ground/
Text: Hi. I was learning about 120v home systems. I know ground wire is a wire that literally goes into the ground via spike or the water pipes for earth ground. It's there for safety. I know neutral is the return for the hot wire in 120v outlets in the USA. But in the USA, 120v is half of the 240v coming to the house. The other half is a grounding bus. Could someone explain it to me why we, USA homes need both, a neutral and a ground wire?  


I can't seem to google why both are needed... just that they are. And I thought I was a googlefu master. :(

ID: w61rfm
Title: Are plant hybrids more likely to be fertile ? If so, why ?
Author: Icariu
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.63
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658575496
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w61rfm/are_plant_hybrids_more_likely_to_be_fertile_if_so/
Text: 

ID: w62q0o
Title: Do we know how long prions remain infectious in the environment?
Author: Ikeakip
Score: 209
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 37
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658578798
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w62q0o/do_we_know_how_long_prions_remain_infectious_in/
Text: Do we have a estimate on how long prions can stay infectious in the environment? For example in dust or dirt.  There seems to be a lot of mixed answers online. I have seen answers that CWD can last for 2 years or longer but that answer seems to come from 10+ years ago, there surely must be new findings?

ID: w62qr4
Title: Since stars are fueled by nuclear fusion, do they constantly lose mass?
Author: PolychromaticPuppy
Score: 1036
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 104
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658578858
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w62qr4/since_stars_are_fueled_by_nuclear_fusion_do_they/
Text: My understanding is that energy comes from the equation E=mc^2, some mass is converted to energy.

If so, how much mass is lost per day?

Which specific subatomic particle of hydrogen is destroyed in this process?

ID: w64f5a
Title: Would planting corn in arid regions increase the likelihood of rain/precipitation?
Author: rooohooo
Score: 21
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658583998
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w64f5a/would_planting_corn_in_arid_regions_increase_the/
Text: I just read about 'corn sweat' for the first time and, y'all, my mind was blown and replaced with sooo many questions. The articles and links that pop up when googled all state sweat from corn, and like plants, can increase humidity in an area making humid areas more so (as in the American Midwest). If this is true, then can we assume it also applies to non humid areas? If it does, then, basically, my main question is the one from the title- Would planting corn in arid regions increase the likelihood of rain/precipitation? 

Thank you!

ID: w663ff
Title: Why is it a potentially higher risk for myocarditis to take COVID vaccine after Orthopoxvirus vaccine, but not the other way around?
Author: supa_sama123
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.76
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658588657
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w663ff/why_is_it_a_potentially_higher_risk_for/
Text: I see [here](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7122e1.htm?s_cid=mm7122e1_w) (under section: Contraindications To and Precautions Associated with Vaccinations to Prevent Orthopoxvirus Infections) that receiving a COVID vaccine within 4 weeks of JYNNEOS vaccine is not recommended, as a precautionary measure since the risk of myocarditis from JYNNEOS is unknown. 

I noticed it was mentioned that it mentioned shortly after, regarding the opposite scenario (COVID vaccine then JYNNEOS) that "no minimum interval between mRNA COVID-19 vaccination and orthopoxvirus vaccination is necessary."

​The main question I have is, what mechanisms could be at play here that potentially increase the risk of myocarditis when receiving JYNNEOS then COVID vaccine, but NOT COVID vaccine then JYNNEOS?

Edit: If anyone was interested in the answer, I asked the person who wrote that article at the CDC and this is what they responded:

>Thank you for your inquiry. There are no specific data on close administration of COVID-19 vaccines and Jynneos vaccines. The reason for consideration of a 4-week interval between the Jynneos first and mRNA second is because of the observed risk of myocarditis with mRNA vaccines and unknown risk of myocarditis with Jynneos. The reason there is no minimum interval when it is mRNA first and Jynneos second is because the benefits of Jynneos for prophylaxis given as soon as possible in the setting of an outbreak, outweighs the theoretical risk of myocarditis when administering them close together. Please continue to follow up with your local health care providers should you have additional questions or concerns. Thank you.

ID: w6drps
Title: If Mount Toba Didn't Cause Humanity's Genetic Bottleneck, What Did?
Author: PhiloBlackCardinal
Score: 2648
VoteRatio: 0.95
CommentCount: 248
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658609312
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w6drps/if_mount_toba_didnt_cause_humanitys_genetic/
Text: It seems as if the [Toba Catastrophe Theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toba_catastrophe_theory) is on the way out. From my understanding of the theory itself, a genetic bottleneck that occurred ~75,000 years ago was linked to the Toba VEI-8 eruption. However, evidence showing that societies and cultures away from Southeast Asia continued to develop after the eruption, which has seemed to debunk the Toba Catastrophe Theory.

However, that still doesn't explain the genetic bottleneck found in humans around this time. So, my question is, are there any theories out there that suggest what may have caused this bottleneck? Or has the bottleneck's validity itself been brought into question?

ID: w6dtog
Title: Besides Spinosaurus and Carcharodontosaurus, was there any point in history in which two large theropods lived alongside one another?
Author: Patchman66
Score: 18
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658609465
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w6dtog/besides_spinosaurus_and_carcharodontosaurus_was/
Text: Just curious. I know Spinosaurus and Carcharodontosaurus lived at the same time, but what about other periods in pre history? I want to know if there were ever any different large therapods competing with one another for food or territory etc.

ID: w6e352
Title: Why does moisture make some surfaces more slippery and other surfaces less slippery?
Author: murfflemethis
Score: 209
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658610187
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w6e352/why_does_moisture_make_some_surfaces_more/
Text: For example, waterslides and smooth concrete get very slippery when wet, while very thin plastic bags are easier to open if your fingers are wet, and wet clothing is harder to remove than dry.

\*Edit: I appreciate the answers so far, but I think I gave too many examples. I'm most interested in understanding why a little bit of water on my finger tips makes it easier to open very thin plastic bags, and that hasnt been mentioned yet.

ID: w6izf8
Title: If the JWST’s mirrors were segmented to fold it up in 2 places, why are there 18 segments instead of just 3?
Author: heckingcomputernerd
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658623983
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w6izf8/if_the_jwsts_mirrors_were_segmented_to_fold_it_up/
Text: 

ID: w6u60g
Title: Could Monkeypox be Airborne? This NHS study from a UK hospital found MPX virus DNA 6 feet above a patient in the air.
Author: MajorRichardHead7
Score: 2671
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 204
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658664510
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w6u60g/could_monkeypox_be_airborne_this_nhs_study_from_a/
Text: [https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.21.22277864v1](https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.21.22277864v1)

&#x200B;

>***This is the first time that detection of MPXV (DNA and virus by isolation) in environmental air samples from healthcare settings has been reported,.***  
>  
>***Detection of MPXV DNA in air samples collected at distances of greater than 1•5m from the patient and at a height of nearly 2m supports the theory that MPXV can be present in either aerosols, suspended skin particles or dust containing virus, and not only in large respiratory droplets that fall to the ground within 1 to 1-5m of an infected individual.***  
>  
>***Five out of fifteen air samples taken were positive. Significantly, three of four air samples collected during a bed linen change in one patient's room were positive (Ct 32-7-35-8). Interpretation: These data demonstrate significant contamination in isolation facilities and potential for aerosolisation of MPXV during specific activities.***  
>  
>***We identified widespread MPXV DNA contamination of the environment in respiratory isolation rooms occupied by infected symptomatic individuals.***

&#x200B;

Trying to parse the implications of this study. 2m (6.5 feet) above the patient sounds like it's airborne right?

Maybe we shouldn't be sending potentially contagious patients to STI clinics like we currently are?

ID: w6yj4s
Title: Is the native GaAs oxidation layer water soluble and if yes, why are then acids used to remove it from wafers?
Author: chmqin
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658677406
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w6yj4s/is_the_native_gaas_oxidation_layer_water_soluble/
Text: I read that Si and GaAs, which are both used as semiconductors in computer chips, develop a very thin oxidation layer in air. I also read that the one that Si develops is insoluble in water, so it is a good passivation layer, while the one that GaAs develps contains water soluble oxides, so it is not a good passivation.

On the other hand in the industry, the GaAs oxidation layer is etched off with acid, when GaAs wafers are used - why is this done, and not just water used, if the oxides are water soluble? And how can I imagine the oxide layer itself, is it something that is firmly "bonded" to the GaAs or Si underneath, or is it something more "volatile" that is easily removed? As in: is it really part of the surface, or just "lying on top of it"?

I'm not a chemist, I just read a lot about semiconductor materials recently and am curious.

ID: w77wt9
Title: Do obesity rates drop during economic recession?
Author: Shurkify
Score: 1064
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 342
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658701907
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w77wt9/do_obesity_rates_drop_during_economic_recession/
Text: 

ID: w7903s
Title: Do other vertebrated animals have puberty like we have?
Author: Queerlestrinha
Score: 128
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 18
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658704863
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7903s/do_other_vertebrated_animals_have_puberty_like_we/
Text: I know that some invertebrates go through metamorphosis, but what about other mammals, reptiles and birds? Do they also go through major body, hormonal and brain changes like we do during that period?

ID: w7ajiw
Title: How does evolution for non-breeding individuals in colony insects (bees, ants) work?
Author: Caesars-Dog
Score: 76
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 44
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658709207
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7ajiw/how_does_evolution_for_nonbreeding_individuals_in/
Text: How can evolution select for drone bees or honeypot ants if they don’t breed and pass on genes?

ID: w7aqo2
Title: How much of an effect does a lake have on local weather?
Author: gduke641
Score: 21
VoteRatio: 0.87
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658709810
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7aqo2/how_much_of_an_effect_does_a_lake_have_on_local/
Text: I live on a lake and every time there is a big storm it ends up coming really close but then it misses us. I can’t find any info on how a lake effects the weather pattern. The lake is about 23 square miles. It really bugs me why It always seems to blow over us.  What causes this to happen? Often it will be storming a few miles away but hardly ever at my house.

ID: w7ar3k
Title: If a person left Earth and were to travel in a straight line, would the chance of them hitting a star closer to 0% or 100%?
Author: mrcyner
Score: 6347
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 1244
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658709846
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7ar3k/if_a_person_left_earth_and_were_to_travel_in_a/
Text: In other words, is the number of stars so large that it's almost a given that it's bound to happen or is the universe that imense that it's improbable?

ID: w7ctak
Title: How would the theoretical pancoronavirus vaccines work?
Author: reapingsulls123
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658715757
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7ctak/how_would_the_theoretical_pancoronavirus_vaccines/
Text: What parts would they be targeting that a whole family of coronaviruses would have? How can we ensure variants won’t overcome them so easily?

ID: w7dkjr
Title: What makes Osmium such a valuable catalyst in organic reactions such as for producing ammonia?
Author: eddytony96
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.87
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658717948
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7dkjr/what_makes_osmium_such_a_valuable_catalyst_in/
Text: 

ID: w7dmfh
Title: Do antipsychotics change/damage the brain?
Author: Odd-Helicopter-1141
Score: 9
VoteRatio: 0.66
CommentCount: 18
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658718090
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7dmfh/do_antipsychotics_changedamage_the_brain/
Text: 

ID: w7dvzw
Title: What happens if a woman keeps taking birth control throughout a pregnancy?
Author: Redredret
Score: 21
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658718889
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7dvzw/what_happens_if_a_woman_keeps_taking_birth/
Text: 

ID: w7kyj1
Title: How do hot countries keep their aiport tarmac from melting?
Author: GetOutOfTheWhey
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.85
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658743409
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7kyj1/how_do_hot_countries_keep_their_aiport_tarmac/
Text: A few days ago it was reported that the tarmac on Heathrow had melted and this caused delays. While this temperature is unusual for UK, it isn't so unusual for other countries near the equator.

How do these countries deal with melted tarmac? Are the chemical composition of the material different?

ID: w7mc81
Title: Does covid affect the other chemoreceptors in the body?
Author: Adghnm
Score: 22
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658748088
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7mc81/does_covid_affect_the_other_chemoreceptors_in_the/
Text: I learned recently that our chemoreceptors aren't limited to the mouth and nose, but are elsewhere in the body - the heart, the fallopian tubes etc.

So, when a covid infection reduces your taste and smell, does it also reduce sensitivity in these other receptors? What's the effect if so?

ID: w7od4e
Title: How do drugs target our cancerous cells, and not our normal cells, when administered?
Author: GodConcepts
Score: 116
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 44
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658754006
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7od4e/how_do_drugs_target_our_cancerous_cells_and_not/
Text:  

If we have a population of normal and cancer cells, and we give a drug to this population. And lets say this drug induces apoptosis. Usually, the drug would have a detrimental effects on the cancerous cells, but would pretty much cause the normal cells to be unaffected. How is that? If the drug can induce cell death in both normal and cancerous cells, why do the cancerous cells tend to die first? Is it because cancerous cells are way better at metabolism than non-cancerous cells, and so they suck everything from their environment; Therefore the normal cells get a small quantity of the drug, while the cancerous cells consume most of it and hence die?

(I know that some drugs might target  molecules that are unique to cancerous cells. However for the ones that are non-specific, how do these drugs manage to destroy our cancerous cells pretty well, while sort of not over-harming our normal cells)

(if anyone has like really credible references that would be nice also

ID: w7qbvj
Title: Does a "lazy river" impart angular momentum to objects floating in it?
Author: Skandranonsg
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658759167
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7qbvj/does_a_lazy_river_impart_angular_momentum_to/
Text: I was at my local rec center pool and had this thought.

Let's say you have a donut-shaped pool with jets that keep the water moving clockwise with negligible turbulence and a spherical object floating in that pool. Without bumping into the sides, would the ball begin spinning relative to the ground or stay facing relatively the same direction? 

Thinking about the forces involved, my intuition tells me that the force of the water acting on the ball should always be tangential to the donut. Also, would the stream of water keep the ball in the center, or would it be flung to the outside perimeter of the pool? How would the situation change if it were a neutrally buoyant sphere in a cylindrical pipe?

ID: w7qk5v
Title: Does your ability to hear mosquitoes (the insects, not the tone) change with age?
Author: MeltingPants
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.6
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658759771
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7qk5v/does_your_ability_to_hear_mosquitoes_the_insects/
Text: 

ID: w7qkuh
Title: Is there any sugar in rocks? Like are there any natural rocks in the world with composits of glucose or sucrose inside of them?
Author: Otherwise-Chef5428
Score: 262
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 94
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658759819
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7qkuh/is_there_any_sugar_in_rocks_like_are_there_any/
Text: 

ID: w7qyv5
Title: How does virus manipulation/CRISPR actually work, when the virus particles are so tiny?
Author: smallsparkofhope
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.59
CommentCount: 25
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658760804
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7qyv5/how_does_virus_manipulationcrispr_actually_work/
Text: I'm really curious about the actual mechanism by which researchers cut and splice something so small. That is to say, how do CRISPR and its offshoots work? For example, *how* do researchers actually snip a strand of DNA or RNA? And how do they introduce "guide" RNA into the virus particle, etc.? What tools are involved, and how do they work? I'm absolutely fascinated and would love to understand the process!

ID: w7rila
Title: Do social network feeds(Instagram, TikTok, Facebook) make concentration harder?
Author: 1Blue3Brown
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.47
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658762120
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7rila/do_social_network_feedsinstagram_tiktok_facebook/
Text: After scrolling social network feeds, i feel that concentrating on mentally hard work or study is harder. Is it just me, or it has a scientific explanation of some kind?

ID: w7rmgo
Title: How significant are the recent revelations that some research related to amyloid beta plaques in Alzheimer’s disease may be fraudulent?
Author: biocomputer
Score: 374
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 14
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658762385
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7rmgo/how_significant_are_the_recent_revelations_that/
Text: The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease says that the accumulation of the peptide amyloid-β in the brain is the main cause of the disease. However, after decades of research and clinical trials there has been little to no success in treating Alzheimer's patients based on this hypothesis, and it has been questioned, see for example:

>[The amyloid hypothesis on trial. As the development of treatments for Alzheimer’s disease continues to stumble, is it time for researchers to broaden their list of the condition’s potential causes?
](https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05719-4)

It was recently reported that some western blot images which claim to show a sub-type of amyloid beta, Aβ\*56, may have been manipulated. The report was the result of an investigation by *Science*:

>[Blots on a field? A neuroscience image sleuth finds signs of fabrication in scores of Alzheimer’s articles, threatening a reigning theory of the disease](https://www.science.org/content/article/potential-fabrication-research-images-threatens-key-theory-alzheimers-disease)

Such manipulations the report claims go back to the original 2006 paper describing Aβ\*56 in *Nature*  written by Sylvain Lesné and Karen Ashe:

>[A specific amyloid-β protein assembly in the brain impairs memory](https://www.nature.com/articles/nature04533)

From the report in *Science* one may get the impression that the vast majority of Aβ plaque-related research and drug development since then has been focused on the Aβ\*56 subtype, in which case the alleged fraud would be an enormous setback to the field, with billions of dollars and decades of research time wasted. However, there are many types of Aβ and I'm unclear on just how important Aβ\*56 is to the field of Alzheimer's research and drug development. My initial thought was that there's no way all this time, effort, and money has been invested in something that only one lab has published (even if they've published on it many times) and no independent researchers have validated. The *Science* report says that some others have detected Aβ\*56 but I don't know in what context, or if this other work validates the work from Lesné and Ashe:

>In the 16 years following the landmark paper, Lesné and Ashe—separately or jointly—published many articles on their stellar oligomer. Yet only a handful of other groups have reported detecting Aβ\*56.

An article on Alzforum has comments from some of the scientists involved in the controversy:

>[Sylvain Lesné, Who Found Aβ*56, Accused of Image Manipulation](https://www.alzforum.org/news/community-news/sylvain-lesne-who-found-av56-accused-image-manipulation)

In particular, the top comment which is from Karen Ashe, the senior author on the original 2006 paper:

>...it is clear that there are two general forms of Aβ, type 1 and type 2. One particular form of type 1 (referred to in our papers as Aβ\*56 and in the Science article as “toxic oligomers”) was shown by my lab and others to impair memory function in mice. The type 2 form of Aβ is the one found in amyloid plaques. It is this latter form that drug developers have repeatedly but unsuccessfully targeted. There have been no clinical trials targeting the type 1 form of Aβ...

Scientific misconduct or fraud is of course terrible, and if true I'm sure this has set back at least some progress in the field. But just how significant is this fraud if it's true?

ID: w7rt65
Title: Why is bioassay absorbance measured at 2 different wavelengths?
Author: Remarkable_Quarter_6
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.61
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658762847
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7rt65/why_is_bioassay_absorbance_measured_at_2/
Text: I am reading a lab procedure and the absorbance for the bioassay is measured at 2 wavelengths. Why are bioassays measured at two different wavelengths? Is this standard? When reporting results, should both figures be reported or just at the maximum wavelength?

ID: w7ry3i
Title: Does trying to have identical or similar participant numbers matter when doing a direct replication of an older study?
Author: CytheYounger
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.46
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658763176
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7ry3i/does_trying_to_have_identical_or_similar/
Text: I know psychology has not had the best reputation when it comes to the results of studies being replicated, but my question stems around direct replication and the results pulled from those. I understand that if you are going to directly replicate a study, you would use all the same materials from the original study, but would you try and use the same amount of participants or try and get close to it? So, let's say that I try and directly replicate a study from 1992 on Adolescent aggression and video game usage, I would use all the same materials, so in this case, Street Fighter from 1992 on an arcade machine and then measure aggression using the same surveys from the original study.  But let's say the original study had 51 eleven year olds, would you try and get exactly 51 eleven year olds for your replication? or would you try and get close? or does it even matter?

ID: w7xktp
Title: Why does a distant star remain visible to the naked eye no matter where we stand?
Author: chadwickthezulu
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658776629
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7xktp/why_does_a_distant_star_remain_visible_to_the/
Text: Do stars simply put out enough light that the angle between two adjacent photons are sufficiently narrow, ie <1mm separation at 1000 light years? Or does this have to do with the wave nature of photons so a single photon is detectable over a wide area? How small would a light detector need to be for a standard star 1000 LY away to disappear and reappear as the detector is moved around?

ID: w7xy0g
Title: Is the habitable zone of a 2-star system further out than a single-star system like ours?
Author: KingKarnool
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658777508
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7xy0g/is_the_habitable_zone_of_a_2star_system_further/
Text: 

ID: w7ydpn
Title: Why is Monkeypox affecting, "men who have sex with men" more than any other demographic?
Author: Relative-View3431
Score: 5632
VoteRatio: 0.85
CommentCount: 427
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658778549
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7ydpn/why_is_monkeypox_affecting_men_who_have_sex_with/
Text: I've read that Monkey Pox isn't an STD. So why is MSM, allegedly, the most afflicted group according to the WHO?

Edit: Unfortunately, I feel that the answers aren't clear enough and I still have doubts.

I understand that Monkeypox isn't strictly an STD, and it's mainly transmitted by skin-to-skin contact and respiratory secretions during prolonged face-to-face contact. So, I still don't understand why are the media and health organizations focusing specifically on the MSM demographic.

Even if the spread, allegedly, began in some sort of gay event, any person, regardless of sexual orientation,  could eventually get infected with Monkeypox. It's not as if MSM only had contact with other MSM. They might also spread the disease to their heterosexual friends, coworkers, acquaintances, and relatives.

In the worst-case scenario in which we aren't able to contain Monkeypox, LGBT people who don't even participate in random sexual encounters or social gatherings might get infected by heterosexual carriers.

Shouldn't the narrative be changed to "people who partake in hook-up culture and large social events"? What does sexual orientation have to do with the spread of the disease?

Edit2: I'm reading an alarming number of baseless assumptions and stereotypes about MSM or gay men in general, I honestly thought this subreddit was much better.

&#x200B;

&#x200B;

ID: w80yrr
Title: Is mammal dung special? Are mammals comparatively greater consumers of fruits and vegetables, and so have plants evolved to serve primarily mammals? Why is guano so special?
Author: gnex30
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.56
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658784852
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w80yrr/is_mammal_dung_special_are_mammals_comparatively/
Text: I suppose warm bloodedness plays a factor here, but I'd like to know specifically how. There is a now popular story about avocados and gomphotheres that shows the mutual adaptation, but that's very highly specialized.  I'm speaking more broadly about lizard/reptile/bird/insect/whatever else vs mammal. Perhaps there are whole classes of plants that fruit just for reptiles in particular or something like that and whether it's as productive as it would be if it were mammalian fertilizer.

ID: w82tad
Title: Why is tartatric acid diprotic despite having four hydroxides in its molecular structure?
Author: Glittering_Pitch7648
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658789474
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w82tad/why_is_tartatric_acid_diprotic_despite_having/
Text: For context I am a student in second semester college general chemistry, my upcoming lab we are using tartaric acid for analysis using acid-base titration, and in the lab introduction it mentions that tartaric acid is a diprotic acid and gives the molecular structure.  I am just confused how tartaric acid is diprotic since it contains four hydroxides in its molecular structure; does this mean that only two of its hydroxides are reactive?  Maybe it means that after two protons have been donated, the structure changes to where it is no longer able to donate protons?  Any insight is appreciated, thank you.

Picture of molecular structure given: [https://imgur.com/a/UXm5Ten](https://imgur.com/a/UXm5Ten)

ID: w845tb
Title: Was the bubonic plague 100% fatal?
Author: FeelThePower999
Score: 21
VoteRatio: 0.7
CommentCount: 47
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658792985
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w845tb/was_the_bubonic_plague_100_fatal/
Text: In the Medieval times, did every person who caught the dreaded plague die? Nobody ever talks about people who caught the plague but recovered.

ID: w85yqu
Title: Does dark matter have a temperature?
Author: jammerjoint
Score: 190
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 57
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658797902
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w85yqu/does_dark_matter_have_a_temperature/
Text: And if it does:

* Is there a way to deduce it?
* By what processes might the temperature change?
* Is there any meaningful implication?

ID: w8a58l
Title: Are common starlings the only starlings to murmurate?
Author: dushi_dude
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.8
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658809794
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w8a58l/are_common_starlings_the_only_starlings_to/
Text: I know common starlings are renowned for their murmurations in Europe and North America but are species like the Hildebrant's likely to do it too.

ID: w8axg3
Title: Being that antibiotics are derived from fungal mold, would fungi in general be susceptible to antibiotic resistant bacteria?
Author: DookieDemon
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658812250
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w8axg3/being_that_antibiotics_are_derived_from_fungal/
Text: Mold is a type of fungus and it is capable of fighting off bacteria in some cases, which lead to the discovery of antibiotics (penicillin, etc.) 

As we know, bacteria have begun to 'learn' how to overcome these antibiotics and we now have some types of infectious bacterial diseases that are immune to virtually all known antibiotics.

Would these 'super bacteria' also be dangerous to fungi, including molds and mushrooms? If so, what would that mean for the ecosystem and humans?

ID: w8b7kf
Title: We all know about Pavlovian conditioning of a neutral stimulus. But how does conditioning of a positive/negative stimulus happen?
Author: Ganondorf10987
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.29
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658813174
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w8b7kf/we_all_know_about_pavlovian_conditioning_of_a/
Text: How can you ensure that the one you want to condition ends up the one being conditioned?

To paint a hypothetical situation for an example, let's consider a child who starts out liking its teddy bear, but because that teddy bear was often present along with another (negative) stimulus, it began fearing or even hating the teddy bear. How can you determine which of the stimuli will be conditioned? 

And can you somehow "force" a particular one of them to be conditioned? Could you perhaps use that teddy bear to condition a negative stimulus (like fear of the dark) into a positive stimulus (eg. an apathy/ambivalence towards the dark, or perhaps even fascination with the dark)?

ID: w8by2o
Title: If climate change is acidifying our oceans, why can't we add bases to it to balance it out?
Author: phizrine
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658815690
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w8by2o/if_climate_change_is_acidifying_our_oceans_why/
Text: Asked this question on r/NoStupidQuestions but no one really had an answer for me.

ID: w8f89k
Title: Does the bioavailability of certain foods changes when eaten with other foods?
Author: Danielscseta
Score: 17
VoteRatio: 0.85
CommentCount: 19
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658827717
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w8f89k/does_the_bioavailability_of_certain_foods_changes/
Text: When I saw "studies on the bioavailability of zinc in man: II absorption of zinc from organic and inorganic sources", I was intrigued. Are there such things as anti-nutrients, i.e. are there some things which impair the absorption of nutrients, vitamins and minerals?

ID: w8g5iv
Title: Does a yellow gas flame really produce more carbon monoxide?
Author: Flick19841984
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.64
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658831002
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w8g5iv/does_a_yellow_gas_flame_really_produce_more/
Text: The way I see it, carbon monoxide is the result of a chemical reaction, the one involved in gas stoves, to my understanding, is oxigen + fuel --> products. Among these products, carbon monoxide.

I was told recently that if your flame burns blue, it doesn't produce carbon monoxide (or not nearly as much as yellow). I don't see how that would work. The color of a flame (in a commercial gas combustion) is dependent on its temperature, I can imagine maybe, if your flame's yellow it partially burns the gas supplied, leading to more gas in the air, but certainly not carbon monoxide, no?

Thanks in advance

ID: w8g9w8
Title: Can brain scans tell us anything about psychopathy?
Author: OLSAU
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.7
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658831413
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w8g9w8/can_brain_scans_tell_us_anything_about_psychopathy/
Text: Specifically, are (or could) brain scans (MRI/CT or other) be used for fully or partially diagnosing psychopathy?

If not, then could such scans still tell us something about psychopathy?

ID: w8h51d
Title: Why do most hybrid propulsion systems seem to have the ICE directly linked to the drive system rather than just be a dedicated generator to complement the batteries?
Author: Inside-Line
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658834258
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w8h51d/why_do_most_hybrid_propulsion_systems_seem_to/
Text: At a glance, it seems like the efficiency of good generators (80+%?) and  electric engines (80+% too?) still seem to be much higher than the efficiency of ICE engines (<30%?).

If this is the case (please let me know if my assumptions are wrong), why does it seem like hybrid power trains of cars and boats have their combustion engines linked to the power train through a drive shaft rather than just producing more electricity to drive the electric motors? I get the sometimes they might be doing this to get more power and avoid having to install more powerful electric motors to accept the power from the generator rather than just the batteries, but it seems just having more range would a huge advantage. Is there something I'm missing?


Thank you!

ID: w8j5jr
Title: What happens to veins after they are injected with a needle?
Author: throughthewoods4
Score: 3175
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 384
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658840317
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w8j5jr/what_happens_to_veins_after_they_are_injected/
Text: 

ID: w8khxv
Title: I saw a post earlier today of someone holding a sealed quartz crystal filled with water. How is this possible? Wouldn't the forces involved in making a crystal be enough to evaporate water completely out of the equation?
Author: pennykie
Score: 834
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 40
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658843906
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w8khxv/i_saw_a_post_earlier_today_of_someone_holding_a/
Text: 

ID: w8o5hk
Title: Why do older smallpox vaccines (ACAM) cause a reaction if you have eczema, but JYNNEOS does not?
Author: imaris_help
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.52
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658852814
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w8o5hk/why_do_older_smallpox_vaccines_acam_cause_a/
Text: 

ID: w912bz
Title: What areas of body are most sensitive to heat and cold?
Author: honey-collector
Score: 24
VoteRatio: 0.72
CommentCount: 23
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658884856
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w912bz/what_areas_of_body_are_most_sensitive_to_heat_and/
Text: 

ID: w94lbw
Title: The first exoplanet was discovered 30 years ago, and thousands have been found since. What was the breakthrough there?
Author: Windrammer420
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 13
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658894799
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w94lbw/the_first_exoplanet_was_discovered_30_years_ago/
Text: 

ID: w9536z
Title: Does the “attention” (as in point of focus) lag behind when you move your eyeballs?
Author: H0LEESHiET
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658896315
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w9536z/does_the_attention_as_in_point_of_focus_lag/
Text: 

ID: w95fkn
Title: Is there any evidence that the white paint on aircraft decrease exposure to UV or ionizing radiation?
Author: ass_hat_mcgee
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658897384
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w95fkn/is_there_any_evidence_that_the_white_paint_on/
Text: White paint is commonly used on aircraft for practical and economic reasons - it's easier to resell a white plane that can be painted with the buyer's livery, its easier to spot leaks, the plane heats up less while sitting on the tarmac and most importantly, white paint will not fade or flake as quickly as other colours since it reflects light rather than absorbing it.

However this got me thinking, is there any strong evidence that the reflective nature of white paint used on airliners helps combat exposure to UV-A, B or ionizing radiation for the occupants?

ID: w95frf
Title: Why do rough surfaces encourage nucleation of CO2 in fizzy drinks?
Author: NoahColl29
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658897402
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w95frf/why_do_rough_surfaces_encourage_nucleation_of_co2/
Text: Just went to a cafe, got a bottle of Coke, put a paper straw in it, and it started bubbling up, out of the bottle and straight onto the table and onto me. I know that rough surfaces, such as a paper straw, or mentos do encourage nucleation of CO2, but could somebody explain why this happens to me? Thanks, Noah

ID: w95xwb
Title: Why do animals have bladders to hold urine?
Author: snappy033
Score: 770
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 175
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658898988
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w95xwb/why_do_animals_have_bladders_to_hold_urine/
Text: Is there an evolutionary reason for this adaptation? Why doesn't urine just dribble out as it is processed?

ID: w9ba6y
Title: Why is the brain not damaged by impact from running, how is it protected from this sort of impact but not from other impacts?
Author: EverydayPigeon
Score: 2399
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 305
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658918235
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w9ba6y/why_is_the_brain_not_damaged_by_impact_from/
Text: 

ID: w9cxjv
Title: Why doesnt current flow from one cell to another?
Author: sunnyman420
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 13
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658923350
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w9cxjv/why_doesnt_current_flow_from_one_cell_to_another/
Text: I connect one conductor's end to one cell's negative terminal and then it's other end to ANOTHER cells positive terminal, why doesn't current flow? PLEASE someone explain in an easy way cause this question is eating me dog.

ID: w9esp0
Title: What special weather events could an Earthlike planet with totally diffent geography from Earth have?
Author: iribuya
Score: 141
VoteRatio: 0.87
CommentCount: 16
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658928486
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w9esp0/what_special_weather_events_could_an_earthlike/
Text: What special weather events (tornado/hurricane/El Nino....) could an Earthlike planet have that has a totally different continental layout.

A lot of our weather events are massively influenced by ocean streams, mountain ranges, water to land ratio. Are there weather events that science can predict, but don't happen on earth, instead could occur on other planets if the conditions are right.

ID: w9f5zp
Title: Why does spraying a shirt with water from a spray bottle remove most of the wrinkles? Chemistry or physics, I think? I dunno, I am not a scientist lol.
Author: Multch_007
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.56
CommentCount: 17
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658929460
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w9f5zp/why_does_spraying_a_shirt_with_water_from_a_spray/
Text: 

ID: w9fjbl
Title: Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science
Author: AutoModerator
Score: 174
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 87
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658930410
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w9fjbl/ask_anything_wednesday_engineering_mathematics/
Text: Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on **Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science**

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

**Asking Questions:**

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ID: w9hp5i
Title: How does the immune system respond to herpes?
Author: NycandLachicago
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 0
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658935704
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w9hp5i/how_does_the_immune_system_respond_to_herpes/
Text: What is the immune response to herpes? How does the immune system react to the virus? Can it defeat herpes?

ID: w9i9fm
Title: What impact can a large/powerful storms have on sub-surface geology?
Author: Skoteinoi
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.57
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658937048
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w9i9fm/what_impact_can_a_largepowerful_storms_have_on/
Text: The question was inspired after reading about Typhoon Hagibis which struck Japan in 2019 and was quickly followed by an earthquake. Can storms influence earthquakes in any way or are there any other geological effects of storms hidden below the surface?

ID: w9lrn0
Title: What is 'Superdeterminism' ?
Author: MrInfinitumEnd
Score: 21
VoteRatio: 0.87
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658945503
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w9lrn0/what_is_superdeterminism/
Text: 

ID: w9mzla
Title: Is potential due to a dipole origin dependent?
Author: 418397
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658948539
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w9mzla/is_potential_due_to_a_dipole_origin_dependent/
Text: Consider the potential due to a pure dipole... It's 
V=k(p.r)/|r|^3 ... where r is position vector of the point at which the potential is considered and p is dipole moment of the charge distribution... 

Because the net charge Q=0, p remains the same even if we shift the origin... Now consider shifting the origin such that |r| remains the same but r doesn't so that p.r has a different value now... Therefore V has a different value in this frame...

Why? Isn't the potential at a point just the potential difference between this point and a chosen reference point(which happens to be infinity in this case) which shouldn't change unless you change the reference point itself? 

Any explanation???

==669901== 
==669901== HEAP SUMMARY:
==669901==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669901==   total heap usage: 23,196 allocs, 23,184 frees, 7,139,702 bytes allocated
==669901== 
==669901== LEAK SUMMARY:
==669901==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669901==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669901==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669901==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669901==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669901== 
==669901== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==669901== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test reddit_snippet.cpp full log

Build Test for test reddit_snippet.cpp

Compiling test reddit_snippet.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o reddit_snippet reddit_snippet.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test reddit_snippet.cpp

==669922== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==669922== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==669922== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==669922== Command: ./reddit_snippet 1 null null live
==669922== 
reddit base url:http://bridges-data-server-reddit.bridgesuncc.org
reddit url:http://bridges-data-server-reddit.bridgesuncc.org/cache?subreddit=askscience&time_request=-9999
Returned JSON:{"v0m24k":{"author":"BerryGrapeBeard","comment_count":486,"id":"v0m24k","post_time":1653863412.0,"score":4074,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"If so, which ones? \n\nIf not, how did they manage to survive nearly a year of lockdowns? How did they adapt?\n\nEdit: spelling","title":"Were any viruses or diseases eradicated during the pandemic due to global lockdowns?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v0m24k/were_any_viruses_or_diseases_eradicated_during/","vote_ratio":0.92},"v0nyqv":{"author":"CookieCat698","comment_count":195,"id":"v0nyqv","post_time":1653869810.0,"score":1248,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Can a person\u2019s aching joints actually predict a storm?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v0nyqv/can_a_persons_aching_joints_actually_predict_a/","vote_ratio":0.93},"v12ux7":{"author":"SharkMan247","comment_count":62,"id":"v12ux7","post_time":1653924956.0,"score":829,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Also could you survive in the same cave as a lava river?","title":"Are Caves with lava rivers/pools (like in minecraft) realistic?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v12ux7/are_caves_with_lava_riverspools_like_in_minecraft/","vote_ratio":0.91},"v192mz":{"author":"JBsquiddy","comment_count":6,"id":"v192mz","post_time":1653942450.0,"score":115,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Just really really curious what people know about this detail. I've seen 1 video where the MHC II gives the antigen to the TCR, but I cannot find a verification anywhere on the internet. Thought I'd give it a shot in here, maybe there are some experts? :D\n\nTitle of the video: 'The Adaptive Immune System'\nBy 'Vaccine Makers Project'. It happens at 30 seconds.","title":"When a antigen-presenting cell activates a Th-cell, does the Th-cell take the antigen? Or does the antigen-presenting cell keep it?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v192mz/when_a_antigenpresenting_cell_activates_a_thcell/","vote_ratio":0.86},"v1apr8":{"author":"Kenpoaj","comment_count":326,"id":"v1apr8","post_time":1653947103.0,"score":2898,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Title. Is it something to do with the fertilizer like ecoli? Or is Hep A something that survives in the soil?","title":"How do strawberries get infected with hep A?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1apr8/how_do_strawberries_get_infected_with_hep_a/","vote_ratio":0.94},"v1ereg":{"author":"empathyboi","comment_count":3,"id":"v1ereg","post_time":1653959955.0,"score":9,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Since these formations took millions of years to form, wouldn\u2019t it be a subtle change over time? \n\nAnd yet, when I look at the formations, the colors seem to change quickly. Why is this?","title":"Why do rock sediment layers change color so suddenly?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1ereg/why_do_rock_sediment_layers_change_color_so/","vote_ratio":0.81},"v1fa7f":{"author":"TheSentinelsSorrow","comment_count":2,"id":"v1fa7f","post_time":1653961685.0,"score":19,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"If you have a slightly damaged liver, but donate or otherwise remove a portion of it. will the liver as a whole be healthier once it fully regenerates?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1fa7f/if_you_have_a_slightly_damaged_liver_but_donate/","vote_ratio":0.92},"v1hguf":{"author":"slushhead_00","comment_count":12,"id":"v1hguf","post_time":1653969066.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Is tobacco by itself cancerous? If so, what makes it that way?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1hguf/is_tobacco_by_itself_cancerous_if_so_what_makes/","vote_ratio":0.75},"v1iakc":{"author":"Jaranon","comment_count":30,"id":"v1iakc","post_time":1653972091.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Do galaxies beyond the bounds of the currently observable universe become visible as their light reaches Earth or are they simply too far away or obscured to ever be observed?","title":"Do new galaxies become visible as their light reaches Earth?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1iakc/do_new_galaxies_become_visible_as_their_light/","vote_ratio":0.88},"v1jsrw":{"author":"dash_o_truth","comment_count":8,"id":"v1jsrw","post_time":1653978025.0,"score":22,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Hello, I just watched Prehistoric Planet and then perused the Wikipedia pages of some of the featured dinosaurs. For example, how would they know that the Dreadnoughtus males go into the desert to compete to mate? (I suppose they found a whole bunch of male fossils?)\n\nOr the father T-rex wants to eat first?\n\nOr the group of Triceratops journeying through a cave to find an underground clay lick, to protect themselves from eating toxic plants by lining their stomachs?\n\nOr the pterosaurs fighting back against the Velociraptor hunting them?\n\nOr the Quetzalcoatlus (I think it was) crushing the other's eggs?\n\nThe Edmontosaurus loves fire or something like that?\n\nOr a smaller Barbaridactylus fools the bigger males into getting to mate with females? \n\nI haven't researched it further but none of this is in the respective Wikipedia pages, how much of this is educative guesses and story telling?","title":"How would palaeontologists know the social structure of dinosaurs?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1jsrw/how_would_palaeontologists_know_the_social/","vote_ratio":0.88},"v1k8e8":{"author":"autoantinatalist","comment_count":12,"id":"v1k8e8","post_time":1653979859.0,"score":16,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I saw a bunch of studies and assertions that it ruins REM sleep. But I also saw stuff that says it's a miracle for sleep and anxiety and nightmares. These things don't seem to coalesce into one pattern; if it helps with anxiety, then it can't also not let you get real rest, becuase over time you would get worse anxiety from not being able to sleep. Bad sleep=more anxiety. Ditto nightmares, if you can't get real rest, then you get more nightmares. \n\nSo what's going on? Is the data conflicting, does it matter who's being studied and why they're taking the drug, does it matter what particular type of thing they're taking, what ingestion method?","title":"What is the data on medical marijuana messing with REM sleep?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1k8e8/what_is_the_data_on_medical_marijuana_messing/","vote_ratio":0.84},"v1lgbh":{"author":"SkepticOnHGH","comment_count":7,"id":"v1lgbh","post_time":1653985344.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why is glycemic index of sucrose lower than all purpose flour even though all purpose flour isn't as sweet as sugar?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1lgbh/why_is_glycemic_index_of_sucrose_lower_than_all/","vote_ratio":0.77},"v1mfbs":{"author":"Peiranthus","comment_count":12,"id":"v1mfbs","post_time":1653989756.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Can you tell from the ECG if the pacemaker is activated?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1mfbs/can_you_tell_from_the_ecg_if_the_pacemaker_is/","vote_ratio":0.77},"v1namv":{"author":"Wreckit-Jon","comment_count":2,"id":"v1namv","post_time":1653993433.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I was reading some health (diet) related articles and they were talking about possible health concerns of diets due to the way ringworms reacted when subjected to said diet. That sounds super strange to me because...I'm not a worm...\n\nWas just wondering if those articles should just be dismissed or if using worms for studies related to humans is actually a scientifically sound practice.","title":"Are studies related to humans that use worms as the subject relevant to human living?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1namv/are_studies_related_to_humans_that_use_worms_as/","vote_ratio":0.59},"v1nzjq":{"author":"ShavenJohnCravens","comment_count":8,"id":"v1nzjq","post_time":1653996120.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"My understanding of vapour pressure is that it is the pressure exerted by a vapour above a liquid when at equilibrium. Physically, this arises because some molecules have enough energy to escape from the liquid phase in to the gas phase, and at equilibrium the number of molecules vapourising is the same as the number condensing. \n\nMy question is does the vapour pressure depend on the external pressure? For example, if a volatile solvent was placed in a sealed flask, and it was pressurised with an inert gas, would the additional gas molecules hinder the evaporation from the liquid phase?","title":"Does vapour pressure depend on external pressure?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1nzjq/does_vapour_pressure_depend_on_external_pressure/","vote_ratio":0.82},"v1okq2":{"author":"twinfiresigns14","comment_count":402,"id":"v1okq2","post_time":1653998263.0,"score":4848,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"And does being immunocompromised make a difference?\n\n**ETA:** I\u2019m not immunocompromised, sorry, didn\u2019t realise people would draw that conclusion. I was just curious about what would happen if an immunocompromised person *did* lick a cut. Clearly, it\u2019s nothing good.\n\nThe reddit app isn\u2019t letting me reply to posts, but thanks to all who\u2019ve answered so far!","title":"Is licking a minor wound (such as a small cut) generally effective or harmful?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1okq2/is_licking_a_minor_wound_such_as_a_small_cut/","vote_ratio":0.94},"v1p4mj":{"author":"None","comment_count":7,"id":"v1p4mj","post_time":1654000055.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Offered my golden retriever my breakfast scraps and noticed he carefully looked down at all the bits of eggs, toast and bacon before raises his head back up and then accurately licking each tidbit without looking? Did his doggy brain create a map of the food bits or was his brain \u201cshowing\u201d him the plate even though his adorable snout was in the way?","title":"The human mind compensates for our noses and blind spots, but what is known of animals with long snouts like dogs and horses? How about creatures like stingrays?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1p4mj/the_human_mind_compensates_for_our_noses_and/","vote_ratio":0.56},"v1pw7l":{"author":"toonzman92","comment_count":28,"id":"v1pw7l","post_time":1654002464.0,"score":101,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"So, here\u2019s my simplistic understanding of the two terms:\nElectricity- the flow of electrons\nHeat - the general movement of particles/molecules.\n\nWhile these are not perfect definitions, I think they are fairly accurate. \nIf you have electrical signals flowing through a copper cable, why can heat not change the bits being transmitted by disrupting the flow?\n\nI realize that heat is a problem in computing, but usually that is at the processing points and affects materials in the computer rather than the signals, right?","title":"Can heat affect electric signals?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1pw7l/can_heat_affect_electric_signals/","vote_ratio":0.85},"v1q5pe":{"author":"WhatisBondage","comment_count":29,"id":"v1q5pe","post_time":1654003274.0,"score":119,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I live in Minneapolis, MN and now that it's summer there have been a few big thunderstorms. I was wondering if the large city affects how these storms behave.","title":"do large Cities affect weather in any significant way?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1q5pe/do_large_cities_affect_weather_in_any_significant/","vote_ratio":0.88},"v1qejy":{"author":"Saturnalliia","comment_count":20,"id":"v1qejy","post_time":1654004015.0,"score":22,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How do flash floods happen?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1qejy/how_do_flash_floods_happen/","vote_ratio":0.67},"v1sled":{"author":"foodtower","comment_count":2,"id":"v1sled","post_time":1654010154.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Melting ice sheets lead to isostatic rebound and earthquakes. Are any mountain glaciers big enough to cause detectable earthquakes by the same process?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1sled/melting_ice_sheets_lead_to_isostatic_rebound_and/","vote_ratio":0.65},"v1xyo9":{"author":"zsdrfty","comment_count":74,"id":"v1xyo9","post_time":1654025384.0,"score":304,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I understand why we can\u2019t see infrared light, because it\u2019s way less energetic than visible light, but ultraviolet is even higher energy and I thought it would still make sense for it to excite our retinas.\n\nThe only answer I can find is \u201cbecause your eyes only see blue light\u201d, but that doesn\u2019t really answer the question of how or why that mechanism actually works.","title":"Why, physically, can\u2019t we see ultraviolet light?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1xyo9/why_physically_cant_we_see_ultraviolet_light/","vote_ratio":0.88},"v225sb":{"author":"SirQuaverton","comment_count":6,"id":"v225sb","post_time":1654036778.0,"score":38,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How is a cold virus able to target specific areas of the body, ie the throat?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v225sb/how_is_a_cold_virus_able_to_target_specific_areas/","vote_ratio":0.84},"v296nc":{"author":"Metropolis49","comment_count":5,"id":"v296nc","post_time":1654059882.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I know melatonin is naturally produced in the pineal gland, but how is melatonin made for gummies or supplements?\n\nIs a pure melatonin liquid made and then mixed with the gummies? How is it made, I cannot find it anywhere only a breakdown of the natural biological process","title":"How is melatonin for supplements made?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v296nc/how_is_melatonin_for_supplements_made/","vote_ratio":0.92},"v29nj0":{"author":"Lukeintoyoureyes","comment_count":2,"id":"v29nj0","post_time":1654061654.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How do mountain rivers formed and how do they look like at the mountain top?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v29nj0/how_do_mountain_rivers_formed_and_how_do_they/","vote_ratio":0.39},"v29pew":{"author":"MoiJaimeLesCrepes","comment_count":142,"id":"v29pew","post_time":1654061859.0,"score":2047,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I notice that wind turbines have only three very long blades, yet windmills and water pump windmills have many more. Likewise, home fans can have three, five, or more blades, and there is a lot of variation in the lengths available. How do you determine what's optimized for a given usage?","title":"What determines the ideal number, length, width and shape for the blades of wind turbines, wind mills, or even interior fans?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v29pew/what_determines_the_ideal_number_length_width_and/","vote_ratio":0.94},"v2a0oh":{"author":"Fuxurmother91","comment_count":7,"id":"v2a0oh","post_time":1654063123.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I noticed today that when using two different brands of synthetic fertilizers with almost identical NPK levels I was getting a significantly higher EC. the PK levels of one brand of nutrient were higher but I did that math for both nutrient companies in order to ensure I was using identical amounts of RAW NPK. I found that I needed to use significantly more nutrients from one brand to get the same levels of raw nitrogen phosphorus and potassium than the other. After adding the nutrients of the \"low quality\" brand I noticed the EC was significantly higher (2.3) than the \"higher quality\" nutrients (1.9) but I'm still adding the same amount of RAW NPK to each tank. \nSo my question is this, what exactly is causing the EC to be higher from one brand to the next, is it all the filler from using more nutrients to achieve the same NPK causing this? Or do cheaper/lower quality nutrients use more Iron boron calcium magnesium etc to synthesize their nutrients?","title":"do lower quality synthetic nutrients have higher levels of heavy metals?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2a0oh/do_lower_quality_synthetic_nutrients_have_higher/","vote_ratio":0.88},"v2ahou":{"author":"Choice_Ad_6775","comment_count":7,"id":"v2ahou","post_time":1654065102.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I\u2019ve yet to find an online source that goes into depth about ctdna and the processes involved with its detection (how is it detected? Comparing it with the more regular occurring dna after gel electrophoresis to get the DNA sequences of both?), how it is isolated( from the rest of the cfdna and the plasma), how is it analyzed( what does the sequence tell us, maybe you can find common mutation regions but then what does this mean and how could anything correlate to things like developing resistance against chemo chemicals), and what can we do about it (can we develop better treatments for cancer tutors when analyzing ctdna of the tumour, how is that even possible)\n\nIf anyone is well educated on the relatively new topic of ctdna, please offer your help and explaining these topics to me\u2026 in detail (explaining when processes like pcr are used and why they are used there). Thank you","title":"How is circulating tumor dna isolated and analyzed?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2ahou/how_is_circulating_tumor_dna_isolated_and_analyzed/","vote_ratio":0.78},"v2d9sn":{"author":"_lucalibre","comment_count":3,"id":"v2d9sn","post_time":1654077123.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Since we share a lot of common behavior with other big primates this question popped in my mind.\nDo they sleep in pairs, groups or even cuddling?","title":"Do monkeys sleep together?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2d9sn/do_monkeys_sleep_together/","vote_ratio":0.67},"v2dtsx":{"author":"benedictholland","comment_count":19,"id":"v2dtsx","post_time":1654079373.0,"score":56,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I was taught that when the solar system was forming, the sun pulled in the planets that were heavier, so rocky planets are closest to the sun. Thats why lighter planets (gas giants) are further away. \n\nBut what about the ice planets? are they lighter than the gas giants? were they once in a gaseous state? \n\nwhats the deal with Pluto in all this?","title":"why are the ice giants furthest away?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2dtsx/why_are_the_ice_giants_furthest_away/","vote_ratio":0.81},"v2e182":{"author":"SBsenior","comment_count":2,"id":"v2e182","post_time":1654080227.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Question is up there\\^. I have been trying to find an answer for it, But google-ing it either gives unsatisfactory answers like \"It's more stable\" or such.   \nI need a satisfactory and understandable answer. Thanks in advance for helping me out.","title":"Can someone explain to me why does Lanthanum has electronic configuration of [Xe] 6s2 5d1 instead of [Xe]6s2 4f1?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2e182/can_someone_explain_to_me_why_does_lanthanum_has/","vote_ratio":0.5},"v2e7ks":{"author":"NorthboundFox","comment_count":15,"id":"v2e7ks","post_time":1654080931.0,"score":16,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Are there any hydraulic systems that use granular solids like sand or polymer beads with low surface friction as a medium instead of air/liquid?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2e7ks/are_there_any_hydraulic_systems_that_use_granular/","vote_ratio":0.75},"v2e8mc":{"author":"tristan_noel_safonov","comment_count":17,"id":"v2e8mc","post_time":1654081056.0,"score":20,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"What animal species has a hierarchy of roles based on biological differences?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2e8mc/what_animal_species_has_a_hierarchy_of_roles/","vote_ratio":0.75},"v2eaob":{"author":"AskScienceModerator","comment_count":63,"id":"v2eaob","post_time":1654081245.0,"score":129,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"We can now program cells as if they were tiny computers. What happens when anyone can manipulate organisms - or even create new ones? My new book, [The Genesis Machine](https://www.amazon.com/Genesis-Machine-Rewrite-Synthetic-Biology/dp/1541797914), gives you the background you need to think differently about research underway now, and what that could mean for humanity's futures. What questions do you have for [me](https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/01/10/amy-webb-talks-crispr-ivf-5g/), Redditors? I'll be on from 2-4pmET (18-20 UT), AMA!\n\n\n\n\nUsername: /u/Amy_Webb","title":"AskScience AMA Series: I'm Futurist Amy Webb, and I just wrote a new book about a wild emerging technology called synthetic biology. AMA!","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2eaob/askscience_ama_series_im_futurist_amy_webb_and_i/","vote_ratio":0.81},"v2glh3":{"author":"inna_hey","comment_count":62,"id":"v2glh3","post_time":1654088752.0,"score":276,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I guess the question is, what's the difference between subspecies and species, at least in the plant world? *Is* there even a clear distinction?","title":"Why aren't the *sub*species of brassica rapa just considered different *species*?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2glh3/why_arent_the_subspecies_of_brassica_rapa_just/","vote_ratio":0.86},"v2gtb1":{"author":"Nervous_Weather_5272","comment_count":1,"id":"v2gtb1","post_time":1654089423.0,"score":9,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Doerig and colleagues (2021) present four proposed criteria for a theory of consciousness in the article \"Hard Criteria for Empirical Theories of Consciousness\". One of these is the unfolding argument. Can't seem to find any literature on how Zekis\u00b4 theory of the disunity of consciousness relates to this argument. He provides no function for consciousness, is he therefore subject to the unfolding argument, and could be considered a casual structure theory such as Lammes\u00b4 recurrent processing theory (2006) and Tononis\u00b4 information integration theory (2004)?","title":"How does Zeki (2003) relate to the unfolding argument?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2gtb1/how_does_zeki_2003_relate_to_the_unfolding/","vote_ratio":0.69},"v2ho32":{"author":"AutoModerator","comment_count":64,"id":"v2ho32","post_time":1654092012.0,"score":98,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on **Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science**\n\nDo you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: \"What would happen if...\", \"How will the future...\", \"If all the rules for 'X' were different...\", \"Why does my...\".\n\n**Asking Questions:**\n\nPlease post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.\n\n**Answering Questions:**\n\nPlease only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. [The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/wiki/index#wiki_answering_askscience). In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.\n\nIf you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, [please refer to the information provided here](https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/about/sticky).\n\nPast AskAnythingWednesday posts [can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/search?q=flair%3A%27meta%27&restrict_sr=on&sort=new&t=all). Ask away!","title":"Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2ho32/ask_anything_wednesday_engineering_mathematics/","vote_ratio":0.89},"v2hx4l":{"author":"abusivethrowaway13","comment_count":16,"id":"v2hx4l","post_time":1654092688.0,"score":39,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Language isn't my strong suit so let me explain my question. If I was to make a faraday cage to protect a peice of equipment but I was trying to do so cheaply and get the most EMP protection possible could I use a metal mesh, then an insulating layer, then a foil layer, then more insulation? And would the mesh add to the protection? Or is the amount of protection limited by the most effective layer and all additional layers effectively do nothing. \n\nBonus question: under what circumstances would I have to ground the faraday cage to properly EMP protect the equipment?","title":"are the effects of faraday cages made of multiple materials aditional to each other?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2hx4l/are_the_effects_of_faraday_cages_made_of_multiple/","vote_ratio":0.77},"v2lxhs":{"author":"Portalrules123","comment_count":7,"id":"v2lxhs","post_time":1654103418.0,"score":33,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"After you donate blood, considering that it takes like 3-4 weeks to fully replenish the lost red blood cells that carry oxygen, is your endurance/stamina measurably affected afterwards for some time?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2lxhs/after_you_donate_blood_considering_that_it_takes/","vote_ratio":0.94},"v2pcv8":{"author":"Solberg907","comment_count":8,"id":"v2pcv8","post_time":1654112271.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"If I understand it right, hydrocarbons are hydrophobic because of the non-polar interactions. But what makes Fluorocarbons MORE hydrophobic? Fluor-carbon interaction are very polar aren't they? so wouldn't that make them soluble in water?","title":"Why is Fluorocarbon hydrophobic?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2pcv8/why_is_fluorocarbon_hydrophobic/","vote_ratio":0.87},"v2tyc0":{"author":"Dzugavili","comment_count":5,"id":"v2tyc0","post_time":1654124022.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Genetic modification in the 20th century was a bit of a crapshoot -- literally. You'd put a bunch of DNA on some pellets and shoot them into a plant with an air gun, it's honestly so hilariously basic, it's surprising that it works. That, and Sanford is just a crazy person now. But that's another story.\n\nBut the genes get inserted pretty randomly, which is weird to me. Do we just practically test the organisms afterwards to see which ones got the insertion right?\n\nOr can we predict when or how often a gene will be expressed from its contents and location in the genome?\n\nOr do we not know this yet?","title":"Can we predict when a gene will be expressed?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2tyc0/can_we_predict_when_a_gene_will_be_expressed/","vote_ratio":0.78},"v2u8v7":{"author":"sempered","comment_count":16,"id":"v2u8v7","post_time":1654124793.0,"score":54,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"\nExactly as the post says.\n\nI\u2019m curious on how vitamins are made both from the natural and organic side to the synthetic.\n\nHow does it get from something like an a\u00e7a\u00ed berry to vitamin B12. Or how is an orange turned into vitamin c?\n\nThanks for all the help!","title":"How are vitamins made?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2u8v7/how_are_vitamins_made/","vote_ratio":0.89},"v2waae":{"author":"celo753","comment_count":617,"id":"v2waae","post_time":1654130363.0,"score":11033,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"You'd just have to build a detector sensitive to the specific molecule or group of molecules that cause the smell, right? And while we are at it, can't we have a bomb-sniffing and drug-sniffing machine, the same way dogs do? Or is there something about dog morphology that allows them to detect these smells better than any machine we can currently make?\n\n[Article I saw about dogs sniffing covid](https://www.reddit.com/r/science/comments/v2ndcz/trained_dogs_sniff_out_covid19_as_well_as_lab/)","title":"Dogs can smell COVID infections in patients, with as much accuracy as a PCR test. What's stopping us from building a machine that 'smells' the patients and detects it as well, if not better, than a dog?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2waae/dogs_can_smell_covid_infections_in_patients_with/","vote_ratio":0.91},"v2xq4m":{"author":"_GenderNotFound","comment_count":12,"id":"v2xq4m","post_time":1654134671.0,"score":22,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Also, how close are we to a cure?","title":"How exactly do prion diseases work and how can they be prevented?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2xq4m/how_exactly_do_prion_diseases_work_and_how_can/","vote_ratio":0.92},"v36i31":{"author":"Grayfox4","comment_count":31,"id":"v36i31","post_time":1654168564.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"If you run a current through a wire, you create a magnetic field, and that magnetic field has a direction relative to the flow of the current. So if you were to explain to the aliens with no concept of left and right, you could tell them to set up an experiment where they connect a battery to a wire with the negative pole in a specified direction and the positive pole in the other. \n\nThen all you need to do is state that when viewing the wire from a perspective relative to the flow of the electrons, you observe the direction of rotation of the magnetic field, and at the \"up\" position (opposite the direction of gravity) is either right or left depending on the perspective relative to electron flow? Or am I missing something?","title":"Can the concepts of right and left be objectively explained using magnetic fields?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v36i31/can_the_concepts_of_right_and_left_be_objectively/","vote_ratio":0.69},"v3fkle":{"author":"Ethan_Carlton","comment_count":7,"id":"v3fkle","post_time":1654194804.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Say, the subject is doing a Gordon Ramsay impression when they're testifying","title":"Can speech and body language experts tell whether someone is lying if they don't talk like they usually do?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3fkle/can_speech_and_body_language_experts_tell_whether/","vote_ratio":0.33},"v3fptz":{"author":"SamisSmashSamis","comment_count":2,"id":"v3fptz","post_time":1654195200.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"See title. Thanks!","title":"What are the mechanisms that cause Skeeter Syndrome and other extreme skin reactions to bug bites? Has there been any advances in cures or treatments?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3fptz/what_are_the_mechanisms_that_cause_skeeter/","vote_ratio":0.81},"v3g4w5":{"author":"Bastiproton","comment_count":7,"id":"v3g4w5","post_time":1654196344.0,"score":14,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Since the soundwaves would travel through a medium that is moving away from the receiver faster than the speed of the soundwaves itself.\n\nAdditionally, can wind cause Doppler effects?","title":"If a sound is produced in an environment where there is wind blowing that goes faster than the speed of sound, can you hear that sound if the receiver is \"upstream\" of the wind?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3g4w5/if_a_sound_is_produced_in_an_environment_where/","vote_ratio":0.94},"v3g7hl":{"author":"themoment326","comment_count":27,"id":"v3g7hl","post_time":1654196520.0,"score":37,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"For example, 1 2 3 4 5 6 exhibits a pattern. Each element is the previous plus one. \n\nBut what if say, you know beforehand, the elements of a sequence are between 1 - 6 like in a dice. You\u2019re trying to figure out if a certain sampling method is random. Say you get 3 2 1 2 2 1 3 1 2 2 1 3 2 1 1 2 3 1. The sequence itself doesn\u2019t seem to exhibit a pattern yet they all share the same property of being within the set {1,2,3} and excluding the set {4,5,6}\n\nRandomness is often defined as the lack of a pattern. This sequence by the face of it doesn\u2019t seem to have a pattern yet we know it\u2019s not coming from a uniform random distribution from 1-6 given 4 5 and 6 aren\u2019t selected. How do you explain this?","title":"What is a pattern? Is randomness the inverse of a pattern? And does the definition of a pattern include shared properties between elements?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3g7hl/what_is_a_pattern_is_randomness_the_inverse_of_a/","vote_ratio":0.87},"v3im3k":{"author":"dgladush","comment_count":8,"id":"v3im3k","post_time":1654203145.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Is there any experiment that proves that the speed of light does not depend on the speed of observer?\n\nPopular science often tells that Mickelson Morley experiment proves it, but all parts of it are stationary relatively to each other.\n\nSo I would say it proves only that the speed of light is C if the source and the observer are in the same frame of reference, as far as I understand. Is there anything else?\n\nThanks.","title":"Which exactly experiment proves that the speed of light does not depend on the speed of observer?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3im3k/which_exactly_experiment_proves_that_the_speed_of/","vote_ratio":0.59},"v3m3qi":{"author":"SlyGuyontheFly","comment_count":10,"id":"v3m3qi","post_time":1654213100.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"This question was inspired by my understanding of immune response: A host becomes infected > pathogen replicates until disease > immune response > eradication. At some point between infection and eradication there exists a critical mass of the pathogen such that the host becomes infectious.\n\nAn immunized host has memory cells that reduce immune response time. Is that shortened response time enough to prevent the host from becoming infectious before the pathogen is eradicated?\n\nI figure this varies wildly from pathogen so let's just stick to COVID-19 (although additional examples would be great).\n\nA few more things:\n\nFirst, I'm out of my area of expertise (obviously) so please excuse any misuse of terminology, and please point it out.\nSecond, please don't hold back with your answers. If I wanted a simple explanation for something as if I was five years old I'd go to another sub (my post was auto deleted for referencing it). If I don't understand something I can go look it up. Hit me with your best shot =)\nThird, please don't forget to cite your sources (or expertise) so I have somewhere to go for more information.","title":"Is there a period of time between infection and eradication of a pathogen in an immunized host wherein the host is still infectious?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3m3qi/is_there_a_period_of_time_between_infection_and/","vote_ratio":0.81},"v3vcx2":{"author":"fragileMystic","comment_count":2,"id":"v3vcx2","post_time":1654247534.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Let's take glutamine synthetase as an example. It creates Glutamine by catalyzing the reaction:\n\n Glutamate + ATP + NH3 \u2192 Glutamine + ADP + phosphate\n\nBut does this mean that if Glutamine concentration is high enough, Glutamate can be generated while producing ATP?\n\nIs there database cataloguing which enzyme reactions are reversible or irreversible? Are there general principles by which I can predict if a reaction is or isn't reversible?","title":"To what degree are all enzyme reactions reversible? How can I tell if a reaction is or isn't?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3vcx2/to_what_degree_are_all_enzyme_reactions/","vote_ratio":0.78},"v3vdjc":{"author":"bakugouchaan","comment_count":2,"id":"v3vdjc","post_time":1654247611.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"We're conducting a research about using the extracted epicuticular wax from near spoling cabbage leaves. However, we wish to know if the spoiling of this cabbage, or any plant, affects the effectiveness of the hydrophobicity property of their epicuticular wax.","title":"Does the epicuticular wax of plant leaves disappear, or become inefficient when that certain plant is near spoiling/spoiled?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3vdjc/does_the_epicuticular_wax_of_plant_leaves/","vote_ratio":0.73},"v3vlz6":{"author":"synthroidgay","comment_count":10,"id":"v3vlz6","post_time":1654248682.0,"score":9,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I don't mean how long until the vaccine takes effect, I mean how long is there a pocket of liquid sitting there inside unabsorbed? Could you hypothetically stick in another needle into the exact same spot, draw the liquid back out, and unnvaccinate yourself? I don't actually want to do this, if it needs to be said","title":"How long does it take for a vaccine to be absorbed into muscle?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3vlz6/how_long_does_it_take_for_a_vaccine_to_be/","vote_ratio":0.65},"v3ygvr":{"author":"BlueAdjacent","comment_count":5,"id":"v3ygvr","post_time":1654259880.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Can you get Monkeypox more than once?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3ygvr/can_you_get_monkeypox_more_than_once/","vote_ratio":0.41},"v3z56d":{"author":"None","comment_count":356,"id":"v3z56d","post_time":1654262037.0,"score":4828,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why do viruses like herpes or hpv stay forever, while flu viruses don't?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3z56d/why_do_viruses_like_herpes_or_hpv_stay_forever/","vote_ratio":0.94},"v3za0x":{"author":"SquisherBeMe","comment_count":89,"id":"v3za0x","post_time":1654262467.0,"score":544,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I was in some heavy rain and it made me wonder how it compared. Not looking for the most rain to fall in a day or an hour, but something closer to minute or less.","title":"What is the heaviest recorded rainfall? What is the theoretical limit?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3za0x/what_is_the_heaviest_recorded_rainfall_what_is/","vote_ratio":0.92},"v40ixk":{"author":"idek300","comment_count":4,"id":"v40ixk","post_time":1654266205.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"So I was researching translation and something that everyone mentions but no one explains - why are there 3 possible reading frames for an mRNA, if translation starts at AUG codon? If translation starts at this codon, then the only reading frame possible is the one dictated by AUG ie. there can only be one, so how would it even be theoretically possible for two other reading frames?\n\ne.g. 5\\` GUCGAUGCUUGGUAGUAAG......... 3\\`\n\nThe only potential initiation site is AUG, so why do we say that this could encode 3 different proteins?","title":"How are there multiple reading frames if it starts AUG?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v40ixk/how_are_there_multiple_reading_frames_if_it/","vote_ratio":0.6},"v41aw2":{"author":"Pistolenkrebs","comment_count":65,"id":"v41aw2","post_time":1654268462.0,"score":362,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Did we discover any unknown islands after humanity first used satellite photography?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v41aw2/did_we_discover_any_unknown_islands_after/","vote_ratio":0.92},"v422pa":{"author":"legomyeggopls","comment_count":19,"id":"v422pa","post_time":1654270661.0,"score":27,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"When theres\u2019s 20,000 people in the crowd, and speakers that are 50 feet high, how do these microphone not constantly pick up all that sound around them?  It almost seems impossible, so how can the singer\u2019s vocals be so clear?","title":"Why don\u2019t microphones on stage at huge stadium concerts have constant feedback?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v422pa/why_dont_microphones_on_stage_at_huge_stadium/","vote_ratio":0.85},"v48dc9":{"author":"2AM_Tale","comment_count":4,"id":"v48dc9","post_time":1654288442.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Quite a bit of my family has it, and my understanding is that most of the population has it, so I was wondering, besides saliva and sharing objects/water; does HSV-1 bind with your gametes (or can you be born with it?)? I\u2019ve tried to google but I haven\u2019t found anything, or anything relating to blood/birth at least.","title":"Is HSV-1 (Cold Sores) contractible through blood/gametes?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v48dc9/is_hsv1_cold_sores_contractible_through/","vote_ratio":0.67},"v4c2xp":{"author":"DarthWoo","comment_count":24,"id":"v4c2xp","post_time":1654299441.0,"score":177,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How does the body produce the sense of impending doom associated with incompatible blood transfusions, imminent heart attacks, etc?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4c2xp/how_does_the_body_produce_the_sense_of_impending/","vote_ratio":0.91},"v4d2m4":{"author":"biggerthanUSsteel","comment_count":12,"id":"v4d2m4","post_time":1654302763.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I heard that your strength of your bones are built in your teens and early twenties and that peak is maintained until 30. So basically, my weightlifting and calcium  won't help my bones get stronger","title":"Is it true that your bones don't get any stronger after your early twenties?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4d2m4/is_it_true_that_your_bones_dont_get_any_stronger/","vote_ratio":0.63},"v4f8nd":{"author":"KittyScholar","comment_count":8,"id":"v4f8nd","post_time":1654310143.0,"score":26,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"And if so, why? Any other wild adaptions that make them the only flying mammals?","title":"I heard bats apparently have insanely good immune systems. Is this true?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4f8nd/i_heard_bats_apparently_have_insanely_good_immune/","vote_ratio":0.77},"v4gu2b":{"author":"arunningturtle","comment_count":80,"id":"v4gu2b","post_time":1654315896.0,"score":640,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Where do we get raw elements from? Ie. Neon, helium.","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4gu2b/where_do_we_get_raw_elements_from_ie_neon_helium/","vote_ratio":0.9},"v4gw62":{"author":"The_Freight_Train","comment_count":6,"id":"v4gw62","post_time":1654316095.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"How visually accurate/realistic are the current animations of cellular biology as presented by HarvardX, WEHImovies, and the like?\n\nUsing this video as an example:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vkYEYjintqU\n\nIs what we see here truly physically occurring, or artist representation of what we theorize is occurring?  \n\nr/AskScience, please tell me that protons literally spin microscopic turbines to create ATP.\n\n\nEdit:  Thanks guys, my questions are fairly answered and given me more food for thought and direction to focus study.  My general takeaway from the thread is that these videos are close enough to \"reality\" to be presented to a student as such, with some small disclaimers that do not necessarily detract from the animations' accuracy.","title":"How visually accurate/realistic are the current animations of cellular biology as presented by HarvardX, WEHImovies, and the like?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4gw62/how_visually_accuraterealistic_are_the_current/","vote_ratio":0.71},"v4l4rd":{"author":"gabbie_the_gay","comment_count":16,"id":"v4l4rd","post_time":1654334056.0,"score":18,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"What are the risks of consuming an excess of vitamins and nutrients? E.G. consuming 1200% of the recommended daily value of Vitamin D, every day?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4l4rd/what_are_the_risks_of_consuming_an_excess_of/","vote_ratio":0.83},"v4lcfg":{"author":"owenbananaman","comment_count":250,"id":"v4lcfg","post_time":1654335056.0,"score":1810,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I was reading about the different types of alloys used in rockets, and many of them are labeled as 'corrosion resistant'; does this actually matter or is it just a useless byproduct of the alloys that rockets use? (btw, sorry if I used the wrong flair.)","title":"Why are rockets/ spacecraft corrosion resistant, if there is no oxygen in space?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4lcfg/why_are_rockets_spacecraft_corrosion_resistant_if/","vote_ratio":0.92},"v4ngex":{"author":"DeviantDahlia","comment_count":6,"id":"v4ngex","post_time":1654344175.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"My friend believes drinking alcohol fights snake venom when you\u2019re bitten - I believe it can increase circulation and put you more at risk. However, she\u2019s not happy with MayoClinic as a source. So are there any better sources I could link her, or am I wrong to begin with?","title":"Is there any scientific substantiation that alcohol does/doesn\u2019t combat snake venom?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4ngex/is_there_any_scientific_substantiation_that/","vote_ratio":0.68},"v4o42c":{"author":"Havoc098","comment_count":77,"id":"v4o42c","post_time":1654346626.0,"score":286,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"As per title, even if hippos don't suffer from inbreeding to the same extent, surely over so many generations it has to have some effect? \nEstimates put the population at around 100 with potential to grow higher.","title":"How are the Columbian Hippos (Escobar's Hippos) not horribly inbred if they started from a population of 4?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4o42c/how_are_the_columbian_hippos_escobars_hippos_not/","vote_ratio":0.92},"v4osgy":{"author":"exomyth","comment_count":7,"id":"v4osgy","post_time":1654348937.0,"score":9,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"So from my very basic understanding, I understand that there are certain hormones that affect certain parts of the human body. Like oestrogen influences growth of breast tissue for example and there is this other hormone that affects growth and there are many other hormones that affect all kinds of stuff. Correct?\n\nSo that has me wondering, if you had this very unethical  experiment where you could inject babies with some hormone cocktails, how much could you control by just controlling their hormones.\n\nFor example: Would you have enough control to have a baby turn into 6ft tall adult, with wide hips a big butt, large boobs and a 10 inch penis? Or how much of that would be coded into the DNA?","title":"How much do hormones affect how our bodies 'turn out' as adults?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4osgy/how_much_do_hormones_affect_how_our_bodies_turn/","vote_ratio":0.66},"v4pc8x":{"author":"meowmeowfuzzyface111","comment_count":17,"id":"v4pc8x","post_time":1654350793.0,"score":39,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"If muscle cell never divide, how does people become muscular ? How do they build muscle ? How does a child grow?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4pc8x/if_muscle_cell_never_divide_how_does_people/","vote_ratio":0.72},"v4pcl0":{"author":"amiibohunter2015","comment_count":4,"id":"v4pcl0","post_time":1654350825.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Can salmonella be spread through air transmission such as a fan?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4pcl0/can_salmonella_be_spread_through_air_transmission/","vote_ratio":0.44},"v4pkfd":{"author":"phoinex711","comment_count":10,"id":"v4pkfd","post_time":1654351487.0,"score":22,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"For example, Dolly the sheep. Other than age is there any biological way to identify the clone from the original?","title":"If you clone an animal is there a biological method to differentiate the clone from the original?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4pkfd/if_you_clone_an_animal_is_there_a_biological/","vote_ratio":0.76},"v4qg7n":{"author":"gone_to_kroatan","comment_count":484,"id":"v4qg7n","post_time":1654354267.0,"score":2816,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I almost exclusively eat late, ranging anywhere from 9pm to 11pm. I just need to be relaxed and have time to enjoy eating. When my kids are awake I have to be alert and take care of them,so I don't eat just a few bites with them and prepare dinner after they are asleep.\nPeople who know about of this habit tend to state that it's not healthy as you gain weight and sleep bad. Now I'm interested, is this just a myth or are there any studies or explanations supporting this?","title":"Is there any scientific evidence or reason that you gain weight by eating late?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4qg7n/is_there_any_scientific_evidence_or_reason_that/","vote_ratio":0.92},"v4qzt2":{"author":"Odd_Explanation_9951","comment_count":11,"id":"v4qzt2","post_time":1654355861.0,"score":9,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Are there any fish that live in shallow-ish water that use lures like deep-sea angler fish do?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4qzt2/are_there_any_fish_that_live_in_shallowish_water/","vote_ratio":0.65},"v4xy3e":{"author":"The_Real_Mr_F","comment_count":109,"id":"v4xy3e","post_time":1654376348.0,"score":3588,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"You often hear that a rock is 1 billion years old or 300 million years old or whatever age it may be. What is the starting point for a rock\u2019s age? I assume it might vary based on the type of rock, like maybe volcanic rocks are \u201cborn\u201d when they emerge from a volcano, or sedimentary rocks are \u201cborn\u201d when they harden from whatever swampy material they were before, but I\u2019m not sure, and Googling mainly tells me that Dwayne Johnson was born in 1972, which is interesting but not helpful. Since just about every rock is made of material that has been around since the Big Bang, it\u2019s confusing to know what science considers the start of a rock\u2019s existence. What defines a rock\u2019s birthday?","title":"When is a rock considered to be \u201cborn\u201d?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4xy3e/when_is_a_rock_considered_to_be_born/","vote_ratio":0.94},"v4yvuk":{"author":"Enceing","comment_count":19,"id":"v4yvuk","post_time":1654379232.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"If a 40 year old has a baby, aren\u2019t the babies DNA going to be deprecated just as much as the 40 year old\u2019s? for example a baby is not born with 40 year old wrinkly skin, but new, healthy skin with no DNA defects due to replication over time.","title":"Why are babies born with \u201cyoung\u201d DNA?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4yvuk/why_are_babies_born_with_young_dna/","vote_ratio":0.65},"v577pt":{"author":"Cl1ky","comment_count":2,"id":"v577pt","post_time":1654409168.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"According to Wikipedia page of Dengue Fever, The incubation period of the disease is 2-14 days. Next it states that it's clinical course has 3 phases: Febrile, critical, and recovery.\n\nOut of these, febrile lasts 2-7 days. Now my question is this, is the febrile phase assimilated into the incubation OR does it start after the ending of incubation?","title":"Is the Incubation Period and Febrile Phase same?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v577pt/is_the_incubation_period_and_febrile_phase_same/","vote_ratio":0.6},"v588i4":{"author":"BuilderDahomey","comment_count":3,"id":"v588i4","post_time":1654413699.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"What are these so called weak spots within a tectonic plate? I live near one of the most geologically active regions, so I was curious.","title":"What places have the most Intraplate earthquakes? How destructive can they get?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v588i4/what_places_have_the_most_intraplate_earthquakes/","vote_ratio":0.58},"v5b1rt":{"author":"goldfishpaws","comment_count":23,"id":"v5b1rt","post_time":1654426935.0,"score":44,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"At an interested engineer, totally not a biologist level, I can smell things.  When I try to understand how smell works, though, I get confused.  I've heard a couple of answers which I'm not convinced by, so thought I'd get some clarity.\n\n* Resonating bonds between atoms in molecules.  This sounds semi plausible, but it doesn't account for handedness, where (AIUI) for instance a left hand identical arrangement of atoms smells of lemon and the same atoms arranged right-handed smell of mint.\n\n* That suggests shape is the driver, which seems compelling, but then why do brand new molecules we never evolved for have a smell?  Not perfume blends, that's obvious, but molecularly.  If we don't have a receptor for a molecule shape, how could we smell it, and how could we evolve a receptor for something that doesn't exist?\n\n* Smell buds, and every aroma is a unique combination of the nose equivalent of bitter/sweet/salt/acid/umami.  This seems pretty unconvincing to me as with shape alone - how could novel molecules smell?\n\n* Nose as a diffraction column.  Doesn't seem intuitive, but unique graphs for aromas at least includes the possibility of novel molecules having a smell, but we return to the handedness question.\n\nWhat am I missing?  Am I overthinking it all, missing something obvious?  I mean it seems like something we should know, but I'm not seeing consensus.\n\nThanks for your ideas about this, it's troubled me a while!","title":"How does smell work?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5b1rt/how_does_smell_work/","vote_ratio":0.76},"v5d9n3":{"author":"caleblewis94","comment_count":10,"id":"v5d9n3","post_time":1654435364.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Good morning from Atlanta, I am a college student studying History, though I am also interested in Biology and taking a course with a lab this Summer. I am learning about Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic organisms and their functions and noted that a key difference is that most Prokaryoteshave a cell wall to protect them from bursting due to water absorption. I also remember from prior knowledge knowing that our intestines contain a bunch of prokaryotes to aid in breaking down waste, etc. I was curious and didn't want to bother my professor with these random questions that pop up as I'm reading the textbook, so I figured I'd turn to you kind folks on here to enlighten me on this random burning question of mine:\n\nAre there any diseases that can damage/destroy the cell walls of prokaryotes, causing them to absorb water throughout the body, i.e. the intestines and burst? \n\nThanks!","title":"Are There Any Diseases That Can Destroy Prokaryote Cell Walls?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5d9n3/are_there_any_diseases_that_can_destroy/","vote_ratio":0.7},"v5do7n":{"author":"H_Badran","comment_count":6,"id":"v5do7n","post_time":1654436746.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How do i differentiate between Protista and Fungi cells?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5do7n/how_do_i_differentiate_between_protista_and_fungi/","vote_ratio":0.67},"v5e00t":{"author":"Mycellanious","comment_count":244,"id":"v5e00t","post_time":1654437803.0,"score":3464,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How significantly do plastic dental appliances, things like retainers, Invisalign, or night guards, contribute to the build up of microplastics in the body?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5e00t/how_significantly_do_plastic_dental_appliances/","vote_ratio":0.9},"v5fek1":{"author":"ResidentRunner1","comment_count":3,"id":"v5fek1","post_time":1654442049.0,"score":13,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How were the Columbia, Fraser, Klamath and Pit Rivers able to work their way through mountain ranges? Are there any other examples out there too?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5fek1/how_were_the_columbia_fraser_klamath_and_pit/","vote_ratio":1.0},"v5ft2n":{"author":"None","comment_count":6,"id":"v5ft2n","post_time":1654443199.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Well, the question in the title? Why wouldn't it work? What's the physics behind the not working? Not enough force to cause an action-reaction?\n\nThanks in advance!","title":"Why wouldn't plasma propulsion work within the atmosphere of the earth?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5ft2n/why_wouldnt_plasma_propulsion_work_within_the/","vote_ratio":0.72},"v5hhnp":{"author":"Less-Talk-More-Bach","comment_count":2,"id":"v5hhnp","post_time":1654448160.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"General intelligence (g), physical attractiveness, lifetime income, positive health outcomes, and subjective happiness are all tightly correlated. \n\nTo what extent is the relationship between intelligence and attractiveness causal? Does it come down to a more higher order factor one could call general fitness? What implications does this fact pose for public policy or ethics?","title":"To what extent is general intelligence (g) correlated to higher levels of physical attractiveness?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5hhnp/to_what_extent_is_general_intelligence_g/","vote_ratio":0.54},"v5idwp":{"author":"wandernomad2020","comment_count":11,"id":"v5idwp","post_time":1654450785.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"My girlfriend and I were having a heated discussion about this.  I was adamant it was based on the fitness of a given variant, but I struggled to explain how that actually plays out in the real world.  She had other ideas that I won't try to explain as I wouldn't be doing her justice.\n\nCan anyone explain this to us, ideally with some actual research papers backing points up?  Ideally with real world examples, e.g. why was Delta pushed out by Omicron and how that plays out on a smaller scale, e.g. even within a single host, and how that interaction changes thing in small but significantly as the macro level. Any help, pointers, etc would be appreciated.","title":"Why do specific variants of COVID19 become dominant over other variants?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5idwp/why_do_specific_variants_of_covid19_become/","vote_ratio":0.43},"v5kd1y":{"author":"Salted_One","comment_count":64,"id":"v5kd1y","post_time":1654456512.0,"score":673,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Likewise, would the same apply to a planet within a nebula? If the affect wouldn\u2019t be enough to make a difference visible to the naked eye, are we inside a nebula or some gas \u201ccloud\u201d ourselves?","title":"I read that there are high concentrations of interstellar dust and gas near the center of the galaxy that make it difficult to resolve stars. If Earth were orbiting a planet very near to the galactic center, would space appear \u201chazy\u201d instead of clear and black?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5kd1y/i_read_that_there_are_high_concentrations_of/","vote_ratio":0.94},"v5pf4f":{"author":"Mikey_Sheridan","comment_count":8,"id":"v5pf4f","post_time":1654471755.0,"score":16,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"When a star runs out of fuel and collapses, does it happen all at once or does is slowly \u201cdeflate?\u201d","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5pf4f/when_a_star_runs_out_of_fuel_and_collapses_does/","vote_ratio":1.0},"v5ppp9":{"author":"BeingKindToAnimals","comment_count":32,"id":"v5ppp9","post_time":1654472711.0,"score":83,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"I searched, and cannot find the answer to: which of our eight planets is the newest?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5ppp9/i_searched_and_cannot_find_the_answer_to_which_of/","vote_ratio":0.79},"v5qwut":{"author":"PurpleMollusc","comment_count":1,"id":"v5qwut","post_time":1654476664.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I'm looking for inspiration to draw something and gorgonopsids and synapsids in general have started to captivate me and I've started to wonder, which ones had horns? I'm talking about those similar to horns we see today like in undulates.","title":"Which (if any) gorgonopsids have horns?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5qwut/which_if_any_gorgonopsids_have_horns/","vote_ratio":0.65},"v5rizp":{"author":"Meal-Ready","comment_count":354,"id":"v5rizp","post_time":1654478693.0,"score":1962,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why does it hurt when you put alcohol or peroxide on a wound?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5rizp/why_does_it_hurt_when_you_put_alcohol_or_peroxide/","vote_ratio":0.94},"v5u5pr":{"author":"Green_Agar","comment_count":1,"id":"v5u5pr","post_time":1654487874.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Isn\u2019t diffusion of molecules affected principally by charge, size, and amount, irrespective of the type of molecule? Why would alteration of a molecule render it immune to the effects of a concentration gradient?","title":"During active transport in a cell, why does modification of a molecule exempt it from violating a concentration gradient?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5u5pr/during_active_transport_in_a_cell_why_does/","vote_ratio":0.67},"v5v383":{"author":"killakam86437","comment_count":8,"id":"v5v383","post_time":1654491406.0,"score":13,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I just got done watching prehistoric planet by apple tv. It depicted trex with a scaley body, with what looked like slight hair, like an elephant would have. What is the current consensus on whether or not trex had feathers and why would the show depict them the way they did?","title":"what is the current consensus on T-rex and feathers?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5v383/what_is_the_current_consensus_on_trex_and_feathers/","vote_ratio":0.85},"v5vbbn":{"author":"TigreSauvage","comment_count":1,"id":"v5vbbn","post_time":1654492276.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Medical science has always progressed along with regular advancements in other fields. For example, these days advances in Chemistry and Genetics allows us uncover the secrets of human biochemistry. \n\nWe have obviously discovered many diseases over the years, but are we still discovering new ones?  I other words, are people still stumping scientists with disease they have never seen before and are completely novel?","title":"Are we still discovering new diseases regularly?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5vbbn/are_we_still_discovering_new_diseases_regularly/","vote_ratio":0.77},"v5vhbk":{"author":"Snapple207","comment_count":3,"id":"v5vhbk","post_time":1654492958.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"You often hear about the Mariana trench being the deepest trench in the world but which one is the least? Google doesn't seem to provide a good answer on the subject and my searches were dominated with the \"deepest\" results and unrelated things.","title":"What is the shallowest ocean trench?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5vhbk/what_is_the_shallowest_ocean_trench/","vote_ratio":0.59},"v5z4pv":{"author":"astro_billions","comment_count":13,"id":"v5z4pv","post_time":1654508176.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"is Sagittarius A a new black hole or just discovered?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5z4pv/is_sagittarius_a_a_new_black_hole_or_just/","vote_ratio":0.69},"v60m2p":{"author":"A-Delonix-Regia","comment_count":13,"id":"v60m2p","post_time":1654512373.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"According to an air pressure calculator I found on Google, the air at 2 km above MSL would be about 0.8 atm and at 2.5 km above MSL it would be about 0.75 atm.\n\nAs per my understanding, getting 20-25% less oxygen per breath would mean that a high-altitude athlete's body would have more RBCs, bigger lungs, and a bigger heart, and that should give a noticeable advantage to the high altitude athlete.\n\nBut from personal experience (as someone who is rather unfit, and has always lived in coastal cities), when I visited a hill station at 2.25 km above MSL I didn't really notice anything that made me breathe faster or deeper, so I guess the 20-25% less oxygen actually translates to just about 5% more breathing and 5% less physical strength.\n\nSo, suppose we take two athletes:\n\n1. A person who has spent most of his life in towns at 2-2.5 km above sea level\n2. A person who has always lived in coastal cities\n\nAnd suppose both athletes are capable of doing the same sports with identical performance in their hometowns.\n\nI agree that the high-altitude athlete would have the advantage when competing, regardless of whether the athletes were competing at sea level or at high altitude, but suppose we were to have a way to accurately measure peak strength and endurance as two separate parameters.\n\nHow big would the advantage (in each of the two parameters) realistically be in favour of the high-altitude athlete, if both of them were competing at mean sea level? My guess is that peak strength is equal and the high-altitude athlete has maybe 10% more endurance. (if endurance is measured as \"how long the athlete can do some exercise at a given intensity level for\")\n\nNote: I've chosen the 2-2.5 km range because the highest major cities in my country and in the USA are in that altitude range\n\nNote 2: I made a similar post 2 hours ago but since that post was removed by Reddit's spam filters for linking to the air pressure calculator, I am reposting this and deleting that post.","title":"How big of an advantage does high-altitude training actually give to athletes? (say, at 2-2.5 km above mean sea level so with 20-25% less oxygen)","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v60m2p/how_big_of_an_advantage_does_highaltitude/","vote_ratio":0.73},"v60um3":{"author":"AskScienceModerator","comment_count":385,"id":"v60um3","post_time":1654513202.0,"score":2381,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Lyme disease, an infection caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi that is primarily transmitted by Ixodes scapularis (also known as blacklegged or deer ticks), [affects between 30,000 and 500,000 Americans every year](https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/datasurveillance/index.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Flyme%2Fstats%2Findex.html). Beyond the characteristic erythema migrans (\"bullseye\") rash, symptoms range from arthritis to damaging nervous and cardiac systems. With so many cases every year, it is imperative that everyone learn what steps can be taken to minimize and prevent Lyme disease infections while also getting up to date on the current scientific and medical interventions being used to treat and cure Lyme disease in infected individuals.\n\nJoin us today at 2 PM ET (18 UT) for a discussion, organized by the American Society for Microbiology, about all aspects of Lyme disease (and other tickborne diseases). We'll take your questions and discuss what people can do to prevent Lyme disease, how Lyme disease is best diagnosed and treated, and what to do if you suspect that you have Lyme disease. Ask us anything!\n\nWith us today are:\n\n+ [Dr. Paul Auwaerter, M.D., M.B.A.](https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/profiles/details/paul-auwaerter) (u/Paul_Auwaerter_MD) - Clinical Director, Division of Infectious Diseases, Sherrilyn and Ken Fisher Professor of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine\n+ [Dr. Alan Barbour, M.D.](https://spiro.mmg.uci.edu/) (u/UC_zoonoses_doc) - Professor of Medicine and Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine\n+ [Lillian Rainer Butler](https://www.linkedin.com/in/lillian-butler-808625225/) (u/UMSOM_ticks) - PhD Student, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore\n+ [Dr. Job Lopez, Ph.D.](https://www.bcm.edu/people-search/job-lopez-25566) (u/BCM_TickBorneDis) - Associate Professor, Pediatrics-Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine\n+ [Dr. Jean Tsao, Ph.D.](https://www.canr.msu.edu/people/jean_tsao) (u/MSUTickEcologist) - Associate Professor, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University\n\nLinks:\n\n+ [Lyme Disease information from the Center for Disease Control](https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/index.html)\n+ [An mRNA Vaccine Against Ticks (podcast)](https://asm.org/Podcasts/TWiM/Episodes/An-mRNA-Vaccine-Against-Ticks-TWiM-256)\n\nPlease note that we will NOT be making medical diagnoses or recommending any medical treatments or procedures for individuals.","title":"AskScience AMA Series: Summer is tick season. We are experts on the science of Lyme disease (and other tickborne illnesses), and we are here to answer your questions. AUA!","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v60um3/askscience_ama_series_summer_is_tick_season_we/","vote_ratio":0.94},"v623n9":{"author":"opteryx5","comment_count":17,"id":"v623n9","post_time":1654517532.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Do we still have 1/1,073,741,824th of that drug we took 10 years ago still coursing through our veins?","title":"If all drugs have a half-life, how can the body ever truly eliminate a drug?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v623n9/if_all_drugs_have_a_halflife_how_can_the_body/","vote_ratio":0.57},"v62ye3":{"author":"Kortonox","comment_count":3,"id":"v62ye3","post_time":1654520319.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"So I tried to find some information on this topic, especially the difference between medical reactions observed between male and female (Biological not Gender), and how transitioning can change reactions to treatment.\n\nWhat I found was [this](https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/1201/p1254.html#:~:text=Pharmacodynamic%20differences%20in%20women%20include,experience%20an%20adverse%20drug%20reaction) \" Pharmacodynamic differences in women include **greater sensitivity to and enhanced effectiveness of beta blockers, opioids, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and typical antipsychotics**. Additionally, women are 50 to 75 percent more likely than men to experience an adverse drug reaction. \"\n\n**So my question is, does transitioning with hormones (lets say a Transwoman/ Male to Female) have an effect on how the body reacts to medical treatment?** \n\nAlso other interesting things I would like to know regarding that topic, are there differences in blood values between male and female, and how do transpeople get evaluated with that in mind.\n\n&#x200B;\n\n(I would greatly apreciate it if you could also link studies if they exist, I tried to find studies, but couldnt find any and I dont know how to find them if they exist. I know that it could probably be a topic that is not well researched).","title":"Are medicin effects different in transpeople that take hormones compared to their assigned sex at birth?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v62ye3/are_medicin_effects_different_in_transpeople_that/","vote_ratio":0.51},"v63fng":{"author":"SapproLappro","comment_count":4,"id":"v63fng","post_time":1654521784.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Hi! I am studying a program in Sweden which will allow me to work as a counsellor.\n\nI'd be super grateful if anybody wants to take time out of their day to help me! :)\n\nA study can be found if searched for via google, with the title:\n\nPositive Effects of Methylphenidate on Social Communication and Self-Regulation in Children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders and Hyperactivity\n\nIt's on the website of NCBI. \n\nWithin the study, under 'Discussion', in the last paragraph, the word \"clinical effect\" is mentioned: \"the greatest clinical effect was seen with the medium dose\" (Jahromi., et al 2008).\n\nPrecisely what is meant by \"clinical effect\" in that context?\n\nAnother sentence found in the last paragraph under discussion is: \"there may be greater disparity in dose-response across different domains for optimal change\" (Jahromi., et al 2008).\n\nPrecisely what is meant by \"domains\"?\n\nThanks in advance!","title":"What is meant by \"clinical effect\" and \"domains\" in this context?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v63fng/what_is_meant_by_clinical_effect_and_domains_in/","vote_ratio":0.71},"v64lqp":{"author":"argyyle_styyle","comment_count":11,"id":"v64lqp","post_time":1654525160.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Do fish have set number of eggs for life?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v64lqp/do_fish_have_set_number_of_eggs_for_life/","vote_ratio":0.75},"v65q1i":{"author":"manosinistra","comment_count":24,"id":"v65q1i","post_time":1654528214.0,"score":59,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"You\u2019d think something that looks so simple (three rods on a pole) wouldn\u2019t have a Wikipedia article that reads like something out of a Startrek technical manual.","title":"How does a yagi antenna work? None of my education prepared me for the Wikipedia article.","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v65q1i/how_does_a_yagi_antenna_work_none_of_my_education/","vote_ratio":0.8},"v69ltp":{"author":"Powerpuff_Rangers","comment_count":8,"id":"v69ltp","post_time":1654538641.0,"score":16,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why is integration much more difficult than differentiation, despite them being just the inverse operations of each other?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v69ltp/why_is_integration_much_more_difficult_than/","vote_ratio":0.84},"v6be17":{"author":"ilovegorillas1776","comment_count":8,"id":"v6be17","post_time":1654543456.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"If I recall correctly, the most distantly animals can be related to still be able to reproduce is being from different genera, but still in the same family. I'm wondering, though, which two specific animals that can be bred together are the least related?","title":"What animal hybrid (either existing or theoretically possible) has/can have the most distantly related parents?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6be17/what_animal_hybrid_either_existing_or/","vote_ratio":0.75},"v6c32m":{"author":"patdashuri","comment_count":21,"id":"v6c32m","post_time":1654545331.0,"score":34,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"What does warm blooded really mean? How do we create our own heat when reptiles can\u2019t?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6c32m/what_does_warm_blooded_really_mean_how_do_we/","vote_ratio":0.86},"v6cl1l":{"author":"Chocolatethrowaway19","comment_count":2,"id":"v6cl1l","post_time":1654546699.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"And if it's the latter doesn't that mean deep sea fish have less oxygen because presumably its harder for oxygen to get way down there from the churning waves on the surface? Are there pockets of ocean that are oxygen deserts for fish because of lack of plants? How do deep sea creatures compensate for the reduced oxygen? Is bit comparable to land animals living on really tall mountains?","title":"Do fish gills separate hydrogen from oxygen molecularly or just take dissolved oxygen from the water?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6cl1l/do_fish_gills_separate_hydrogen_from_oxygen/","vote_ratio":0.89},"v6ez57":{"author":"jamirocky888","comment_count":4,"id":"v6ez57","post_time":1654553074.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"If Police turn up at a crime scene and there is a particular smell present, is there any way to sample that smell for forensic purposes, or is the smell simply noted as being present (ie. what the smell smells like) by a number of the people at the scene?","title":"Is there a forensic method for sampling the smell of something?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6ez57/is_there_a_forensic_method_for_sampling_the_smell/","vote_ratio":0.89},"v6j1vp":{"author":"ArmandoAlvarezWF","comment_count":44,"id":"v6j1vp","post_time":1654565204.0,"score":202,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"[Here](https://youtu.be/708q7LjMGso?t=154) is the interview.\n\nHe says \n\n>There\u2019s a great seam, a famous seam-a world famous one-- which I believe is called the Great Atlantic Fault. And it starts in northern Spain in the Basque Country, and it goes under the Bay of Biscay and comes up in south Wales. Then it goes under the Atlantic and comes up in Pennsylvania. So that if you took a Basque miner, or a Welsh miner or Pennsylvanian miner, and you could blindfold them and transport them, and they will recognise the coalface the moment they see it.  I believe it's four feet, six inches.\n\nIt's a beautiful interview and it seems believable enough.  But I can't find any references to the \"Great Atlantic Fault,\" outside of quotes of the interview or from the 2014 movie \"Pride\" where Bill Nighy's character closely paraphrase's Burton's speech.  Granted Burton says, \"I believe it's called the Great Atlantic Fault\" so maybe he just got the name wrong.  But is this a real geological feature?","title":"In an interview with Dick Cavett, Richard Burton described a coal seam called \"the Great Atlantic fault,\" that goes from Spain through Wales under the Atlantic to Pennsylvania. Was he full of it?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6j1vp/in_an_interview_with_dick_cavett_richard_burton/","vote_ratio":0.89},"v6jj92":{"author":"Kritical02","comment_count":3,"id":"v6jj92","post_time":1654566709.0,"score":30,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Is the power of each solar storm more likely to be stronger?\n\nOr is it simply that there are more solar events likely to occur during that period?","title":"During a solar maximum is it only the frequency of storms or does the average power of said events also increase?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6jj92/during_a_solar_maximum_is_it_only_the_frequency/","vote_ratio":0.79},"v6jpep":{"author":"Ganymede25","comment_count":0,"id":"v6jpep","post_time":1654567226.0,"score":75,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"My  background is in molecular virology of lentiviruses such as HIV, SIV  and FIV. However, my clinical background is rather lacking. While I  understand that HIV can be present in vaginal fluids, and perhaps the  main contributor of this may be the Bartholin glands, I have not found  any information on the presence of HIV in Skene's glands. Is HIV absent  in this fluid? If so, is that due to certain factors within the fluid  that make the virus unstable as with the case of saliva?\n\nAny publications or links would be greatly appreciated as I don't want to go down a long Pubmed rabbit hole.","title":"Is HIV-1 present in Skene's gland fluid?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6jpep/is_hiv1_present_in_skenes_gland_fluid/","vote_ratio":0.83},"v6jvdf":{"author":"Ixmath","comment_count":10,"id":"v6jvdf","post_time":1654567728.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I'm talking about these guys who claim they can find undeground water sources using sticks, metal rods and/or pendulums. They start walking and wait for the selected item to react in any way to indicate direction of the water or the exact spot of the water source. It sounds like a pseudoscience but there are testimonies of people who claim they work. Like a guy who said their parents digged out lots of holes at their land, but never found water until they hired a dowser.  \n\n\nAlso, please excuse my english, not my native language. And forgive me if I used the wrong tag, I didn't know which one fitted the best.","title":"Do dowsers actually work? If they do work, is there any scientific reason behind it? If they dont, is there any scientific reason why it could, even under extremely special and rare circumstances, theoretically work in the slightest?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6jvdf/do_dowsers_actually_work_if_they_do_work_is_there/","vote_ratio":0.47},"v6l6te":{"author":"Puzzleheaded_Cow_716","comment_count":7,"id":"v6l6te","post_time":1654571881.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I know that if Tritium and Deuterium fuse to form Helium, and that a side product is a neutron.\n\nDoes this neutron decay into hydrogen, or does it join another atom? where does it go?","title":"Does the fusion of tritium and deuterium end up creating hydrogen as a byproduct?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6l6te/does_the_fusion_of_tritium_and_deuterium_end_up/","vote_ratio":0.73},"v6l8tw":{"author":"veenell","comment_count":12,"id":"v6l8tw","post_time":1654572066.0,"score":17,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"additionally, if you sucked all of the air out of something like a metal or glass bottle (that floats if it is filled with air and sealed) so that it contained a near or complete vacuum, would it still be buoyant and would it still float?","title":"is a container of compressed air more bouyant in water, than the same container filled with normal air at sea level pressure, assuming both containers are the same volume? if not, what determines how bouyant a sealed air filled container is?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6l8tw/is_a_container_of_compressed_air_more_bouyant_in/","vote_ratio":0.71},"v6lhny":{"author":"DoubleZOfficial07","comment_count":7,"id":"v6lhny","post_time":1654572862.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"So I've found out that each peripheral nerve in our body supplies a patch of area, and organ failure radiates out to these areas called 'referred pain'. So if each area is supplied by only one nerve, how can we feel specific point contacts as there is no change in the signal produced?","title":"If each cutaneous nerve on the body supplies a particular area (a 'dermatome'), then how can we feel point contacts on our skin?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6lhny/if_each_cutaneous_nerve_on_the_body_supplies_a/","vote_ratio":0.63},"v6m180":{"author":"ahhhcola","comment_count":9,"id":"v6m180","post_time":1654574660.0,"score":18,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I can probably understand why eating or smelling something nasty would provoke a gag reflex and induce vomiting. I guess when there is something in your body that couldn\u2019t be accepted, gagging and vomiting act as ways to expel it. I could be misinformed so pardon my ignorance. \n\nHowever it dawned on me that even without taste or smell, we can experience the same physical reactions. For instance, I find spit, pee, vomit, certain kinds of food to be disgusting. Looking at these things can make me gag, tear up, and make me feel like I need to vomit. Even thinking about them alone can sometimes provoke such reactions. \n\nWhy does that happen? Why does the body resort to a gag reflex and vomiting when the disgusting things aren\u2019t directly affecting the body, especially internally? Is it because the brain already associates smell, texture, and taste with these objects we\u2019ve come to experience so merely looking or thinking about these objects is similar to us being directly impacted by it?","title":"Why do we gag and sometimes vomit in response to disgusting things?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6m180/why_do_we_gag_and_sometimes_vomit_in_response_to/","vote_ratio":0.7},"v6n1e4":{"author":"bigjocker","comment_count":8,"id":"v6n1e4","post_time":1654578192.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Pretty much the title \u2026 are all life forms on earth descendant of one single ancestor? Or has life appeared multiple times?","title":"Is it known how many times has life spontaneously appeared in earth?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6n1e4/is_it_known_how_many_times_has_life_spontaneously/","vote_ratio":0.93},"v6np2o":{"author":"un-chien-galicia","comment_count":7,"id":"v6np2o","post_time":1654580626.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Keeping aquariums, including crawfish, shrimp, and crabs, I have obviously noticed that crawfish visually look a lot more like a shrimp than the average crab. In fact, at the store I work at, it takes a trained eye to distinguish between young crawfish and shrimp. I am assuming much of this applies to young lobsters as well, though all the ones I\u2019ve seen have more distinguishable claws from an early age.\n\nAnyways, I am trying to understand oceanic evolution through time and I\u2019ve read that decapoda evolved into reptantia (lobsters and crabs) and natantia (shrimp). Does this suggest that lobsters are more closely related to crabs than shrimp, or am I misunderstanding something?","title":"Are lobsters more closely related to crabs or shrimp?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6np2o/are_lobsters_more_closely_related_to_crabs_or/","vote_ratio":0.75},"v6pnvj":{"author":"None","comment_count":6,"id":"v6pnvj","post_time":1654588185.0,"score":26,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I can never quite remember at what point I fall asleep. Is there a certain point after the last memory I have from the night before where I'm asleep","title":"How soon after our last memory do we fall asleep?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6pnvj/how_soon_after_our_last_memory_do_we_fall_asleep/","vote_ratio":0.86},"v6q4m9":{"author":"shmoopdogg","comment_count":7,"id":"v6q4m9","post_time":1654590114.0,"score":14,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"For context I\u2019m watching House, which obviously as a TV show is not a 100% accurate medical resource, but in it a man needs a new kidney and gets it donated by his teenage daughter. They make a joke about him having a small kidney meaning he won\u2019t have to pee as much, which made me wonder if and why it wouldn\u2019t continue to grow to full size once transplanted.","title":"If a child donates a kidney, will it continue to grow in the recipient\u2019s body?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6q4m9/if_a_child_donates_a_kidney_will_it_continue_to/","vote_ratio":1.0},"v6qz8g":{"author":"owenbananaman","comment_count":7,"id":"v6qz8g","post_time":1654593749.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"A diagram of an RS - 25 rocket engine showcased valves that allow the flow of the main fuel, main oxidizer, pre-burner, and chamber coolant. How are these valves 'turned' within the rocket engine?","title":"How are valves within rocket engines 'turned'?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6qz8g/how_are_valves_within_rocket_engines_turned/","vote_ratio":0.73},"v6qzd0":{"author":"supermaq","comment_count":7,"id":"v6qzd0","post_time":1654593765.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I have this noob question because yesterday I voiced my opinion in saying polyesters like in my jackets are a by-product result in the production of car fuels. The opposing party stated that it is within its own production proces, these fabric producing companies  just buy crude oil for manufacturing their products. Who can shed a light on this matter for me?","title":"Polymers and Plastics, are these deratives in the production of Petroleum?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6qzd0/polymers_and_plastics_are_these_deratives_in_the/","vote_ratio":0.83},"v6rke0":{"author":"idiotsyncrazy","comment_count":12,"id":"v6rke0","post_time":1654596161.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"If so then what is the stance on preserving the species?","title":"Are there any animals we're aware of that are currently endangered for reasons other than human activity?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6rke0/are_there_any_animals_were_aware_of_that_are/","vote_ratio":0.9},"v6rre8":{"author":"skovalen","comment_count":671,"id":"v6rre8","post_time":1654596923.0,"score":11480,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"The fact that I have to choose one \"flair\" for this question pisses me off.","title":"I know there is a correlation between elevation/altitude and suicide. I moved to a place at 8000 ft 7 years ago. I now have 6 people I know that have killed themselves. I had zero before moving here (in my 40's). Why?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6rre8/i_know_there_is_a_correlation_between/","vote_ratio":0.92},"v6tc5l":{"author":"ScenePuzzled","comment_count":18,"id":"v6tc5l","post_time":1654602532.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"The closest thing I can think of might be the femur in the hip bone, using Google/Oxford's definition: <a circular object that revolves on an axle and is fixed below a vehicle or other object to enable it to move [easily over the ground]>. There has to be something more wheel like! Maybe used in movement in a type of aquatic organism? What about in plants at any capacity? Where are all the nonhuman wheels?","title":"Where are there examples of wheels in nature/living beings, or even in some nonliving process?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6tc5l/where_are_there_examples_of_wheels_in/","vote_ratio":0.67},"v6xako":{"author":"mukavastinumb","comment_count":14,"id":"v6xako","post_time":1654612409.0,"score":9,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I assume that the average temperature of Earth changes based on multiple variables: Distance from the sea/ocean, altitude, hours of daylight, time of day etc. What are the criteria for measuring the average temperature of Earth?\n\nI also assume that each nation gives their own averages, but how do we determine the weights for each country? For example Russia is a lot bigger than Luxembourg, so Russia should have more variation in temperatures and their landmass should represent a larger proportion of the average temperatures.","title":"How do we determine and measure the average temperature of Earth?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6xako/how_do_we_determine_and_measure_the_average/","vote_ratio":0.73},"v6xq3c":{"author":"ProneMasturbationMan","comment_count":4,"id":"v6xq3c","post_time":1654613364.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I'm interested in the chemical reactions that happen between antioxidants and free radicals. There seems to be very little explanation on the internet of the actual chemistry that happens, and if there is it seems a bit too complicated for me.\n\nFree radical = species with unpaired electron. Are all free radicals electrically neutral (not positive nor negative?)\n\nFrom what I can see, antioxidants are also free radicals. They give an unpaired electron to a free radical. After this, both species have no unpaired electrons. Would they both have a charge of +1 or -1 now?\n\nThis makes antioxidants 'good for you' because they result in the free radical now having no unpaired electron, and there are no more chain reactions that occur. I am also curious: when a free radical takes an electron from a different molecule, what makes this reaction 'dangerous' for the body? Which molecule now would go on to be unstable and cause more dangerous reactions, is it the free radical that has been reduced or the other molecule that has been oxidised?","title":"Are antioxidants also free radicals?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6xq3c/are_antioxidants_also_free_radicals/","vote_ratio":0.5},"v6xrmq":{"author":"cool_eagle7","comment_count":2,"id":"v6xrmq","post_time":1654613455.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"They have same internal build. Few holes and seeds on the holes.","title":"Are Ladies' finger and Chillies from same family of plants?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6xrmq/are_ladies_finger_and_chillies_from_same_family/","vote_ratio":0.5},"v7005h":{"author":"noobycheese","comment_count":3,"id":"v7005h","post_time":1654618289.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I\u2019ve tried to Google this but I can\u2019t really find a straight answer and I don\u2019t necessarily trust the very basic explanations given on Tiktok. Thank you!!","title":"How does a hydrocolloid bandage actually work?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7005h/how_does_a_hydrocolloid_bandage_actually_work/","vote_ratio":0.86},"v71uh8":{"author":"ShiBoGod","comment_count":6,"id":"v71uh8","post_time":1654622194.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Clearly, it's not just a phase change due to temperature. Does anyone know what is actually happening? If you kept on heating an egg past its boiling point, would it become liquid again?","title":"How come eggs become solid after heating them?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v71uh8/how_come_eggs_become_solid_after_heating_them/","vote_ratio":0.56},"v7857j":{"author":"ThermalFlask","comment_count":301,"id":"v7857j","post_time":1654637083.0,"score":2212,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I constantly see \"anti-inflammatory properties\" listed as a health benefit of various nutrients in healthy foods, but my understanding is that inflammation is a natural process of the human body. So anti-inflammatory foods are basically inhibiting a normal biological process.\n\nWhy do we need to do that to be healthy? Why do we have a self-destructive inflammatory behavior in the human body anyway?","title":"If inflammation is bad, why does our body do it?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7857j/if_inflammation_is_bad_why_does_our_body_do_it/","vote_ratio":0.94},"v7e8xv":{"author":"TheSentinelsSorrow","comment_count":159,"id":"v7e8xv","post_time":1654654223.0,"score":671,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Since the moon is moving away from us, will it remain tidally locked to Earth or will its rotation one day become out of sync with its orbit?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7e8xv/since_the_moon_is_moving_away_from_us_will_it/","vote_ratio":0.94},"v7g03q":{"author":"QueryRIT","comment_count":47,"id":"v7g03q","post_time":1654659685.0,"score":45,"subreddit":"askscience","text":" You'd think that it would take a few hours or anything more than just 10 minutes for human brain to get severely affected. But even 10 minutes of heart failure and lack of oxygen to brain is devastating. Why? It just sounds so baffling.... is everything in our body like that","title":"If the human brain is oxygen deprived for even 10 minutes it's very dangerous. Why?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7g03q/if_the_human_brain_is_oxygen_deprived_for_even_10/","vote_ratio":0.69},"v7jjnn":{"author":"MayureshMJ","comment_count":9,"id":"v7jjnn","post_time":1654672622.0,"score":31,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Lets say a new cretaceous dinosaur species is living near the bank of a river, The river is continuously eroding the rock on which the cretaceous dinosaur stands on exposing triassic rocks, the cretaceous dinosaur dies near the exposed triassic rocks and gets buried and fossilized.\n\nWe humans then find this fossil of new cretaceous dinosaur along with the triassic rocks and triassic fossils, So how do we avoid not misjudging that the Dinosaur is triassic or the Sedimentary rocks surrounding it are Cretaceous?\n\nOther than absolute dating methods.","title":"What happens when a newer fossil of unknown species is found in an older rock strata?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7jjnn/what_happens_when_a_newer_fossil_of_unknown/","vote_ratio":0.87},"v7kmsp":{"author":"whatman640","comment_count":12,"id":"v7kmsp","post_time":1654677110.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Every single explanation of non-polar/polar interactions essentially says \u201cnon-polar substances have random slight charges that constantly change across the molecule and so are not attracted to the dipoles of water molecules.\u201d I can\u2019t, however, find any explanation to why the two substances (lets say water and oil) actually seperate. I saw a video of someone mixing the oil and water in space and the result was globules of oil randomly dispersed through the water. So in the case of separation of oil and water on earth is it just a case of the water molecules being attracted to each other, \u201cslipping\u201d past the oil and sitting at the bottom of the container due to density and in turn forcing the oil together?","title":"What is the actual mechanism for separating polar and non-polar substances?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7kmsp/what_is_the_actual_mechanism_for_separating_polar/","vote_ratio":0.87},"v7mv9w":{"author":"AskScienceModerator","comment_count":150,"id":"v7mv9w","post_time":1654686017.0,"score":1070,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"OceanX scientists have had rare encounters with a giant purpleback flying squid, identified a potentially region-altering tsunami risk in the Red Sea, and come face-to-face with the elusive sixgill shark, descended from animals that roamed the planet over 200 million years ago. We're currently on mission on our marine research vessel, OceanXplorer, conducting daily sub dives, scuba and ROV ops, and helicopter scouting - and documenting it all to share with the world. Next, we'll be hosting 15 future scientists for a ten-day immersive program aboard our ship.\n\nWe're broadcasting live from the Red Sea and have a whole crew of experts from OceanX ready to answer your questions about all things ocean science-exploration, engineering, research, testing, identification - and science education and communications! We are:\n\n+ Mattie Rodrigue, OceanX Head of Science Operations;\n+ Dr. Tiara Moore, Scientist and Black in Marine Science Program Lead at The Nature Conservancy;\n+ Toby Mitchell, OceanX Submersible Team Leader;\n+ Buck Taylor, OceanX Submersible Pilot;\n+ Olaf Dieckhoff, OceanX ROV Pilot;\n+ Ben Neel, OceanX Helicopter Pilot;\n+ Eben Hall, OceanX Executive Producer;\n+ Richard Barden, OceanX Dive Team;\n+ Roger Solem, Captain of OceanXplorer;\n+ Marko Cagalj, Chief Officer of OceanXplorer;\n+ Jesse Boulton, Second Officer of OceanXplorer;\n+ and Ross Davison-Harmer, Second Officer of OceanXplorer.\n\n\nWe'll be answering questions live from the Red Sea starting around 12 PM EDT (4:00 PM UTC), ask us anything!\n\nUsername: /u/oceanxorg\n\n@Oceanx on Social Media","title":"AskScience AMA Series: We're a global nonprofit ocean exploration organization conducting science research missions in the most unexplored areas of the world, from the Galapagos Islands to the Arctic Ocean. Ask us anything!","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7mv9w/askscience_ama_series_were_a_global_nonprofit/","vote_ratio":0.92},"v7qboc":{"author":"AutoModerator","comment_count":51,"id":"v7qboc","post_time":1654696811.0,"score":61,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on **Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology**\n\nDo you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: \"What would happen if...\", \"How will the future...\", \"If all the rules for 'X' were different...\", \"Why does my...\".\n\n**Asking Questions:**\n\nPlease post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.\n\n**Answering Questions:**\n\nPlease only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. [The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/wiki/index#wiki_answering_askscience). In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.\n\nIf you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, [please refer to the information provided here](https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/about/sticky).\n\nPast AskAnythingWednesday posts [can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/search?q=flair%3A%27meta%27&restrict_sr=on&sort=new&t=all). Ask away!","title":"Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7qboc/ask_anything_wednesday_biology_chemistry/","vote_ratio":0.81},"v7rd8z":{"author":"LaughterCo","comment_count":2,"id":"v7rd8z","post_time":1654699699.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I'm wondering how they figured out the function of reverse transciptase and integrase.","title":"What experiments or observations did Scientists use to figure out how Retroviruses work?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7rd8z/what_experiments_or_observations_did_scientists/","vote_ratio":0.82},"v7sma8":{"author":"godyaev","comment_count":14,"id":"v7sma8","post_time":1654703030.0,"score":13,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Is it possible to hide the fact of a test nuclear explosion if someone wants to hide it from the world?","title":"Can a nuclear test go undetected?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7sma8/can_a_nuclear_test_go_undetected/","vote_ratio":0.72},"v7tk9k":{"author":"Peacefulber","comment_count":187,"id":"v7tk9k","post_time":1654705475.0,"score":1959,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Either via genetics, epigenetics or any other factors.","title":"If twins are born via IVF, are those twins any more likely to have natural twins or their own?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7tk9k/if_twins_are_born_via_ivf_are_those_twins_any/","vote_ratio":0.91},"v7vkcv":{"author":"strq3","comment_count":2,"id":"v7vkcv","post_time":1654710674.0,"score":13,"subreddit":"askscience","text":" I tried looking up some research on the subject, but could not find an answer.\n\nTo be more specific, birth control pills are associated with side effects relating to mood. The person in question is suffering from depression and brain fog after taking the pills, in addition to disrupted sleep patterns. We were wondering how the hormonal levels from the pills might be affecting the production of other hormones such as serotonin or melatonin (not an expert here but those are the two I mostly hear about).","title":"What is the effect of hormonal birth control pills (estrogen and progesterone) on other hormonal pathways?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7vkcv/what_is_the_effect_of_hormonal_birth_control/","vote_ratio":0.89},"v803cc":{"author":"AnxiouslyPessimistic","comment_count":36,"id":"v803cc","post_time":1654722521.0,"score":131,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"When something like an artery is repaired and stitched together how does it become sealed? Is it just regular clotting the way blood repairs skin cuts etc or something else?","title":"How do things like arteries stay \u201cwatertight\u201d after being stitched together in an operation?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v803cc/how_do_things_like_arteries_stay_watertight_after/","vote_ratio":0.92},"v8cuxk":{"author":"Kkashmironline","comment_count":0,"id":"v8cuxk","post_time":1654766591.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why does Vishanshar Lake of Kashmir Great Lakes Trek change colours as the day proceeds?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8cuxk/why_does_vishanshar_lake_of_kashmir_great_lakes/","vote_ratio":1.0},"v8e901":{"author":"AskScienceModerator","comment_count":635,"id":"v8e901","post_time":1654772442.0,"score":2567,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"**TL;DR:**\nA year ago, we did an [AMA](https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/m5i6g5/askscience_ama_series_hi_reddit_we_are_group_of/) answering science or technology questions on any topic from Reddit. We had a blast and so we're back again! So please ask us any questions any of you have to do with science or technology and how they affect your life. There are no silly questions - ask us anything and we will try to give an easy-to-understand answer and, wherever possible, provide some further sources to enable you to do your own research/reading.\n\n\nOur goal is simply to advance everyone's understanding of science, engineering, and technology and to help people be better informed about the issues likely to affect them and their families.\n\n**More info / Longer read:**\nCSES is a registered charity in the UK, founded in 1920. We're a volunteer group of over 250 members and our key strength is our diversity and interdisciplinary expertise. Our members come from a variety of educational, social, and economic backgrounds, from industry and academia and a multitude of age groups, representing groups from the millennials all the way to the Silent Generation (our oldest member being 98)!\n\nThere has been growing dis-information globally in the last 20 years. Today's global interconnectedness, while being hugely beneficial for making information easily accessible to everyone, has made it ever more difficult to determine 'truth' and who to trust. As an independent charity, not affiliated or biased to any particular group, but with broad knowledge we are here to answer any questions you may have and to hopefully point you to further reading!\n\nOur goal is simply to answer as many of your questions as we can - but we aren't able to give advice on things - sorry! We will also be clear where what we are saying is the experience-based opinion of someone in our team.\n\nSo, Reddit... Ask us anything!\n\nCSES will draw from its large pool of volunteers to answer your questions, however some of the people standing by to answer comments are:\n\n+ **Professor David Humber**: Over 30 years' experience as a researcher, lecturer and senior university manager, specialising in immuno-biology and the life sciences.\n+ **David Whyte BEM**: Technologist and Chartered Engineer with over 10 years' R&D experience and 16 international patents across a wide range of technologies. Honoured by The Queen with a BEM, for services to engineering and technology.\n+ **Amy Knight**: Science teacher and artist experienced in art/science collaborations with organisations like Soapbox Science and The Royal Society; her work has been featured at the Tate Modern's \"Tate Exchange\".\n+ **Anthony McQuiggan**: 10 years of engineering experience and 30 years as a serial entrepreneur having built a number of very successful start-up SME technology companies in the UK, Japan, and the USA.\n+ **Roger Pittock**: Active retired engineer with 37 years' experience in electronics, software, mechanical, electrical, process, and safety systems. Avid supporter of the Consumers' Association having been elected to their Council for many years.\n+ **Adam Wood - President of CSES**: Chartered Engineer with over 13 years' experience in electronics, software, and systems engineering - working in the medical / healthcare, transport, and aerospace industries.\n\nUsername: /u/chelmsfordses\n\n-----\n\nEDI: We will be answering intermittently throughout the night and will stop taking new questions at 9 am BST tomorrow morning, but we will answer as many submitted before that time as we possibly can!","title":"AskScience AMA Series: Hi Reddit - we are group of 250 engineers, scientists, innovators, technologists, digital experts, and designers with a collected 45 PhDs / Professors and 35 members representing national science or engineering institutions. AUA!","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8e901/askscience_ama_series_hi_reddit_we_are_group_of/","vote_ratio":0.91},"v8levm":{"author":"lilFireMermaid","comment_count":16,"id":"v8levm","post_time":1654794057.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Have heard evaporation is the answer but this doesn\u2019t seem to make sense as that rate is variable depending on heat and humidity (?) so how can it always be true?\n\nThank you in advance! \ud83d\ude4f \ud83e\uddca","title":"Could someone please explain why you can fill a glass with ice and also fill it all the way to the top with water and the ice can melt completely but the glass will never overflow?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8levm/could_someone_please_explain_why_you_can_fill_a/","vote_ratio":0.62},"v8s6vq":{"author":"GasMaskGhou1","comment_count":9,"id":"v8s6vq","post_time":1654812234.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Is it possible to keep a detached limb \"alive\" or prevent it from rotting for an extended period of time?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8s6vq/is_it_possible_to_keep_a_detached_limb_alive_or/","vote_ratio":0.93},"v8s9k8":{"author":"ebpomtl","comment_count":8,"id":"v8s9k8","post_time":1654812437.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Hi !\n\nIt is a stupid question but I'm in a middle of cooking and it just came to me.\n\nLet's say I'm cooking diced chicken, in a big pan. Not enough to fill up the whole pan.\n\nWould the pieces cook faster if they are all together and touching or would they cook faster if spread on the pan ?\n\nI'm assuming the pan is heating evenly.\n\nThanks !!","title":"Does distance of food in a pan matters when cooking ?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8s9k8/does_distance_of_food_in_a_pan_matters_when/","vote_ratio":0.8},"v8tbaq":{"author":"KingaisKhan","comment_count":6,"id":"v8tbaq","post_time":1654815466.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Asking because a friend told me that bacterial dna is added to plants to make them resistent to herbicide (GMO), and they could transfer their dna to other plants via pollen. This friend is pretty wack, but my genetics class was too long ago for me to remember anything so who knows!!","title":"Can bacterial DNA be transferred into a plant genome?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8tbaq/can_bacterial_dna_be_transferred_into_a_plant/","vote_ratio":1.0},"v8tht3":{"author":"HatZinn","comment_count":11,"id":"v8tht3","post_time":1654815979.0,"score":24,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I am aware that it is possible for bacteria to become resistant to antibiotics and for some viruses to gain resistance to anti-viral meds. But is it also possible for them to become resistant to antibodies produced by the immune system?","title":"Are there any bacteria or viruses which are resistant/immune to antibodies?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8tht3/are_there_any_bacteria_or_viruses_which_are/","vote_ratio":0.73},"v8u2tu":{"author":"4thDevilsAdvocate","comment_count":6,"id":"v8u2tu","post_time":1654817741.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Let's assume that, for some reason, a cell is using [active transport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_transport) to move water out of itself or an organelle within itself - why, I don't know, but it is, perhaps it's trying to pull the water out of an [aqueous solution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueous_solution) within itself, or perhaps trying to self-desiccate.\n\nHow much ATP would the cellular pump in question consume per water molecule it transports this way? Does it depend on the concentration of water on either side of the pump? Is there a correlation between the atomic mass of a molecule in [daltons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalton_(unit)) and the amount of ATP required to force it through a pump?","title":"How much ATP does it cost for a cell to actively transport 1 molecule of water?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8u2tu/how_much_atp_does_it_cost_for_a_cell_to_actively/","vote_ratio":0.75},"v8vm86":{"author":"The_Codeword_Is_Bunk","comment_count":4,"id":"v8vm86","post_time":1654822585.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I apologize if this question is too unclear or vague - I haven\u2019t done too much research on this topic and am merely spouting off my far-fetched shower thoughts after a high school biology class.","title":"Would the pharmaceutical inhibition of dopamine receptor downregulation prevent the effects of addiction, both mental and physical? And if so, do we currently have a method of doing so?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8vm86/would_the_pharmaceutical_inhibition_of_dopamine/","vote_ratio":0.86},"v8zai9":{"author":"Delicious-Yoghurt-50","comment_count":19,"id":"v8zai9","post_time":1654834766.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How many calories does the human body burn on average per day naturally when not excersising and just doing everyday things?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8zai9/how_many_calories_does_the_human_body_burn_on/","vote_ratio":0.71},"v8zlgj":{"author":"ackzilla","comment_count":11,"id":"v8zlgj","post_time":1654835854.0,"score":21,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Do people who have bullets or bullet fragments lodged in their bodies subsequently show symptoms of lead poisoning?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8zlgj/do_people_who_have_bullets_or_bullet_fragments/","vote_ratio":0.88},"v8ztyc":{"author":"Super_Shock_5765","comment_count":1,"id":"v8ztyc","post_time":1654836749.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"This should include bears, coyotes, wolves, racoons, etc. I'm not specialized in evolutionary history and wikipedia lingo is kinda hard to understand sometimes.","title":"Did all Caniforms evolve in North America?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8ztyc/did_all_caniforms_evolve_in_north_america/","vote_ratio":0.75},"v90rz8":{"author":"SocksAndPi","comment_count":3,"id":"v90rz8","post_time":1654840255.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I've been told many times that it can interact poorly with medication (like increased drowsiness, irritability, etc.), but I've never been given a reason as to why it increases the risk of seizure when you drink, or how it affects our brains differently than non-epileptics.","title":"Why does alcohol increase the likelihood of seizures in epileptics?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v90rz8/why_does_alcohol_increase_the_likelihood_of/","vote_ratio":0.75},"v90xzo":{"author":"SYwaves","comment_count":11,"id":"v90xzo","post_time":1654840903.0,"score":28,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Can Maillard reaction happen by boiling food in conditions that raises water's boiling point (e.g. salted water or high atmospheric pressure)?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v90xzo/can_maillard_reaction_happen_by_boiling_food_in/","vote_ratio":0.89},"v918wu":{"author":"janedoecurious","comment_count":5,"id":"v918wu","post_time":1654842127.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"If the live virus smallpox vaccine can cause serious reactions in people with eczema\u2014even just by being near someone vaccinated\u2014how can someone with eczema safely move about society?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v918wu/if_the_live_virus_smallpox_vaccine_can_cause/","vote_ratio":0.44},"v91xcr":{"author":"PatientReference8497","comment_count":8,"id":"v91xcr","post_time":1654844946.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I am in my mid 30s, and have had pretty severe nasal congestion caused by hayfever every summer for as long as I rememeber.\n\nI have noticed that I cannot smell lighter or faint smells, contrasted by my wife who must have supersmelly powers","title":"Can lifelong hayfever cause a reduced sense of smell?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v91xcr/can_lifelong_hayfever_cause_a_reduced_sense_of/","vote_ratio":0.7},"v93g2o":{"author":"Awilta","comment_count":33,"id":"v93g2o","post_time":1654851594.0,"score":365,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Can you develop Autoantibodies against your own Blood group antigens?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v93g2o/can_you_develop_autoantibodies_against_your_own/","vote_ratio":0.88},"v93v9x":{"author":"LeagueOfRobots","comment_count":1,"id":"v93v9x","post_time":1654853351.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Do animals with four legs utilise inverted pendulum gait to walk, or do they 'drag' their weight along one step at a time?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v93v9x/do_animals_with_four_legs_utilise_inverted/","vote_ratio":0.75},"v94m8d":{"author":"SS7Hamzeh","comment_count":316,"id":"v94m8d","post_time":1654856451.0,"score":1252,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Edit: Thank you for those who made helpful, scientific replies! There are too many of you for me to thank individually, so, thanks to all of you!","title":"I can switch between breathing from my mouth, my nose, or both, even with both of my mouth and nose open. Anatomically and physiologically, how does this happen? Also, how does the body switch between the right and left nostrils?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v94m8d/i_can_switch_between_breathing_from_my_mouth_my/","vote_ratio":0.9},"v94nzm":{"author":"Stevetrov","comment_count":377,"id":"v94nzm","post_time":1654856653.0,"score":2652,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I have a scientific background mainly in math and computer science and some parts of evolution make sense to me like birds evolving better suited beaks or viruses evolving to spread faster. These things evolve in small changes each of which has a benefit.\n\nBut a circulation system needs a number of different parts to work, you need a heart at least 1 lung, blood vessels and blood to carry the oxygen around. Each of these very complex and has multicellular structure (except blood).\n\nI see how having a circulation system gives an organism an advantage but not how we got here.\n\nThe only explanation I have found on the Internet is that we can see genetic similarities between us and organisms without a circulation system but that feels very weak evidence.\n\nTo my computer science brain evolution feels like making a series of small tweaks to a computer program, changing a variable or adding a line of code. Adding a circulation system feels a lot more than a tweak and would be the equivalent of adding a new features that required multiple changes across many files and probably the introduction whole new components and those changes need to be done to work together to achieve the overall goal.\n\nMany thx\n\nEDIT Thanks for all the responses so far, I have only had time to skim through them so far. In particular thanks to those that have given possible evolutionary paths to evolve form a simple organism to a human with a complex circulation system.","title":"How did complex systems like our circulation system evolve?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v94nzm/how_did_complex_systems_like_our_circulation/","vote_ratio":0.91},"v96wyd":{"author":"EmuVerges","comment_count":10,"id":"v96wyd","post_time":1654864929.0,"score":37,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How can we switch from automatic unconscious breathing to counscious breathing? How does it work in our brain, nerves and diaphragm?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v96wyd/how_can_we_switch_from_automatic_unconscious/","vote_ratio":0.83},"v976k5":{"author":"findallthebears","comment_count":4,"id":"v976k5","post_time":1654865825.0,"score":65,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"As they're both fluids, they share things like currents, buoyancy, wind, waves. But is there something like rain underwater? Could it hail underwater?\n\nI am familiar with the \"snow\" made of falling biomass, and I also have questions about that. Does it condense from tiny particles, or break up from much larger falling pieces?","title":"Is there weather underwater to match atmospheric weather?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v976k5/is_there_weather_underwater_to_match_atmospheric/","vote_ratio":0.91},"v97k2i":{"author":"adwaitdixit_da_man","comment_count":6,"id":"v97k2i","post_time":1654867021.0,"score":20,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why does a skin/layer form on the surface of hot milk?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v97k2i/why_does_a_skinlayer_form_on_the_surface_of_hot/","vote_ratio":0.88},"v980w2":{"author":"HellfuckinYEAHImAFag","comment_count":59,"id":"v980w2","post_time":1654868476.0,"score":487,"subreddit":"askscience","text":" \n\nI  haven't been able to get precise  answers on this one -- moving from sea  level to 10,000 ft for 3mos. of  work, I was advised to \"drink as much water as you possibly can\", \"avoid  heavy drinking and caffeine\", and to  \"eat at any time you're hungry at  all\" (for the whole time I'm at this  elevation).\n\nWhat  is the exact  reason for this ? Does it have to do with less oxygen at  altitude ? What  makes the body fall to pieces if you don't practice  this constantly at high elevations ?","title":"Why Do We Need To Eat And Drink More At Altitude?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v980w2/why_do_we_need_to_eat_and_drink_more_at_altitude/","vote_ratio":0.91},"v98wnu":{"author":"JimPlaysGames","comment_count":2,"id":"v98wnu","post_time":1654871018.0,"score":13,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Given that a galaxy is thousands of light years wide wouldn't the light from a nearer part of it reach us sooner than light from a further part of it? Why aren't the images of galaxies smeared sideways sometimes because the galaxy is moving sideways across the sky relative to us? Or are some of them like that?","title":"Are the shapes of galaxies we see distored by the light from different parts of it getting to us later than others?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v98wnu/are_the_shapes_of_galaxies_we_see_distored_by_the/","vote_ratio":0.77},"v9bac8":{"author":"good_god_lemon1","comment_count":3,"id":"v9bac8","post_time":1654877624.0,"score":9,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"What\u2019s the difference between a deinosuchus and sarcosuchus? Are they closely related?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9bac8/whats_the_difference_between_a_deinosuchus_and/","vote_ratio":0.74},"v9fop4":{"author":"TnecnivTrebor","comment_count":13,"id":"v9fop4","post_time":1654889802.0,"score":298,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2201445","title":"Is this paper on a treatment for rectal cancer as promising as it sounds?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9fop4/is_this_paper_on_a_treatment_for_rectal_cancer_as/","vote_ratio":0.89},"v9hzif":{"author":"octacilio1","comment_count":69,"id":"v9hzif","post_time":1654896268.0,"score":769,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"As an undergrad student, I used the Schr\u00f6dinger equation to solve the Hydrogen atom, but the result would lead to missing transitions. The professor then said that the Dirac equation would give a better result, but it would still lack some corrections from the hyperfine structure and quantum field theory. \n\nSo, my questions are:\n\n1) Are all the known corrections enough? Or are there transitions that happen using a state that shouldn't exist according to the model? I.e., are all states from the Hydrogen atom in the model?\n\n2) Do these corrections make a closed formula, or are they had to be done using numerical methods?","title":"Is the Hydrogen spectrum fully solved?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9hzif/is_the_hydrogen_spectrum_fully_solved/","vote_ratio":0.92},"v9jkem":{"author":"cowox93112","comment_count":8,"id":"v9jkem","post_time":1654900820.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"For the Riemann zeta function at positive even values, we have the well known closed expression in terms of powers of pi and the Bernoulli numbers. I know there are no proven expressions for odd values, but are there similar formulas that are at least empirically valid up to high precision and could be plausible candidate for an exact formula? Has there been a systematic search?","title":"Are there simple speculative formulas for zeta(odd integer number)?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9jkem/are_there_simple_speculative_formulas_for_zetaodd/","vote_ratio":0.73},"v9kajc":{"author":"Seths_dad","comment_count":18,"id":"v9kajc","post_time":1654902985.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"What are the actual consequences for researchers performing a study without informed consent? I would think that being unable to actually publish that work would be a given, but can researchers be held criminally or civilly liable? Is this kind of liability different from something like a medical malpractice case in say a drug trial?\n\nEdit: I apologize for some added confusion on my part. I need to make an edit here because I think I didn't word my question correctly. \n\nI mean what if I ( or anyone else's) had participated in a study where proper consent was not given because of some kind of error on the part of the researchers. Like someone gave their consent, but it wasn't properly informed consent because of something like an omission of the risks, or failing to outline the responsibilities of the subject.","title":"What would happen if I didn't give my informed consent to participate in a study?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9kajc/what_would_happen_if_i_didnt_give_my_informed/","vote_ratio":0.5},"v9leeh":{"author":"byf_43","comment_count":10,"id":"v9leeh","post_time":1654906531.0,"score":68,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I was recently thinking about multi grade motor oil and had a hard time understanding viscosity as a function of temperature.  So far as I understand, the idea is that the oil is less viscous when cold so it\u2019ll run through a cold engine faster, ergo 10w30 would be a viscosity of 10 when cold and then 30 when warm.  But logically that makes zero sense to me; wouldn\u2019t hot oil be less viscous?  One example a website gave was a marble being dropped into honey at two different temperatures and as expected the marble through warm honey traveled faster than the marble in cold honey.  So what am I missing here?","title":"What am I missing on how multi grade motor oil viscosity is affected by temperature?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9leeh/what_am_i_missing_on_how_multi_grade_motor_oil/","vote_ratio":0.82},"v9qtcu":{"author":"bonobeaux","comment_count":6,"id":"v9qtcu","post_time":1654925973.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Has anyone accumulated enough scent juice from ants\u2019 scent glands for someone to be able to know what they smell like?","title":"Do we know what ant scent trails smell like?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9qtcu/do_we_know_what_ant_scent_trails_smell_like/","vote_ratio":0.77},"v9rmis":{"author":"VonDerBerg","comment_count":5,"id":"v9rmis","post_time":1654929358.0,"score":20,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How high concentration or radon are in mountainous and rocky places? Are these the hotspots for radon gas?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9rmis/how_high_concentration_or_radon_are_in/","vote_ratio":0.72},"v9vmcm":{"author":"amBrollachan","comment_count":175,"id":"v9vmcm","post_time":1654946958.0,"score":1339,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"On a clear night, without light pollution, I can follow the path from Cassiopeia to the Andromeda galaxy, which appears as a dim smear of light. \nI assume that the closer I travel towards Andromeda (as impossible as that is) the brighter and more visible it will be and therefore it stands to reason that if I am *inside* Andromeda it will be incredibly bright. I mean, I'd be standing inside something which is giving off enough light to be seen from *Earth* in a whole other galaxy.\n\nI assume our galaxy looks the similar from the perspective of an Andromedan so why does it ever get dark?","title":"Why isn't it always light?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9vmcm/why_isnt_it_always_light/","vote_ratio":0.89},"v9ykko":{"author":"tallwarm1","comment_count":49,"id":"v9ykko","post_time":1654957248.0,"score":286,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I have heard that sea turtles travel hundreds of miles and return to their place of birth to lay their eggs.   I have heard that fresh water turtles can travel two or more miles by land to their place of birth to lay their eggs.   And I have always been told not relocate land turtles, like box turtles, since they will try to get back to where  you found them or where they were going.      \nBut how do all these species determine their direction for such long distances whether on land or in the water?","title":"How do turtles navigate?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9ykko/how_do_turtles_navigate/","vote_ratio":0.89},"v9zegd":{"author":"beatbox2sleep","comment_count":7,"id":"v9zegd","post_time":1654959851.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Have there been any efforts to recover fossils from under sea level?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9zegd/have_there_been_any_efforts_to_recover_fossils/","vote_ratio":0.82},"v9zj2r":{"author":"Little_Quest","comment_count":7,"id":"v9zj2r","post_time":1654960234.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How do scientists know what's about to happen to the Milky Way Galaxy and the Andromeda Galaxy in billions of years?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9zj2r/how_do_scientists_know_whats_about_to_happen_to/","vote_ratio":0.65},"va0qir":{"author":"potatoface183","comment_count":1610,"id":"va0qir","post_time":1654963792.0,"score":5263,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"This may be a dumb question. But yeah in a previous post I saw that turtles tracks their home via geomagnetic signature or something. Does humans used to have any senses that we lost through evolution ??","title":"Does early humans have any special abilities that was lost through evolution?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/va0qir/does_early_humans_have_any_special_abilities_that/","vote_ratio":0.91},"va1off":{"author":"DarnHeather","comment_count":49,"id":"va1off","post_time":1654966586.0,"score":200,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why does human skin get so thin and fragile as people age?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/va1off/why_does_human_skin_get_so_thin_and_fragile_as/","vote_ratio":0.92},"va2fni":{"author":"OldschoolSysadmin","comment_count":20,"id":"va2fni","post_time":1654968859.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Adam Savage pointed out that humanity's ability to adapt to our environment (and adapt our environment to ourselves)^1 has been a major evolutionary advantage.  Clothing seems like the earliest example of this kind of adaptation.  Unlike tool use for hunting/gathering, which definitely predated homo sapiens and shows up in other species, is use of tools for creating habitats unique to us?\n\n1) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vjOOD70T_fM#t=13m39s","title":"Are there any other species that use tools to \"improve\" their environment?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/va2fni/are_there_any_other_species_that_use_tools_to/","vote_ratio":0.69},"va2heu":{"author":"n00ntel","comment_count":3,"id":"va2heu","post_time":1654969012.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How did Quality of Life become one of the standard evaluation metrics in therapeutics?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/va2heu/how_did_quality_of_life_become_one_of_the/","vote_ratio":0.4},"va2jxj":{"author":"n00ntel","comment_count":9,"id":"va2jxj","post_time":1654969219.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How do I scientifically measure quality of life in a therapeutic procedure?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/va2jxj/how_do_i_scientifically_measure_quality_of_life/","vote_ratio":0.36},"vafu59":{"author":"PrestigiousCommand85","comment_count":62,"id":"vafu59","post_time":1655014805.0,"score":152,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Asking because I have fake nails I glue onto my fingers, which means I\u2019m in skin contact with plastic for weeks and through hot showers. I\u2019ve heard BPA is a big issue in both these situations so I\u2019m a bit concerned. Is there any way to test this at home? For example, through their reaction with alcohol or through testing their melting point?","title":"Is there a way to tell if a product is made from BPA plastics over say, another plastic like ABS, if there are no recycling symbols given?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vafu59/is_there_a_way_to_tell_if_a_product_is_made_from/","vote_ratio":0.86},"vak2p2":{"author":"ParsleyLion","comment_count":5,"id":"vak2p2","post_time":1655033612.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I know a new species description can be conducted by comparison with other relatives, and they can be described with descriptions and illustrations and studied over time to show their are a unique species, but when some sort of genetics are extracted and analysed, how does this happen ?  \nThanks AskScience!","title":"How do scientists get the new genetic code from a newly discovered species to show it is a new species, what machine/process do they use?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vak2p2/how_do_scientists_get_the_new_genetic_code_from_a/","vote_ratio":0.63},"val9tu":{"author":"Just-Another-Lesbian","comment_count":6,"id":"val9tu","post_time":1655038080.0,"score":43,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I was using some silicone rubber (the kind you use to seal gaps between tiles) and some of it got on my hand. When I went to wash it off in the sink with some hand soap I noticed that the soap wasn't foaming, no matter how much soap I put on my hands. After drying off my hands I tried it again and this time the soap was foaming as usual, so my guess is it must have had something to do with the silicone on my hands","title":"Does RTV-1 Silicone Rubber react with hand soap in a way that prevents the soap from foaming?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/val9tu/does_rtv1_silicone_rubber_react_with_hand_soap_in/","vote_ratio":0.78},"vannn2":{"author":"Qeezio","comment_count":162,"id":"vannn2","post_time":1655045707.0,"score":1851,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Specialized cells have telomers which protect their DNA from damaging, but when cell divides, some telomer is lost and daughter cells have it less than parent cell. After some time, DNA is complitly un protected and so, cell dies. Why then stem cells can divide endlessly ?","title":"Why stem cells can divide endlessly ?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vannn2/why_stem_cells_can_divide_endlessly/","vote_ratio":0.91},"vasxtj":{"author":"G_I_B_B_E_R_I_S_H_","comment_count":21,"id":"vasxtj","post_time":1655060857.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Like is there something that prevents our hands from growing significantly larger that the other or our bones from growing through our skin?","title":"Is there a genetic code or mechanism that makes sure that our body grows uniformly?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vasxtj/is_there_a_genetic_code_or_mechanism_that_makes/","vote_ratio":0.73},"vat28f":{"author":"dafrankenstein2","comment_count":18,"id":"vat28f","post_time":1655061194.0,"score":14,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How much water is required to produce a single computer chip?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vat28f/how_much_water_is_required_to_produce_a_single/","vote_ratio":0.72},"vax6cd":{"author":"Scienc3_HS","comment_count":8,"id":"vax6cd","post_time":1655072830.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Does salt intake (directly or indirectly) affect mental health?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vax6cd/does_salt_intake_directly_or_indirectly_affect/","vote_ratio":0.6},"vaxy15":{"author":"fish5196","comment_count":12,"id":"vaxy15","post_time":1655075096.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Does live footage take up more or less data than animated when similar resolutions and stuff is accounted for? Or are there any other differences that I'm just not thinking of at all?","title":"Is there a difference between a pixel of live footage and animated?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vaxy15/is_there_a_difference_between_a_pixel_of_live/","vote_ratio":0.6},"vazfya":{"author":"Half_Smashed_Face","comment_count":17,"id":"vazfya","post_time":1655079875.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I was hit by a van a little while ago and ever since I've had double vision when looking up, down and left. So I've been mainly using my left  eye to focus on things. I think I've noticed that my right doesn't seem to be the same quality as my left. \n\nDoes your vision quality decrease if you don't \"exercise\" the eye enough?","title":"Does your vision decrease if you use one eye. ore than the other? Read tho whole thing to understand","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vazfya/does_your_vision_decrease_if_you_use_one_eye_ore/","vote_ratio":0.6},"vb4lzd":{"author":"Jas6881","comment_count":7,"id":"vb4lzd","post_time":1655097302.0,"score":17,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How is Milky way and Andromeda galaxy going to colloid if the universe is expanding and everything is going further apart?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vb4lzd/how_is_milky_way_and_andromeda_galaxy_going_to/","vote_ratio":0.77},"vb6o58":{"author":"pensimen","comment_count":74,"id":"vb6o58","post_time":1655105825.0,"score":36,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Do all animals have XX chromosomes for female and XY for male?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vb6o58/do_all_animals_have_xx_chromosomes_for_female_and/","vote_ratio":0.78},"vb9isb":{"author":"AskScienceModerator","comment_count":94,"id":"vb9isb","post_time":1655118049.0,"score":3150,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I am Dr. Helen Okoye, MBBS, FMCPath, FWACP. I am a haematologist currently working as an Attending Physician and Thrombosis Specialist at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital in Enugu, Nigeria. My clinical work focuses on thrombosis and haemostasis with a special interest in women's health. I see all kinds of patients with thrombotic disorders including obstetric and cancer patients. I am passionate about women's health and helping my patients to overcome barriers to health care here in Nigeria, many of which are due to cost and/or lack of resources. I am here to answer your questions about what it is like to work as a female clinician in Nigeria. I will be here at 12 p.m. noon US ET (16 UT), AMA!\n\nUsername: /u/WorldThrombosisDay","title":"AskScience AMA Series: I am Dr. Helen Okoye. As an attending physician and thrombosis specialist at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, I am passionate about women's health and helping to overcome barriers to health care here in Nigeria. AMA!","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vb9isb/askscience_ama_series_i_am_dr_helen_okoye_as_an/","vote_ratio":0.93},"vbgk00":{"author":"Defiant_Performer_56","comment_count":10,"id":"vbgk00","post_time":1655138854.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"There are so many websites claiming it heals all sorts of injuries but they all seem to be doctors selling the product.","title":"How effective is platelet-rich plasma (PRP) as healing ligaments and tendons?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vbgk00/how_effective_is_plateletrich_plasma_prp_as/","vote_ratio":0.78},"vbmdfy":{"author":"smittysomething","comment_count":242,"id":"vbmdfy","post_time":1655154167.0,"score":1229,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"If I take a big strong spring and compress it between my arms, it takes a continuous amount of energy for me to hold it there.\n\nHowever if I put that same spring in a vice and use some of my energy to close the vice, it'll happily sit there closed without me needing to add extra energy to the vice.\n\nWhat's the difference here? Why do I seemingly need an infinite amount of energy to hold the spring closed but the vice doesn't? Where is that energy from me going?","title":"Why do I need infinite energy to keep a spring compressed, but a vice doesn't?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vbmdfy/why_do_i_need_infinite_energy_to_keep_a_spring/","vote_ratio":0.88},"vbn88s":{"author":"RustyShadeOfRed","comment_count":6,"id":"vbn88s","post_time":1655156416.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Could a meteor impact split apart a tectonic plate?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vbn88s/could_a_meteor_impact_split_apart_a_tectonic_plate/","vote_ratio":0.74},"vbq88d":{"author":"AlarmingAffect0","comment_count":265,"id":"vbq88d","post_time":1655164948.0,"score":1584,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I thought that was exclusive to mammals and maybe birds, that the [Ancient Reptilian Brains](https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Triune_brain) literally had not developed the \u201clayers\u201d responsible for what we'd call \u201cemotions\u201d (allegedly, the [Limbic System](https://www.wikiwand.com/en/lymbic%20system)?). Yet, I'm finding out many anecdotal examples of reptiles being loyal or physically affectionate. I'm very confused by this.\n\nEDIT: a poster has brought up that we may be confusing \u201caffection,\u201d which only mammals can do, with \u201cimprinting,\u201d which \u201csimpler\u201d brains can manage. What are the differences between the two, in practice? Can one design tests to distinguish one process from the other, on a behavioral, empirical, tangible, objective level?","title":"Are reptiles capable of affection and forming bonds?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vbq88d/are_reptiles_capable_of_affection_and_forming/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vbsa4o":{"author":"RexMcMuffin","comment_count":8,"id":"vbsa4o","post_time":1655171472.0,"score":17,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"An increase in severe weather events and anomalies is something scientists attribute to climate change. Does this mean weather in some places is more difficult to predict? \n\nDoes climate change make it harder to create accurate weather forecasts? Or is weather forecast technology able to keep up with changing climates?","title":"Has climate change affected weather forecasting?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vbsa4o/has_climate_change_affected_weather_forecasting/","vote_ratio":0.68},"vbszj3":{"author":"keenanpepper","comment_count":16,"id":"vbszj3","post_time":1655173667.0,"score":46,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I know that on the one hand black holes \"have no hair\" (any two with the same mass, change, and spin are identical), while on the other hand normal stars can be different from each other by having different concentrations of elements (hydrogen-rich vs metal-rich etc.).\n\nWhich of these extremes is more similar to neutron stars? What material properties, if any, could be different in one neutron star vs another?","title":"Do different neutron stars differ in composition?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vbszj3/do_different_neutron_stars_differ_in_composition/","vote_ratio":0.82},"vbum84":{"author":"topdotter","comment_count":6,"id":"vbum84","post_time":1655179067.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Assuming we're only concerned with currently known elements, is the number of possible materials and compounds that can be made limited? Because there's only a finite number of ways you can join and arrange the basic elements? Or is there something else at play that makes for potentially infinite derivatives? Why?","title":"Is there a limit to the number of materials and compounds that can be made or is it theoretically infinite?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vbum84/is_there_a_limit_to_the_number_of_materials_and/","vote_ratio":0.88},"vby8gm":{"author":"JInglink","comment_count":3,"id":"vby8gm","post_time":1655192968.0,"score":22,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"What Chemical/Physical/Electric actions are taking place in the brain?","title":"What exactly is happening in the brain when you try to remember something but can't?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vby8gm/what_exactly_is_happening_in_the_brain_when_you/","vote_ratio":0.96},"vc1f5l":{"author":"Mr_Hughman","comment_count":4,"id":"vc1f5l","post_time":1655206361.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Specifically I'm asking about the edge of the gaseous matter surrounding the earth. Does it experience a tide? Does it flare up like the surface of the sun?","title":"What goes on at the edge of the atmosphere?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vc1f5l/what_goes_on_at_the_edge_of_the_atmosphere/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vc1xhs":{"author":"detoxiccity2","comment_count":3,"id":"vc1xhs","post_time":1655208151.0,"score":21,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I don't really know much about o chem or chemistry much in general, so I'm just wondering.","title":"Why and how does radiation cause dipole rotation in proteins/amino acids?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vc1xhs/why_and_how_does_radiation_cause_dipole_rotation/","vote_ratio":0.75},"vc3r1j":{"author":"InfinitelyThirsting","comment_count":2,"id":"vc3r1j","post_time":1655214018.0,"score":21,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I've had this question stuck in my brain for a few days. We know that light pollution affects a lot of animals in myriad ways, and that artificial blue lights really screw with our time clocks and sleep, and spending time in green space has both physical and mental health benefits. \n\nSo, if spending time in green space is something we seem to need to thrive, what about the stars themselves? A big percentage of people have never seen the Milky Way at night because it's too bright at night now. I know people who didn't know it was something you could see with the naked eye, and had almost spiritual experiences seeing a proper night sky. Maybe it's a silly question, or maybe impossible to really study separately from the impact of artificial light in general. But I am curious if anyone has looked into whether the lack of stars at night has any effects on our health?","title":"Has any research been done on the effects of light pollution and the lack of visible stars on humans, similar to how the effects of green space have been studied?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vc3r1j/has_any_research_been_done_on_the_effects_of/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vc4hvr":{"author":"quinnbutnotreally","comment_count":10,"id":"vc4hvr","post_time":1655216226.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Sunburns, chemical burns, and burns from high heat all look and feel similar, but their causes are very different. What do they all have in common, and more broadly what makes an injury a burn rather than something else?","title":"Why are sunburns, chemical burns, and burns from high heat all burns?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vc4hvr/why_are_sunburns_chemical_burns_and_burns_from/","vote_ratio":0.86},"vc5lsg":{"author":"MarionberryOrnery446","comment_count":31,"id":"vc5lsg","post_time":1655219300.0,"score":47,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"obviously most of the universe is H and He so this would never occur, but in principle if we got a sufficient amount of say oxygen atoms together ( a very large amount yes) could its own self gravity initiate nuclear fusion in the core and begin the main sequence of a star?","title":"Can you make a star out of elements other than hydrogen and helium?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vc5lsg/can_you_make_a_star_out_of_elements_other_than/","vote_ratio":0.78},"vc7j1t":{"author":"aggasalk","comment_count":3,"id":"vc7j1t","post_time":1655224464.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Is there some kind of concept of evolutionary permanence that I can read about?\n\nLike, of course there's DNA: no creature will ever evolve on Earth that is not based in DNA. Right? And probably something similar, if weaker, applies to all the various crazy proteins and other stuff that makes a cell work. Like, look at how conserved photopigments are across the animal kingdom (even beyond, you can find photopigments in non-animals that might be evolutionarily related to the opsins in human and fly retinas, etc etc).\n\nThen you can get up to bigger scales, to things like cell types. Like, will there ever be a descendant of animals that has no neurons? It seems like, since neurons first evolved, they are *stuck*. I read a paper a while back on similarities between invertebrate and vertebrate neurons, and was amazed. They even use more-or-less the same neurotransmitters (if in different roles).\n\nThen bigger: since insects invented wings, virtually none of them have lost them (ants, sort of - and a few other very weird examples). And insects always have that exoskeleton and always will - no insect will ever evolve with an endoskeleton, right?\n\nAnd how tetrapods all have this 1-arm-bone then 2-arm-bone then lots-of-bones plan for their arms and legs (since they all started as fins-on-pegs). It seems like that just will never go away (though you might lose your arms and legs, like a snake, if you have them they always follow that plan).\n\nWhat do we call this phenomenon?","title":"How to think about conservation or permanence in evolution?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vc7j1t/how_to_think_about_conservation_or_permanence_in/","vote_ratio":0.69},"vc7lpd":{"author":"solipsistrealist","comment_count":391,"id":"vc7lpd","post_time":1655224658.0,"score":3477,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Has the amount of COVID deaths caused the global population to decline when combined with other deaths from other causes?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vc7lpd/has_the_amount_of_covid_deaths_caused_the_global/","vote_ratio":0.88},"vca4fv":{"author":"Surrender_monkey21","comment_count":14,"id":"vca4fv","post_time":1655231399.0,"score":79,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Do gravitational waves move at different speeds through different media like electromagnetic radiation?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vca4fv/do_gravitational_waves_move_at_different_speeds/","vote_ratio":0.91},"vcg57z":{"author":"LAMBKING","comment_count":11,"id":"vcg57z","post_time":1655248217.0,"score":9,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I need to settle a debate with someone. To be clear, we are talking about your average, everyday pendulum like you'd find in a clock or by tying a washer to the end of a string, standing on earth. \n\nFrom what I've always learned, the equation T = 2\u03c0\u221a(L/g) defines the period of a pendulum. Neither the mass of the bob nor the amplitude have any affect on the period of the pendulum, only the length of said pendulum can change the amplitude.\n\nThis person whom I'm debating is stating that with a \"huge change in amplitude\" (but didn't specify what \"huge change\" meant) the period will change. As I understand it, acceleration increases proportionally with amplitude and therefore the two cancel each other out.\n\nWhen I brought that up, they said, \"an elliptic integral usually approximated with a series far too long for me to get into.\" and gave no other explanation. I have never studied this. I've asked for an explanation, but he's gone dark other than to say, \"it's too complicated to get into.\" \n\nSo, can a \"huge\" change in amplitude change the period, and what exactly did he mean by the elliptical integral comment?","title":"Is there any instance in which the amplitude can change the period of a pendulum?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vcg57z/is_there_any_instance_in_which_the_amplitude_can/","vote_ratio":0.74},"vckrq6":{"author":"Crafty_Sort","comment_count":10,"id":"vckrq6","post_time":1655262658.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Are there any side effects attributed to frequent blood donation?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vckrq6/are_there_any_side_effects_attributed_to_frequent/","vote_ratio":1.0},"vcmk9b":{"author":"Bad_Pnguin","comment_count":11,"id":"vcmk9b","post_time":1655268873.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I know the Earth isn't in the same rotational position everytime exactly, but how do we know the Earth wasn't farther in or out in the Solar system? Maybe the age of dinosaurs isn't a far enough time gap for the Earth to move that far, but ya' know?","title":"How do we know Earth was in the same place in space when, for example, when the dinos lived?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vcmk9b/how_do_we_know_earth_was_in_the_same_place_in/","vote_ratio":0.29},"vcmtwt":{"author":"SurprisedPotato","comment_count":6,"id":"vcmtwt","post_time":1655269847.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I can't see any obvious reason why the quarks it's composed of wouldn't be, potentially, in an excited energy state. Is there something that forbids this? If individual protons (or neutrons) have multiple energy levels, roughly what's the typical energy difference between them?","title":"Does an individual proton have multiple energy levels?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vcmtwt/does_an_individual_proton_have_multiple_energy/","vote_ratio":0.62},"vcp5w9":{"author":"red-cried","comment_count":3,"id":"vcp5w9","post_time":1655279162.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"These creatures are small and dont seem to possess some understanding so I would like to know if they can release oxytocin and some feelings?","title":"In nature, can lesser emotionally looking organisms like bugs and starfish still feel a sexual attractiveness?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vcp5w9/in_nature_can_lesser_emotionally_looking/","vote_ratio":0.33},"vcpzg6":{"author":"l1v1ng","comment_count":8,"id":"vcpzg6","post_time":1655282797.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I don't know a huge amount about testosterone supplementation or hyperandrogenism, but I do know that hyperandrogenism in females is usually associated with an increased risk of diabetes, obesity, and insulin resistance. \n\nHowever, as far as I can tell, those risks are not increased in the case of people, female or otherwise, taking testosterone intentionally. (For example, transgender men who use HRT, or bodybuilders who use steroids that increase testosterone.)\n\nWhy is that? Does it have something to do with the conditions that naturally cause hyperandrogenism?","title":"Why can hyperandrogenism cause insulin resistance and Type II diabetes in conditions like PCOS, but not in people who take testosterone intentionally?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vcpzg6/why_can_hyperandrogenism_cause_insulin_resistance/","vote_ratio":0.87},"vcr27s":{"author":"Xavion251","comment_count":20,"id":"vcr27s","post_time":1655287481.0,"score":18,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Something I've been thinking about. Generally, if we picture extreme heat wiping out life - we imagine the heat causing evaporation and creating a dry, lifeless desert. \n\nBut hypothetically, if a climate was hot enough - but was still wet/humid/receiving large quantities of rainfall, could you get a \"desert\" (as in, dead/lifeless) that is still quite wet - but can't support life because of the extreme heat?\n\nIn other words, **how hot does it have to get** before plant/animal life can no longer survive **even** in the presence of large quantities of water?","title":"Could a \"Wet\" or \"Humid\" desert exist from extreme heat?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vcr27s/could_a_wet_or_humid_desert_exist_from_extreme/","vote_ratio":0.68},"vcrw2g":{"author":"AskScienceModerator","comment_count":157,"id":"vcrw2g","post_time":1655290832.0,"score":764,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"\"We\" are part of [REN21](https://www.ren21.net/)'s team, a network made up of academia, NGOs, industry, govt, and individuals who are supporting the world to transition to renewable energy.\n\nWe recently released the Renewables 2022 Global Status Report (#GSR2022) so we're hosting an AMA to talk about renewables, energy, the future, and everything in between.\n\nMultiple people from the team are joining including:\n\n+ Nathalie Ledanois is a Research Analyst & Project Manager of the Renewables 2022 Global Status Report, Nathalie is our expert in anything investment-finance-economy related.\n+ Hend Yaqoob is also a Research Analyst at REN21 who led on coordinating the chapter on distributed #renewables for energy access (DREA).\n+ Nematullah Wafa is our intern who is a very valued member of the team who brought the #GSR2022 together.\n\nWe'll be going live from 11am ET (15 UT), so ask us anything!\n\nUsername: /u/ren21community","title":"AskScience AMA Series: We just crunched the numbers on how the transition to a renewable-based future is progressing & we want to talk about it! Go ahead & ask us anything (we're renewable energy experts but we're up for any & all questions)!","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vcrw2g/askscience_ama_series_we_just_crunched_the/","vote_ratio":0.87},"vcubet":{"author":"Altyrmadiken","comment_count":4,"id":"vcubet","post_time":1655299014.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"What is the mechanism or process by which dry springs can become active again if the area is reforested?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vcubet/what_is_the_mechanism_or_process_by_which_dry/","vote_ratio":0.78},"vcukvg":{"author":"APoisonousMushroom","comment_count":19,"id":"vcukvg","post_time":1655299804.0,"score":24,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"And if so, what is the scientific explanation for this?","title":"Does locking your knees while standing actually cause you to pass out?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vcukvg/does_locking_your_knees_while_standing_actually/","vote_ratio":0.79},"vcv6ln":{"author":"AutoModerator","comment_count":0,"id":"vcv6ln","post_time":1655301610.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on **Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology**\n\nDo you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: \"What would happen if...\", \"How will the future...\", \"If all the rules for 'X' were different...\", \"Why does my...\".\n\n**Asking Questions:**\n\nPlease post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.\n\n**Answering Questions:**\n\nPlease only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. [The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/wiki/index#wiki_answering_askscience). In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.\n\nIf you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, [please refer to the information provided here](https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/about/sticky).\n\nPast AskAnythingWednesday posts [can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/search?q=flair%3A%27meta%27&restrict_sr=on&sort=new&t=all). Ask away!","title":"Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vcv6ln/ask_anything_wednesday_economics_political/","vote_ratio":1.0},"vcvtok":{"author":"markaamorossi","comment_count":441,"id":"vcvtok","post_time":1655303407.0,"score":6870,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Assuming any we ever found were *only* bones","title":"If all forms of elephant went extinct before we came to be, and all we had were fossils, could we figure out that they had long trunks?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vcvtok/if_all_forms_of_elephant_went_extinct_before_we/","vote_ratio":0.95},"vczhdk":{"author":"asmosdeus","comment_count":3,"id":"vczhdk","post_time":1655313194.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How much effect does the concentration of Argon in Earths atmosphere have on the occurrence of lightning strikes?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vczhdk/how_much_effect_does_the_concentration_of_argon/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vczmbn":{"author":"BuzzMonkey","comment_count":14,"id":"vczmbn","post_time":1655313564.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"The engineering of the LLRV and LLTV is pretty wild, but in order to construct them, NASA had to be certain of the moon's gravitational force on the actual lunar lander. How did NASA engineers gather knowledge of the moon's gravity prior to the Apollo missions?","title":"How did NASA Apollo engineers know that the moon's gravity was 1/6th that of Earth? Without this knowledge, they wouldn't have been able to construct the training vehicles (LLTV, LLRV) used to simulate landing on the moon.","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vczmbn/how_did_nasa_apollo_engineers_know_that_the_moons/","vote_ratio":0.8},"vd0pv6":{"author":"AnDraoi","comment_count":5,"id":"vd0pv6","post_time":1655316393.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I understand how the redox reaction works, but I can\u2019t understand why electrons seemingly spontaneously decide to move across the wire to the cathode from the anode.\n\nIn the example of zinc and copper in an aqueous solution, it\u2019s obvious why copper oxidizes zinc: they\u2019re in physical contact. However in a galvanic cell they are separated by considerable distance. \n\nHow is it that the cathode just *knows* the anode is there and current starts flowing when there\u2019s no direct interaction between the oxidant and reductant?","title":"Why does a galvanic cell cause a redox reaction?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vd0pv6/why_does_a_galvanic_cell_cause_a_redox_reaction/","vote_ratio":0.5},"vd1n7t":{"author":"TheActualSoul","comment_count":2,"id":"vd1n7t","post_time":1655318854.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Can Painted turtles live in salt water?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vd1n7t/can_painted_turtles_live_in_salt_water/","vote_ratio":0.38},"vd2vy9":{"author":"FidelisScutum","comment_count":5,"id":"vd2vy9","post_time":1655322279.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Are a ton of animals born intersex, just because of the size of their populations, but we never think of it because we only study such a small percentage of individuals?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vd2vy9/are_a_ton_of_animals_born_intersex_just_because/","vote_ratio":0.3},"vd2wrc":{"author":"Solerien","comment_count":4,"id":"vd2wrc","post_time":1655322354.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why would someone be prohibited from donating blood after a clinical trial?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vd2wrc/why_would_someone_be_prohibited_from_donating/","vote_ratio":0.64},"vd3ky7":{"author":"DeeDee_Z","comment_count":3,"id":"vd3ky7","post_time":1655324148.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"In this case, I am concerned only about charge rate, not data transfer rates; but I understand just enough to grasp that this also depends on USB standard level.\n\n[ELI70:] So, consider the case where there are -four- pieces in the chain: Host, \"adapter\", cable, device.  Example: in my (old) car, I have a little adapter that plugs into the cig lighter socket; the cable plugs into that; and my phone then charges.  (Until recently, I na\u00efvely thought it was nothing more than a voltage converter.)\n\n* Does EVERY piece need to be at the same level of USB standard in order to get the higher charge rate?  IOW, if the little 12V adapter is 10+ years old, it's probably USB 1.0 and can't possibly deliver 100W even if the cable and device would like it, right?\n * (If that's the case, how does one address this issue?)\n* What about these household [combination wall outlets](https://www.acehardware.com/departments/lighting-and-electrical/switches-outlets-and-plugs/outlets/3496551) : What USB version / charge rate will I likely get -- even WITH a USB-C cable?\n\nMany thanks.  Apologies if this has been asked before; I -did- search but didn't recognise anything I could understand \ud83d\ude09 .","title":"Yet another USB cable/charger question: does the USB standard level of the -adapter- also play a role in charge rate?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vd3ky7/yet_another_usb_cablecharger_question_does_the/","vote_ratio":0.56},"vd4m8e":{"author":"Malkozaine","comment_count":19,"id":"vd4m8e","post_time":1655326957.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How do the Atomic Clocks in GPS Satellites and Home Clocks account for Light speed lag when syncing with the one in Colorado?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vd4m8e/how_do_the_atomic_clocks_in_gps_satellites_and/","vote_ratio":0.73},"vd4sgp":{"author":"Johncena1738425","comment_count":3,"id":"vd4sgp","post_time":1655327423.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I'm talking about one of the blue medical masks mad of plastic.","title":"How Long Would a Covid Mask Take To Biodegrade?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vd4sgp/how_long_would_a_covid_mask_take_to_biodegrade/","vote_ratio":0.5},"vd4wzj":{"author":"FanficResearcher","comment_count":18,"id":"vd4wzj","post_time":1655327760.0,"score":28,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Could there ever be a situation where a poisonous/toxic creature could be harmed/killed by its own poisons/toxins?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vd4wzj/could_there_ever_be_a_situation_where_a/","vote_ratio":0.76},"vd88up":{"author":"tskee2","comment_count":4,"id":"vd88up","post_time":1655337062.0,"score":20,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I recently read this preprint, which suggests that triple vaccinated individuals showed zero neutralizing antibodies and zero B- and T-cell recognition of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abq1841\n\nHowever, real world data clearly show that triple vaccinated individuals are well protected against severe illness and death from all VoCs so far, including Omicron and its subvariants. \n\nMy question is, then, what is the immunological mechanism that provides that protection?","title":"How do the current vaccines prevent severe illness and death against Omicron while showing \u201cno antibody or T-cell recognition\u201d?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vd88up/how_do_the_current_vaccines_prevent_severe/","vote_ratio":0.66},"vdfljf":{"author":"CremeCrimson","comment_count":20,"id":"vdfljf","post_time":1655361694.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"According to the great interwebs Europa has 13.4% of Europe's gravity. Would you feel the 13.4% or would being underwater (assuming there's an ocean underneath the ice sheet) affect that? \n\nQuestion is inspired by a game called Barotrauma.","title":"If you were on a submarine underneath the ice of Jupiter's moon: Europa. What would the gravity be like?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdfljf/if_you_were_on_a_submarine_underneath_the_ice_of/","vote_ratio":0.82},"vdhfjv":{"author":"humbug77","comment_count":1,"id":"vdhfjv","post_time":1655369433.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"The synaptic density in the human brain supposedly does not change much throughout adult life. And yet i hear there is still some forming of new synapses and elimination of others. How dynamic is this equlibrium? Has the actual level of adult synaptogenesis been quantified?\n\nThank you!","title":"How much synaptogenesis takes place in the adult brain?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdhfjv/how_much_synaptogenesis_takes_place_in_the_adult/","vote_ratio":0.9},"vdkhky":{"author":"Throwaway_Crocheter","comment_count":3,"id":"vdkhky","post_time":1655381237.0,"score":13,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I've heard that human lungs finish developing between the ages of 20-25. What sort of additional development do the lungs still have to undergo through after puberty?","title":"what development do lungs undergo through between the end of puberty and the ages of 20-25?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdkhky/what_development_do_lungs_undergo_through_between/","vote_ratio":0.77},"vdkij7":{"author":"kempff","comment_count":6,"id":"vdkij7","post_time":1655381324.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why is the humidity of the air above open ocean not 100%?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdkij7/why_is_the_humidity_of_the_air_above_open_ocean/","vote_ratio":0.79},"vdkkzc":{"author":"Derelyk","comment_count":14,"id":"vdkkzc","post_time":1655381528.0,"score":49,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I did some quick intertube research and found a vet manual showing sheep and cattle pretty much reach the danger zone from 29 to 33c.. and this map [https://www.weather.gov/tsa/wbgt](https://www.weather.gov/tsa/wbgt) show wet bulb in the midwest exceeding this temp.\n\n&#x200B;\n\nthis question was triggered by the 10k dead cattle in kansas headlines today.","title":"I've been aware of wet bulb temp, with it's possible danger to mankind for a few years. I never considered it's impact on livestock. How critical is wet bulb temps when it comes to sheep and cattle?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdkkzc/ive_been_aware_of_wet_bulb_temp_with_its_possible/","vote_ratio":0.82},"vdktvy":{"author":"kempff","comment_count":17,"id":"vdktvy","post_time":1655382310.0,"score":24,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Do they need to avoid touching walls, for example?","title":"Are people with latex allergies allergic to latex house paint?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdktvy/are_people_with_latex_allergies_allergic_to_latex/","vote_ratio":0.86},"vdl34y":{"author":"egnirceravog","comment_count":13,"id":"vdl34y","post_time":1655383171.0,"score":104,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"i hear this over and over again in media, tv, books, etc that river flooding is good for agriculture because it deposits sediment, but the flood dont wash away the topsoil? \n\nafaik rivers have plenty of sand and sand is not very good for agriculture because there is no water retention, do the sediment type differ from one river to another so in some cases can be good but it other case would do harm?\n\n\nthanks in advance \n\n*note: there is no flair for agriculture so i picked biology*","title":"[agriculture] River flooding is that excellent for agriculture?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdl34y/agriculture_river_flooding_is_that_excellent_for/","vote_ratio":0.89},"vdm9g0":{"author":"FridaysMan","comment_count":6,"id":"vdm9g0","post_time":1655386778.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I've been wondering about non/low alcoholic beer, and how difficult the process to remove (and retain) alcohol could be from a live fermentation process. Would high pressures be possible without stopping the fermentation process? Could it be done in a home/garden environment?","title":"[Organic Chemistry] Can reverse osmosis be used in live fermentation to remove alcohols as they form?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdm9g0/organic_chemistry_can_reverse_osmosis_be_used_in/","vote_ratio":0.56},"vdmmsc":{"author":"bad8everything","comment_count":463,"id":"vdmmsc","post_time":1655387870.0,"score":3824,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I like painting scifi/fantasy miniatures and for one of my projects I was thinking about how road/construction workers here on Earth often tag asphalt surfaces with markings where they believe pipes/cables or other utilities are.\n\nI was thinking of incorporating that into the design of the base of one of my miniatures (where I think it has an Apollo-retro meets Space-Roughneck kinda vibe) but then I wasn't entirely sure whether that's even physically plausible...\n\nObviously cans pressurised for use here on Earth would probably explode or be dangerous in a vacuum - but could you make a canned spray paint for use in space, using less or a different propellant, or would it evaporate too quickly to be controllable?","title":"Can you spray paint in space?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdmmsc/can_you_spray_paint_in_space/","vote_ratio":0.94},"vdnm4h":{"author":"VeggieSmooth","comment_count":17,"id":"vdnm4h","post_time":1655390634.0,"score":53,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Is it balanced so perfectly that the oxygen released by the plants is utilised by microorganisms that in turn provide carbon dioxide and nitrogen/waste, which feeds the plants and the cycle restarts? I'd just imagine there being some offset that causes gas accumulation eventually causing the glass jar to explode. \n\nEspecially when the animals within, snails and such, piggybacking on the plants I introduce, begin to breed? \n\nSimilarly to when I did sauerkraut that one time and didn't provide a release valve \ud83d\ude05\n\nHow can these jars stay sealed for years with no mishap it's amazing!","title":"Why don't sealed terrariums explode?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdnm4h/why_dont_sealed_terrariums_explode/","vote_ratio":0.76},"vdof56":{"author":"cubelith","comment_count":28,"id":"vdof56","post_time":1655392849.0,"score":43,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"When driving through extemely heavy rainfall, I noticed that rain appears to have roughly coherent torrents (or \"streaks\") of higher density (on the scale of meters). Why is that? Is it an optical illusion? The nature of pseudo-randomness (but then why would the \"period\" be as big as a meter)? Is it some sort of \"oscillation\" of wind?\n\nI don't think I've ever noticed this with regular rain, so maybe it happens only with very heavy rain? The doplets were definitely big.","title":"Why does rain (appear to) fall non-uniformly?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdof56/why_does_rain_appear_to_fall_nonuniformly/","vote_ratio":0.7},"vdpqy9":{"author":"Trozuns","comment_count":4,"id":"vdpqy9","post_time":1655396456.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I've learned today that obsidian is a type of glass, and was wondering if opal was too. Wikipedia defined \"glass\" as any solid formed by rapid melt quenching, which would exclud opal, or more generally as any amorphous solid (like opal) that exibits glass transition when heated toward liquid state. So my question is \"do opal exibit glass transition?\"  \n\n\nI've tried to look on google, but when I look for \"opal\" and \"glass\", I find stuff for \"opal glass\"...","title":"Is opal glass? Do opal exibit glass transition when heated?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdpqy9/is_opal_glass_do_opal_exibit_glass_transition/","vote_ratio":0.86},"vdpr0o":{"author":"mantitty4416","comment_count":3,"id":"vdpr0o","post_time":1655396461.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I know spirits and turpentine can kill, but I've always wondered if the mechanism for that is similar to that of CO and cyanide.\n\nWas reading through this thread: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/4jiwj2/on_a_molecular_level_why_is_inhaling_cyanide_hcn/,\n\n and looking up the symptoms of inhalant poisoning. A lot of the symptoms of oxygen deprivation (lightheadedness, faint feeling, headache) seemed similar, if not entirely identical to that of CO poisoning. \n\nOnly difference I could find is that turpentine can cause a buildup of fluid in the lungs?","title":"How does turpentine/paint thinner/spirits cause the symptoms of oxygen deprivation?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdpr0o/how_does_turpentinepaint_thinnerspirits_cause_the/","vote_ratio":0.57},"vdpywv":{"author":"badbioinformagician","comment_count":6,"id":"vdpywv","post_time":1655397056.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Perhaps this is a dumb question. Recently I've started using programs with machine learning tools and I was posed a question I didn't quite know the full answer to: \"what is being trained during model training? ie: what is being modified/adjusted during training\"  \n\n\nIf the architecture of the program is CNN into RNN (LSTM) into MLP, is it just the MLP layer that has the weights/connections/etc modified during training?","title":"Machine Learning (CNN/RNN/MLP): What is \"trained\" during training?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdpywv/machine_learning_cnnrnnmlp_what_is_trained_during/","vote_ratio":0.46},"vdq3kx":{"author":"Angelstone2056","comment_count":9,"id":"vdq3kx","post_time":1655397409.0,"score":55,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why are some cancers more prevalent in children than in adults?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdq3kx/why_are_some_cancers_more_prevalent_in_children/","vote_ratio":0.87},"vdr65g":{"author":"BoredDiabolicGod","comment_count":4,"id":"vdr65g","post_time":1655400219.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I mean to ask this question both in total with all factors as well as if you disregarded humans transporting earth between different areas and the rising water levels due to climate change (which I guess answers the total, but I am not sure).\n\nWhat I do know is that volcanoes erupting and the lava cooling down can create new islands, so I wondered whether more earth, sand and mass eroded into the sea or more surfaced due to lava.\n\nWhen disregarding the continents and only looking at all islands (including new ones) it would also be a very interesting statistic. I have for example heard that the tallest volcano of spain on Tenerife was once a lot taller, but collapsed due to not being stable enough. I would guess that this made the total area over water bigger but reduced the mass over water.","title":"Does the earth gain or lose solid surface area?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdr65g/does_the_earth_gain_or_lose_solid_surface_area/","vote_ratio":0.69},"vdrtd8":{"author":"Zircon_72","comment_count":11,"id":"vdrtd8","post_time":1655401981.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Is it possible to reverse inflation while increasing minimum wage or creating a \"living wage\"? If it is possible, how can it be done feasibly?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdrtd8/is_it_possible_to_reverse_inflation_while/","vote_ratio":0.47},"vds3tw":{"author":"None","comment_count":9,"id":"vds3tw","post_time":1655402757.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Wouldn't they need something in space?","title":"If Radio Waves bounce off the ionosphere for communications, how can SETI hear anything through the ionosphere?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vds3tw/if_radio_waves_bounce_off_the_ionosphere_for/","vote_ratio":0.77},"vdt5yh":{"author":"Atothezman","comment_count":7,"id":"vdt5yh","post_time":1655405629.0,"score":14,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"With NASA's planned Orbilander going to Enceladus, could it host a small rotorcraft like Perseverance did with Ingenuity? I read it does have an atmosphere of water vapor.","title":"Could you fly a helicopter/drone on Enceladus?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdt5yh/could_you_fly_a_helicopterdrone_on_enceladus/","vote_ratio":0.84},"vdtead":{"author":"chopchunk","comment_count":1,"id":"vdtead","post_time":1655406244.0,"score":13,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"As many of you already know, the Quetzalcoatlus was the largest flying animal to have ever taken to the skies. According to Wikipedia, the Quetzalcoatlus was well adapted for the ground as well as the air. It says that the Quetzalcoatlus's main diet was smaller dinosaurs that it could pluck from the ground, akin to today's stork. However, there is one sentence that really caught my eye:\n\n\"Though Quetzalcoatlus, like other pterosaurs, was a quadruped when on the ground, Quetzalcoatlus and other azhdarchids have fore and hind limb proportions more similar to modern running ungulate mammals than to their smaller cousins, implying that they were uniquely suited to a terrestrial lifestyle\"\n\nThe mention of Quetzalcoatlus's limb structures being similar to known running animals is really fascinating to me. Could a Quetzalcoatlus give chase to a small animal on foot if it had to, galloping after it's prey like a horse?","title":"Could the Quetzalcoatlus and other large Azhdarchid pterosaurs run after prey on land?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdtead/could_the_quetzalcoatlus_and_other_large/","vote_ratio":0.81},"vdtl7s":{"author":"stoelguus","comment_count":9,"id":"vdtl7s","post_time":1655406776.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"\nIsn\u2019t the skin waterproof? Also, some say that they restore natural ph levels, ph is -log[H3O^+] and H3O^+ is in a solution. Your skin isn\u2019t a solution, but a solid. Isn\u2019t applying skin care stuff useless, because the matter won\u2019t come in? If this is really off topic I will remove this.","title":"How do skin care products work? This is more of a science topic but r/science is only urls.","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdtl7s/how_do_skin_care_products_work_this_is_more_of_a/","vote_ratio":0.69},"vdvsl1":{"author":"Independent_Cry7562","comment_count":3,"id":"vdvsl1","post_time":1655413086.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I\u2019ve just completed my second thermos course and I still am not 100% sure what fugacity is. I know how to apply it and use it in calculations but I realised I can\u2019t give just give a basic definition of what it actually is. I know this topic is a running joke amongst chemical engineers but if actually really like to understand this concept better","title":"What is a basic definition of fugacity?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdvsl1/what_is_a_basic_definition_of_fugacity/","vote_ratio":0.7},"vdwkf3":{"author":"KoLobotomy","comment_count":6,"id":"vdwkf3","post_time":1655415161.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I understand ice cores from deep glaciers can tell us the makeup of the atmosphere for the last few hundred thousand years but how do we know what makeup of the atmosphere from before the glaciers existed?","title":"How do we know the amount of carbon in the atmosphere in the past?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdwkf3/how_do_we_know_the_amount_of_carbon_in_the/","vote_ratio":0.84},"vdxqbk":{"author":"Dragon012345","comment_count":2,"id":"vdxqbk","post_time":1655418403.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Like would hot metal dissolve faster than cold metal? (for this example the metal is disolvable)  \nTo clarify, I am NOT asking if the temperature of the acid affects the dissolving speed, as I know it does.  \n\n\n(If this Question is removed again it would be very kind if I could be provided a reason because I am not aware of any rules my post should have broken)","title":"Does the temperature of a material dissolved in acid affect the speed at which it is dissolved?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdxqbk/does_the_temperature_of_a_material_dissolved_in/","vote_ratio":1.0},"vdxvca":{"author":"PinkElephantSpy","comment_count":27,"id":"vdxvca","post_time":1655418800.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I\u2019ve read a couple articles that state studies that show men who drink milk have a ~27% higher risk of developing prostate cancer. I\u2019m debating whether it\u2019s worth paying more for milk alternatives in my protein shake.","title":"Do milk alternatives (Soy, Almond, Oat, etc.) also increase your risk of prostate cancer like regular milk does?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdxvca/do_milk_alternatives_soy_almond_oat_etc_also/","vote_ratio":0.55},"vdylir":{"author":"c5608313","comment_count":1,"id":"vdylir","post_time":1655420973.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Title says it, do adenoviruses remain dormant in the body?\n\nBecause I've been taking interest in \"latent viruses\", I found detailed articles about how the simplex, zoster, hiv and other retroviruses remain in the body (there is even a detailed wikipedia table describing the location of the latency). However I wasn't able to find detailed information regarding the latency of adenoviruses on the same level as I found on herpes viruses and retroviruses.\n\nAnd do other \"common cold\"/flu-like viruses do latency?","title":"Does the Adenovirus remain dormant(Latent) in the system after initial infection?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdylir/does_the_adenovirus_remain_dormantlatent_in_the/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vee9hp":{"author":"AcademicF","comment_count":143,"id":"vee9hp","post_time":1655475552.0,"score":1961,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I had a recent urine test and failed to show any of the medication that should have been present (I had last taken it 30 hours earlier but the internet says it usually stays detectable 48-98 hours.)\n\nJust wondering if a high acidity level in my blood/urine or diabetes itself could cause the medication to excretes faster than normal.","title":"Does diabetes (or a high PH level) cause your body to excrete pharmaceutical drugs in your urine faster than a normal, healthy individual?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vee9hp/does_diabetes_or_a_high_ph_level_cause_your_body/","vote_ratio":0.9},"ven5vd":{"author":"cragwatcher","comment_count":42,"id":"ven5vd","post_time":1655491788.0,"score":20,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Asked in golf with a large number of 'physics says yes' answers from people who know nothing about physics. \n\nAre there any conditions where a putt would be rendered impossible. For example, a downhill putt where it is not possible for the ball to roll slowly enough to drop into the hole.","title":"Are all putts on a golf green possible?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/ven5vd/are_all_putts_on_a_golf_green_possible/","vote_ratio":0.68},"vexl3v":{"author":"EverydayPigeon","comment_count":13,"id":"vexl3v","post_time":1655523913.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"This sounds like a \"high thought\", and I think the answer is no but I was just thinking earlier: How do rivers traverse the landscape? Do they always go downhill on 100% of their journey from mountain down to sea? When they have obstacles they can go around or underground, but is that the end of the story? \n\nCan anyone talk around this subject a little? Thanks!","title":"Do rivers ever go uphill?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vexl3v/do_rivers_ever_go_uphill/","vote_ratio":0.49},"vf1esj":{"author":"mts89","comment_count":114,"id":"vf1esj","post_time":1655539397.0,"score":976,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Just come across one of these in real life.\n\nhttps://www.rosewoodpet.com/dog/travel/options-cooling-accessories/chillax-cool-pad-large\n\nLying on it genuinely feels nice and cold. \n\nHow on earth does it work?","title":"Unpowered cooling mats - how do they work?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vf1esj/unpowered_cooling_mats_how_do_they_work/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vf1tvy":{"author":"dkysh","comment_count":12,"id":"vf1tvy","post_time":1655541214.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Beekeepers remove the honey from hives and bees must keep working and keep on pollinating flowers.\n\nBut I've read in another thread that wild bee hives don't slack, and once the hive is full of honey, they swarm and start a new hive with a new queen somewhere else.\n\nWhich of the two methods is better for the ecosystem? I would dare to guess that beekeept hives are better for orchards and fruit trees, as they keep a hive always nearby at full work, while wild hives are better for the wilderness as the colonies are more spread and and reach a larger area?\n\nAlso, aren't bees basically almost clones? Don't wild hives promote genetic diversity and are better posed for survival? (if not for a given hive, at least for a number of hives in the area)","title":"Are wild bee hives better or worse pollinators than beekeeper managed ones?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vf1tvy/are_wild_bee_hives_better_or_worse_pollinators/","vote_ratio":1.0},"vf670b":{"author":"XtremeConfusion","comment_count":58,"id":"vf670b","post_time":1655558704.0,"score":373,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"And on a different note, can they even reform? Would the glaciers be new and would they settle in a different place compared to where they were before? Or would they grow from existing ones?","title":"Glaciers have been melting for decades now. What conditions would need to happen for them to reform?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vf670b/glaciers_have_been_melting_for_decades_now_what/","vote_ratio":0.86},"vf6ors":{"author":"geeleegulu","comment_count":95,"id":"vf6ors","post_time":1655560289.0,"score":1868,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"[https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media/images/Change%20in%20new%20HIV%20infections%20and%20aids-related%20deaths.png](https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media/images/Change%20in%20new%20HIV%20infections%20and%20aids-related%20deaths.png)\n\nThis region seems to really stand out in this graph from UNAIDS. Over the last decade, the only other region with a rise in incidence was Middle East And North Africa, but it was only a 7% increase, vs +43% in Eastern Europe And Central Asia.     \n\n\n\n[https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media\\_asset/2021-global-aids-update\\_en.pdf](https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/2021-global-aids-update_en.pdf)\n\nI gathered from this document by UNAIDS that the major disease burden in this region is on IV drug users, and the main hurdles to controlling the disease are punitive laws and social stigma (p.336, 338). But why is this region handling the disease so much worse than other regions, specifically Middle East And North Africa?           \n\nIt seems that these 2 regions have similarly oppressive political climate and legislature (Table 18.2 & 19.2). The minorities also appears to be similarly marginalized. And according to the document, Eastern Europe And Central Asia had more resources available than Middle East And North Africa did (\\~40% vs 20% of the resource needed for achieving 2025 goals) (Fig. 18.10 & 19.6).      \n\n\n\nI understand that this is probably a complicated issue with a myriad of factors at play. And I must admit that I do not know much about the political and cultural situation of these regions. To sum up, my question is: \n\n>What are the major impetus to the remarkably worse HIV control in Eastern Europe And Central Asia, as compared to Middle East And North Africa, despite having a seemingly similar socio-political environment and higher resource availability?","title":"Why was the rise in HIV infection incidence in the Eastern Europe And Central Asia region so much higher than that of any other regions in 2010-2020?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vf6ors/why_was_the_rise_in_hiv_infection_incidence_in/","vote_ratio":0.94},"vf7u91":{"author":"throwawayguy2395","comment_count":8,"id":"vf7u91","post_time":1655563901.0,"score":23,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why do two lines indicate a negative result in ommunoassay urine drug tests when in most other immunoassay tests two lines indicate a positive result?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vf7u91/why_do_two_lines_indicate_a_negative_result_in/","vote_ratio":0.61},"vfanvy":{"author":"Grinchtastic10","comment_count":2,"id":"vfanvy","post_time":1655572338.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"So the main combustible components of well filtered syngas are carbon monoxide, methane, hydrogen, and if i remember correctly butane as well(correct me if i\u2019m wrong). In a normal internal combustion engine, would these materials produce any carbon or other deposits similar to how diesel does in a diesel engine?","title":"What are the Byproducts of woodgas also known as syngas combustion?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfanvy/what_are_the_byproducts_of_woodgas_also_known_as/","vote_ratio":0.5},"vfdtgs":{"author":"KillerKowalski1","comment_count":11,"id":"vfdtgs","post_time":1655581757.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"It seems like giant pockets of dead things should be an extremely rare occurrence but we're able to power the planet right now because they exist.\n\nWhy for?","title":"So Petroleum Deposits are Dead Organic Matter... Why did Organic Matter Accumulate this Way?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfdtgs/so_petroleum_deposits_are_dead_organic_matter_why/","vote_ratio":0.57},"vfdwi8":{"author":"flockofgopherboys","comment_count":17,"id":"vfdwi8","post_time":1655582009.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"How much of their mass is actually made from carbon that comes out of the air? Am I trapping carbon by growing houseplants?","title":"How are plants beneficial to the carbon cycle if they \"breathe\" out co2 during the night? Is this even true?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfdwi8/how_are_plants_beneficial_to_the_carbon_cycle_if/","vote_ratio":0.42},"vfefsj":{"author":"Pedalnomica","comment_count":18,"id":"vfefsj","post_time":1655583595.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"If the Moderna and Pfizer COVID vaccines for children 6 months to 5 years are simply lower doses of the same vaccines for older people, why do vaccine providers need to wait to receive shipments before they can begin administering shots? Why can't they just draw a smaller amount from the vials of vaccine they already have on hand for adults?","title":"Why do vaccine providers need to wait for child specific COVID-19 vaccine shipments?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfefsj/why_do_vaccine_providers_need_to_wait_for_child/","vote_ratio":0.55},"vfmgmr":{"author":"redscarfdemon","comment_count":4,"id":"vfmgmr","post_time":1655610073.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":" \n\nAs I understand it, rhizomous plants look like separate plants but are often more like parts of the same plant, or at least clones. And from what I understand about genetics, historically when groups of people interbreed within a small group it can exacerbate the effects of negative genetic traits.\n\nIf I were trying to create and sustain a community of plants, and they happened to be rhizomous--like a yarrow plant--would it be enough to transplant several yarrow from one area (which are probably clones) to the target area? Or would it be necessary to go to separate locations to get \"different\" yarrow plants to seed an area?\n\nIf I just plant several of the clone plants would I have \"Habsburg lipped\" plants in a few years?","title":"do rhizomous plants need genetic diversity like humans do ?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfmgmr/do_rhizomous_plants_need_genetic_diversity_like/","vote_ratio":0.78},"vfmw5s":{"author":"Whole-Counter2371","comment_count":239,"id":"vfmw5s","post_time":1655611668.0,"score":1914,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Do all anti fungal toe medication impact the kidneys or just some?","title":"Why do anti fungal toe medication have the ability to impact kidney functions when they are an external application?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfmw5s/why_do_anti_fungal_toe_medication_have_the/","vote_ratio":0.93},"vfso5l":{"author":"melocatmom","comment_count":16,"id":"vfso5l","post_time":1655636176.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Why don't they need soil like other plants? Where are they getting nutrients from to grow? Is it just photosynthesis? I tried Googling but didn't find anything!","title":"How do bean sprouts grow with just water?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfso5l/how_do_bean_sprouts_grow_with_just_water/","vote_ratio":0.71},"vft1j8":{"author":"Zealousideal_Leg9342","comment_count":4,"id":"vft1j8","post_time":1655637656.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"On the internet I read a lot of things about the cause and symptoms of hypercapnia/hypercarbian (drowsiness, dizziness, confusion, headache, etc.). \n\nBut what are the long term effects? Will a higher level of Co2 in the blood cause damage to the brain? \n(kills brain cells or neurons)","title":"Can a higher level of Co2 in the blood cause damage to the brain? | Hypercapnia","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vft1j8/can_a_higher_level_of_co2_in_the_blood_cause/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vft295":{"author":"LorenaBobbedIt","comment_count":209,"id":"vft295","post_time":1655637737.0,"score":1119,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How does sunscreen protect my skin if it\u2019s clear? It blocks UV\u2014 so if I were, say an insect that sees in the UV spectrum, would sunblocked skin look extra bright because UV is reflected, or extra dark because UV is absorbed?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vft295/how_does_sunscreen_protect_my_skin_if_its_clear/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vftgpw":{"author":"Araknhak","comment_count":53,"id":"vftgpw","post_time":1655639340.0,"score":25,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"As someone diagnosed with ADHD myself, I have faced unjust accusations of my diagnosis being false, so I'm here to ask how exactly someone without ADHD would 'generally' react to ADHD stimulants?\n\nKeep is mind that this is just me asking questions, and NOT any attempt to undermine anyones diagnosis at all.\n\nThank you!","title":"How would someone without ADHD react to ADHD stimulants?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vftgpw/how_would_someone_without_adhd_react_to_adhd/","vote_ratio":0.72},"vftic0":{"author":"Judgment_Reversed","comment_count":8,"id":"vftic0","post_time":1655639501.0,"score":61,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"When discussing topics like space exploration, underwater colonization, or even just the future of dense urban living and working, it often gets brought up that people may go insane from being subject to windowless conditions for too long. \n\nIt seems like virtual windows (high-quality displays masquerading as windows to other, presumably more serene environments) would be a solution to this (and often is in science fiction).\n\nI've seen one [study exploring the concept of virtual windows for the elderly](https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-40244-4_45), and another on [stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=J.+Environ.+Psychol.&title=Stress+recoveryduring+exposure+to+natural+and+urban+environments&author=R.+S.+Ulrich&author=R.+F.+Simons&author=E.+Fiorito&author=M.+A.+Miles&author=M.+Zelson&volume=11&publication_year=1991&pages=201-230&), but I either can't find or can't access studies examining the actual effects on people in confined, windowless environments for long time periods.\n\nIs there any research on this? And is there any evidence that it improves mental health?","title":"Is there research on the mental health effects of virtual windows on workers in confined, windowless spaces for long time periods?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vftic0/is_there_research_on_the_mental_health_effects_of/","vote_ratio":0.83},"vfv6pl":{"author":"bewchacca-lacca","comment_count":202,"id":"vfv6pl","post_time":1655645240.0,"score":1692,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Are callouses made of living tissue?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfv6pl/are_callouses_made_of_living_tissue/","vote_ratio":0.94},"vfvqlc":{"author":"ProfessionalSmell528","comment_count":7,"id":"vfvqlc","post_time":1655646986.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Can getting insufficient amount of sleep during puberty impair brain development and intelligence?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfvqlc/can_getting_insufficient_amount_of_sleep_during/","vote_ratio":0.73},"vfwk5i":{"author":"dilfybro","comment_count":29,"id":"vfwk5i","post_time":1655649424.0,"score":875,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Lemons (which I buy from the market) have a high degree of axial symmetry.  Rotate them around their major axis, and they're usually pretty similar from all angles.  Cut one in half along the minor axis, and the segments are each about the same angular size.  The albedo is pretty circular and uniform, too.   \n\n\nAnd then, the seeds.   There are usually fewer than one per segment.   And when that's the case, you just have 1 in one segment, another in another, and they jut off in seemingly random angles.   \n\n\nWhy the absence of azimuthal symmetry for seeds?","title":"Why are lemon seeds seemingly randomly distributed about the center of the lemon?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfwk5i/why_are_lemon_seeds_seemingly_randomly/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vfwwae":{"author":"None","comment_count":5,"id":"vfwwae","post_time":1655650420.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Basically what did the world look like two years after the asteroid impact?","title":"What did the world look like two years after the K-T Extinction event?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfwwae/what_did_the_world_look_like_two_years_after_the/","vote_ratio":0.61},"vfy3ma":{"author":"MitchKramer1989","comment_count":19,"id":"vfy3ma","post_time":1655653877.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I received a vaccine dose of the two shot Pfizer series last March, and although it's been 16 months, I've been told that I can get the second dose safely.\n\nHow is it that the immune system remembers? Would the vaccines truly still function the same even with a huge distance between them?\n\nThanks! Just trying to understand how these vaccines work!","title":"How can your body/immune system get a vaccine dose and still \"remember\" it forever later?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfy3ma/how_can_your_bodyimmune_system_get_a_vaccine_dose/","vote_ratio":0.6},"vfyn78":{"author":"KidKilobyte","comment_count":50,"id":"vfyn78","post_time":1655655403.0,"score":1868,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Does fighting a viral infection use up minerals and vitamins like zinc and vitamin D, leading to low levels of them? If so how severely?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfyn78/does_fighting_a_viral_infection_use_up_minerals/","vote_ratio":0.94},"vg23ck":{"author":"Willing_Childhood_17","comment_count":7,"id":"vg23ck","post_time":1655665402.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"How can organic materials be defined? Are there any groupings within organic material? \n\nAre fossil fuels organic? If they are, then is there a way to differentiate them with an unchanged corpse?","title":"What defines an organic material?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vg23ck/what_defines_an_organic_material/","vote_ratio":0.64},"vg3m1h":{"author":"thisishowwedooooit","comment_count":2,"id":"vg3m1h","post_time":1655669753.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How did different bird calls evolve from a common origin? Do we know how one relates to another, in the same way we know how different human languages are related?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vg3m1h/how_did_different_bird_calls_evolve_from_a_common/","vote_ratio":0.83},"vg9brc":{"author":"DiscombobulatedBank6","comment_count":305,"id":"vg9brc","post_time":1655687139.0,"score":4370,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"My kid has asked me \u201cif I get someone else\u2019s blood and they\u2019re Italian, does that mean I have Italian blood\u201d.  Which raises a good point.  If she needs a blood transfusion and we then did a 23 and me type test but with blood (not the saliva test).  What results are we going to get back?  The donors heritage or hers?  Or a bit of both.  \n\nWhose dna is in that blood?  If she drops some blood at a crime scene and the police swab it for evidence.  Will it match to her dna, will it have both sets of dna?  If it shows as the donors dna in the blood, does it change back to her blood over time?  What about organ donation?  That organ will always have the dna of the donor yes? \n\nSorry if formatting is rubbish - I\u2019m in mobile.","title":"If I got a blood transfusion, then had a dna test done on my blood. Would it be my dna or the blood donors?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vg9brc/if_i_got_a_blood_transfusion_then_had_a_dna_test/","vote_ratio":0.94},"vgb6bh":{"author":"nemacol","comment_count":7,"id":"vgb6bh","post_time":1655693317.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I have often heard that bananas are high in potassium but I am not sure why.  Is it the soil they grow in?  If we grew something else there (like apples or corn) would they be high in potassium? Or is it something about the way bananas extract minerals from the ground? I assume they are not 'creating' the potassium - it has to be in the ground already and being pulled into the fruit from the plant roots. Right?\n\nThank you for reading.","title":"Why are bananas high in potassium?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgb6bh/why_are_bananas_high_in_potassium/","vote_ratio":0.65},"vgdmpc":{"author":"ScoreTechnical5397","comment_count":5,"id":"vgdmpc","post_time":1655701911.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"The title","title":"did carnivore dinosaurs have symbiotic relationships with other animals like a bird picking a gator's teeth?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgdmpc/did_carnivore_dinosaurs_have_symbiotic/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vgdrrx":{"author":"MelonElbows","comment_count":6,"id":"vgdrrx","post_time":1655702431.0,"score":17,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I just watched the new Jurassic World movie and while I understand it wasn't scientifically accurate, it made me wonder if dinosaurs actually lived in current times and reproduced, how fast would it take them?\n\nGenerally, most things on Earth have lifespans seemingly corresponding to their size.  Some flies live for days while larger animals live for years.  Of course there are exceptions, but its kind of a general rule.  Do scientists know, or can estimate, how long would, for example, a T-Rex take from egg to hatching, and from hatchling to natural end of life?  Are we talking a few decades, a hundred years, more than a hundred?  Something like the Brachiosaurus must take many decades to reach full maturity right?  If someone told me it took them 200 years to grow to that size I would not question it.","title":"Do we know approximate lifespans of dinosaurs?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgdrrx/do_we_know_approximate_lifespans_of_dinosaurs/","vote_ratio":0.9},"vggfir":{"author":"showmelongtime","comment_count":7,"id":"vggfir","post_time":1655712927.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why do major mountain ranges in the US predominantly run north-south but not east-west?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vggfir/why_do_major_mountain_ranges_in_the_us/","vote_ratio":0.77},"vggqig":{"author":"jammerjoint","comment_count":121,"id":"vggqig","post_time":1655714238.0,"score":103,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I've always heard 90% or more is bogus marketing, and the literature can be somewhat vague on this subject.  I have heard that zinc is effective for immune function even if taken after symptoms start, is this true?  Also, are there any that can benefit even if taken to surplus?","title":"Which vitamin or mineral supplements actually have evidence for benefits?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vggqig/which_vitamin_or_mineral_supplements_actually/","vote_ratio":0.9},"vgh5xw":{"author":"SUPER_SECRET_AGENT_Q","comment_count":9,"id":"vgh5xw","post_time":1655716042.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I don't mean habitable planets. I'm just asking about any kind of terrestrial planets or gas-giants. I tried looking it up and couldn't find confirmation on the existence of exo-planets in the globular cluster. I was hoping there might be some astronomers out there with an answer.","title":"Does Omega Centauri have exo-planets?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgh5xw/does_omega_centauri_have_exoplanets/","vote_ratio":0.64},"vghqvu":{"author":"T_Lawliet","comment_count":15,"id":"vghqvu","post_time":1655718526.0,"score":9,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Why don\u2019t we synthesize other vitamins and minerals?","title":"Why do humans only create their own vitamin D?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vghqvu/why_do_humans_only_create_their_own_vitamin_d/","vote_ratio":0.68},"vgir4n":{"author":"netflixandchild","comment_count":22,"id":"vgir4n","post_time":1655722584.0,"score":63,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"i used to struggle with chronic nightmares. today, they only happen on occasion. whenever the nightmare seems to reach its \u201cpeak\u201d\u2014before death or some kind of attack, etc.\u2014i wake up. how is my body able to wake itself up during these moments?","title":"how does the body wake itself up during a nightmare?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgir4n/how_does_the_body_wake_itself_up_during_a/","vote_ratio":0.94},"vgjdxl":{"author":"StarkLMad","comment_count":2,"id":"vgjdxl","post_time":1655724884.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Do cross links or lesions in DNA prohibit accurate next gen sequencing of those regions?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgjdxl/do_cross_links_or_lesions_in_dna_prohibit/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vgjo4u":{"author":"rruckley","comment_count":4,"id":"vgjo4u","post_time":1655725873.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I understand that infrared wavelengths are felt as heat but is there different sensations (ignoring temperature) that would allow one to determine different \u201ccolours\u201d? Thought came about from experiencing my cars heated seats and feeling that it felt different to how my heater at home would feel. Perhaps a different bandwidth of infrared?","title":"Can skin detect different \u201ccolours\u201d of infrared light?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgjo4u/can_skin_detect_different_colours_of_infrared/","vote_ratio":0.86},"vgk41y":{"author":"Ry_uk","comment_count":18,"id":"vgk41y","post_time":1655727318.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Some papers claimed that if you have low latent inhibition and a high IQ, you are creative or a hypergenius. In the past I also read (or misread) an other paper claiming high IQ is associated with higher income.  \n\n\nAre there any studies that link mental disorders with higher income?","title":"Are mental disorders associated with higher socioeconomic status?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgk41y/are_mental_disorders_associated_with_higher/","vote_ratio":0.63},"vgl6ch":{"author":"Karmacological","comment_count":0,"id":"vgl6ch","post_time":1655730611.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I'm wondering about Cactaceae specifically. Thanks in advance!","title":"Do CAM plants open their stomata right at sundown, or do they wait until total darkness?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgl6ch/do_cam_plants_open_their_stomata_right_at_sundown/","vote_ratio":0.71},"vgm0au":{"author":"mangoappleorange","comment_count":37,"id":"vgm0au","post_time":1655733122.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I and many others I know who have already had the vaccine still got COVID, so it seems like there's still a good chance of getting COVID after having the vax. So what's the point if you can still get infected?","title":"How do we know the COVID vaccine does anything if we can still get COVID after having it?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgm0au/how_do_we_know_the_covid_vaccine_does_anything_if/","vote_ratio":0.33},"vgmil4":{"author":"ExtraProfound","comment_count":4,"id":"vgmil4","post_time":1655734569.0,"score":9,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"What are the best current theories on how a human brain indexes interconnected ideas?\n\nExample of the type of indexing to which I'm referring: my mind will often unconsciously start playing music related to something which I've just seen.  Sometimes, I'll realize that I'm remembering a song without having noted the trigger, but by reviewing what the song is and what I just did, I can guess what the trigger is.  E.g., I read the word \"aquarium\" and hear the music for Jolly Roger Bay.","title":"How does indexing work in the brain?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgmil4/how_does_indexing_work_in_the_brain/","vote_ratio":0.8},"vgmvvf":{"author":"Twink_Ass_Bitch","comment_count":8,"id":"vgmvvf","post_time":1655735608.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"The technology/strategy behind mRNA vaccines is truly remarkable, but many explanations I've read seem to skip over a crucial logical step that is the basis of my question.\n\nOnce the mRNA enters a cell and the cell begins producing the protein that the mRNA encodes for, what are the processes between this stage and the stage of the immune system interacting with it? The state of affairs at this stage is a foreign protein inside the cell and it needs to end up in the \"hands off the immune system\". If the protein in question is say the so-called \"spike protein\" of COVID-19, how does it get outside of the cell or to the surface of the cell? \n\nCells are complicated^citation ^needed and usually have many interconnected parts like proteins helping other proteins get where they need to go or to fold in a particular way. Does the inherent shape/structure of the spike protein in this case make it thermodynamically favorable to embed itself in the cell's membrane and express itself outward? Proteins don't generally just leak out of cells so my current best guess is that it's presented by the cell in some way. Assuming this is the case, does that immune system now recognize that cell as foreign and destroy it (and thus 'read' the spike protein)?\n\nThanks for anyone's time.","title":"How do proteins made by mRNA vaccines get to where they need to go?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgmvvf/how_do_proteins_made_by_mrna_vaccines_get_to/","vote_ratio":0.71},"vgou4d":{"author":"Tales_of_Ba_Sing_Se","comment_count":12,"id":"vgou4d","post_time":1655740855.0,"score":18,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why is having high blood pressure bad for you?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgou4d/why_is_having_high_blood_pressure_bad_for_you/","vote_ratio":0.79},"vgp9e6":{"author":"Complex-Opening-9638","comment_count":3,"id":"vgp9e6","post_time":1655741947.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"When I always search for answers the internet just tells me that is done by a blood sample and using a needle.\n\nWhat I'm looking for is the scientific procedure, what is used, a microscope, some type of machine, a mathematical formula... ?\n\nHow do you go from having the blood to having a particular number and result on a paper.\n\nAnd as well I would appreciate if somebody told me how to search for this type of more specific I formation on the future, what should I type on the Google bar search to find this information.\n\nKind regards.","title":"How is AN SHBG test done?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgp9e6/how_is_an_shbg_test_done/","vote_ratio":0.86},"vgpjbc":{"author":"Quinfluenza","comment_count":344,"id":"vgpjbc","post_time":1655742658.0,"score":5816,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How big dogs have much shorter lifespans than smaller dogs, is it the same for humans? Say a 6' 7\" inch man vs a 5' 5\" man?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgpjbc/how_big_dogs_have_much_shorter_lifespans_than/","vote_ratio":0.94},"vgryi1":{"author":"ShadowVortex888","comment_count":3,"id":"vgryi1","post_time":1655748913.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Excluding any environmental mutation factors, do virus partially or wholly inherit any mutations based on the host cell\u2019s replication machinery?","title":"Is a virus\u2019s mutation rate independent from their host cell?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgryi1/is_a_viruss_mutation_rate_independent_from_their/","vote_ratio":0.71},"vgvge6":{"author":"ontheceiling315716","comment_count":2,"id":"vgvge6","post_time":1655758202.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Something I have never understood. How do nonviral plasmids incorporate stably into cellular genomic dna of a cell. I understand viral plasmid delivery systems but how do regular plasmids get stably incorporated. My understanding is that they do but it's very low rate of  occurrence and it happens somewhat randomly.\n\nThanks","title":"Stable Cell Line transfection, with non viral naked plasmid MOA?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgvge6/stable_cell_line_transfection_with_non_viral/","vote_ratio":0.5},"vgvoqw":{"author":"LilamJazeefa","comment_count":1,"id":"vgvoqw","post_time":1655758810.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I am teaching myself about the processes by which penile tumescence occurs and is maintained.  I have found that part of the process of Ca^2+ sensitization that occurs in cavernosal smooth muscle cells is by the action of Src tyrosine kinases acting on BK(Ca) receptors by phosphorylating the alpha subunits.\n\nHowever, what I don't understand is how exactly that phosphorylation winds up affecting the calcium levels?  Does it activate the ion gate?  Does it hyperpolarize the surrounding membrane?  Are other chemicals like cAMP or DAG involved? I am not a biochemist and I am but a humble physicist.  The publications on the matter seem to overlook this little detail as prerequisite material, so I'm at a bit of a loss.  I see how this works in Na ion channels as well as in vascular smooth muscle cells, but those seem to be operating by a different mechanism.","title":"By what mechanism does the phosphorylation of BK(CA) alpha subunits modulate calcium sensitivity in cavernosal smooth muscle cells?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgvoqw/by_what_mechanism_does_the_phosphorylation_of/","vote_ratio":0.57},"vgwj2j":{"author":"longstrokesharpturn","comment_count":5,"id":"vgwj2j","post_time":1655761011.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"We hear more often that countries become more dry. Iran for instance is dealing with an enormous water scarcity. But what happens to the water? Where does it go? Does it just move to another place?","title":"what happens to water when land dries up?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgwj2j/what_happens_to_water_when_land_dries_up/","vote_ratio":0.64},"vgynka":{"author":"MSeanF","comment_count":3,"id":"vgynka","post_time":1655766801.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How would world climate and weather patterns change if part of Central America was missing and the Pacific and Caribbean were connected?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgynka/how_would_world_climate_and_weather_patterns/","vote_ratio":0.56},"vh0vfd":{"author":"BiggieSlonker","comment_count":3,"id":"vh0vfd","post_time":1655773406.0,"score":13,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"It is said the massive \"Carrington Event\" solar storm of 1859 was so powerful it caused telegraph stations to catch fire.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrington_Event\n\nIf a coronal mass ejection of equal or greater strength were to hit Earth today, what kind of effects would it have across the globe?","title":"How resilient is modern electrical infrastructure to a major Coronal Mass Ejection such as The Carrington Event?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vh0vfd/how_resilient_is_modern_electrical_infrastructure/","vote_ratio":0.89},"vh27z1":{"author":"Next_Doughnut2","comment_count":11,"id":"vh27z1","post_time":1655777597.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"What dictates how much or fast a virus will mutate?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vh27z1/what_dictates_how_much_or_fast_a_virus_will_mutate/","vote_ratio":0.56},"vh296d":{"author":"badkey82","comment_count":5,"id":"vh296d","post_time":1655777707.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How is crude oil/petroleum highly flammable, but asphalt (made out of petroleum) not flammable at all?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vh296d/how_is_crude_oilpetroleum_highly_flammable_but/","vote_ratio":0.69},"vh2q1n":{"author":"Lumpy-Upstairs3755","comment_count":10,"id":"vh2q1n","post_time":1655779188.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Asking for a friend.  Google was no help.  Friend has an oat allergy that manifest as eczema, and sometimes (not all times) they break out when eating eggs or chicken or other meat.  Could they be affected if the animal ate oats? They put this question to me, and I thought it might be okay to ask here.  I am interested to learn if there is some sort of nutritional pass-along that comes from the food that the animals eat.","title":"If an animal consumes something, and then I consume that animal, will I be affected by the thing the animal consumed?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vh2q1n/if_an_animal_consumes_something_and_then_i/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vh38ek":{"author":"ERDRCR","comment_count":11,"id":"vh38ek","post_time":1655780807.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"At one end of development we know that amino acids can form spontaneously. Peptides aren\u2019t that much of a stretch after that.\nAt the other extreme, the strongest produce more offspring and the genes multiply.\n\nHow did we get from peptides to a self-reproducing code that leads to the production of peptides that make more copies of the original code?\n\nHas anyone proposed intermediate complexity structures and then organisms that would then lead to simple single cell organisms?","title":"How did the middle stages of evolution occur?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vh38ek/how_did_the_middle_stages_of_evolution_occur/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vh4xx9":{"author":"PhilNHoles","comment_count":5,"id":"vh4xx9","post_time":1655786492.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Do sealed terrariums increase in energy or mass over time due to sunlight?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vh4xx9/do_sealed_terrariums_increase_in_energy_or_mass/","vote_ratio":0.86},"vh6c7x":{"author":"con86ra","comment_count":8,"id":"vh6c7x","post_time":1655791505.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"how does plants create food using photons. i.e light? I just don't get it. can someone explain the process?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vh6c7x/how_does_plants_create_food_using_photons_ie/","vote_ratio":0.75},"vhdj0e":{"author":"VagueViper88","comment_count":145,"id":"vhdj0e","post_time":1655818615.0,"score":1106,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"After satellites have finished there designed function, what happens to them? Do they float in orbit completely obsolete, thusted of out into deep space or controlled landing back to earth? Side note, is there a possibility all satellites falling out of orbit at the same time and what would be the ramifications of the theoretical senario be? Would it cause an ELE based the amount of satellites?","title":"Where do old satellites go when dead?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vhdj0e/where_do_old_satellites_go_when_dead/","vote_ratio":0.89},"vhfduv":{"author":"roiseeker","comment_count":92,"id":"vhfduv","post_time":1655823776.0,"score":268,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"So I've been trying to investigate these New Age claims that say our heart is basically an EMF transmitter but didn't find any convincing proof that this is actually true.\n\nObviously the heart operates through all sorts of phenomena, electricity being involved as well. Where there is current, there are electromagnetic fields. So it's obvious that SOME field could be detected if we would have a sensitive enough device.\n\nBut the problem is their claims seem especially outlandish. The research linked below argues that this EMF can even be detected several feet away, which sounds a bit crazy. If the heart would've had such a strong EMF, it would've been more common knowledge in our society. I mean, maybe they are kind of right. After all, they aren't mentioning any concrete values, they just say it's 100 times stronger than the brain's field (which I also doubt).\n\n[https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-hearts-magnetic-field-which-is-the-strongest-rhythmic-field-produced-by-the-human\\_fig11\\_293944391](https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-hearts-magnetic-field-which-is-the-strongest-rhythmic-field-produced-by-the-human_fig11_293944391)\n\nI first heard about this claim here: [https://youtu.be/ta4w28IlzPE?t=1410](https://youtu.be/ta4w28IlzPE?t=1410)\n\nThis man named Joe Dispenza was making a lot of sense up to the timestamp I've selected.  \nWhen he said the heart produces something similar to a WiFi signal, 3 meters wide, that's when my \"quack alarm\" started going off.\n\nWhat's your opinion? Is all of this pseudoscience or is there any truth to it?  \nDo you have any research to back up these claims?","title":"Are claims that the electromagnetic field of the heart is 100 times stronger than that of the brain true? Is it even capable of emiting such large fields?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vhfduv/are_claims_that_the_electromagnetic_field_of_the/","vote_ratio":0.86},"vhivqy":{"author":"I_make_things","comment_count":7,"id":"vhivqy","post_time":1655833176.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How do chimeric animals avoid organ rejection or other autoimmune disorders?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vhivqy/how_do_chimeric_animals_avoid_organ_rejection_or/","vote_ratio":0.62},"vhojrq":{"author":"phenols","comment_count":454,"id":"vhojrq","post_time":1655848107.0,"score":2958,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why do people sneeze when first going into the bright sunlight or look into a glare of sunlight?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vhojrq/why_do_people_sneeze_when_first_going_into_the/","vote_ratio":0.91},"vhpew4":{"author":"shtefhan","comment_count":3,"id":"vhpew4","post_time":1655850448.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Let's say if i have a piece of glass or transparent medium that goes through space with a speed higher than the phase velocity and light reaces the medium from the back, can it go through, is it reflected or is absorbed?","title":"What will happend with the light that goes through an medium, if the medium travels faste than it's phase velocity?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vhpew4/what_will_happend_with_the_light_that_goes/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vhpihk":{"author":"qxzsilver","comment_count":155,"id":"vhpihk","post_time":1655850717.0,"score":2524,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I\u2019ve noticed watching documentaries or random videos online as well as medical websites that some people may develop allergies to bee stings after getting stung one too many times. However, some people who harvest honey from bees without any protection (one example is the Gurung people of Nepal) seem to develop immunity to bee stings.\n\nOther examples may be exposure to natural stimuli such as pollen, snake bites, certain molds, or food items. How does this happen? What can make someone more likely to develop an allergy vs. more likely to develop immunity?","title":"Why do some people develop allergies with repeated exposure to an external stimulus vs. some people developing immunity to said stimulus?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vhpihk/why_do_some_people_develop_allergies_with/","vote_ratio":0.95},"vhq4uv":{"author":"Just_want_to_log_in","comment_count":10,"id":"vhq4uv","post_time":1655852483.0,"score":21,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"And if so, is there a chance it may thrive and/or impact the local environment in any way?","title":"Is it at all possible that \u2018life\u2019 may accidentally have been brought to Mars by the various rovers sent from Earth?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vhq4uv/is_it_at_all_possible_that_life_may_accidentally/","vote_ratio":0.83},"vhrx8k":{"author":"Catvanbrian","comment_count":7,"id":"vhrx8k","post_time":1655857785.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"As in convince the system to treat or even see the implant as \u2018self\u2019 or at least a new part of \u2018self\u2019?","title":"Is there any way to teach the immune system to not attack an implant?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vhrx8k/is_there_any_way_to_teach_the_immune_system_to/","vote_ratio":0.83},"vhwse5":{"author":"TigreSauvage","comment_count":3,"id":"vhwse5","post_time":1655873269.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"For example, there are different types of snakes. Of the venomous ones, how did their venoms go about evolving in potency and effects?","title":"Why are there so many different types of venoms?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vhwse5/why_are_there_so_many_different_types_of_venoms/","vote_ratio":0.66},"vhxdu3":{"author":"kinjame","comment_count":12,"id":"vhxdu3","post_time":1655875372.0,"score":80,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Im not talking just melting point either. Sublimation too. I know tungsten has the highest known melting point of any *pure* element at 3695 K, but I read somewhere that there are also other alloys that can take hotter temperature. I know carbon sublimes at around 4098 K so i'm wondering if there is anything that can go beyond those temperatures without a phase transition. Compounds are allowed too.\n\nEdit: Under earth's atmospheric pressure at sea level.","title":"What is the highest temperature any solid material/element can take without changing states?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vhxdu3/what_is_the_highest_temperature_any_solid/","vote_ratio":0.85},"vhxl0p":{"author":"Swimming_Leeks","comment_count":70,"id":"vhxl0p","post_time":1655876091.0,"score":393,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"If skin is constantly shedding and being regrown, why does moisturizing and avoiding direct sunlight when you\u2019re young help with your skin long term?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vhxl0p/if_skin_is_constantly_shedding_and_being_regrown/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vi1jv3":{"author":"hipponuggets_","comment_count":17,"id":"vi1jv3","post_time":1655891749.0,"score":31,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I understand that they both belong to the *Panthera* genus, but are they any more closely related than to their other cousins like lions and tigers? Or did they just *happen* to have evolved similarly in terms of looks?","title":"How closely related are Jaguar and Leopards?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vi1jv3/how_closely_related_are_jaguar_and_leopards/","vote_ratio":0.78},"vi3b7r":{"author":"KarmaWhoreRepeating","comment_count":5,"id":"vi3b7r","post_time":1655898415.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Just for the sake of curiosity, what I mean is:  Is there an algorithm that can give me a solution to solve any Rubiks cube configuration, but it never rotates the yellow face (for instance)","title":"Is it possible to solve a Rubiks Cube without ever having to turn one of the faces?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vi3b7r/is_it_possible_to_solve_a_rubiks_cube_without/","vote_ratio":0.57},"vi3igi":{"author":"dondi01","comment_count":14,"id":"vi3igi","post_time":1655899119.0,"score":14,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Would it be as deadly as in the past? Would it be milder? Would we be able to immediately deal with it or there is no specific vaccine or medication?","title":"how would a modern day person likely fare against spanish flu?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vi3igi/how_would_a_modern_day_person_likely_fare_against/","vote_ratio":0.73},"vi4fic":{"author":"aroundtheworldtoday","comment_count":393,"id":"vi4fic","post_time":1655901913.0,"score":2790,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Analogous to pupils dilating and constricting with light, does the human ear physically adjust in response to volume levels?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vi4fic/analogous_to_pupils_dilating_and_constricting/","vote_ratio":0.95},"vi4s3d":{"author":"apposnollah","comment_count":3,"id":"vi4s3d","post_time":1655902978.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Last ice age in Norhern Europe ended some ~10 000 years ago. Agriculture was developed around the same time, and the area of Fertice Crescent in Middle East is often pointed out here. In present day this area is rather dry, except the areas in Turkey and the river banks in Iran, Iraq and Egypt.\n\nWhat are the estimates what kind of climate there was in those areas 10 000 years ago? They were probably much more fertile due to lower temperature. I would also guess that a large ice cap in Norhern Europe would have lowered the temperature even more, and also affected on the precipitation in the area.","title":"Are there any academic (or even wild) guesses how important colder climate and ice age was for the development of agriculture in general?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vi4s3d/are_there_any_academic_or_even_wild_guesses_how/","vote_ratio":0.78},"vi58qq":{"author":"kickin-it-studios","comment_count":28,"id":"vi58qq","post_time":1655904363.0,"score":14,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Would we slingshot past it? Do we just need really good aim? \n\nOr is the sun hard to hit only because we are launching rockets from earth which is moving extremely fast around the sun?","title":"If it takes more energy to hit the sun than leave the solar system, would it also be equally hard to hit a black hole?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vi58qq/if_it_takes_more_energy_to_hit_the_sun_than_leave/","vote_ratio":0.69},"vi5y3b":{"author":"AutoModerator","comment_count":130,"id":"vi5y3b","post_time":1655906412.0,"score":149,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on **Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science**\n\nDo you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: \"What would happen if...\", \"How will the future...\", \"If all the rules for 'X' were different...\", \"Why does my...\".\n\n**Asking Questions:**\n\nPlease post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.\n\n**Answering Questions:**\n\nPlease only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. [The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/wiki/index#wiki_answering_askscience). In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.\n\nIf you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, [please refer to the information provided here](https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/about/sticky).\n\nPast AskAnythingWednesday posts [can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/search?q=flair%3A%27meta%27&restrict_sr=on&sort=new&t=all). Ask away!","title":"Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vi5y3b/ask_anything_wednesday_physics_astronomy_earth/","vote_ratio":0.86},"vi7aaa":{"author":"AndrewTheAverage","comment_count":4,"id":"vi7aaa","post_time":1655910129.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Often we see that a virus is detected in sewerage. This happened a lot during Covid but Polio has been discovered in sewerage in England.\n\nHow is it actually detected?\n\nAs in, the amount of virus must be  infinitesimally  small compared to the volume of sewerage. Does the virus grow/replicate to a point where it is detected easily?\n\nI just dont understand how a small sample could detect it unless there was a major outbrake","title":"How do they Detect viruses in sewerage?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vi7aaa/how_do_they_detect_viruses_in_sewerage/","vote_ratio":0.57},"vi95b3":{"author":"Misco28","comment_count":11,"id":"vi95b3","post_time":1655915125.0,"score":14,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"So, we are constantly inhaling things that are not air into our lungs, specially small solid particles. I assume most of them go out by just breathing out, but its not hard for some particles to get stucked in the web of ducts we have there. Is there something curious about that or im just asking a dumb question?","title":"Have our lungs any way of cleaning themselves?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vi95b3/have_our_lungs_any_way_of_cleaning_themselves/","vote_ratio":0.75},"vibbzu":{"author":"Critical_Reveal6667","comment_count":20,"id":"vibbzu","post_time":1655920964.0,"score":26,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Have our immune systems lost the ability to fight smallpox now that it is eliminated?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vibbzu/have_our_immune_systems_lost_the_ability_to_fight/","vote_ratio":0.7},"vic6ui":{"author":"Lornedon","comment_count":10,"id":"vic6ui","post_time":1655923266.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I read that you can get infected from HIV with only one virus, and for Covid you need to have about 500 viruses enter your body.\n\nI get that it probably varies from virus to virus and from person to person, but can you give me a ballpark estimate?","title":"How many single viruses are in an infected person's body?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vic6ui/how_many_single_viruses_are_in_an_infected/","vote_ratio":0.62},"vic7fu":{"author":"Se7enineteen","comment_count":8,"id":"vic7fu","post_time":1655923312.0,"score":20,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I have viral conjunctivitis and I was cautioned about washing my hands and not sharing towels etc.\n\nBut it got me thinking, what makes certain viruses only spread via a particular vector?\n\nFor example AIDS and blood/sex, Coronavirus is airborne/fomite tramissions, etc.\n\nLogically, it seems once you get a virus, any bodily function should be able to spread it. Why do viruses behave the way they do?\n\nThanks in advance for your time.","title":"Why don't viruses spread throughout your entire body?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vic7fu/why_dont_viruses_spread_throughout_your_entire/","vote_ratio":0.72},"vif1ls":{"author":"EatTheBiscuitSam","comment_count":59,"id":"vif1ls","post_time":1655930810.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"One would think that there would be a bunch of creatures that would have eyes in a vertical arrangement. Why isn't there more diversity in eye location?","title":"Why are eyes horizontally arranged and not vertically?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vif1ls/why_are_eyes_horizontally_arranged_and_not/","vote_ratio":0.72},"vijj8f":{"author":"Doodlebobisright","comment_count":27,"id":"vijj8f","post_time":1655943237.0,"score":36,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How hot was the earth 30 million years ago?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vijj8f/how_hot_was_the_earth_30_million_years_ago/","vote_ratio":0.73},"vijndx":{"author":"jrjocham","comment_count":316,"id":"vijndx","post_time":1655943573.0,"score":2564,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I'm sure the technology changed over the years, so I'll ask this in a two parter with the technology of the Apollo missions and the technology of today. Radio towers only have a certain distance on Earth they can broadcast, and if the space shuttle is currently in orbit on the exact opposite side of the Earth as the antenna, the communications would have cut out. So back when the space program was just starting, what was the technology they used to talk to people in space. Was it a series of broadcasting antennas around the globe? Something that has a strong enough broadcast range to pass through planetary bodies? Some kind of aimed technology like a satellite dish that could track the ship in orbit? What was the communication infrastructure they had to build and how has it changed to today?","title":"When an astronaut in space talks to Houston, what is the technology that makes the call?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vijndx/when_an_astronaut_in_space_talks_to_houston_what/","vote_ratio":0.94},"vikaba":{"author":"toy_boat_toy_boat","comment_count":11,"id":"vikaba","post_time":1655945567.0,"score":23,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I ask this thinking that some test or tests might have been done to determine how birds adapt to micro-gravity. Not in a vaccuum, of course. \n\nCan birds adapt? Can they learn to navigate in this environment? I think of water birds, who can dive and swim underwater. If any tests showed chaotic results, should one anticipate that they would normalize over time? \n\nSorry if I'm asking some easy questions in the course of asking my main one.","title":"How do birds react in a micro-gravity environment?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vikaba/how_do_birds_react_in_a_microgravity_environment/","vote_ratio":0.84},"vila0l":{"author":"Zombieff","comment_count":6,"id":"vila0l","post_time":1655948596.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"What makes different plastics recyclable or non-recyclable?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vila0l/what_makes_different_plastics_recyclable_or/","vote_ratio":0.77},"vimqe8":{"author":"mister_chuunibyou","comment_count":4,"id":"vimqe8","post_time":1655953210.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"And also how many motor units can one drive?\n\nIs there any scientific estimate?\n\nI tried searching for this information but couldnt find much.","title":"how many neurons on a single hypercolumn on average?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vimqe8/how_many_neurons_on_a_single_hypercolumn_on/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vimxqv":{"author":"rivernoa","comment_count":2,"id":"vimxqv","post_time":1655953847.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I know that the moon is tidally locked to earth, but why isn\u2019t earth tidally locked to the sun? And what conditions would cause that to happen?","title":"What causes satellites to be tidally locked?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vimxqv/what_causes_satellites_to_be_tidally_locked/","vote_ratio":0.64},"vin17g":{"author":"Primary_Hawk3","comment_count":5,"id":"vin17g","post_time":1655954167.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"What is the concentration of salt that needs to be in water for it to become undrinkable/unhealthy for human consumption?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vin17g/what_is_the_concentration_of_salt_that_needs_to/","vote_ratio":0.75},"virtn3":{"author":"sepientr34","comment_count":42,"id":"virtn3","post_time":1655972005.0,"score":72,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Both reactions use hydrogen 1 or carbon 12 which are easier to find on earth why deuterium-tritium fusion is used instead","title":"Why dont proton proton fusion or CNO cycle used in thermo nuclear weapon?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/virtn3/why_dont_proton_proton_fusion_or_cno_cycle_used/","vote_ratio":0.75},"vj0c3d":{"author":"omgyouresexy","comment_count":90,"id":"vj0c3d","post_time":1656000234.0,"score":1111,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I just got done watching a video about Parting of the Waters in Moran, WY. There is a unique feature here in which a creek running along the continental divide splits and half runs to the Pacific while the other half runs to the Atlantic. The title of the video is \"The Creek that Flows to Two Different Oceans\" if anyone wants to check it out for more context.\n\nAnyway, it got me thinking: Assuming no evaporation, absorption into the soil, or any other means of exiting the continuous flow, how long would it take a drop of water to flow from that location all the way to the Atlantic Ocean?\n\nThere are overlapping issues like estimating actual path lengths of the creeks and rivers, different flow rates that depend on precipitation and water levels, fluid dynamics, and I'm sure a bunch other stuff I'm not even thinking of. Seems like such a cool multi-disciplinary problem. Is it possible to simplify it enough to get a rough answer? I'd love to hear everyone's take!","title":"How long would it take a drop of water to flow from Parting of the Waters to the Atlantic Ocean?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vj0c3d/how_long_would_it_take_a_drop_of_water_to_flow/","vote_ratio":0.91},"vj6766":{"author":"Kipkeny","comment_count":7,"id":"vj6766","post_time":1656015801.0,"score":32,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I have recently developed an interest in statistical mechanics and would really like to solidify my understanding of temperature and heat before I continue. Feel free to answer all or some of these questions. Thank you!\n\n1. Does temperature measure translational, rotational, and vibrational motion?\n\n2. If temperature measures average kinetic energy, couldn\u2019t it just be expressed in terms of joules?\n\n3. Is there a strict linear relationship between energy input and change in temperature? If not, why?\n\n4. Does particle mass affect specific heat? If not why do particles have different specific heats?\n\n5. What is the relationship between specific heat and specific entropy? Why do they have the same units?\n\n6. If joules and kelvin both measure energy, then is entropy dimensionless?","title":"Temperature and Heat Questions?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vj6766/temperature_and_heat_questions/","vote_ratio":0.75},"vjct7t":{"author":"DaSpawn","comment_count":3,"id":"vjct7t","post_time":1656035033.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Does the water from a tsunami become desalinized as the land absorbs it?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vjct7t/does_the_water_from_a_tsunami_become_desalinized/","vote_ratio":0.76},"vje6n1":{"author":"Sinzari","comment_count":334,"id":"vje6n1","post_time":1656039371.0,"score":1983,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I had heard that lemon juice makes your body alkaline, which made no sense to me, so I did some googling. I found that it was not true, as I anticipated (since your body regulates your blood's pH level), but what I couldn't find a solid conclusion for in either direction was whether or not lemon juice creates alkaline byproducts in digestion. \n\nI found many semi-reputable sources (https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/lemon-juice-acidic-or-alkaline for example) that seemed to agree with that, and say that while it doesn't affect your body or blood's pH level, it can make your urine more alkaline. Most of the people I'd seen refuting it where simply saying that lemon juice can't turn your body alkaline and that it's pseudoscience hogwash, rather than specifically talking to the point that it does or doesn't make alkaline byproducts during digestion.\n\nSo my question is: Does lemon juice produce alkaline byproducts during digestion and make your urine more alkaline, and if it does, what's the process that occurs to make this happen and what is happening to all the acid? Where are the extra Hydrogen ions going?\n\nEDIT: Thanks for all the replies! Got some really good ones that answered my question with academic sources! Just wanted to note that as I mentioned, I know that your body regulates pH and that trying to turn your body or urine \"more alkaline\" doesn't have any health benefits, was just curious on this specific point of urine/alkaline byproducts because I couldn't find an explanation but saw relatively reputable sources suggest it's true.\n\nStill, always good to include that as part of the explanation for others who may not know that it gives no health benefits.","title":"How does lemon juice turn your urine alkaline?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vje6n1/how_does_lemon_juice_turn_your_urine_alkaline/","vote_ratio":0.91},"vje8tr":{"author":"crimsonengine","comment_count":18,"id":"vje8tr","post_time":1656039568.0,"score":362,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"I'm predicting 60 events to happen over 30 days, randomly distributed. How many days with zero events can happen in a row before I'm statistically unlikely to meet my target? Is this something the Poisson distribution applies to and how can I calculate it?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vje8tr/im_predicting_60_events_to_happen_over_30_days/","vote_ratio":0.86},"vjl4k8":{"author":"SeldonCrises","comment_count":7,"id":"vjl4k8","post_time":1656065877.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"During the age of the dinosaurs was there a comparable level of biodiversity (in terms of species diversity) as today?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vjl4k8/during_the_age_of_the_dinosaurs_was_there_a/","vote_ratio":0.65},"vjms6o":{"author":"gotasciencequestion","comment_count":2,"id":"vjms6o","post_time":1656071966.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I\u2019m sure I\u2019m missing some very basic bit of knowledge on antibodies here but I wanted to get a very rough estimate of the number of unique IgG antibodies. My current working is:\n\nVh chain - 65 variable * 27 diversity * 6 joining\n\nVl(kappa) chain - 40 variable * 5 joining\n\nMultiplying these numbers gives me just over 2 million unique sequences but I expected it to be far greater than that.\n\nI\u2019m using Immunology: The immune system in health and disease for the numbers of gene segments.\n\nThank you for the help!","title":"Could someone help me out with the maths behind the estimated number of unique IgG antibodies?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vjms6o/could_someone_help_me_out_with_the_maths_behind/","vote_ratio":0.7},"vjojox":{"author":"Total_Bag7240","comment_count":7,"id":"vjojox","post_time":1656077492.0,"score":27,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I understand how plant seeds know how to grow the right way up (gravity) and I understand how a zygote/foetus' cells determine left from right using rotating cilia. How do the cells know when to stop arm or leg growth and become hands or feet? I'm guessing some sort of chemical gradient but could someone point me in the direction of a concrete source","title":"How do limbs grow in utero ? how do the cells know to not be a part of the arm and start being part of the wrist etc.","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vjojox/how_do_limbs_grow_in_utero_how_do_the_cells_know/","vote_ratio":0.82},"vjq4dk":{"author":"t0gi_","comment_count":19,"id":"vjq4dk","post_time":1656081962.0,"score":39,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I've seen somebody put lithium in water, obviously it started crackling and creating sparks but I wanted to know why.","title":"Why does lithium react so violently with water?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vjq4dk/why_does_lithium_react_so_violently_with_water/","vote_ratio":0.8},"vjq63t":{"author":"UnIntelligent_Lemon5","comment_count":6,"id":"vjq63t","post_time":1656082103.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Can you see a superior mirage with a thermal camera?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vjq63t/can_you_see_a_superior_mirage_with_a_thermal/","vote_ratio":0.62},"vjsshw":{"author":"bl4ck4nti","comment_count":48,"id":"vjsshw","post_time":1656089243.0,"score":314,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"If the planets are hundreds and thousands of light-years away, how do we know what they look like and their characteristics? Also because of how long it takes for the light to reach us, is there a possibility that we are looking at a planet that may not exist in present time?","title":"How do we know what exoplanets look like?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vjsshw/how_do_we_know_what_exoplanets_look_like/","vote_ratio":0.89},"vjt9eb":{"author":"IonizingBRadiation","comment_count":15,"id":"vjt9eb","post_time":1656090482.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"I get how myosin pulls actin to contract a muscle. But how does a muscle strecthes back?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vjt9eb/i_get_how_myosin_pulls_actin_to_contract_a_muscle/","vote_ratio":0.5},"vju1wd":{"author":"WarPig262","comment_count":4,"id":"vju1wd","post_time":1656092621.0,"score":14,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How does digestion change in space when your stomach acid is floating around in your stomach?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vju1wd/how_does_digestion_change_in_space_when_your/","vote_ratio":0.8},"vju44u":{"author":"ChoopAdoop","comment_count":8,"id":"vju44u","post_time":1656092786.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I feel like the answer is probably yes, but I'm curious to what degree these animals exist. Are there fish that have zebra-like patterns, but only if you can see more than the RGB that humans can see?","title":"Are there animals that have patterned skin / fur in wavelengths that humans can't see?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vju44u/are_there_animals_that_have_patterned_skin_fur_in/","vote_ratio":0.78},"vjy0lg":{"author":"chazwomaq","comment_count":391,"id":"vjy0lg","post_time":1656103592.0,"score":2035,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Would it explode? Is the metal strong enough to resist the pressure differential? Does it depend on the temperature? What if it were filled with water vs air at 1 atmosphere pressure?","title":"What would happen to a sealed tin can in space?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vjy0lg/what_would_happen_to_a_sealed_tin_can_in_space/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vk01ly":{"author":"4thDevilsAdvocate","comment_count":7,"id":"vk01ly","post_time":1656109287.0,"score":26,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Note that I'm not talking about \"growing the *most*\" (i.e. smallest baby size to adult size ratio). I'm talking about \"growing the *fastest*\".\n\nAs of right now, I think it's the red kangaroo.\n\n[This](https://www.nwf.org/Magazines/National-Wildlife/2010/Worlds-Fastest-Growing-Animal) and [this](https://www.ferris.edu/card-riley-center/Kids_Corner/marsupials.htm) say a red kangaroo is 1 gram at birth, and [the red kangaroo's Wikipedia page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_kangaroo) [states that female red kangaroos can be of reproductive age (i.e. \"adulthood\") as soon as 18 months](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_kangaroo#Reproduction) (but [that they weigh, at most, 88 pounds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_kangaroo#Description)).\n\nUsing this information, let's say the following:\n\n1. 1 year = 12 months = 365 days\n2. 18 months = 365 \\* 1.5 days = 547.5 days\n3. 88 pounds / 1 gram = 39,916.1286\n\nPlugging these values into [this exponent calculator](https://www.omnicalculator.com/math/exponent) tells me that, for a female red kangaroo to grow from its birth weight to its weight at adulthood in 547.5 days, it must multiply its body weight by 1.01954x (101.954%) per day.\n\nAlternative, reversing this, and assuming the upper bound of red kangaroo reproductive age (5 years/1825 days), and the lower bound of female red kangaroo body weight (40 pounds), that means said female red kangaroo must multiply its body weight by 1.005387x per day (100.5387%) in order to grow from 1 gram to 40 pounds in 1825 days.\n\n**Are there any mammals** **^((not animals,)** [***^(mammals)***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal)***)*** **that grow faster than this?** Right now, I think the red kangaroo takes the cake, seemingly growing 7.1x to *\\~1,170x* its body weight within a year.","title":"Which mammal grows the FASTEST between birth and adulthood, as a percentage of its birth body mass?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vk01ly/which_mammal_grows_the_fastest_between_birth_and/","vote_ratio":0.73},"vk1h7x":{"author":"piedamon","comment_count":3,"id":"vk1h7x","post_time":1656113560.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I imagine there\u2019s a fairly chaotic underlying system, so I\u2019m curious what factors are at play in why a sunspot appears in the place it does. The sun seems so uniform, so I\u2019m wondering if this is an example of \u201cthe butterfly effect\u201d so to speak.","title":"What determines sunspot location?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vk1h7x/what_determines_sunspot_location/","vote_ratio":0.75},"vk7ucw":{"author":"The_Middler_is_Here","comment_count":36,"id":"vk7ucw","post_time":1656135022.0,"score":152,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I learned recently that mammalian four-chambered hearts are more efficient than reptilian three-chambered hearts. Are mammals special as far as hearts go?","title":"Do hearts vary a lot among vertebrates?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vk7ucw/do_hearts_vary_a_lot_among_vertebrates/","vote_ratio":0.89},"vkbelq":{"author":"polidrupa","comment_count":5,"id":"vkbelq","post_time":1656149697.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"CH4 has a much larger greenhouse effect than CO2, but CO2 stays in the atmosphere much longer than CH4. So, if I had CH4 emissions and I had only two options, would it be better to burn them (emitting CO2) or leave the CH4 go freely to the atmosphere? What do simulations say?","title":"What's \"worse\", longterm, for the greenhouse effect, CH4 or CO2?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkbelq/whats_worse_longterm_for_the_greenhouse_effect/","vote_ratio":0.56},"vkcvvv":{"author":"Novel_Ad8758","comment_count":28,"id":"vkcvvv","post_time":1656155881.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"This question is specifically aimed at showing how asking high quantities of a population to take the vaccine stops the spread at a population level.\n\nI would assume the following things to be relevant\n\n1. chance of people who get infected that are vaccinated\n2. chance of then infecting others, modulated by length of illness, viral load and symptoms (coughing)\n3. how good the immunity is from infection + vaccine, i.e. how often vaccinated people get reinfected vs unvaccinated\n\nIm asking this because its pretty frustrating that people always pull a specific country with high vaccination rates and high cases and then say young people getting the vaccine doesnt help others at all. I have the suspicion that their view is limited, but I would like to see evidence or more professional perspectives on the matter :)","title":"what evidence do we have that (booster) vaccines protect others and slow the spread?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkcvvv/what_evidence_do_we_have_that_booster_vaccines/","vote_ratio":0.45},"vkd1hc":{"author":"PCRnoob","comment_count":44,"id":"vkd1hc","post_time":1656156507.0,"score":70,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Similar to pharmacological databases where you can look up a certain medicament and handily find information on dose ranges, formulations, routes of administration, etc. is there an easily accessible toxicological database with detailed toxicological information for particular substances. I.e. known adverse health effects, dose-response relationships, etc.?","title":"Is there a public toxicological database detailing substances' adverse health effects?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkd1hc/is_there_a_public_toxicological_database/","vote_ratio":0.85},"vkh8wj":{"author":"_LouSandwich_","comment_count":20,"id":"vkh8wj","post_time":1656170332.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Have we ever seen a new species come into existence?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkh8wj/have_we_ever_seen_a_new_species_come_into/","vote_ratio":0.74},"vkhjtp":{"author":"Professional_Call","comment_count":2,"id":"vkhjtp","post_time":1656171239.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"While we get most of water through food and drink, the breakdown of hydrocarbons in H2O and CO2 must contribute some, too. What proportion of our water need is met through this process?","title":"How much of our water needs to we meet though the breakdown of hydrocarbons in our bodies?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkhjtp/how_much_of_our_water_needs_to_we_meet_though_the/","vote_ratio":0.54},"vkhtix":{"author":"insanelylogical","comment_count":18,"id":"vkhtix","post_time":1656172007.0,"score":154,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I know not all cell types divide that frequently, but some like skin cells divide daily. It seems that it would not be that long before all skin cells have reached the Hayflick limit and eventually our skin will cease to function. \n\nEven if we replace skin cells with stem cells, I imagine that our source of stem cells is really limited.","title":"If somatic cells can only divide up to the Hayflick limit, how do people live longer than a few decades?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkhtix/if_somatic_cells_can_only_divide_up_to_the/","vote_ratio":0.9},"vkhz5z":{"author":"A-Delonix-Regia","comment_count":106,"id":"vkhz5z","post_time":1656172460.0,"score":2032,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"So I have noticed that when I close my right eye for a while and keep my left eye open in broad daylight, I see warmer colours in my left eye and see cooler colours in my right eye when I open it. This is similar to the white balance in smartphone cameras.\n\nBut is there any evolutionary advantage to this? And how does it work?","title":"What advantage does the eye's (or brain's) white-balance-like system give, and how does it work?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkhz5z/what_advantage_does_the_eyes_or_brains/","vote_ratio":0.93},"vkietu":{"author":"Gloomy_Efficiency196","comment_count":1,"id":"vkietu","post_time":1656173693.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Hey, recently I've been repeating my biology material related to invertebrates and I noticed that, when we were talking about theirs digestive systems some of them have throats (faucets/gullet), while others have oesophagus, or they have both of these structures. Is there here someone knowledgeable  in this topic?","title":"On what does it depend if invertebrates (or other animals) have oesophagus or gullet or both of them?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkietu/on_what_does_it_depend_if_invertebrates_or_other/","vote_ratio":0.5},"vkj294":{"author":"ibs2pid","comment_count":16,"id":"vkj294","post_time":1656175568.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I know they have a sort of \"homing\" that leads them to try and get back to where they were born but does it really work half a world away? If not, they wouldn't make it very far anyway across the oceans. What is keeping us from from just doing a mass capture/relocation for the Everglades pythons to help bolster the population in their native habitats? I know zoos have breeding and reintroduction programs for all sorts of animals. Why couldn't this be used for the python?","title":"Why can't the pythons found in Florida be relocated back to Burma were they are endangered?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkj294/why_cant_the_pythons_found_in_florida_be/","vote_ratio":0.58},"vkj8gx":{"author":"DuckoPond","comment_count":8,"id":"vkj8gx","post_time":1656176050.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Like, say I have a wire running into a 5mm thick plate rubber plate that is floating on top of water. Is there any situation the electricity would be able to travel through the plate, and into the water?","title":"if you have a circuit with an insulator, like rubber, in the middle of it, is it possible for the electricity to jump THROUGH the rubber and complete the circuit?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkj8gx/if_you_have_a_circuit_with_an_insulator_like/","vote_ratio":0.6},"vkjiq0":{"author":"NoStripeZebra1","comment_count":5,"id":"vkjiq0","post_time":1656176845.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"LFL= Lower Flammability Limit","title":"Does a candle lit in a room that has methane gas dispersed at a lower concentration than LFL gradually combust the methane molecules?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkjiq0/does_a_candle_lit_in_a_room_that_has_methane_gas/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vkjs11":{"author":"5L91N","comment_count":4,"id":"vkjs11","post_time":1656177610.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Does asexual reproduction causes the same genetic problems as incest?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkjs11/does_asexual_reproduction_causes_the_same_genetic/","vote_ratio":0.5},"vkkapg":{"author":"Eggcellent_DTR","comment_count":7,"id":"vkkapg","post_time":1656179119.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How do explosions work? And what is deadly about them? Heat or air waves?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkkapg/how_do_explosions_work_and_what_is_deadly_about/","vote_ratio":0.33},"vkkh0e":{"author":"WoodPecker_69","comment_count":27,"id":"vkkh0e","post_time":1656179635.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"So I was reading this news article: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/aug/15/age-of-obesity-shaming-overweight-people. \n\nThe author seems to suggest that between 1970 and today, sugar consumption in the USA has increased 39 times, and attributes this as a major cause the obesity epidemic. He pointed out that in 1970 people consumed slightly more calories but yet were thin.\n\nI completely cut out all sweet tasting products from my life. I still eat around the same number of calories and yet in 6 months I've lost 40lbs of weight. Even when I was dieting and in calorie deficit but still consuming sugar, I struggled to lose weight. So I think there could be something true about this, as I don't even think about dieting nowadays and yet the weight just comes off anyway.\n\nDoes anyone here know why or how added sugar specifically would lead to rapid weight gain?","title":"Why does added sugar seem to make us obese more than other foods?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkkh0e/why_does_added_sugar_seem_to_make_us_obese_more/","vote_ratio":0.66},"vkkzac":{"author":"futurettt","comment_count":1,"id":"vkkzac","post_time":1656181095.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Question in title. Since phospholipids naturally form bilayers, I was surprised by a study I found using phospholipid micelles to shield sperm in utero. \n\nThe study for those interested:\nhttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29856778/","title":"can phospholipids form micelles in water if agitated?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkkzac/can_phospholipids_form_micelles_in_water_if/","vote_ratio":0.33},"vkkzr7":{"author":"solipsistrealist","comment_count":5,"id":"vkkzr7","post_time":1656181133.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I continue seeing ads, reading articles, and more, surrounding companies meeting net zero emissions by a certain year. But this doesn\u2019t sound like producing zero pollution. What does being a net zero emission company or country actually mean?","title":"What does net zero emissions mean?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkkzr7/what_does_net_zero_emissions_mean/","vote_ratio":0.62},"vklldh":{"author":"blmb_runt","comment_count":3,"id":"vklldh","post_time":1656182880.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Also known as Valacyclovir, causes crystal deposits in kidney and blockage. It can even cause acute failure. So in case it's not acute is damage permanent?","title":"Is kidney damage caused by acyclovir reversible?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vklldh/is_kidney_damage_caused_by_acyclovir_reversible/","vote_ratio":0.6},"vklloc":{"author":"Sub7","comment_count":4,"id":"vklloc","post_time":1656182900.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Is it possible that a planet somewhere has a serious variation in its rate of rotation during its orbit and what would be the effects?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vklloc/is_it_possible_that_a_planet_somewhere_has_a/","vote_ratio":0.69},"vkmn7b":{"author":"WaitForItTheMongols","comment_count":2,"id":"vkmn7b","post_time":1656185925.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I would think the up/down and left/right movement systems would have a high degree of similarity, such that you should always be able to move either both or neither. Why is there this split where the eye movement is cut in half, where only the sideways movement is knocked out by the neurological conditions that generate Locked In Syndrome?","title":"Patients with Locked-In Syndrome can move their eyes up and down, but not side to side. What is the difference in these neural systems that results in the divide?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkmn7b/patients_with_lockedin_syndrome_can_move_their/","vote_ratio":0.77},"vkmpoo":{"author":"FiercelyProud","comment_count":3,"id":"vkmpoo","post_time":1656186124.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I work at a coffee shop and we are discussing keeping half n half from one day to the next after it's been sitting in a container that's partially closed. I've always been told most foods start to develop microbial colonies after about 4 hours, so I don't think it's a great idea, even if it's in the fridge overnight.","title":"Do creamer pitchers slow the growth of microbes in milk?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkmpoo/do_creamer_pitchers_slow_the_growth_of_microbes/","vote_ratio":0.83},"vkmxvc":{"author":"danielgarciaromano","comment_count":1,"id":"vkmxvc","post_time":1656186802.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I was hearing people the other day claim that the accumulation of mutations caused by lower mortality rates (thus causing a wider variety of individuals with mutations to survive and reproduce) would result in an overall reduction of average human intelligence, over time.\n\nJust wanted to get feedback from actual geneticists on that claim, as it is expounded more or less in this paper: [https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00361](https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00361). I think this sounds like a load of eugenic bullshit (and that the idea of a co-ocurrence of a dysgenic trend with the Flynn effect is methodologically unsound), but I don't think I have enough knowledge of the subject to actually assert so. \n\nIs this a fringe theory, or is there any support for it in current genetic studies?","title":"What is the modern position of geneticists on Francis Galton's hypothesis about there being a dysgenic trend affecting human intelligence?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkmxvc/what_is_the_modern_position_of_geneticists_on/","vote_ratio":0.73},"vkn7qa":{"author":"kattmedtass","comment_count":19,"id":"vkn7qa","post_time":1656187590.0,"score":101,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How did the red fox evolve to remain largely the same species in North America as in Europe?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkn7qa/how_did_the_red_fox_evolve_to_remain_largely_the/","vote_ratio":0.89},"vkpjho":{"author":"Someragingpacifist","comment_count":11,"id":"vkpjho","post_time":1656194446.0,"score":16,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Everything I can find is just listing shakiness as a symptom of low blood pressure, but what is actually happening at a cellular level that causes your muscles to not work as well?","title":"Why does low blood pressure make you shaky?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkpjho/why_does_low_blood_pressure_make_you_shaky/","vote_ratio":0.76},"vkpvmw":{"author":"stamosface","comment_count":1,"id":"vkpvmw","post_time":1656195461.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"As a Yemeni-American, I've noticed trends in how other first-gens from (loosely) similar regions and genetic backgrounds show greater susceptibility to certain diseases. \n\nI understand that we know, for example, that certain populations don't react well to alcohol on a genetic level, and have a greater propensity for addiction. Then, after enough generations of that, that population's gene pool has a greater physical tolerance or resistance to some of the negative effects of alcoholism. Yemen is an interesting case because many parts of it are inhabited by people who've resided there for such a long time and with so little mixing, relative to many other places.\n\nThen of course there are the stark differences in lifestyles, and certain morphological or physiological advantages or disadvantages can become the opposite.\n\nDo we understand more than this? I've read that genetics will require a quantum leap before we can more accurately analyze and predict disease susceptibility based on genetic markers, so I guess I'm just trying to get a read on how well we *actually* understand these topics, or even how we come to the conclusions we *can* draw.","title":"How much do we understand about how different ethnicities in highly diverse societies display greater or lesser susceptibility to the health effects of every day life?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkpvmw/how_much_do_we_understand_about_how_different/","vote_ratio":0.87},"vkq2hf":{"author":"NuevoLucha","comment_count":2,"id":"vkq2hf","post_time":1656196029.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"While I roughly grasp the concept of expressing energy through calories as a unit of measurement, I\u2019m curious how scientifically one can reliably estimate calories \u201cburned\u201d for swimming compared to day cycling?","title":"How are the amount of calories burned for any given activity calculated?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkq2hf/how_are_the_amount_of_calories_burned_for_any/","vote_ratio":1.0},"vkrt2x":{"author":"Selfeducated","comment_count":24,"id":"vkrt2x","post_time":1656201466.0,"score":76,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"It seems to be more involved than just good coordination. Has neuroscience ever studied it?","title":"What is the basis for having a sense of rhythm?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkrt2x/what_is_the_basis_for_having_a_sense_of_rhythm/","vote_ratio":0.91},"vkrt60":{"author":"Anonymous_001307","comment_count":16,"id":"vkrt60","post_time":1656201474.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Is there any particular reason we ordered the human chromosome pairs the way we did?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkrt60/is_there_any_particular_reason_we_ordered_the/","vote_ratio":0.6},"vks1m3":{"author":"HavokSTL","comment_count":406,"id":"vks1m3","post_time":1656202234.0,"score":3339,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"We all know that gaining weight can be attributed to excessive caloric intake, but how fast does weight gain actually happen? Can we gain a pound or two in fat content over night? Does it take 24 hours for this pound or two to build up?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vks1m3/we_all_know_that_gaining_weight_can_be_attributed/","vote_ratio":0.95},"vks441":{"author":"cheers761","comment_count":5,"id":"vks441","post_time":1656202472.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How are foods/drinks analyzed for nutrition to be added to labels?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vks441/how_are_foodsdrinks_analyzed_for_nutrition_to_be/","vote_ratio":0.74},"vksgta":{"author":"mrwonderfull_","comment_count":178,"id":"vksgta","post_time":1656203654.0,"score":880,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Hello! \n\nI read a case recently where a young girl was given a lung and heart transplant, except the transplanted organs were of a completely wrong blood type then the patient. I was wondering what exactly happens if someone it given a pint (or more) of the wrong type of blood. \n\nAnd to step it up a notch further, what would happen to the body if all the blood in the body were to become a different type? Would the affect change with one blood type over another? \n\nThanks for your responses in advance.","title":"What happens to the body exactly if someone is given a transfusion of the wrong blood type?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vksgta/what_happens_to_the_body_exactly_if_someone_is/","vote_ratio":0.94},"vkstzp":{"author":"Glittering_Job_9536","comment_count":9,"id":"vkstzp","post_time":1656204891.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I think this is for paleontologists? I'm not too sure honestly. \nI don't really have grasp on the process.\nIs it just trying something over and over until it slowly appears. \nOr is the DNA somehow incentivised to do something for better or threatened procreation? \nCould someone provide me the proper key points?\nThank you for reading.","title":"How exactly does an organism evolve?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkstzp/how_exactly_does_an_organism_evolve/","vote_ratio":0.6},"vktgcp":{"author":"dundoniandood","comment_count":9,"id":"vktgcp","post_time":1656207023.0,"score":20,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"For example a 15 year old dog may suffer from arthritis or dementia, but it would take an average human a way longer time to start developing those issues typically.","title":"What allows animals with shorter life spans than humans (eg. Cats and dogs) to develop age related illnesses like arthritis and mental degradation in much shorter time spans?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vktgcp/what_allows_animals_with_shorter_life_spans_than/","vote_ratio":0.72},"vktlsa":{"author":"Ravery-net","comment_count":21,"id":"vktlsa","post_time":1656207540.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Important formulas in physics often have very \"easy\" coefficients and exponents. They seem so elegant, when otherwise the universe seems full of chaos and side-effects.","title":"Are physical formulas like T=0.5*mv^2 literally that precise in reality or is it simplification? Why is it ^2 and not ^1.99999 or ^2.00001?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vktlsa/are_physical_formulas_like_t05mv2_literally_that/","vote_ratio":0.66},"vktwkx":{"author":"Laddenvore","comment_count":3,"id":"vktwkx","post_time":1656208594.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"To clarify my question with a (semi) made up example: say we trained a DL model to take some input data to predict some outcome (eg. amino acid sequence to predict protein conformation). Say we also have very little idea how to relate the outcome to the predictors. Then we did some form of interpretability on the DL model and this led to novel theory/insight (eg. certain amino acid subsequences are highly likely to appear on the surface of the protein once it is folded). \n\nAre there good case studies of this sort of thing happening? Links to papers would be super appreciated.\n\n(Disclaimer: I know very little biochemistry so my example might be wrong/nonsense/known without DL)","title":"Are there good case studies of neural net interpretation leading to novel scientific theory/insight?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vktwkx/are_there_good_case_studies_of_neural_net/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vkuknn":{"author":"xuuoR","comment_count":55,"id":"vkuknn","post_time":1656210870.0,"score":72,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"When I look this up I get the answer of \"Gasses are greatly compressed underwater from the weight of all the water above, so while diving we are breathing compressed air\"\n\nI understand this concept but isn't a tank of air a closed loop? How does the water on the outside of the tank compress gas if the metal itself is the same shape? Sorry if I'm missing something.\n\nThanks.","title":"Why do deep-sea divers use mixed gases?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkuknn/why_do_deepsea_divers_use_mixed_gases/","vote_ratio":0.85},"vkus7x":{"author":"MovingOnYourLeft","comment_count":28,"id":"vkus7x","post_time":1656211601.0,"score":36,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why does the moon seem to have significantly more craters at the poles?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkus7x/why_does_the_moon_seem_to_have_significantly_more/","vote_ratio":0.79},"vkvwi3":{"author":"overthinkingtodeath","comment_count":9,"id":"vkvwi3","post_time":1656215519.0,"score":20,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"It is a beavers instinct to build a dam, okay, but what does that MEAN!!?? Like what part of the brain just goes \u201cBEAVER BUILD DAM!!\u201d How does that work, how can a part of your brain encode for building dams. I am a computer engineer and I\u2019m thinking of it like someone codes into beavers brain to build dam BUT HOW IS IT PHYSICSLLY CODED BC THIS IS A BEAVER NOT A COMPUTER !!","title":"What exactly are instincts ?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkvwi3/what_exactly_are_instincts/","vote_ratio":0.75},"vkwbpe":{"author":"thneeed","comment_count":43,"id":"vkwbpe","post_time":1656217027.0,"score":25,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"my sister and i are going back and forth about this and i\u2019m interested who is right or if we both are.","title":"is the infinite amount of numbers between 0 and 1 smaller than the infinite amount of numbers between 0 and 2?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkwbpe/is_the_infinite_amount_of_numbers_between_0_and_1/","vote_ratio":0.77},"vl5x7c":{"author":"Jenda_Smerda","comment_count":14,"id":"vl5x7c","post_time":1656253740.0,"score":13,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Do you have some examples (in science, everyday life), how we could benefit from discovering our aquatic world?","title":"More than 80 % of the ocean has never been mapped, explored, or even seen by humans. How we could benefit from discovering our aquatic world?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vl5x7c/more_than_80_of_the_ocean_has_never_been_mapped/","vote_ratio":0.68},"vl5ywo":{"author":"p90fans","comment_count":3,"id":"vl5ywo","post_time":1656253872.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"As per the title, I googled that but cannot find a source that gives a concrete answer. You may also teach me how to find of the answer of this question,","title":"Can hamsters sense red light and infrared light?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vl5ywo/can_hamsters_sense_red_light_and_infrared_light/","vote_ratio":0.72},"vl6zg8":{"author":"Kelekona","comment_count":13,"id":"vl6zg8","post_time":1656256740.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I have a fictional character whose grandparents got a lot of their calories from cheese, but then his culture lost access to grazing animals so he hadn't had any milk since he was weaned.  If he started eating cheese at say ten years old, would he get sick?  Could it be corrected by seeding his gut with the right bacteria?","title":"Does someone lose the ability to digest milk if they don't drink it?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vl6zg8/does_someone_lose_the_ability_to_digest_milk_if/","vote_ratio":0.78},"vl8fio":{"author":"rounding_error","comment_count":23,"id":"vl8fio","post_time":1656260750.0,"score":366,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"From Corinth, Mississippi to Montgomery, Alabama, there is a large arc of flat land which stands out on satellite photos because it is mostly farms, surrounded by hilly, forested land.  It seems to perfectly encircle the southern end of the Appalachian mountain range, suggesting it was somehow created when the mountain range formed.  It's not a river valley because a few rivers seem to cross through it without following it.  What is it?\n\nI've circled it here:  [https://i.redd.it/3ly4yk8flw791.png](https://i.redd.it/3ly4yk8flw791.png)","title":"What caused this ring of flat land circling the end of the Appalachian range?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vl8fio/what_caused_this_ring_of_flat_land_circling_the/","vote_ratio":0.94},"vl8yjt":{"author":"Smartnership","comment_count":160,"id":"vl8yjt","post_time":1656262193.0,"score":7800,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Death Valley is 282\u2019 below sea level. Would it offset the rising ocean to build a canal and create the Death Valley Sea?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vl8yjt/death_valley_is_282_below_sea_level_would_it/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vla426":{"author":"SneakyChada","comment_count":1,"id":"vla426","post_time":1656265382.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Does it or does it not is it phosphorylation or dephosphorylation?","title":"Does phosphorylation of CTD condition binding of RNA polymerase II with preinitiation complex?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vla426/does_phosphorylation_of_ctd_condition_binding_of/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vlah4e":{"author":"iammerp","comment_count":3,"id":"vlah4e","post_time":1656266397.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why is some cheese soft and elastic (like mozzarella), while other is hard and brittle (like parmesan)? What is the difference?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlah4e/why_is_some_cheese_soft_and_elastic_like/","vote_ratio":0.75},"vlbe7d":{"author":"None","comment_count":3,"id":"vlbe7d","post_time":1656268937.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How does a fetus develop stomach bacteria?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlbe7d/how_does_a_fetus_develop_stomach_bacteria/","vote_ratio":0.8},"vlcbc6":{"author":"Acceptable_Clothes_9","comment_count":1,"id":"vlcbc6","post_time":1656271518.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I am wondering if it is similar where if you ingest certain vitamin supplements of which the body can synthesize on its own, there is plenty in the blood so the body doesn't synthesize the vitamin on its own anymore or as much.","title":"Does ingesting prostaglandin analogues reduce the body's own synthesis of prostaglandin?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlcbc6/does_ingesting_prostaglandin_analogues_reduce_the/","vote_ratio":0.5},"vlcjrz":{"author":"aer0_nerd","comment_count":3,"id":"vlcjrz","post_time":1656272186.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Generally referencing wheels on cars/things that spin","title":"How do you determine coefficient of friction in different materials?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlcjrz/how_do_you_determine_coefficient_of_friction_in/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vlcr67":{"author":"Flurbybox","comment_count":2,"id":"vlcr67","post_time":1656272769.0,"score":18,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Solar panel sun tracking is why I ask. There are active trackers which use light sensors to change the angle of solar panels in order to maximize their efficiency. As an alternative if setting up a panel at a particular location, that locations position variables could be set statically and using date and time point the solar panel toward the predicted location of the sun in the sky.\n\nI'm wondering if those functions/equations already exist.","title":"Does an equation or set of equations exist which would predict accurately the position of the sun in the sky at any time for any day of the year, for a given latitude, longitude, and elevation?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlcr67/does_an_equation_or_set_of_equations_exist_which/","vote_ratio":0.88},"vldnc6":{"author":"Cocoamix86","comment_count":13,"id":"vldnc6","post_time":1656275335.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"You could have a foot of solid glass and light will still traverse through it, and yet a thin sheet of paper will block most of it.","title":"What makes light able to pass through solid transparent materials?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vldnc6/what_makes_light_able_to_pass_through_solid/","vote_ratio":0.73},"vle38h":{"author":"BicephalousFlame","comment_count":56,"id":"vle38h","post_time":1656276568.0,"score":14,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why isn't balance a sense like smell or touch?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vle38h/why_isnt_balance_a_sense_like_smell_or_touch/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vlf0cx":{"author":"SciNonFi01","comment_count":10,"id":"vlf0cx","post_time":1656279153.0,"score":41,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How does rabies evade the immune system?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlf0cx/how_does_rabies_evade_the_immune_system/","vote_ratio":0.91},"vlfssd":{"author":"janedoecurious","comment_count":2,"id":"vlfssd","post_time":1656281433.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How long does monkeypox last on surfaces?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlfssd/how_long_does_monkeypox_last_on_surfaces/","vote_ratio":0.47},"vlghwh":{"author":"LunacyNow","comment_count":9,"id":"vlghwh","post_time":1656283510.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"We can see something like a snail move across the sidewalk but don't really notice something like a leaf growing. What is slow but fast enough for us to observe while watching it?","title":"What is the slowest speed of movement a human eye/brain can perceive?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlghwh/what_is_the_slowest_speed_of_movement_a_human/","vote_ratio":0.77},"vljacs":{"author":"o-rka","comment_count":8,"id":"vljacs","post_time":1656292209.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I'm wondering if there are any RNA viruses that infect bacteria.  All of the examples I know infect eukaryotes.","title":"Are there any retroviruses that infect bacteria?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vljacs/are_there_any_retroviruses_that_infect_bacteria/","vote_ratio":0.6},"vlk39p":{"author":"Gloomy_Astronaut_570","comment_count":8,"id":"vlk39p","post_time":1656294778.0,"score":41,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Just finished reading [Radium Girls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium_Girls) which is about girls in the 1920s who painted watch details using radium-laced paint, essentially ate the paint as part of the painting process, and then developed horrific effects in their bones, especially jaws. There was pretty much no treatment at the time, and I know that even in today there aren't many options to treat radiation sickness from like an attack, but would there be anything that could be done for cases like these? They lived in horrific pain for years after they more or less knew what was going on, making multiple women understandably suicidal.","title":"Would there be any treatment for radium poisoning if it happened today?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlk39p/would_there_be_any_treatment_for_radium_poisoning/","vote_ratio":0.84},"vlkeg1":{"author":"Billiam_Ball","comment_count":6,"id":"vlkeg1","post_time":1656295742.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Was there just a third patch if photoreceptive cells on the head of ancestral craniates, or is it more complex? Could this have theoretically evolved into a third \u201cproper\u201d eye?","title":"Where did the parietal eye originate?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlkeg1/where_did_the_parietal_eye_originate/","vote_ratio":0.83},"vlkkld":{"author":"4thDevilsAdvocate","comment_count":8,"id":"vlkkld","post_time":1656296279.0,"score":9,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Looking at [the Wikipedia page for absorption bands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_band), it seems to me that there's a sizable window - i.e. a [local minimum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxima_and_minima) \\- in the graph for [electromagnetic radiation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation) absorption, as per [this image](https://i.stack.imgur.com/jOhUm.png).\n\n[Water vapor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_vapor), [oxygen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen), [ozone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone), and [methane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane) appear to be entirely transparent to radiation of 4 \u03bcm wavelength, [carbon dioxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide) only appears to start absorbing it *after* that point, and even [nitrous oxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxide) has a window there. Moreover, [Rayleigh scattering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayleigh_scattering) is also minimal there.\n\nOn top of *that*, [this Earth Science Stack Exchange answer](https://earthscience.stackexchange.com/questions/13620/does-anyone-have-absorption-coefficients-at-different-wavelengths-for-sulfur-dio/13621#13621) and [its source](https://earthscience.stackexchange.com/questions/13620/does-anyone-have-absorption-coefficients-at-different-wavelengths-for-sulfur-dio/13621#13621) show minimal (sub-0.5%) absorbance of [sulfur dioxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide) at that wavelength. Why is this? It seems like a rather odd coincidence for so many things to be transparent to 4 \u03bcm (a specific wavelength of mid-wavelength infrared) EM radiation.\n\nAs a coincidence, this is one of many parts why global warming is a thing, IIRC: mid-range infrared comes in through the 4 \u03bcm gap, gets soaked up by the Earth, and later gets re-radiated at different wavelengths that *do* get soaked up by the atmosphere.\n\nI just don't know *why* there's a 4 \u03bcm gap there.","title":"Why is there a window in the absorption spectrum of Earth's atmosphere at a wavelength of 4 \u03bcm?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlkkld/why_is_there_a_window_in_the_absorption_spectrum/","vote_ratio":0.85},"vlkm5q":{"author":"diprosyum","comment_count":17,"id":"vlkm5q","post_time":1656296414.0,"score":47,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"For example, in terms of stability, what\u2019s stopping a hydrogen atom from filling up its 2s orbital and remaining that way?","title":"Could someone explain qualitatively *why* atoms seek to fill their orbitals and become more stable when they do so?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlkm5q/could_someone_explain_qualitatively_why_atoms/","vote_ratio":0.85},"vlls90":{"author":"JOSmith99","comment_count":8,"id":"vlls90","post_time":1656300152.0,"score":16,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I know that electronics can function without grounding, but I am curious how high-reliability electronics are made when grounding isn't an option.","title":"How do Spacecraft and Satellite Electronics Deal With the Inability to Ground Themselves?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlls90/how_do_spacecraft_and_satellite_electronics_deal/","vote_ratio":0.91},"vlmhpe":{"author":"InfinityCat27","comment_count":5,"id":"vlmhpe","post_time":1656302471.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why does taro root turn purple when cooked?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlmhpe/why_does_taro_root_turn_purple_when_cooked/","vote_ratio":0.5},"vlmm8b":{"author":"obamababe","comment_count":6,"id":"vlmm8b","post_time":1656302894.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I was wondering why some birth controls lessen or completely get rid of your period. From what I understand some do this while others don\u2019t. What\u2019s the biological reason for this and what in birth controls causes it? Sorry is this is a dumb question, thanks a bunch \ud83d\udc9c","title":"Why do some birth controls stop your period?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlmm8b/why_do_some_birth_controls_stop_your_period/","vote_ratio":0.79},"vlqlqe":{"author":"silver202m","comment_count":7,"id":"vlqlqe","post_time":1656318337.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I googled it and can\u2019t figure it out, when a zygote starts developing into an embryo( I think that\u2019s how it works) it\u2019s one cell that\u2019s starts dividing and dividing until you have a whole baby right, how does DNA show the way for all the cells to know how to divide? Develop?","title":"How does DNA control how an embryo grows?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlqlqe/how_does_dna_control_how_an_embryo_grows/","vote_ratio":0.79},"vlr8p0":{"author":"MustBeHere","comment_count":4,"id":"vlr8p0","post_time":1656321062.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Can clean water slowly erode rocks?  \nI've oftentimes head of erosion due to river flow or ocean waves but I was wondering if it's the water itself or perhaps sand/rocks tumbling and hitting against each other that causes the erosion.","title":"Can water erode rocks?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlr8p0/can_water_erode_rocks/","vote_ratio":0.45},"vlv9bt":{"author":"Savinsnsn","comment_count":66,"id":"vlv9bt","post_time":1656335674.0,"score":449,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Or are they the same type of electrical signal and the brain somehow differentiates between them to create different representations?","title":"Is there a difference between electrical impulses sent to the brain by different sensory organs (say, between an impulse sent by the inner ear and one sent by the optic nerve)?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlv9bt/is_there_a_difference_between_electrical_impulses/","vote_ratio":0.91},"vlvrxt":{"author":"ScrollWithTheTimes","comment_count":61,"id":"vlvrxt","post_time":1656337225.0,"score":444,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I was driving past an equestrian place the other day while there was a show happening. I drove past again the next day and all the horses were back in their fields quietly munching grass, and it got me wondering whether they had any memory of the previous day's events.\n\nWe know that animals are able to remember which plants or other animals are good to eat, and which ones are dangerous, but I wouldn't call this episodic memory. We also know that many animals can be trained to perform a certain action which they associate with a reward, but I doubt a dog is remembering what happened in training when told to sit - it's become an instinct. Conversely we know that abused dogs will exhibit fear of humans, of men, or of particular objects because of negative experiences associated with these things, but are the dogs remembering specific times that they were hurt by these things, or is it again just a learned instinct?\n\nWhen we as humans recall a memory, we are to all intents and purposes experiencing a dulled down abbreviated version of the original sensory inputs that created it (although obviously the sensory neurons from the body aren't involved this time). We know that it's only a memory, but I'm wondering whether an animal would be able to make this distinction. Perhaps the horses in my introduction would become really confused as to why they were eating grass but at the same time being ridden around, hearing a crowd but at the same time not seeing one, then suddenly seeing a crowd but not hearing any noise, then chewing on grass again but at the same time feeling a bit in their mouths. Do animals possess the intelligence to distinguish memories from live experiences, or is this a reason why they can't possess episodic memory, because it would mess with their heads too much?","title":"Do animals have episodic memory?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlvrxt/do_animals_have_episodic_memory/","vote_ratio":0.9},"vlw4yx":{"author":"navpirx","comment_count":417,"id":"vlw4yx","post_time":1656338313.0,"score":3442,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Do viruses have any beneficial function at all for the ecosystem?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlw4yx/do_viruses_have_any_beneficial_function_at_all/","vote_ratio":0.95},"vlyx4q":{"author":"Nemarus","comment_count":5,"id":"vlyx4q","post_time":1656345818.0,"score":9,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"When we see a distant star or galaxy, we are seeing light that is coming toward us from a luminous source.\n\nWhen we see a planet, we are seeing light reflected back at us after scattering on the planet's surface.\n\nBut I've never understood how we 'see' the CMB. If it represents the early universe before any luminous structures existed (i.e. \"background\"), and that early universe is expanding away from us, what surface sent those photons toward us? Are they just flying in every random direction? \n\nI suspect I am just thinking about universal expansion incorrectly, but would love some clarification. Thanks!","title":"What is the CMB scattering or reflecting off of for us to see it?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlyx4q/what_is_the_cmb_scattering_or_reflecting_off_of/","vote_ratio":0.91},"vm2aup":{"author":"TheTwelveYearOld","comment_count":6,"id":"vm2aup","post_time":1656354491.0,"score":24,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"(I didn't get any answers on r/loseit and a mod on r/nutrition recommended to post this here)\n\nI'm not going to quote any sources but correct me if I get anything wrong. I did some googling and reading on Reddit, and heard that when you grow up obese, your body makes more fat cells to store fat and that number gets locked in after adolescence, or they won't be made except under extreme circumstances afterwards. Also that generally childhood obesity makes the body have a tendency / more \"biologically wired\" to store fat or more fat.\n\nLet's say I have person A and person B. A had childhood obesity while B didn't, and both have the same stats that would be put in a TDEE calculator like [this one](https://www.freedieting.com/calorie-calculator) (sex, age, physical activity, etc.) except for weight, but if they enter in the same weight, both would get the same TDEE Result. If they both ate, let's say 2000 calories a day, would person A weight noticeably more, or they weigh about the same (and any difference would just be the result of being 2 different people)?","title":"Would childhood obesity make losing weight as an adult more difficult because of higher fat cell count or anything as as a result of it?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vm2aup/would_childhood_obesity_make_losing_weight_as_an/","vote_ratio":0.94},"vm7vv8":{"author":"Catvanbrian","comment_count":3,"id":"vm7vv8","post_time":1656370552.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"why is it always two divergences between clades? can a three-way divergence (three clades split from one at the same time) be made and what would that look like?","title":"Why are clade diagrams structured the way they are?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vm7vv8/why_are_clade_diagrams_structured_the_way_they_are/","vote_ratio":0.77},"vm7xzo":{"author":"Sain_x","comment_count":23,"id":"vm7xzo","post_time":1656370716.0,"score":30,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"My friend asked me a question: \n\nI was wondering if we could made a solid that would suck the water but not the other liquids..\n\nHonestly that made me think and I don\u2019t have an answer\u2026\nIs it possible?","title":"Is it possible to have solid that absorbs only 1 type of liquid?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vm7xzo/is_it_possible_to_have_solid_that_absorbs_only_1/","vote_ratio":0.74},"vm7yzu":{"author":"sadhukar","comment_count":418,"id":"vm7yzu","post_time":1656370797.0,"score":2984,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"How come most people get mild or no symptoms at all, and other people die? That's quite a range of afflictions. Do we know anymore than 2 years ago?","title":"2 years later, do we have any data or suggestion on why people react so wildly differently to COVID?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vm7yzu/2_years_later_do_we_have_any_data_or_suggestion/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vmewqr":{"author":"Not_as_witty_as_u","comment_count":16,"id":"vmewqr","post_time":1656392317.0,"score":25,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"\"Two O blood type parents can produce a child with only O blood type. Two parents with A blood type can produce a child with either A or O blood types. Two parents with B blood type can produce a child with either B or O blood type. One parent with A and another with B can produce a child with A, B, AB or O blood types. If one parent has A and another has AB, they can either produce a child with A, B or AB blood types. If one parent has A and another has O, they can either produce a child with A or O blood types.\"\n\nIf most parental combinations can produce an O baby and two O's can only produce O, why isn't everyone O?","title":"Why isn't everyone O blood type by now?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vmewqr/why_isnt_everyone_o_blood_type_by_now/","vote_ratio":0.81},"vmn46h":{"author":"unsolicited_decency","comment_count":11,"id":"vmn46h","post_time":1656422335.0,"score":37,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"[The Highly Controversial Plan To Stop Climate Change](https://youtu.be/i4Hnv_ZJSQY)\n\nI am not an environmental scientist, a climate scientist, nor a resource scientist, but I do have a fairly robust understanding of our current predicament in regards to climate change. The video I\u2019ve linked presents Russ George, who claims that based upon his research, a planet wide bloom of phytoplankton could absorb a significant percentage of the world\u2019s carbon. I have several questions about this.\n\nBased on what I\u2019ve seen, his message is backed by research. However, I\u2019m unaware whether or not it is peer reviewed, or even seriously considered by others within his field. If it were to be true, then I would imagine climate scientists would be talking about this nonstop, but I\u2019ve only just heard about it. I can\u2019t tell, and any clarity on whether or not his work and claims are credible would be helpful.\n\nIf it is credible, then I have several further questions. What would be the ecological ramifications of having a phytoplankton bloom on a global scale? Beyond that, how much time would it buy humanity to switch over to carbon neutral methods of energy production?\n\nThank you in advance for any insight into this issue.","title":"The Credibility and Ramifications of Ocean Fertilization Reducing Carbon?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vmn46h/the_credibility_and_ramifications_of_ocean/","vote_ratio":0.79},"vmnk7l":{"author":"lightsong1610","comment_count":37,"id":"vmnk7l","post_time":1656423675.0,"score":355,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I\u2019ve read lots of references to the Laurentide ice sheet being a mile thick layer of ice covering Canada and part of the US but I\u2019m struggling to visualize what this would look like. \n\nDid it eventually slope down to ground/sea level at its edges? Or could you walk on dry ground next to it with open air on one side and a mile high wall of ice on the other? \n\nWhat happened when it encountered mountains? Did the ice move like glaciers or did the sheet just add and lose ice at the edges? \n\nHow did weather work over the ice sheet if for thousands of miles in any direction, the \u201cground\u201d was a over 5,000 feet higher than the rest of the continent and surrounding oceans? Did clouds run into it and get stuck? Did they exist over it?","title":"What did the mile-high ice sheet covering North America look like?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vmnk7l/what_did_the_milehigh_ice_sheet_covering_north/","vote_ratio":0.9},"vmp5ol":{"author":"heinz_inthecity","comment_count":471,"id":"vmp5ol","post_time":1656428089.0,"score":6632,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I just don\u2019t understand why the risk of \u201cproducing\u201d an egg - or ovulating an egg - with an extra copy of chromosome 21 increases with age, when the woman has all her fully formed eggs in her ovaries at birth? \n\nOr do the ovaries for some reason start to ovulate more eggs with the extra chromosome 21 as a woman ages?","title":"Why does a woman\u2019s risk of having a baby with Down Syndrome increase with her age, when women are born with all the eggs they will ever ovulate?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vmp5ol/why_does_a_womans_risk_of_having_a_baby_with_down/","vote_ratio":0.94},"vmz88a":{"author":"ty88-1","comment_count":11,"id":"vmz88a","post_time":1656453901.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"What is happening is physiologically happening in the brain when a person experiences brain zaps?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vmz88a/what_is_happening_is_physiologically_happening_in/","vote_ratio":0.73},"vn3u6a":{"author":"RoseXing1007","comment_count":32,"id":"vn3u6a","post_time":1656467430.0,"score":74,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"This is a completely hypothetical question with no real world applications, coming from spiraling about donating blood, then plasma, then organs. \n\nIf someone with asthma had other underlying health conditions and needed a lung transplant, but only one, and got a healthy lung--- Would they then have one healthy lung and one lung with asthma? \n\nWhere does asthma reside in the body? In the lungs themselves or is there a 'control center' somewhere, where the healthy transplanted lung would also 'get' asthma? \n\nIf not, how would the lungs function in an asthma attack? Would they breathe differently? Can lungs breathe independently of each other?","title":"Theoretically, can someone have one healthy lung and one asthmatic lung?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vn3u6a/theoretically_can_someone_have_one_healthy_lung/","vote_ratio":0.85},"vn6tym":{"author":"Careless-Tie-5005","comment_count":5,"id":"vn6tym","post_time":1656476569.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"pathology question: I was wondering whether or not high CK would cause a high total protein or if total protein doesn\u2019t include CK.","title":"Is creatinine kinase included in total protein levels?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vn6tym/is_creatinine_kinase_included_in_total_protein/","vote_ratio":0.5},"vn6wtl":{"author":"FoFfEvErYoNe","comment_count":22,"id":"vn6wtl","post_time":1656476827.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"In Baseball, it is commonly stated that the ball will travel more (distance) once the weather warms up.  My curiosity is if that 1. Is actually true 2. Does having an enclosed stadium with a roof and controlled environment change this factor?","title":"Does air density change based on temperatures?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vn6wtl/does_air_density_change_based_on_temperatures/","vote_ratio":0.69},"vnaivi":{"author":"Original-Passenger75","comment_count":4,"id":"vnaivi","post_time":1656490176.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"And if they were to survive given enough time would that lead to the developing of extremely diverse and complex life such as the ones found here on earth?","title":"Are there any extremophiles that could survive on somewhere like titan?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnaivi/are_there_any_extremophiles_that_could_survive_on/","vote_ratio":0.65},"vncch9":{"author":"greekFoodRocks","comment_count":10,"id":"vncch9","post_time":1656497637.0,"score":16,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How does calcium overload lead to cell death (e.g. neurons)?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vncch9/how_does_calcium_overload_lead_to_cell_death_eg/","vote_ratio":0.71},"vncfwt":{"author":"AadiRimal_5","comment_count":5,"id":"vncfwt","post_time":1656497982.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I have studied that in Vitamin B12 deficiency, there is macrocytic (big celled) RBC production, whereas when there is a lack of iron, there is a microcytic (small celled) RBC production.\n\nI know that vitamin B12 is required for DNA synthesis, and iron is required as a part of the heme group of hemoglobin, but why do the deficiencies have such different outcomes?","title":"Why do RBC's get bigger or smaller depending on whether Vitamin B12 or Iron is deficient?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vncfwt/why_do_rbcs_get_bigger_or_smaller_depending_on/","vote_ratio":0.77},"vncqpf":{"author":"Amazing-Steak","comment_count":393,"id":"vncqpf","post_time":1656499104.0,"score":4124,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"This seems to be the latest scientific fact that the general population has latched onto and I get pretty skeptical when that happens. It seems like it could be the new \"left-brain, right-brain\" or \"we only use 10% of our brains\" myth.\n\nI don't doubt that there's truth to the statement but what does it actually mean for our development and how impactful is it to our lives? Are we effectively children until then?","title":"What does \"the brain finishes developing at 25\" really mean?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vncqpf/what_does_the_brain_finishes_developing_at_25/","vote_ratio":0.93},"vnd6zl":{"author":"mudplugg","comment_count":19,"id":"vnd6zl","post_time":1656500825.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"If a baby was removed with the umbilical cord and placenta intact and somehow kept it from going bad - could the born baby absorb oxygen from water through the placenta - being able to breathe underwater?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnd6zl/if_a_baby_was_removed_with_the_umbilical_cord_and/","vote_ratio":0.49},"vndcfx":{"author":"PrOxyMoron21","comment_count":16,"id":"vndcfx","post_time":1656501389.0,"score":34,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"What other purposes would Titanium dioxide serve in a supplement other than colour enhancement/ whitener?","title":"Why is titanium dioxide used in supplements?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vndcfx/why_is_titanium_dioxide_used_in_supplements/","vote_ratio":0.85},"vne2yw":{"author":"MedSJO","comment_count":4,"id":"vne2yw","post_time":1656503903.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I am a medical student and I am currently going through pulmonary physiology. I understand the concepts of diffusion and perfusion-limited gases, but there is one point in my physiology textbook which I cannot seem to understand.\n\nWhen discussing DLCO, the textbook states that CO is a diffusion-limited gas. It then goes on to discuss the effects of changes in flow (Q) on DLCO and how doubling or halving flow does not impact DLCO, supporting that it is a diffusion not perfusion-limited gas. But I do not get why changing Q would not affect DLCO. Here is my take on it: Arterial CO pressure does not equilibrate with alveolar CO pressure by the end of the pulmonary capillary (i.e., diffusion-limited), but it still does rise slightly to some value lower than that of the alveoli. So wouldn\u2019t increasing flow decrease contact time and thus cause an even lower arterial CO pressure throughout the pulmonary capillary and thus the gradient for CO diffusion would be greater than at lower flow rates? And therefore, a higher DLCO?\n\nIn support of my understanding, increased DLCO can be observed in obesity and is attributed to increased pulmonary blood flow in these patients.\n\nNoteworthy to mention, the textbook does assume that pulmonary capillary dimensions are constant with changing flow. But still, I do not believe this would make the above reasoning false.\n\nThank you in advance!","title":"Is DLCO affected by changes in perfusion?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vne2yw/is_dlco_affected_by_changes_in_perfusion/","vote_ratio":0.56},"vnf4jc":{"author":"VoteForGodzilla","comment_count":4,"id":"vnf4jc","post_time":1656507193.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"If a group of people, who don't know anything about this bird, were to find its bones then how would they determine whether it had feathers or not???","title":"Do birds like Flamingos that don't have quill knobs (but still have feathers) have some other structures that indicate the presence of feathers?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnf4jc/do_birds_like_flamingos_that_dont_have_quill/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vngi7a":{"author":"AutoModerator","comment_count":85,"id":"vngi7a","post_time":1656511213.0,"score":137,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on **Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science**\n\nDo you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: \"What would happen if...\", \"How will the future...\", \"If all the rules for 'X' were different...\", \"Why does my...\".\n\n**Asking Questions:**\n\nPlease post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.\n\n**Answering Questions:**\n\nPlease only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. [The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/wiki/index#wiki_answering_askscience). In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.\n\nIf you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, [please refer to the information provided here](https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/about/sticky).\n\nPast AskAnythingWednesday posts [can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/search?q=flair%3A%27meta%27&restrict_sr=on&sort=new&t=all). Ask away!","title":"Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vngi7a/ask_anything_wednesday_engineering_mathematics/","vote_ratio":0.9},"vnoot1":{"author":"MinecraftSplashText","comment_count":8,"id":"vnoot1","post_time":1656532739.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"How does a mouse tell a computer that it is a mouse, and not a USB cord trying to charge something?\n\nHow does a USB charging cable tell a computer whether it wants to charge a device or transmit data?","title":"How do USB devices communicate their purpose with computers?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnoot1/how_do_usb_devices_communicate_their_purpose_with/","vote_ratio":0.7},"vnqfpw":{"author":"britainpls","comment_count":9,"id":"vnqfpw","post_time":1656537189.0,"score":85,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Urine drug tests that rely on dipsticks seem really counterintuitive. There, the presence of two bands (test + control), no matter how faint, means that the sample is **negative** for the drug tested. On the other hand, the absence of a band in the test area means the sample is **positive**. \n\nThis is of course the 'opposite' of how COVID-antigen tests work. Moreover, if the test is detecting the drug (or a secondary metabolite) through immunocolorimetry, the way these tests work make little sense.\n\nCould anybody explain? It'd be greatly appreciated.","title":"How do urine drug tests work? In particular, how come the presence of two bands (test + control) means there is NO drug present","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnqfpw/how_do_urine_drug_tests_work_in_particular_how/","vote_ratio":0.81},"vnr9az":{"author":"jorgebascur","comment_count":4,"id":"vnr9az","post_time":1656539309.0,"score":16,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I've recently seen a post about a female singer I follow, and how she recently was diagnosed with autism, and I'm curious about how the adult testing is related to the infant testing: their similarities and differences.\n\nI gave that example of the female singer, but eventually I would like to test myself, and I'd like to have the info available, to consider.","title":"How does the autism test on adults work?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnr9az/how_does_the_autism_test_on_adults_work/","vote_ratio":0.9},"vnrau5":{"author":"thoro36","comment_count":5,"id":"vnrau5","post_time":1656539423.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Hi, i'm asking if the brain,mind is the same for someone at 16 and for 28 in mental ability(focus,memorization,mental sharpness etc..) without any change in general health? (for a healthy person)","title":"Is mental acuity the same as we age?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnrau5/is_mental_acuity_the_same_as_we_age/","vote_ratio":0.73},"vns1bt":{"author":"shibbster","comment_count":3,"id":"vns1bt","post_time":1656541352.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I'm talking about folks that lived in \"Tornado Alley\" before basements or \"hard buildings\" existed. How did pre-Colombian Native Americans survive the severe weather that is relatively unique to the American heartland? How did the first, second, or third generation of European colonists survive some of the most destructive weather on our planet with little to no warning? I'm aware that weather has gotten more severe after industrialization but I really don't know how the random nomadic Native tribe managed to not get killed when an EF2 dropped down a mile away","title":"How did pre-modern Plains inhabitants survive tornadoes?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vns1bt/how_did_premodern_plains_inhabitants_survive/","vote_ratio":0.8},"vnu2nq":{"author":"Stars2dust","comment_count":16,"id":"vnu2nq","post_time":1656546869.0,"score":22,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Were dinosaurs theorized to have existed before fossil evidence was found?","title":"Did we know about dinosaurs before fossils?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnu2nq/did_we_know_about_dinosaurs_before_fossils/","vote_ratio":0.78},"vnuzbi":{"author":"Happy1327","comment_count":4,"id":"vnuzbi","post_time":1656549566.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"How good is their sense of smell compared to other animals with an excellent sense of smell. Do they have a keen sense of smell as dogs or cats or pigs for instance?","title":"Do elephants have a sense of smell proportionate to the size of their trunk?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnuzbi/do_elephants_have_a_sense_of_smell_proportionate/","vote_ratio":0.68},"vnvx6n":{"author":"Garglebarghests","comment_count":44,"id":"vnvx6n","post_time":1656552359.0,"score":375,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Update: this blew up more than I thought!! Thank you so much for everyone providing explanations!","title":"How can bones last so long outside the body (such as a skeleton after the person/animal dies) yet become brittle and weak with age during a shorter period in the body (e.g. dogs in 15 years)?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnvx6n/how_can_bones_last_so_long_outside_the_body_such/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vnw6y7":{"author":"writepielie","comment_count":181,"id":"vnw6y7","post_time":1656553153.0,"score":875,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Any proof that getting waxed actually \u2018lessens hair growth\u2019\u2014or effect it at all?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnw6y7/any_proof_that_getting_waxed_actually_lessens/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vnwa06":{"author":"pleaseatme","comment_count":14,"id":"vnwa06","post_time":1656553410.0,"score":39,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Does a having a high school pep rally before a football game increase the odds of winning the game in any measurable way?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnwa06/does_a_having_a_high_school_pep_rally_before_a/","vote_ratio":0.72},"vnwnq4":{"author":"les_ignorantt","comment_count":46,"id":"vnwnq4","post_time":1656554543.0,"score":889,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Does the brain go through any physiological changes when the person is in coma? And are there any differences between medically induced coma?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnwnq4/does_the_brain_go_through_any_physiological/","vote_ratio":0.94},"vnxfy1":{"author":"param_T_extends_THOT","comment_count":15,"id":"vnxfy1","post_time":1656556892.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"For example, does one fish in a school of fish -- no pun intended --  have a concept of numbers by seeing how populated by other fishes his  immediate surroundings are and \"feeling lonely\" or \"in danger\" if there  are not as many fishes?","title":"Do the least advanced animals, speaking in terms of intelligence, have or employ a primitive way of counting?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnxfy1/do_the_least_advanced_animals_speaking_in_terms/","vote_ratio":0.69},"vnxpva":{"author":"abracadabra_iii","comment_count":4,"id":"vnxpva","post_time":1656557733.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/36/1/127/5146762\n\nNature published this article which basically takes a look at the change in # of snips within various genetic pathways between Neolithic/Bronze Age Europeans and modern Europeans.\n\nCertain pathways clearly lost associated SNPs while others gained some. What does this mean for these genetic pathways to have more or less associated SNPs?\n\nDoes each pathway correspond to a singular trait or set of traits?\n\nDoes having more SNPs mean these traits are expressed to a higher degree / magnitude?\n\nFor example, hsa04114 \tOocyte meiosis\n\nOr \n\nhsa04740 \tOlfactory transduction\n\nAnd \n\nhsa05204 \tChemical carcinogenesis \n\n\nThanks for any help / input","title":"What does having more SNPs for the genetic pathways mentioned in this paper by Nature mean?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnxpva/what_does_having_more_snps_for_the_genetic/","vote_ratio":0.75},"vnziq5":{"author":"GodOfTheThunder","comment_count":8,"id":"vnziq5","post_time":1656563438.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How do scientists measure a persons \"energy\" (endurance, alertness / opposite of tired / fatigue)?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnziq5/how_do_scientists_measure_a_persons_energy/","vote_ratio":0.65},"vnzitf":{"author":"SkumPunk","comment_count":4,"id":"vnzitf","post_time":1656563447.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Example: similarities in how words are formed in indigenous languages of the americas and the indigenous languages of African cultures.","title":"Are there any studies on linguistic similarities between geographically separate cultures?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnzitf/are_there_any_studies_on_linguistic_similarities/","vote_ratio":0.63},"vnzlfa":{"author":"sgrams04","comment_count":3,"id":"vnzlfa","post_time":1656563683.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"The instructions on my thermometer show a very specific point to take a reading. Why is that? I\u2019ve noticed the areas on the outside boundary of my forehead do read warmer, but for what reason is that not the true reading and the middle is?","title":"Why do forehead thermometers need to point in the direct center of the forehead? Why can\u2019t we take readings on other parts of the forehead?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnzlfa/why_do_forehead_thermometers_need_to_point_in_the/","vote_ratio":0.43},"vo08oe":{"author":"Kipkeny","comment_count":10,"id":"vo08oe","post_time":1656565877.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I am aware of the definitions of each of the energies (H=U+PV, F=U-TS, G=U+PV-TS), but I am still not sure what information you gain from these. If U has a different value at different values of P and T why would that include the energy necessary to bring it to that state? I feel like I\u2019m missing something basic here. What is the use of these other forms?","title":"What is the Difference between Internal Energy and the other Energies (Enthalpy, Helmholtz, Gibbs)?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vo08oe/what_is_the_difference_between_internal_energy/","vote_ratio":0.69},"vo5n83":{"author":"AskScienceModerator","comment_count":215,"id":"vo5n83","post_time":1656586803.0,"score":1334,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"\u00a1Somos expertos en asteroides de la NASA! \u00a1Preg\u00fantanos cualquier cosa (en ingl\u00e9s y en espa\u00f1ol) sobre objetos cercanos a la Tierra y c\u00f3mo trabajamos para protegerla de asteroides potencialmente peligrosos!\n\n-----\n\n\nToday, June 30, is International Asteroid Day-but at NASA, every day is asteroid day!\n\nAsteroids are rocky, airless remnants left over from the early formation of our solar system about 4.6 billion years ago and NASA and our partners are always looking to the skies to study these ancient time capsules. From our missions [to explore the Trojan asteroids in Jupiter's orbit](https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/lucy/in-depth/) and [bring a piece of an asteroid back to Earth](https://www.nasa.gov/osiris-rex), to our [efforts to find, track and monitor asteroids](https://www.nasa.gov/specials/pdco/index.html) and other near-Earth objects to protect our planet from potential impact hazards, we're uncovering the history of our solar system while working to keep our future safe.\n\nAsk our experts anything about what we're learning from asteroids, how we're protecting the Earth, and much more!\n\nTalent:\u200b\n\n+ Lindley Johnson, NASA Planetary Defense Officer, NASA Headquarters\n+ L.A. Lewis, FEMA Detailee, NASA Planetary Defense Program Officer, NASA Headquarters\n+ Dr. Shantanu Naidu, Navigation Engineer, NASA Center for Near-Earth Object Studies (CNEOS)\n+ Dr. Joe Masiero, NEOWISE Deputy Principal Investigator & NEO Surveyor team member, Caltech\n+ Dr. Carolyn Ernst, DRACO Instrument Scientist, JHU APL\n+ Prof. Vishnu Reddy, Associate Professor, University of Arizona\n+ Dr. Lucas Paganini, Program Scientist, NASA Headquarters - Spanish-Speaking Expert\n\n-----\n\nHoy, 30 de junio, es el D\u00eda internacional del asteroide, pero en la NASA, \u00a1todos los d\u00edas son d\u00edas de asteroides!\n\nLos asteroides son restos rocosos sin atm\u00f3sfera que quedaron de la formaci\u00f3n temprana de nuestro sistema solar hace unos 4.600 millones de a\u00f1os. La NASA y sus socios miran constantemente al cielo para estudiar estas antiguas c\u00e1psulas del tiempo. Desde nuestras misiones para explorar los asteroides troyanos en la \u00f3rbita de J\u00fapiter y traer un trozo de asteroide de vuelta a la Tierra, hasta nuestros esfuerzos para encontrar, rastrear y monitorear asteroides y otros objetos cercanos a la Tierra para proteger nuestro planeta de posibles peligros de impacto, estamos descubriendo la historia de nuestro sistema solar mientras trabajamos para mantener nuestro futuro seguro.\n\nPregunta a nuestros expertos cualquier cosa que quieras saber sobre lo que estamos aprendiendo de los asteroides, c\u00f3mo estamos protegiendo a la Tierra y mucho m\u00e1s.\n\nTalento:\n\n+ Lindley Johnson, Oficial de Defensa Planetaria de la NASA, Sede de la NASA\n+ L.A. Lewis, Oficial del Programa de Defensa Planetaria de la NASA, Sede de la NASA\n+ Dr. Shantanu Naidu, Ingeniero de navegaci\u00f3n, Centro de estudios de objetos cercanos a la Tierra de la NASA (CNEOS)\n+ Dr. Joe Masiero, Investigador principal adjunto de NEOWISE y miembro el equipo del telescopio NEO Surveyor, Instituto de Ciencia Planetaria\n+ Dra. Carolyn Ernst, cient\u00edfica del instrumento DRACO, JHU APL\n+ Prof. Vishnu Reddy, Profesor Asociado, Universidad de Arizona\n+ Dr. Lucas Paganini, Program Scientist, NASA Headquarters - Experto hispanohablante\n\n-----\n\nOur guests will be joining us at 12:00 - 1:30 p.m. EDT. Please forgive the moderator over formatting difficulties.\n\nNuestros invitados llegan a las 12:00 a 1:30 p.m. (UTC-4). Por favor, perdone al moderador por las dificultades de formato.\n\nUsername/Usuario: /u/nasa\n\n\n-----\n\n**EDIT**: That\u2019s a wrap for this AMA \u2013 thanks to everyone for your great questions! You can learn more about asteroids on NASA\u2019s [Asteroid Watch](https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/asteroid-watch) and [Planetary Defense Coordination Office](https://www.nasa.gov/specials/pdco/index.html) websites \u2013 and follow us on Twitter at [AsteroidWatch](https://twitter.com/AsteroidWatch) and [NASASolarSystem](https://twitter.com/NASASolarSystem).","title":"AskScience AMA Series: We're NASA asteroid experts! \u00a1Somos expertos en asteroides de la NASA! Ask us anything (in English and Spanish/en ingl\u00e9s y en espa\u00f1ol) about near-Earth objects and how we're working to protect Earth from potentially hazardous asteroids!","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vo5n83/askscience_ama_series_were_nasa_asteroid_experts/","vote_ratio":0.91},"voaibc":{"author":"SpikeMF","comment_count":1,"id":"voaibc","post_time":1656601358.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"One of the (many) environmental considerations of burning coal is the release of heavy metals, specifically lead and mercury.  Since coal is the compressed remains of (mostly plant) organisms in the distant past, does that mean that such metals used to be much more abundant in the tissue of life on earth?\n\nIf not, is the process of how they got there understood?  If so, does that imply that life on earth used to be more adapted to elevated levels of heavy metals?","title":"Does the abundance of heavy metals in coal imply that they used to be more abundant in the biosphere?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/voaibc/does_the_abundance_of_heavy_metals_in_coal_imply/","vote_ratio":0.67},"voc4on":{"author":"OutliersOutlier","comment_count":1,"id":"voc4on","post_time":1656605502.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I've seen it described as both in the literature. Is there a definitive answer somewhere?","title":"Is psilocin a full or partial 5-HT2A agonist?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/voc4on/is_psilocin_a_full_or_partial_5ht2a_agonist/","vote_ratio":0.43},"vocgvs":{"author":"declan_B","comment_count":12,"id":"vocgvs","post_time":1656606358.0,"score":35,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"As far as what I\u2019ve been taught, atoms are almost entirely empty space. So when the \u201cpictures\u201d are taken (I know that they aren\u2019t technically pictures) what are we looking at? The nuclei? The valence shells? What is actually bring seen? [Here is an example of a picture that I am talking about.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/A_Boy_and_His_Atom_Movie_Stills_%288675821573%29.jpg)","title":"When we take \u201cpictures\u201d of atoms, what are we actually seeing?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vocgvs/when_we_take_pictures_of_atoms_what_are_we/","vote_ratio":0.86},"vocu1v":{"author":"KeyCompetition8534","comment_count":5,"id":"vocu1v","post_time":1656607306.0,"score":16,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Is it really true that permafrost actually holds some ancient microorganism and how dangerous it is in our era today ?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vocu1v/is_it_really_true_that_permafrost_actually_holds/","vote_ratio":0.83},"voef3y":{"author":"djm2467","comment_count":4,"id":"voef3y","post_time":1656611475.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Once a container with pills is opened (only opened once, than closed after about a minute), does that have any effect on the expiry date of the drug? Or does it remain the same regardless of whether the container has/hasn\u2019t been opened at all","title":"Does opening medicine container (pills) affect expire date?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/voef3y/does_opening_medicine_container_pills_affect/","vote_ratio":0.6},"voeh07":{"author":"Tempura_Daddy","comment_count":19,"id":"voeh07","post_time":1656611615.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How sustainable and efficient are hydrogen fuel and hydrogen fuel systems, and what is the resulting byproduct from its production?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/voeh07/how_sustainable_and_efficient_are_hydrogen_fuel/","vote_ratio":0.75},"voeknm":{"author":"writepielie","comment_count":62,"id":"voeknm","post_time":1656611884.0,"score":207,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How far could a modern human go back though evolution and still be able to reproduce successfully with said \u2018earlier humans\u2019?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/voeknm/how_far_could_a_modern_human_go_back_though/","vote_ratio":0.9},"vofcy8":{"author":"BeardSpock","comment_count":132,"id":"vofcy8","post_time":1656613895.0,"score":580,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Does all life on earth originate from the same source? In other words, do humans and cabbages share a common ancestor?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vofcy8/does_all_life_on_earth_originate_from_the_same/","vote_ratio":0.93},"voifrk":{"author":"Tokentaclops","comment_count":12,"id":"voifrk","post_time":1656621952.0,"score":20,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"How would we know the difference? \n\nIt seems a very important point to understand how to prevent and treat depression. The extend to which depression is being talked about almost as a purely physical ailment like a broken leg or a weak heart in modern culture has helped destigmatize it but it just makes me wonder if this is really the right way to think about it. \n\nThinking about it as a syndrome seems to put the problem on the shoulders of the individual rather than their enviroment (and vice versa).\n\nAny input would be appreciated. Maybe some neurobiological insight?\n\nEdit: arguably this is a psychology or even philosophy question but I'm specifically interested to know if any neurobiological research has been done on this.","title":"Does the chemical balance of the brain cause depression or is it an expression of it?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/voifrk/does_the_chemical_balance_of_the_brain_cause/","vote_ratio":0.74},"vojocu":{"author":"r_f4h4d_","comment_count":199,"id":"vojocu","post_time":1656625209.0,"score":263,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"What's the difference in composition between the two sets? Is there a reason why we can't develop adult teeth in replace of baby teeth and only live with the one set?\n\nI imagined that perhaps as your increased calcium intake had something to do with it. Are there any conditions that can affect this transition, is it even necessary?\n\nTIA","title":"Why do we have baby teeth and adult teeth?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vojocu/why_do_we_have_baby_teeth_and_adult_teeth/","vote_ratio":0.87},"vojx5o":{"author":"se_nicknehm","comment_count":285,"id":"vojx5o","post_time":1656625849.0,"score":2647,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"i know for a fact that fuel enriched with lead was also used outside of the USA. yet, i realy can't find anything about it. my last post was completely ignored. i'd appreciate any info","title":"There are a lot of articles about how lead poisoning (especially from fumes of motorcicle exhausts) affected US citizens. what about the rest of the world?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vojx5o/there_are_a_lot_of_articles_about_how_lead/","vote_ratio":0.92},"voqnw6":{"author":"AnarchyPigeon2020","comment_count":4,"id":"voqnw6","post_time":1656645583.0,"score":17,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"So I read that your body generates on average 50mL of blood every day. So what happens to the old blood? Where does it go? \n\nSo blood cells die and deteriorate just like any other type of cell, but what happens to the blood then? Do your other cells absorb the collapsed blood cells? \n\nI guess I'm also meaning to ask, if your circulatory system is, for the most part, a closed loop system, what happens to blood cells when they die? Where do they go? \n\nAnd, this may be the weirdest question of all, what are the long term effects of blood doping? \n\nSo your body has roughly 10 pints of blood in it. You take out a pint and refrigerate it, then wait for your body to regenerate 1 pint worth of blood, bringing your total back up to 10. \n\nThen you put that first pint *back* into your body. Does your body just permanently have more blood now? Does it sense that there's more than usual and stop producing new blood until the amount returns to normal? What happens there?","title":"How much does your quantity of blood fluctuate on a day to day basis?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/voqnw6/how_much_does_your_quantity_of_blood_fluctuate_on/","vote_ratio":0.74},"vor4qm":{"author":"Gratuitous_Nerdity","comment_count":18,"id":"vor4qm","post_time":1656647046.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Are they minerals? Vitamins? Tiny alien symbiotes? Some sort of fancy salt?","title":"What are electrolytes? I know what they DO, but I don't know what they ARE.","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vor4qm/what_are_electrolytes_i_know_what_they_do_but_i/","vote_ratio":0.85},"votfji":{"author":"ModernVintage15","comment_count":8,"id":"votfji","post_time":1656654875.0,"score":27,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"We all know how pressure affects intermolecular forces, but how about *inner* molecular forces?","title":"Does pressure affect the way atoms bond? Are there any compounds/reactions that are not possible at NTP but could be if the reactants are placed in a chamber with a higher/lower pressure?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/votfji/does_pressure_affect_the_way_atoms_bond_are_there/","vote_ratio":0.75},"votl52":{"author":"GhostJY7","comment_count":2,"id":"votl52","post_time":1656655401.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I'm doing some research on the effects of UV radiation on skin and found that there is not much literature on exactly how tanning oils help the skin to darken faster/better. After reading around, the common phrase I come across is that it \"lowers the refractive index of the skin\" to permit greater penetration of radiation, but what does that phrase mean??\n\nMy thought is more inclined to the tanning oil refracting light like how immersion oil in light microscopy would refract light, but what does that have to do with the refractive index of skin?\n\nThe other explanation is in the moisturizing property of the oil sustaining the substrate accumulation for the melanocytes.\n\n\\*correct me if I'm wrong\\*","title":"Can someone explain to me the science behind tanning oils \"lowering the refractive index of the skin\"?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/votl52/can_someone_explain_to_me_the_science_behind/","vote_ratio":0.75},"votq8u":{"author":"Ninjas-and-stuff","comment_count":44,"id":"votq8u","post_time":1656655899.0,"score":148,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Most of my search results are giving me information on blood plasma, and I\u2019m not finding a clear yes or no about the kind of plasma I actually want to know about. Is the definition of fluid absolutely applicable to plasma the same way it is for liquids and gases, or is it just used as a theoretical condition to lay down a framework for studying its behavior? Or, is it a \u201cyes, but more complicated\u201d situation kind of like how light is both a particle and a wave?","title":"Gases and liquids are fluids, but solids aren\u2019t. Does plasma, the fourth state of matter, count as a fluid?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/votq8u/gases_and_liquids_are_fluids_but_solids_arent/","vote_ratio":0.89},"vov99e":{"author":"-tarinitup-","comment_count":18,"id":"vov99e","post_time":1656661780.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Is it possible that life on earth originated from extraterrestrial origins? Such as Eukaryotic/Prokaryotic cells attached to a meteor that hit earth?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vov99e/is_it_possible_that_life_on_earth_originated_from/","vote_ratio":0.74},"vovcpg":{"author":"nicholasdwilson","comment_count":3,"id":"vovcpg","post_time":1656662177.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"i.e. are there any conditions under which heavier elements do not undergo radioactive decay?","title":"Is nuclidic stability impacted by environmental factors (e.g. temperature, pressure, gravity, etc.) or purely a consequence of nucleus composition?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vovcpg/is_nuclidic_stability_impacted_by_environmental/","vote_ratio":0.6},"voz867":{"author":"matthewv1998","comment_count":150,"id":"voz867","post_time":1656677097.0,"score":309,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"as the title says, it just seems like cancer rates are going up, but we've made tons of regulations, warnings and other things to show, limit or stop use of carcinogens. to me this means cancer rates should trend down. but they're not?? what would cause this in modern society???  are genes less healthy?? is our food worse?? are products really not that clean??","title":"How are cancer rates going up when we've made regulations on regulations to control carcinogen use?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/voz867/how_are_cancer_rates_going_up_when_weve_made/","vote_ratio":0.86},"vp0rp9":{"author":"TheCoop1986","comment_count":7,"id":"vp0rp9","post_time":1656681802.0,"score":56,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"The liver is where a lot of chemical compounds are broken down into useful or waste compounds. But how does the liver correctly handle so many different compounds? There are literally thousands and thousands of different compounds we can ingest, how do the liver cells know how to deal with each one correctly?","title":"How can the liver break down so many different chemicals?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vp0rp9/how_can_the_liver_break_down_so_many_different/","vote_ratio":0.79},"vp0tcz":{"author":"Dagreifers","comment_count":317,"id":"vp0tcz","post_time":1656681934.0,"score":1325,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Is this a stupid question? Or does it depend? I thought that the answer is constant, but when I googled it I couldn\u2019t find the answer, only irrelevant things, can someone answer this question?\n\nEdit: aight guys this is solved thanks for the help.","title":"What\u2019s the minimum density needed to form a black hole?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vp0tcz/whats_the_minimum_density_needed_to_form_a_black/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vp2s8l":{"author":"TheBananaBagel","comment_count":4,"id":"vp2s8l","post_time":1656687401.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Hi there, confused EPQ student here.\n\nI'm researching genetic modification and I'm just wondering about the differences between the GM of plants and animals, if there even are any. It wouldn't be a big deal if not, I just wanted to make a clarification at the start of the section I'm writing as I'm only covering cattle GM.\n\nThanks in advance!","title":"Are there differences between genetic modification of animals and plants??","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vp2s8l/are_there_differences_between_genetic/","vote_ratio":0.56},"vp3wcu":{"author":"f0rgotten","comment_count":6,"id":"vp3wcu","post_time":1656690321.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Basically the title, not sure how to elaborate.","title":"The behavior of dogs towards humans has changed as they have been domesticated. Has their behavior towards other dogs changed as well?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vp3wcu/the_behavior_of_dogs_towards_humans_has_changed/","vote_ratio":0.81},"vp7luv":{"author":"Charyou-Tree","comment_count":12,"id":"vp7luv","post_time":1656700288.0,"score":152,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I've read from several different sources that when a fresh injection of basaltic magma intrudes into a more silica-rich magma chamber under a volcano, some sort of reaction happens that ultimately leads to a large explosive eruption. I've specifically heard this implicated for the 19th century Krakatoa eruption, where people point to volcanic rock of varying color bands indicating partially mixed magmas that cooled preserving the different rock types. \n\nHowever, these sources don't mention a mechanism for this. Is there some sort of chemical reaction between the different magmas? Is it a physical reaction relating to different temperature/density/viscosity/gas content/something else?\n\nWhat leads two bodies of relatively stable magma to generate immense pressure and explode when mixed together?","title":"How does mixing magmas of different types cause large explosive volcanic eruptions?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vp7luv/how_does_mixing_magmas_of_different_types_cause/","vote_ratio":0.9},"vpdtn8":{"author":"virgilthemonk","comment_count":10,"id":"vpdtn8","post_time":1656717429.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"In this clip https://youtu.be/tzODRWtEsXs at 14:35 volgin shoots electric bolts and ocelot literally shoots them away from him. While i am aware of how incredibly stupid the question and the source of the question are in terms of reality, is it possible to conduct electrical discharges away from you by firing a gun?","title":"Can a gun firing bullets conduct electricity in a direction like how ocelot does in mgs3?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpdtn8/can_a_gun_firing_bullets_conduct_electricity_in_a/","vote_ratio":0.28},"vpdumo":{"author":"Proper-Slide-6095","comment_count":136,"id":"vpdumo","post_time":1656717512.0,"score":2572,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I was trimming bushes when I noticed a small thorn stuck itself into my knuckle. My finger looked normal and didn't hurt, so I removed the small thorn and continued trimming. 30 seconds or so later I raise the same hand up again and noticed I had blood all over the finger, and some had dripped onto my pants. By the time I noticed this it had already stopped bleeding.\n\nDid the thorn hit a vein or something, and removing it caused the area to bleed so much until it clotted? The area now has a bruise around a half inch in diameter.\n\nThis thorn was incredibly small, and the puncture isn't even noticeable. It's really hard for me to believe such a small \"injury\" could cause so much blood. How could that much blood escape an invisible little puncture in only 30 seconds?\n\nI'm disappointed I didn't get to witness it.\n\nEdit: I'm glad this post got more attention than my popular comment about shirtless Li Shang from Mulan and the sexual awakening it inspired in me as a kid","title":"Will a small puncture at a vein cause more bleeding than a puncture elsewhere through the skin?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpdumo/will_a_small_puncture_at_a_vein_cause_more/","vote_ratio":0.93},"vpduvd":{"author":"ASpiderling","comment_count":11,"id":"vpduvd","post_time":1656717531.0,"score":230,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"For example: Insulin binds to the insulin receptor, which causes a chain of events to happen to ultimately move GLUT4. \n\nAfter insulin binds to the receptor, what happens to insulin itself? Does it get released from the receptor? Absorbed? Does it change/get recycled? Break down?","title":"What happens after a hormone binds with a receptor?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpduvd/what_happens_after_a_hormone_binds_with_a_receptor/","vote_ratio":0.89},"vph2ke":{"author":"Careless_Bat2543","comment_count":45,"id":"vph2ke","post_time":1656727799.0,"score":722,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Normally in the body fluids and minerals in those fluids flow from areas of high concentration to low concentration. However the kidneys are able to remove minerals/toxins from your blood and concentrate them into urine which is much more concentrated. How does it do this?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vph2ke/normally_in_the_body_fluids_and_minerals_in_those/","vote_ratio":0.93},"vpmigb":{"author":"Noise_Used","comment_count":2,"id":"vpmigb","post_time":1656748076.0,"score":14,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"For example - Haleakala on the island of Maui in Hawaii. It has had several eruptions within the past 10,000 years - and one as recent as 500 years ago. Isn't it far removed from the hotspot, or any connection to it? How could it still erupt?","title":"How do hot-spot volcanoes erupt after they are no longer connected to the hotspot?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpmigb/how_do_hotspot_volcanoes_erupt_after_they_are_no/","vote_ratio":0.79},"vpqiqy":{"author":"questions1223232","comment_count":27,"id":"vpqiqy","post_time":1656764114.0,"score":156,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Everywhere I look up the Tunguska event of 1908, it seems to suggest that a meteoroid of this size impacts Earth every few hundred  years. Some go so far as to put it at around every three hundred years. But I couldn't find references to any other impact event of this scale from the last two millennia. What am I missing?","title":"If a Tunguska-like meteoroid impact event happens every few hundred years, then what are some others from our recent recorded history?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpqiqy/if_a_tunguskalike_meteoroid_impact_event_happens/","vote_ratio":0.88},"vpsp1q":{"author":"purpletwinkletoes","comment_count":2,"id":"vpsp1q","post_time":1656771243.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"If infected with Covid BA.4 or BA.5, how soon can reinfection occur?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpsp1q/if_infected_with_covid_ba4_or_ba5_how_soon_can/","vote_ratio":0.53},"vptiys":{"author":"dhanush_ram","comment_count":81,"id":"vptiys","post_time":1656773704.0,"score":801,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"What if the speed of light is much slower or much faster than it is? Would the universe turn out to be different? My guess is that the speed is an arbitrary constant and its value may not matter but I am not sure.","title":"Will the universe turn out to be very different for different speeds of light?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vptiys/will_the_universe_turn_out_to_be_very_different/","vote_ratio":0.89},"vpusl0":{"author":"usernameisafarce","comment_count":11,"id":"vpusl0","post_time":1656777422.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"how the fed knows how much points it need to raise interest rate?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpusl0/how_the_fed_knows_how_much_points_it_need_to/","vote_ratio":0.41},"vpvdil":{"author":"kanondreamer","comment_count":9,"id":"vpvdil","post_time":1656778989.0,"score":9,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why might a community, who has not experienced more than two earthquakes in the past decade, have around 30 in six months, localized in a space of around 15 miles?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpvdil/why_might_a_community_who_has_not_experienced/","vote_ratio":0.7},"vpwj0d":{"author":"SutttonTacoma","comment_count":2,"id":"vpwj0d","post_time":1656782292.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Can AlphaFold predict protein-protein binding affinities?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpwj0d/can_alphafold_predict_proteinprotein_binding/","vote_ratio":0.78},"vpxsx9":{"author":"AZG2275","comment_count":73,"id":"vpxsx9","post_time":1656785994.0,"score":265,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Thank you.","title":"What is denser: A black hole or a neutrons star?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpxsx9/what_is_denser_a_black_hole_or_a_neutrons_star/","vote_ratio":0.84},"vpxv1k":{"author":"SilenttWasTaken","comment_count":549,"id":"vpxv1k","post_time":1656786168.0,"score":3863,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"This may sound a bit silly, but how does the sun not fall apart if it's entirely made out of gas?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpxv1k/this_may_sound_a_bit_silly_but_how_does_the_sun/","vote_ratio":0.88},"vpy11e":{"author":"LodlopSeputhChakk","comment_count":4,"id":"vpy11e","post_time":1656786651.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Think about all the animals we consider reasonably intelligent.  Apes, dolphins, whales, elephants. All mega fauna.  Basically you have to be large to house a large brain.\n\nThen there\u2019s birds.\n\nSome birds, like parrots and crows, are extremely intelligent. They use language, make tools, and have complex problem-solving abilities.  How can they fit all that into a tiny bird brain, while the rest of us have to have a giant head?","title":"How are some birds so smart?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpy11e/how_are_some_birds_so_smart/","vote_ratio":0.9},"vpyodu":{"author":"luisvel","comment_count":3,"id":"vpyodu","post_time":1656788567.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Are there benefits in initiating dialysis before renal failure, for patients undergoing uremic hemolytic syndrome?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpyodu/are_there_benefits_in_initiating_dialysis_before/","vote_ratio":0.83},"vpyy6o":{"author":"JammingScientist","comment_count":9,"id":"vpyy6o","post_time":1656789366.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Is it expanding from a central point? Does it expand in a certain shape? Does if expand at the same rate at all sides? What is it expanding into? How does it expand if matter cannot be created?","title":"How does the universe expand?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpyy6o/how_does_the_universe_expand/","vote_ratio":0.66},"vpz14y":{"author":"0hmyscience","comment_count":9,"id":"vpz14y","post_time":1656789613.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I am currently reading [The Selfish Gene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Selfish_Gene), and during one chapter he lightly touched on crossover during meiosis. I started thinking about crossover and I have a lot of questions that I can't really find the answer to. It seems like most places just touch on crossover as a step during meiosis, but don't really elaborate much. Anyway, here are my questions I hope someone can help me wrap my head around this:\n\n* First of all: does crossover only happen (at most) once per chromosome? All diagrams look somewhat like [this](https://ib.bioninja.com.au/_Media/crossing-over_med.jpeg), which indicate that they swap only the ends. Is that the case, or are those diagrams an oversimplification and more than one \"pieces\" that are crossed over?\n\n* If the answer to the above is yes, then I want to move onto this [meiosis diagram](https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Overview-of-meiosis-I-and-II-1200x1034.png). Is it true to assume then that we all likely possess entire chromosomes that came directly from our grandparents? In the diagram, each of the 4 cells has 2 chromosomes, one that's intact, and one that's crossed over. So for example, if my dad passed an \"intact\" chromosome 1 to me, there's a 1/4 chance that I'll pass that intact chromosome 1 to my son. Is that correct?\n\n* How does crossing over work with the sex chromosomes? In the case of eggs, there's always two Xs, do those crossover? In the case of sperm, there's one X and one Y, do those crossover in anyway, or are they left alone?\n\n* If the answer to question 1 is yes, then is there a pre-determined (approximate or accurate) length that's exchanged? If so, how is it determined? If it's random, what determines it? \n\n* Is the number of base pairs in an exchange the same on each side? Also, this question and the above assume it's done by number of base pairs. Is it \"calculated\" differently perhaps? Number of genes? Something else?\n\n* Now, the question in the title: how does the process ensure that no really bad errors are introduced? If I understand correctly, it's not necessary that the two homologous chromosomes are the same length. One may have mutations the other doesn't, and vice versa. It's also likely those mutations are fine independently. But when mixed together, they could break things... so why doesn't it?\n\n* And lastly: if question 1 is yes, has the existence of the crossover process lead to \"less important\" (or \"more ok to mutate) genes to be at the tips, and \"more important\" genes to be towards the middle? For example, per the question above, I imagine that eye color genes or genes that contribute to my face shape or skin color or traits like that are more \"ok\" to be mutated, where as for example, the gene for hemoglobin... you don't want to mess with that one.\n\n\nThanks for looking at my wall of text. I'm happy to restate questions if they don't make sense. Hope someone or many of you can help me with this.\n\nThanks again!","title":"How do cells ensure crossover during meiosis doesn't result in fatal mistakes?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpz14y/how_do_cells_ensure_crossover_during_meiosis/","vote_ratio":0.71},"vpz83q":{"author":"dynastylobster","comment_count":6,"id":"vpz83q","post_time":1656790210.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"the solar system (along with other stars) were created by a cloud of gas and dust formed by the nova of a previous star. is there anything we can learn or find out about what that \"parent\" star system was like? like.. theres gotta be some kind of evidence. Can we find clues as to what kind of planets were around it when this old star existed? what kind of star it was?","title":"Can we know anything about the older star that created our sun?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpz83q/can_we_know_anything_about_the_older_star_that/","vote_ratio":0.86},"vq9sr0":{"author":"moustache4you","comment_count":21,"id":"vq9sr0","post_time":1656824177.0,"score":63,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Does gravity affect sound? Would musical instruments sound the same on different sized planets, if they all had the same atmosphere?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vq9sr0/does_gravity_affect_sound_would_musical/","vote_ratio":0.88},"vq9vbt":{"author":"HubrisPersonified","comment_count":22,"id":"vq9vbt","post_time":1656824420.0,"score":25,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Like the title suggests, how do people who study ancient languages like Latin or Ancient Greek know how the letters are pronounced? Do they just compare it to modern languages, or is there another way?","title":"How do we know how ancient languages sound?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vq9vbt/how_do_we_know_how_ancient_languages_sound/","vote_ratio":0.82},"vqcqwe":{"author":"yusoglad","comment_count":75,"id":"vqcqwe","post_time":1656836004.0,"score":89,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why can't you make beverages 'sparkly' using pressurized air? Why do we use pressurized CO2 instead?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vqcqwe/why_cant_you_make_beverages_sparkly_using/","vote_ratio":0.88},"vqdyvf":{"author":"beacheytunez_","comment_count":184,"id":"vqdyvf","post_time":1656841303.0,"score":1476,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I was thinking about this today, since someone's heart rate fluctuates even as they just stand up, do pacemakers have a way of dealing with such fluctuation? And if they can, to what extent can they support changes in heart rate? Could a pacemaker patient go for a run, or participate in extreme sport, for example?","title":"Are pacemakers able to adjust their \"heart rate\" based on the exertion of the person they belong to? Do they support a feedback system with the body?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vqdyvf/are_pacemakers_able_to_adjust_their_heart_rate/","vote_ratio":0.95},"vqe8sr":{"author":"unlikelyrisktaker","comment_count":9,"id":"vqe8sr","post_time":1656842474.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"I recently found out that with enough time, you can dissolve (up to a certain point of) salt into water without ever heating or stirring it. Does this rule also apply to non-crystalline rocks? If you left granite in water for a really long time, would that make it eventually disintegrate as well?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vqe8sr/i_recently_found_out_that_with_enough_time_you/","vote_ratio":0.58},"vqhf8t":{"author":"__Questioner__","comment_count":12,"id":"vqhf8t","post_time":1656854203.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I'm not talking about how they can withstand the pressure. I understand the internal pressure is the same as the outside. \n\nBut how do they like move their fins to move thru the water shouldn't it be harder to move with all the pressure. Are their muscles stronger or do they just move slowly or what?","title":"How do deep-sea creatures MOVE in the sea with all that pressure?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vqhf8t/how_do_deepsea_creatures_move_in_the_sea_with_all/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vqhpzi":{"author":"ackzilla","comment_count":7,"id":"vqhpzi","post_time":1656855168.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I don't recall ever seeing a fossil skull with anything like dental plaque on it, do scientists simply clean it right off along with the other debris or is plaque an entirely modern thing?","title":"Does dental plaque fossilize?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vqhpzi/does_dental_plaque_fossilize/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vqmsgv":{"author":"NASA_official_srsly","comment_count":175,"id":"vqmsgv","post_time":1656869883.0,"score":2557,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"How do they manage to not all end up inbred in a couple of generations?","title":"In species where only the strongest male gets to breed, or kills non-offspring babies, how does the species maintain genetic diversity?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vqmsgv/in_species_where_only_the_strongest_male_gets_to/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vqmuwe":{"author":"Elviejopancho","comment_count":47,"id":"vqmuwe","post_time":1656870074.0,"score":39,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"T.L.D.R.: Is there any medical condition that make two clearly different tones indistinguishable from each other?\n\nTake in acount that color blindness is very different to tone deafness because listening silence is like seeing black and not like confusing different types of light. I know that hearing are sight are very different processes for analogous physical phoenomena, but you should get what I am asking.","title":"Is there an analogous condition to color blindness in hearing?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vqmuwe/is_there_an_analogous_condition_to_color/","vote_ratio":0.82},"vqnfvv":{"author":"Billiam_Ball","comment_count":9,"id":"vqnfvv","post_time":1656871805.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Are there any vertebrates that can see significantly far into the infrared range?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vqnfvv/are_there_any_vertebrates_that_can_see/","vote_ratio":0.79},"vqofeq":{"author":"okami_xaero","comment_count":31,"id":"vqofeq","post_time":1656874727.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Like in the title, do viruses evolve faster than humans? Or, more in general, faster than mammals? And what about bacteria?","title":"Do viruses evolve faster than humans?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vqofeq/do_viruses_evolve_faster_than_humans/","vote_ratio":0.43},"vqrh9a":{"author":"DakotaMaker","comment_count":34,"id":"vqrh9a","post_time":1656883501.0,"score":37,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Is there any practical use for laminar flow in liquids, or is it purely a neat aesthetic phenomenon?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vqrh9a/is_there_any_practical_use_for_laminar_flow_in/","vote_ratio":0.8},"vqus6f":{"author":"DownvoteThisTempAcc","comment_count":3,"id":"vqus6f","post_time":1656893863.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Earth's axis averages 23.5 degrees, but it can range from 22 to 24.5 and only changes in tens of thousands of years. Is shorter term oscillation possible in thousand or hundred year timescales for other (real or hypothetical) planetary objects?","title":"Is stable, short term axial tilt oscillation possible?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vqus6f/is_stable_short_term_axial_tilt_oscillation/","vote_ratio":0.57},"vr1urh":{"author":"Abriv12","comment_count":10,"id":"vr1urh","post_time":1656919699.0,"score":22,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I have been wondering this, I mean can they differentiate. Dandritic cells penetrate their membrane extensions through epithelial cells of gut and react immediately if the sense a pathogenic bacteria, does it react the same way if it senses commensal bacteria??","title":"In your gut how do Dandritic cells differenriate between commensal and pathogenic bacteria?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vr1urh/in_your_gut_how_do_dandritic_cells_differenriate/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vr3uzj":{"author":"beacheytunez_","comment_count":17,"id":"vr3uzj","post_time":1656928454.0,"score":14,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I guess firstly I wanna know a few logistical things:  \n\nHow do we discover what the new strand of the flu is?\n\nHow long does it take to develop a vaccine for it?\n\nWhy is this faster than other vaccines?\n\nHow do we verify that it works and is safe for patients in less than a year?\n\nHow effective is the vaccine, and if it's really effective, how is it made to be so effective year after year?\n\n&#x200B;\n\nI feel like there's a \"How to Make a Flu Shot This Year\" handbook out there.\n\nAre there any other viruses out there that we update our vaccines for so regularly? Thanks in advance!","title":"How is it that we so reliably have a new influenza vaccine ready each year? What's our process?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vr3uzj/how_is_it_that_we_so_reliably_have_a_new/","vote_ratio":0.66},"vr7tbu":{"author":"fbi767","comment_count":2,"id":"vr7tbu","post_time":1656942425.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"What I know is that the Poincaire group is characterised by, like, 9-10 commutation relations. And every field, before quantisation, is a vector space on which there must be representations of the Poincaire group defined as operators.\n\nFor instance, the operator e^(xd/dy-y/d/dx) is a representation of a member belonging to this group, and this operator acts on the vector space of fields, causing to rotate them. e^(d/dx) is another member of this group. Another member would be the exponentiation of Pauli matrices. Those don't operate on infinite dimensional fields, but rather on 2- component objects. Another member of this group could be 4x4 Lorentz transformations, which operate on 4 vectors. Bottom line : **every field that we quantise must have operators of this group defined on them.**\n\nAbout SU1xSU2xSU3, I know that these are used as gauge groups. But idk much more than that. \n\nHave I understood them right? And **is there any connection between what these two groups have to do with physics?** Or are just important but independent ideas?","title":"What is the relevance of the Poincaire group and the SU1xSU2xSU3 group in Quantum Field Theories?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vr7tbu/what_is_the_relevance_of_the_poincaire_group_and/","vote_ratio":0.8},"vr808v":{"author":"rasputinette","comment_count":365,"id":"vr808v","post_time":1656943037.0,"score":3556,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I've read about the different evolutionary rationales for periods, but I'm wondering *when* it became a thing. Do we have any idea? Also, is there any evidence whether early hominins like *Australopithecus* or *Paranthropus* menstruated?","title":"Do we know when, in human evolution, menstruation appeared?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vr808v/do_we_know_when_in_human_evolution_menstruation/","vote_ratio":0.89},"vr8ff8":{"author":"Makurabu","comment_count":217,"id":"vr8ff8","post_time":1656944241.0,"score":702,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Is there an animal that primarily subsists on eating members of its own species/cannibalism?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vr8ff8/is_there_an_animal_that_primarily_subsists_on/","vote_ratio":0.88},"vrb1kq":{"author":"None","comment_count":18,"id":"vrb1kq","post_time":1656951473.0,"score":29,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"The back of your throat, or on your tongue, stuff like that.\nDoes the common cold have to die on its own on the surface of my throat? \nI had my tonsils removed. \nDoes bad stuff just live there until I get too stressed and I catch an infection I was always carrying?\nAre there tiny holes where my blood can get to the surface?","title":"how does the body fight infections on its surface parts?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrb1kq/how_does_the_body_fight_infections_on_its_surface/","vote_ratio":0.76},"vrc1w0":{"author":"_bobby_tables_","comment_count":3,"id":"vrc1w0","post_time":1656954194.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Is it more likely that CMEs originate in an equitorial region of the sun?  Or are CMEs as likely from the poles?  Has CME origin location been statistically studied and mapped?","title":"Are CMEs more likely from certain areas of the sun?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrc1w0/are_cmes_more_likely_from_certain_areas_of_the_sun/","vote_ratio":1.0},"vrc5dh":{"author":"atmdk7","comment_count":1,"id":"vrc5dh","post_time":1656954462.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I\u2019ve always though Japan was formed as volcanic islands along the subduction zone of the Asian Plate and Pacific Plate. However, I\u2019ve recently learned that Japan used to be connected to the mainland and the Sea of Japan was formed relatively recently, around 10 million years ago I think, as Japan was pulled away. But I could find any answer (that I fully understood) as to why this happened.\n\nWhat\u2019s going on there?","title":"How was the Japanese Archipelago formed?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrc5dh/how_was_the_japanese_archipelago_formed/","vote_ratio":0.79},"vrdvei":{"author":"the-antiredditor","comment_count":7,"id":"vrdvei","post_time":1656959146.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Bonds are sort of like potential energy wells, so that means they can be quantum tunneled out of, right? I've never heard of this being reported though, so is it just very rare or is it not possible. If not possible, why do you think/know so?","title":"Have atoms ever been observed to quantum tunnel out of a weak chemical bond (Such as hydrogen bonds)?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrdvei/have_atoms_ever_been_observed_to_quantum_tunnel/","vote_ratio":0.8},"vrexi0":{"author":"ReasonablyConfused","comment_count":349,"id":"vrexi0","post_time":1656961992.0,"score":3321,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Did Marie Curie ever wonder if the radiation she was studying was dangerous?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrexi0/did_marie_curie_ever_wonder_if_the_radiation_she/","vote_ratio":0.95},"vrigax":{"author":"TheGermanMoses1","comment_count":46,"id":"vrigax","post_time":1656971858.0,"score":49,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Theoretically, can you gain energy through nuclear fusion then gain energy through fission of the same material?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrigax/theoretically_can_you_gain_energy_through_nuclear/","vote_ratio":0.82},"vriuq5":{"author":"CJWard123","comment_count":4,"id":"vriuq5","post_time":1656972982.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"So I\u2019ve been told that sunlight is especially bad for scars because it can cause \u201chyper-pigmentation\u201d, among other things. Yet, I\u2019ve yet to see exactly why this is. What is it about scars that make them vulnerable to sunlight?","title":"Why is sunlight bad for scars?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vriuq5/why_is_sunlight_bad_for_scars/","vote_ratio":0.8},"vrmgnu":{"author":"aka_augusto","comment_count":17,"id":"vrmgnu","post_time":1656984665.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How the HIV expanded in world? What was the firsts causes to HIV being globalized? And where was the first evidence in the history of the virus?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrmgnu/how_the_hiv_expanded_in_world_what_was_the_firsts/","vote_ratio":0.6},"vrn69w":{"author":"front_yard_duck_dad","comment_count":7,"id":"vrn69w","post_time":1656987115.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I love watching the bats in my yard eat mosquitoes and I do it almost every night in the summer. The last few nights with all of the fireworks and I mean it is pretty crazy here right now I feel like the flight of the bats looks off. The turns looks almost clumsy. Is this possible?","title":"do fireworks inhibit bats echolocation?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrn69w/do_fireworks_inhibit_bats_echolocation/","vote_ratio":0.7},"vrnhis":{"author":"seanbrockest","comment_count":9,"id":"vrnhis","post_time":1656988166.0,"score":41,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I understand that exposing a larger chunk of a hemisphere to the sun has an incredible effect on the amount of the sun's energy which is able to impact the planet, I have to assume that the elliptical nature of our orbit has some effect as well. Is it at least calculable?\n\nNaturally the reason I'm asking is because the Earth reached aphelion today, meaning we are at the furthest point from the Sun in this orbit, meanwhile we are also very close to the first day of summer, when our tilt puts the northern hemisphere in full view of the Sun.","title":"Although the main driver of our seasons is the Earth's tilt, do the aphelion and perihelion have any calculable effect?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrnhis/although_the_main_driver_of_our_seasons_is_the/","vote_ratio":0.8},"vro08j":{"author":"the0nerealm","comment_count":46,"id":"vro08j","post_time":1656989912.0,"score":218,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Does it take a long time to actually charge up? Somebody told me it\u2019ll take months before anything actually happens after they turn it on today, but I wanted to ask here if that\u2019s how it works.","title":"How long is the LHC at CERN on for at a time? How long does it take before a test will be done?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vro08j/how_long_is_the_lhc_at_cern_on_for_at_a_time_how/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vrpfdm":{"author":"wickermanmorn","comment_count":26,"id":"vrpfdm","post_time":1656994878.0,"score":56,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Are there any species where the parents contribute non-equal numbers of chromosomes to their offspring, or does it have to be the same number from each?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrpfdm/are_there_any_species_where_the_parents/","vote_ratio":0.79},"vrsld6":{"author":"bl4ck4nti","comment_count":10,"id":"vrsld6","post_time":1657007543.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"79 is a lot and I'm puzzled why we never see them in photos of Jupiter. Are they farther away than the satellites/probes that have taken the images of Jupiter? Are they digitally removed?","title":"If Jupiter has 79 moons, why are they rarely seen in photos of the planet?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrsld6/if_jupiter_has_79_moons_why_are_they_rarely_seen/","vote_ratio":0.7},"vrtjl3":{"author":"Aussie_Stalin","comment_count":3,"id":"vrtjl3","post_time":1657011767.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I know anthropogenic climate change is happening and I don't post this with bad intentions, I'm just curious to know the answer, since I can't seem to find a definitive number (if there is one) on the rate of temperature increase during the 2 periods anywhere on Google. Any help would be much appreciated.","title":"How fast did the temperature increase in the Roman and Medieval Warming Periods, and how does that differ to the rapid temperature increase in recent decades?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrtjl3/how_fast_did_the_temperature_increase_in_the/","vote_ratio":0.71},"vrtlqy":{"author":"MayureshMJ","comment_count":13,"id":"vrtlqy","post_time":1657012019.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"General physics i learnt in highschool taught me that as any material reaches Absolute zero temperature the defects and flaws in it are removed and it becomes perfectly ordered in structure.\nWhile when i am studying mineralogy and crystallography i see that many mineral's higher temperature polymorphs are more ordered than the low temperature. For example Akali feldspars high temperature polymorphs (Sanidine and Orthoclase) are Monoclinic in symmetry and the lower temperature polymorph (microcline) is in Triclinic symmetry.\n\nAs far as i understand monoclinic is supposed to be more ordered than triclinic. So what am i misunderstanding here? Why are these two things counter intuitive?","title":"Why do minerals become more disordered (crystallographically) as temperature of formation decreases whereas matter should be perfectly ordered as the temperature reaches Absolute zero?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrtlqy/why_do_minerals_become_more_disordered/","vote_ratio":0.65},"vrtptk":{"author":"AskScienceModerator","comment_count":210,"id":"vrtptk","post_time":1657012512.0,"score":1045,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"In early May, reports began circulating about confirmed cases of monkeypox, an orthopoxvirus similar to smallpox. As of mid-June, there were over 2100 reported cases of monkeypox in dozens of countries. While a great deal is already known about the science of the monkeypox virus, this outbreak has raised several new questions about its transmissibility and impact on human health in both the short and long terms. With the world's attention heightened to such disease outbreaks due to the COVID-19 pandemic, this seems like a good opportunity to provide answers and help alleviate concerns.\n\nWe are experts in infectious diseases who are here to provide the facts about monkeypox and counter the mis-information that has been spreading about this disease. Join us today at 2 PM ET (18 UT) for a discussion, organized by the American Society for Microbiology, about the monkeypox outbreak. We'll answer your questions about the symptoms of monkeypox and how it spreads, current strategies for treatment and prevention, and what can be done to contain this (and future) outbreaks. Ask us anything!\n\nWith us today are:\n\n+ Dr. Christy Hutson, Ph.D., M.S. (u/CHutson_CDC)- Branch Chief, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\n+ [Dr. Reeti Khare, Ph.D., D(ABMM)](https://www.nationaljewish.org/doctors-departments/providers/researchers/reeti-khare) (u/DenverIDLab)- Director, Infectious Disease Laboratory, National Jewish Health\n+ Dr. Rodney E. Rohde, Ph.D., MS, SM(ASCP)CM, SVCM, MBCM, FACSc (u/DocMicrobe)- Regents' Professor, Texas State University System, University Distinguished Chair & Professor, Clinical Laboratory Science\n+ [Dr. Rachel L. Roper, Ph.D.](https://microbiology-immunology.ecu.edu/rachel-l-roper/) (u/RroperECU)- Professor, Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University\n\nLinks:\n\n+ [Monkeypox: What We Do and Don't Know About Recent Outbreaks](https://asm.org/Articles/2022/May/Monkeypox-What-We-Do-and-Don-t-Know-About-Recent-O)\n+ [Monkeypox Clinical Update with Dr. Daniel Griffin](https://asm.org/Podcasts/TWiV/Episodes/Monkeypox-Clinical-Update-with-Dr-Daniel-Griffin)\n+ [CDC Monkeypox page](https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/index.html)\n+ [WHO Monkeypox page](https://www.who.int/emergencies/situations/monkeypox-oubreak-2022)\n\nPlease note that we will NOT be making medical diagnoses or recommending any medical treatments or procedures for individuals.","title":"AskScience AMA Series: We're infectious disease experts here to answer your questions about monkeypox. AUA!","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrtptk/askscience_ama_series_were_infectious_disease/","vote_ratio":0.87},"vrufw5":{"author":"Bachpipe","comment_count":9,"id":"vrufw5","post_time":1657015644.0,"score":9,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Hello Reddit!    \n\n\nI'm not looking for medical advice, but I am looking for an explanation! I just read some articles about mint tea and in almost all the articles it's written that you shouldn't drink mint tea if you're on low blood pressure medication, because it will enhance said medication. But none of the articles explain WHY it does! And then I thought; the Science Reddit  probably knows this. So, is there someone here who can explain to me why this is an effect that mint has?","title":"Mint tea and low blood pressure, how?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrufw5/mint_tea_and_low_blood_pressure_how/","vote_ratio":0.72},"vrxmls":{"author":"ThrowAwayMyLife2341","comment_count":6,"id":"vrxmls","post_time":1657026954.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"It is my understanding that cloud seeding is an effective way to make it rain in certain areas. Why isn\u2019t this being used in a country such as Italy or the US west to try to combat the droughts?","title":"Why isn\u2019t cloud seeding used to fight the droughts currently happening in the world?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrxmls/why_isnt_cloud_seeding_used_to_fight_the_droughts/","vote_ratio":0.59},"vryrlk":{"author":"DirtSeth","comment_count":263,"id":"vryrlk","post_time":1657030214.0,"score":2017,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Does the Earth's spin cause an outwards centrifugal force. Theoretically if there was a planet with earth's mass that didn't spin or span slower would it have a higher gravity? I assume that if there is a difference its negligible though.","title":"Would there be higher gravity if Earth didn't spin?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vryrlk/would_there_be_higher_gravity_if_earth_didnt_spin/","vote_ratio":0.93},"vrytb5":{"author":"vilhelm_s","comment_count":23,"id":"vrytb5","post_time":1657030352.0,"score":352,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"When the nucleus decays there are definite nucleons coming out, but what about the bound nucleus itself? And can you somehow demonstrate that there are distinct nucleons inside it, similar to how Rutherford's gold foil experiment shows that there's a distinct nucleus inside an atom?","title":"Are there distinct protons/neutrons in a nucleus, or is it just a \"soup\" of quarks?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrytb5/are_there_distinct_protonsneutrons_in_a_nucleus/","vote_ratio":0.91},"vrzpvd":{"author":"Mr-Cas","comment_count":6,"id":"vrzpvd","post_time":1657032855.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Hey there\n\nIn general, stars are moving away from us and, in combination with the doppler effect, this gives us redshift. When we look at stars with our eyes, they look more red than they actually are. When a picture is taken, the star looks more red than it actually is. This leads to two ways to represent a star in a picture (like [this one](https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/NXmL6bbh7QMA3xxfuu56uZ.png)):\n\n1. The way a star looks for a human on earth (non-colour corrected for redshift)\n2. The way a star *actually* looks (colour corrected for redshift). It would display the colour of a star like the star actually sends out.\n\nAnd so rises my question: are pictures of stars colour-corrected for redshift? Do the pictures display a star like a human would see it, or how it looks in reality (as if you were right next to it)?\n\nFor example, in the picture linked above, the star at the centre is just a white spot. But let's take the orange star to the left bottom of the middle. Is it actually that red (colour-corrected)? Or does it look that red because of red shift (not colour-corrected)?\n\nIn school, in dutch, I learned the term \"Emission spectrum\" of a star (almost always hydrogen is used). I think the official english term is RVS? You can use that and the default (\"recorded\" on earth) to calculate the amount of redshift. If you know how much redshift there is, you can colour-correct a picture for redshift. So if you supply a picture of a star and it's RVS, you can do some calculations and color-correct a picture. However, when searching the web, I didn't find a single \"tool\" that could do this. Why isn't there any?\n\nI just had this topic in physics class at school and I came up with these questions after his lesson and my teacher didn't know the answer, so here I am, asking it to you people. I hope you can shed some light!","title":"Are pictures taken by a telescope colour-corrected for redshift?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrzpvd/are_pictures_taken_by_a_telescope_colourcorrected/","vote_ratio":0.8},"vs00dw":{"author":"julianapauki","comment_count":10,"id":"vs00dw","post_time":1657033613.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"We classify animals according to species but isn\u2019t evolution more like a continious process? If that is true, why do classify them like this and when do we see an animal as a new species? For example. Species A exists today, but has an ancestor species B which existed 100k years ago. At what point does an animal of species B differ so much that it is seen as a new species A?","title":"When has an animal evolved enough to be classified as a new species?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vs00dw/when_has_an_animal_evolved_enough_to_be/","vote_ratio":0.6},"vs3z8r":{"author":"BrewsCampbell","comment_count":21,"id":"vs3z8r","post_time":1657043994.0,"score":206,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Would tides have been more ferocious a billion years ago, when the moon was closer to Earth?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vs3z8r/would_tides_have_been_more_ferocious_a_billion/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vs51cb":{"author":"kittenco","comment_count":19,"id":"vs51cb","post_time":1657046825.0,"score":108,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I don't think this is used in Western countries, but nations that were part of the former USSR seem to still use a [liquid brilliant green solution](https://russianlife.com/sites/default/assets/Image/417px-Brilliant_green_1a.jpeg) as a wound treatment (similar to/as well as iodine).\n\nIt's something I grew up with and never really thought about, but when I looked it up today, I'm not really understanding if the dye itself has any active ingredients. Per my understanding, over-the-counter zelyonka is just the brilliant green dye crystals dissolved into diluted alcohol, so... Is it only antiseptic because of the alcohol? Or does the brilliant green actually have antiseptic properties on its own?","title":"Is brilliant green (zelyonka) actually an antiseptic?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vs51cb/is_brilliant_green_zelyonka_actually_an_antiseptic/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vs5top":{"author":"EqualTransit","comment_count":2,"id":"vs5top","post_time":1657048884.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I have messed around quite a bit electrolyzing materials in order to generate hydrogen, oxygen and chlorine. I had very limited means and it was just a hobby project, but a consistent problem I had and I saw others having on the internet is the corrosion of the anode. Even stainless steel or graphite could not stand the test of time and I can imagine platinum electrodes are prohibitively expensive for industrial scale. Other options such as Mixed-metal-oxide seems too expensive for gigawatt scale production as well. Most hydrogen manufacturing websites only mention marketing buzzwords (\"ultra high density\" / \"innovative corrosion resistance\") and no technical details. Perhaps it's all a bit of a trade secret, but I am quite curious!  \n\n\nSidenote, I can imagine it getting messed up when messing with NaCl electrolysis with chlorine and carbon steel electrodes. But if I recall correctly even NaOH solutions with stainless corroded after some time. So my question focusses specifically on hydrogen production.","title":"What electrode material is used in industrial hydrogen production using electrolysis?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vs5top/what_electrode_material_is_used_in_industrial/","vote_ratio":0.99},"vs82y0":{"author":"spiffyhandle","comment_count":12,"id":"vs82y0","post_time":1657054808.0,"score":45,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I've heard things like \"adenosine increases while awake and decreases when sleeping\". How is adenosine (and other NTs) measured in a living human? My understanding is the only way to measure neurotransmitters is to cut open the brain, which you can't do on a living person.","title":"How are neurotransmitters in a brain measured?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vs82y0/how_are_neurotransmitters_in_a_brain_measured/","vote_ratio":0.82},"vsa6rn":{"author":"TheMailMan92","comment_count":2,"id":"vsa6rn","post_time":1657060315.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"After a heavy rain, I saw a vulture in the ditch drinking fresh rain water. That made me wonder if vultures are picky about their water intake. Can their stomach acid/immune system handle the many bacteria found in stagnant water without them getting sick? Obviously fresh water is preferred.","title":"Can vultures drink stagnant water?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsa6rn/can_vultures_drink_stagnant_water/","vote_ratio":0.71},"vsaid9":{"author":"0010MK","comment_count":5,"id":"vsaid9","post_time":1657061199.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Do animals that don\u2019t sweat to cool themselves feel hotter on humid days, like we do (all else being equal)? Or is this sensation unique to animals that sweat, because humidity reduces our ability to cool ourselves?","title":"Does humidity affect animals that don\u2019t sweat to cool themselves in a similar way as it does humans?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsaid9/does_humidity_affect_animals_that_dont_sweat_to/","vote_ratio":0.71},"vse7u0":{"author":"General-Pea2016","comment_count":824,"id":"vse7u0","post_time":1657072003.0,"score":3817,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"If light has no mass, why is it affected by black holes?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vse7u0/if_light_has_no_mass_why_is_it_affected_by_black/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vsel2w":{"author":"MinecraftSplashText","comment_count":6,"id":"vsel2w","post_time":1657073117.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why are fungi classified as a different kingdom from plants? They seem very similar.","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsel2w/why_are_fungi_classified_as_a_different_kingdom/","vote_ratio":0.71},"vsg1nm":{"author":"Golitan11","comment_count":1,"id":"vsg1nm","post_time":1657077543.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Say some bacteria became 100% resistant to antibiotic A 20 years ago, is now 50% resistant to antibiotic B and 10% resistant to antibiotic C. Since antibiotic A is no longer effective, B and C are being administered instead. Fast-forward to 2050, the same bacteria has become resistant to B and C, and new antibiotics are being used instead. Since antibiotic A has been deprecated a while ago and the bacteria has evolved multiple times because of other antibiotics, would antibiotic A ever become a viable treatment again?","title":"Can resistant bacteria evolve to become no more resistant to old antibiotics?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsg1nm/can_resistant_bacteria_evolve_to_become_no_more/","vote_ratio":0.63},"vsgy0f":{"author":"Nome_Qualquer","comment_count":5,"id":"vsgy0f","post_time":1657080382.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Most if not all heat we experience on the surface comes from the Sun, but the core and mantle are also very hot, much closer to us and they have been around for a really long time, so how can the crust be so much colder?","title":"Why don't we feel the heat from the core/mantle?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsgy0f/why_dont_we_feel_the_heat_from_the_coremantle/","vote_ratio":0.71},"vsh3sx":{"author":"YOSH_97","comment_count":2,"id":"vsh3sx","post_time":1657080907.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Do the calories in fruits change based on their proximity to say the seed/pit? Or for any other reason? \n\nIf that doesn\u2019t make sense, for example gram for gram does the calorie content change in say an apple the closer it is or further it is from the core?","title":"Are the calories in fruits spread out evenly?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsh3sx/are_the_calories_in_fruits_spread_out_evenly/","vote_ratio":0.83},"vsibcv":{"author":"lorgskyegon","comment_count":3,"id":"vsibcv","post_time":1657085100.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why does the sky seem to turn green during a thunderstorm?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsibcv/why_does_the_sky_seem_to_turn_green_during_a/","vote_ratio":0.82},"vsj3h1":{"author":"Eazy_MF_E","comment_count":3,"id":"vsj3h1","post_time":1657088037.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"With the recent discovery of tetraquarks and pentaquarks at CERN, how are scientists able to \u201csee\u201d what\u2019s happening inside the collider? Is it a bunch of data that\u2019s analyzed and an inference is made? And what instruments detect what\u2019s happening?","title":"how do scientists observe what's happening inside the LHC?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsj3h1/how_do_scientists_observe_whats_happening_inside/","vote_ratio":0.83},"vsjr0s":{"author":"LanKstiK","comment_count":7,"id":"vsjr0s","post_time":1657090776.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Thanks","title":"Why did all the extinct ice age megafauna die out at the start of this current interglacial period when they presumably survived multiple previous interglacial periods? Surely humans could not have killed all the mammoths in Eurasia and North America?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsjr0s/why_did_all_the_extinct_ice_age_megafauna_die_out/","vote_ratio":0.5},"vsjzaj":{"author":"Damnoneworked","comment_count":0,"id":"vsjzaj","post_time":1657091695.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"In cannabis, you can force female seeds with colloidal silver. Is this possible in other dioecious plants? Would colloidal silver be used for all dioecious plants or would you need another chemical or process? \n\nSay you wanted to feminize a kiwi vine, how might you do this?","title":"Are all dioecious plants able to be feminized?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsjzaj/are_all_dioecious_plants_able_to_be_feminized/","vote_ratio":0.69},"vskyb6":{"author":"Grand_Afternoon7166","comment_count":4,"id":"vskyb6","post_time":1657095892.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"There's alot of thoery surrounding where does the water on earth come from. But what is the most plausible theory now? Is there any proven theory?","title":"Where does water come from?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vskyb6/where_does_water_come_from/","vote_ratio":0.57},"vsmetu":{"author":"nextleveldumbness","comment_count":3,"id":"vsmetu","post_time":1657101865.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Hello everyone hope you have a great day. So I just began studying the immune system and I have some questions. \nSo if I understand it correctly so far, when pathogens enter the body they have to get recognized somehow, so the body can destroy them. So pathogens have these pamp (pathogen associated molecular patterns) that get recognized by the phagocytes with the help of \"toll like receptors\". Also my textbook says something about opsonins, chemical compounds that \" mark\" the pathogens so phagocytes can recognize and destroy them. \n\nMy questions are:\n1) How did the cell evolve those toll receptors? Was it randomly but they stayed bc they are useful? Let's say you have a cell that no pathogen has ever interacted with it. So logically, the cell hasn't any receptor for it (or it has but it was a random generation-im not sure how it works). \n2) From my understanding, opsonins bind to the pathogen somehow and help the phagocyte recognize it. So opsonins have a lock-key relationship with phagocytes? It would make sense for the cell to recognize molecules that are part of the cell. But how do opsonins bind to the pathogens? My textbook isn't going on detail. \n\nThank you for reading so far and sorry if my questions are stupid. Also sorry for any grammar or spelling mistakes, English isn't my first language.","title":"How did cells evolve receptors for pathogens?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsmetu/how_did_cells_evolve_receptors_for_pathogens/","vote_ratio":0.54},"vsmzhi":{"author":"efdhfbhd2","comment_count":11,"id":"vsmzhi","post_time":1657104093.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Recently there was a heavy downpour and I was told that the nearby library had to freeze dry books/papers in their magazine. Apparently, there had been a small water leak and parts of their inventory got wet.\n\nI have then been searching online, how the process of freeze drying actually works and found several sources. However, while reading I began wondering: These processes usually create ice crystal inside the material they want to dry. How does paper survive this process?\n\nI can imagine, that the paper isn't too rigid, it can bend and deform given pressure unlike cell walls. Cell walls seem to be rather fragile as ice crystals can break them. However, if paper had been completely drenched/soaked in water, I would expect at least some damage to the paper. But apparently, freeze drying seems to be a very safe method, why is that?","title":"Does freeze drying damage paper? If not, why?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsmzhi/does_freeze_drying_damage_paper_if_not_why/","vote_ratio":0.59},"vso7v0":{"author":"beacheytunez_","comment_count":6,"id":"vso7v0","post_time":1657108486.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I was reading earlier today about the kinds of ailments that bone marrow transplants are used to treat (as I am thinking about signing up on the registry to donate), and I noted that in the case of leukaemia, chemotherapy or radiotherapy is used to completely destroy the recipient's immune system first.\n\nHowever, whilst relatively good, there are still figures that suggest that survivability over the years following treatment is not always that high, some still slip through the gaps.\n\nBut what causes these deaths after transplants over a long time since the procedure? Do the recipients somehow reject and attack the donated marrow? Does the new marrow eventually fail? But the recipient's immune system was destroyed, why can't the received marrow/immune system exist indefinitely, or a repeat/follow-up transplant procedure performed further down the line?\n\nA follow-up question I have is are there grounds for marrow transplants to be used to treat immunodeficiency disorders such as CVID? I also read that some investigation has been performed into treating MS with bone marrow transplantation.\n\nThis is a long one, thanks in advance!","title":"Why is a bone marrow transplant not always 100% effective at curing blood cancers?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vso7v0/why_is_a_bone_marrow_transplant_not_always_100/","vote_ratio":0.74},"vsojh8":{"author":"Marssunrise","comment_count":6,"id":"vsojh8","post_time":1657109453.0,"score":14,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"From what I've heard, we have 5 or 6 different types of taste buds, one of them being able to detect acids in food. Why do different acids such as malic, citric and lactic acids have a distinct taste to them? Does it have to do with aromatics or do we have different varieties of acid taste buds that can distinguish between acids?","title":"Why do different acids (citric, malic, lactic, etc.) taste different?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsojh8/why_do_different_acids_citric_malic_lactic_etc/","vote_ratio":0.77},"vsooob":{"author":"PHealthy","comment_count":69,"id":"vsooob","post_time":1657109918.0,"score":266,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why does Australia have such high concentrations of uranium?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsooob/why_does_australia_have_such_high_concentrations/","vote_ratio":0.9},"vsp0i8":{"author":"Dong-Konkey","comment_count":16,"id":"vsp0i8","post_time":1657110968.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"As in it would continue to physically appear the same as the day it was embalmed. Like if I had an aquarium fish tank the size of a room, and filled it entirely with resin, the body at the center, would it continue to appear the same 100+ years from now?","title":"Can an embalmed human body be preserved in epoxy resin?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsp0i8/can_an_embalmed_human_body_be_preserved_in_epoxy/","vote_ratio":0.72},"vsqp6p":{"author":"AutoModerator","comment_count":14,"id":"vsqp6p","post_time":1657116009.0,"score":28,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on **Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology**\n\nDo you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: \"What would happen if...\", \"How will the future...\", \"If all the rules for 'X' were different...\", \"Why does my...\".\n\n**Asking Questions:**\n\nPlease post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.\n\n**Answering Questions:**\n\nPlease only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. [The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/wiki/index#wiki_answering_askscience). In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.\n\nIf you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, [please refer to the information provided here](https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/about/sticky).\n\nPast AskAnythingWednesday posts [can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/search?q=flair%3A%27meta%27&restrict_sr=on&sort=new&t=all). Ask away!","title":"Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsqp6p/ask_anything_wednesday_biology_chemistry/","vote_ratio":0.82},"vsrwcc":{"author":"Irishane","comment_count":63,"id":"vsrwcc","post_time":1657119298.0,"score":217,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"i.e. is our gravity also in a Goldilocks zone?","title":"Does earth's specific gravity facilitate life or do all the other variables dictate that life would have prospered anyway and adapted to almost whatever gravity our planet had.?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsrwcc/does_earths_specific_gravity_facilitate_life_or/","vote_ratio":0.89},"vss0b4":{"author":"ChalkDstTorture","comment_count":385,"id":"vss0b4","post_time":1657119598.0,"score":3743,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why can CTE only be diagnosed by autopsy, and is there a chance this could change anytime soon?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vss0b4/why_can_cte_only_be_diagnosed_by_autopsy_and_is/","vote_ratio":0.94},"vsxj6i":{"author":"Moltress2","comment_count":171,"id":"vsxj6i","post_time":1657133858.0,"score":854,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"If the 96.5% carbon dioxide atmosphere of Venus was reduced to 20.95% oxygen (i.e. earth equivalent %) and 75.55% carbon dioxide, would the air be breathable?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsxj6i/if_the_965_carbon_dioxide_atmosphere_of_venus_was/","vote_ratio":0.94},"vsy0bi":{"author":"418397","comment_count":2,"id":"vsy0bi","post_time":1657135069.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"If we look at the intensity vs wavelength graph in compton scattering experiment...,we see two peaks, one due to scattering from free electrons and the other due to scattering from tightly bound electrons.\n\nBut that doesn't make the intensities at other wavelengths zero... They are there, non zero but small... I suspect they appear due to scattering from no so tightly bounded electrons. \n\nBut my question is why should they be so low? Like why is the concentration of free electron scattering and tight electron scattering so high compared to the rest(the no so tight electron scattering)...?","title":"Why are \"other\" intensities so low in compton scattering curve?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsy0bi/why_are_other_intensities_so_low_in_compton/","vote_ratio":0.73},"vsy2sj":{"author":"highxv0ltage","comment_count":2,"id":"vsy2sj","post_time":1657135249.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"The way I understand it, vaccines use a dead, or weakened, virus. Some vaccines use only parts of a virus (or bacteria). And in the case of the Covid vaccines, they use mRNA technology. \n\nNow, the way I understand it, once this is introduced into the body, the immune system reacts and neutralizes the antigen. So, when the antigen enters the body a second time, the immune system reacts much quicker. I also understand that microbes can mutate, which has an effect on the vaccine's potency. This is why we have to get a flu shot every year, because the virus mutates. \n\nHowever, in the cases of Smallpox and Polio, we have managed to eradicate these diseases by way of vaccines. So, my question is it possible that, with vaccines, we were able to eliminate some diseases with vaccines, but not others? Did these other viruses just not have a chance to mutate? How would we get to the point where we don't let the flu or Covid to mutate? \n\nPlease no \"Big Pharma\" conspiracies. I just want to know people's thoughts from a scientific standpoint. Thanks.","title":"How were we able to eradicate some diseases, with vaccines, and not others?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsy2sj/how_were_we_able_to_eradicate_some_diseases_with/","vote_ratio":0.75},"vt0aq6":{"author":"DaybreakHonor","comment_count":4,"id":"vt0aq6","post_time":1657140846.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"What does Pixel to Pixel rms mean within the context of photometric astronomy?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vt0aq6/what_does_pixel_to_pixel_rms_mean_within_the/","vote_ratio":0.6},"vt120m":{"author":"taracus","comment_count":23,"id":"vt120m","post_time":1657142799.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Does the sun spin around it's own axis like the rest of the planets?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vt120m/does_the_sun_spin_around_its_own_axis_like_the/","vote_ratio":0.66},"vt3hrq":{"author":"elbeees","comment_count":21,"id":"vt3hrq","post_time":1657149180.0,"score":94,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"As the title states. Trying to discover if there's a boost to the body's immune response or if the immune response is depressed each time it fights off the virus.","title":"If a fully vaccinated person is unequivocally exposed to covid but never develops symptoms, is their immune response now greater for having fought off the virus, or reduced for having had to wage war on it?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vt3hrq/if_a_fully_vaccinated_person_is_unequivocally/","vote_ratio":0.81},"vt414e":{"author":"MyNameIsNonYaBizniz","comment_count":16,"id":"vt414e","post_time":1657150654.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Are viruses more prevalent in wild animals and how come our hunter gatherer ancestors dont suffer from great plague all the time?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vt414e/are_viruses_more_prevalent_in_wild_animals_and/","vote_ratio":0.62},"vt72j6":{"author":"fullsunset","comment_count":3,"id":"vt72j6","post_time":1657159497.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I'm into organizing, and plastic containers, storage boxes, and trays are the most commonly available items for that. I've recently become aware of the dangers of BPA (Bisphenol A), as well as BPS (Bisphenol S) (which is not flagged equally but considered just as dangerous) as endocrine disruptors and carcinogens. I've learned that it is strongly recommended to replace plastic when it comes to food containers. However, I have a few questions about the use of plastics in every day life that I have found opposing answers for when searching and I'd appreciate your take on:\n\n1. Are plastic containers relatively safe (with or without BPA) as long as they're not used to heat up food? Is not using them for storing food in the fridge or at room temperature still highly recommended or are the risks exaggerated?\n2. Do plastic containers/trays/storage bins (with or without BPA) for clothes, personal items, and paper pose similar risks? Should plastic be avoided to store and organize items in desks, closets, shelfs, etc, too?\n3. Do the risks of doing 1 and 2 increase for a person with actual hormone problems?","title":"Are plastic containers (with or without BPA) relatively safe as long as they're not used to store/heat up food?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vt72j6/are_plastic_containers_with_or_without_bpa/","vote_ratio":0.89},"vt77lz":{"author":"Luigifan18","comment_count":14,"id":"vt77lz","post_time":1657159913.0,"score":31,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I vaguely recall hearing that California is on a different tectonic plate than the rest of the landmass that is currently North America. I don't recall if California's tectonic plate is moving away from or into the rest of North America, but it's only a matter of time before it's no longer part of America as we know it. The question is, how long is it going to be before we have to start building literal bridges between California and the rest of North America?","title":"How long does California have before it becomes an island or a crunched-up mountain range?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vt77lz/how_long_does_california_have_before_it_becomes/","vote_ratio":0.8},"vt86nb":{"author":"mikesalami","comment_count":6,"id":"vt86nb","post_time":1657162782.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"So eating pesticides isn't good. I wash my stuff in baking soda usually to try to get off what I can.\n\nI'm curious however if plants absorb pesticides directly into their flesh?\n\nFor example avocado... can you spray avocados with pesticides all you want and it will be safe to eat because you are removing the thick external cover? Or will the pesticide leach into the water, and then be absorbed by the plant, then eaten by you?\n\nOr does it perhaps get absorbed directly through the skin?\n\nJust curious!","title":"Does produce absorb pesticides directly or though water?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vt86nb/does_produce_absorb_pesticides_directly_or_though/","vote_ratio":1.0},"vtai3g":{"author":"CarelessVirus2","comment_count":6,"id":"vtai3g","post_time":1657170304.0,"score":14,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why are virus capsids usually icosahedrons?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtai3g/why_are_virus_capsids_usually_icosahedrons/","vote_ratio":0.7},"vtby0u":{"author":"4thDevilsAdvocate","comment_count":9,"id":"vtby0u","post_time":1657175529.0,"score":21,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"For instance, see [this picture of a 30-millimeter depleted uranium armor penetrator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depleted_uranium#/media/File:30mm_DU_slug.jpg), which I shamelessly stole from [the Wikipedia page on depleted uranium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depleted_uranium). \n\nWhat's the *chemical* structure of the uranium compound used in that round? \n\nI know depleted uranium has less [uranium-235](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235) than [natural uranium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_uranium), since said U-235 has been refined out and used in a nuclear reactor or weapon, but I don't know what all the [uranium-238](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-238) left over has bonded to. Is it an oxide? A carbide? Pure uranium metal? An alloy of pure uranium metal mixed with something else?","title":"What is the *chemical* structure of depleted uranium?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtby0u/what_is_the_chemical_structure_of_depleted_uranium/","vote_ratio":0.73},"vtc4t2":{"author":"PremiumPrimate","comment_count":6,"id":"vtc4t2","post_time":1657176261.0,"score":9,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"There are a number of plants that bloom for just one night per year. It seems reasonable to think that a mutated variant blooming for two nights would eventually out-compete the one-nighters, but since that hasn't happened I guess that's not the case. Why?","title":"Why do some plants bloom for only one night?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtc4t2/why_do_some_plants_bloom_for_only_one_night/","vote_ratio":0.85},"vtdpph":{"author":"ProtagonistForHire","comment_count":12,"id":"vtdpph","post_time":1657182704.0,"score":9,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Even if the water is still. Won't all the sediment settle to the bottom eventually and become clear.","title":"Why are some lakes clear and others murky?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtdpph/why_are_some_lakes_clear_and_others_murky/","vote_ratio":0.91},"vtfuh7":{"author":"TophsYoutube","comment_count":277,"id":"vtfuh7","post_time":1657191202.0,"score":4148,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"And did we evolve to have kneecaps or did we lose elbow caps somewhere along the way?\n\nEdit: Thank you everyone for the insightful answers! Looks like the answer is a lot more complicated than I thought, but I get the impression that the evolutionary lineage is complicate. Thanks!","title":"Why do we have kneecaps but no elbow caps?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtfuh7/why_do_we_have_kneecaps_but_no_elbow_caps/","vote_ratio":0.94},"vtjw2v":{"author":"whidzee","comment_count":79,"id":"vtjw2v","post_time":1657203883.0,"score":1656,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"If all precipitation stopped, how long would it take for all the rivers to empty into the oceans?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtjw2v/if_all_precipitation_stopped_how_long_would_it/","vote_ratio":0.93},"vtl3in":{"author":"SpaceMangos","comment_count":51,"id":"vtl3in","post_time":1657207236.0,"score":111,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I've briefly read about the 6 needles they use in their proboscis, but I want to know how the blood is moved from the bloodstream to the mosquito and cannot find anything. How similar is it to how we suck through a straw where we create a lower pressure environment in our mouth and the liquid moves to fill a pressure difference? Can a mosquito mouth do what we do?","title":"How do Mosquitoes Suck?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtl3in/how_do_mosquitoes_suck/","vote_ratio":0.89},"vtm1jf":{"author":"A_HECKIN_DOGGO","comment_count":53,"id":"vtm1jf","post_time":1657209759.0,"score":247,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Was there a specific year when it was first theorized that dinosaurs and birds were the same group of animals? Or was there more of a gradual process where bits and pieces of information were gradually added together to come up with a tentative suggestion that there may have been a link between the two groups which has steadily grown over time?\n\nAlso, was there anybody in particular who influenced this theory?","title":"When was it realized/ proposed that modern birds were actually dinosaurs?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtm1jf/when_was_it_realized_proposed_that_modern_birds/","vote_ratio":0.89},"vtq2ww":{"author":"LurkerFailsLurking","comment_count":18,"id":"vtq2ww","post_time":1657220195.0,"score":22,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I know that random mutations will produce \"nonsense\" and assume that at least some of the \"junk DNA\" we carry can be attributed to that, but I was wondering if some of it are fragments of vestigial DNA from our distant ancestors?\n\nIf it exists, can we tell the difference between those two categories of DNA and has any of that vestigial DNA been traced to its origin? I'm imagining that it's possible that we and chimpanzees share some junk DNA that's been hanging out since our ancestors diverged a relatively short time ago. Is this true?\n\nThanks.","title":"Was junk DNA always junk or is it vestigial?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtq2ww/was_junk_dna_always_junk_or_is_it_vestigial/","vote_ratio":0.7},"vtt8qh":{"author":"darthjoey91","comment_count":16,"id":"vtt8qh","post_time":1657228379.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Like how the current batch of vaccines didn't protect against infection from the Omicron variants, could a variant sufficiently mutate to not be able to be detected by either a PCR or an antigen test? And if it reached that point, would it still be COVID 19, or instead of evolved to the point where it probably deserves a different name?","title":"How much would a COVID variant have to mutate before current COVID tests wouldn't properly detect it?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtt8qh/how_much_would_a_covid_variant_have_to_mutate/","vote_ratio":0.61},"vty0iq":{"author":"chicodesopa","comment_count":3,"id":"vty0iq","post_time":1657241863.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Do hair products targeted toward a certain type of hair (curly, straight, frizzy, etc) actually matter, or is it all just a marketing tactic?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vty0iq/do_hair_products_targeted_toward_a_certain_type/","vote_ratio":0.82},"vty159":{"author":"claire_inet","comment_count":5,"id":"vty159","post_time":1657241921.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"My brother is training to be a fighter pilot and his training requires him to go through simulations that expose him to upwards of +7.5 Gs. My questions regards the risk of RV/LV hypertrophy due to the alterations in cardiac preload and afterlife from being under these Gs. \n\nI currently work as a scribe in pediatric cardiomyopathy and see a lot of HCM, and knowing the pathology of ventricular hypertrophy got me wondering if there was a risk on RV or LV hypertrophy in fighter pilots due to chronic exposure due intense +Gs\n\nI read one study from Israeli fighter pilots that found no difference in cardiac dimensions by echocardiography when comparing pilots exposed to +Gs vs. -Gs (compared over a 5 year period). However are there studies that compare cardiac dimensions and functions of pilots to the baseline population not exposed to these type of G forces?","title":"Effects of exposure to +Gs on cardiovascular system of fighter pilots?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vty159/effects_of_exposure_to_gs_on_cardiovascular/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vtyg05":{"author":"None","comment_count":0,"id":"vtyg05","post_time":1657243142.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Saw this on another subreddit. A guy tried to jump on a trampoline under water but it looks like he landed on solid grand. How does that work?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtyg05/saw_this_on_another_subreddit_a_guy_tried_to_jump/","vote_ratio":1.0},"vtz0iy":{"author":"TipAgreeable9659","comment_count":2,"id":"vtz0iy","post_time":1657244899.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Hopefully my question is alright! I hope I can get some answers. Lately I've been finding dead baby birds all over my backyard, and I hadn't a clue what was killing them. This morning I heard a terrible commotion and found five squirrels circling an adult collared dove like a pack of wolves. They took turns jumping on her back and attacking her. Then, later, the same squirrels started attacking one another! One seemingly nearly killed the other one - By the end of the fight it was hanging off of a tree branch, mouth open, clearly exhausted. It wasn't even holding onto the branch. Is this normal behavior for squirrels? What's the science behind this behavior? I've never seen it before!","title":"Is it normal for squirrels (in \"packs\") to attack birds? And each other?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtz0iy/is_it_normal_for_squirrels_in_packs_to_attack/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vu0je8":{"author":"Zkv","comment_count":24,"id":"vu0je8","post_time":1657249526.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I've been watching prof. Michael Levin's work in regenerative biology and morphology, where he is working on how cells build bodies. He states that DNA contains no information related to a multicellular organism's three dimensional anatomy. \n\nTimestamped explanation.\n\n[https://youtu.be/ZmRaIQOlxTY?t=654](https://youtu.be/ZmRaIQOlxTY?t=654)\n\n&#x200B;\n\nBut everything I see online, and everyone I ask online explicitly states that DNA tells cells how to build bodies. \n\n&#x200B;\n\nIf Levin is wrong, and DNA does contain anatomical information, are we able to learn the anatomy of an animal, or even a simple plant *just* by reading the genome? Obviously without comparing it to a related organism.","title":"Does DNA contain information on an organisms anatomy, shape, size or form?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu0je8/does_dna_contain_information_on_an_organisms/","vote_ratio":0.71},"vu0ykf":{"author":"Mightycrevice","comment_count":7,"id":"vu0ykf","post_time":1657250846.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Is it breaking the molecule apart, creating the air? Do these bubbles contain the steam?","title":"Why does boiling water form bubbles at the BOTTOM of the pot?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu0ykf/why_does_boiling_water_form_bubbles_at_the_bottom/","vote_ratio":0.54},"vu1h7g":{"author":"reanukeeves07","comment_count":2,"id":"vu1h7g","post_time":1657252531.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Both my parents are early risers (5-6 a.m. wake-up sans alarm) and two of my three siblings as well as myself are the same. My oldest sister is usually 7:30 - 8:30. It could very well be due to being raised by early risers and personal preference, but genetics are still a possibility, plus that looks suspiciously like a basic double-heterozygous punnet square.","title":"Are sleep patterns controlled by genetics in any way?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu1h7g/are_sleep_patterns_controlled_by_genetics_in_any/","vote_ratio":0.63},"vu1y9y":{"author":"ericstern","comment_count":5,"id":"vu1y9y","post_time":1657254050.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I figured, bears have been observed eating all sorts of human food, and seem to have a sweet tooth just like we do, I wonder if that applies to mammals who have only ever eaten fish their whole lives.","title":"Would marine mammals such as dolphins and belugas enjoy the taste of sugar foods like cake?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu1y9y/would_marine_mammals_such_as_dolphins_and_belugas/","vote_ratio":0.78},"vu27ep":{"author":"An-Orange-Mess","comment_count":4,"id":"vu27ep","post_time":1657254930.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"When I was watching a video essay about the \"mukbang industry\" it explained that some people say that they experience \"vicarious satiation\", where they feel full just by watching these content creators eat. Can it really satiate hunger for some or is it just them convincing themselves that they are not hungry once they have watched those videos?","title":"Is there an effect where watching people eat can make you feel full?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu27ep/is_there_an_effect_where_watching_people_eat_can/","vote_ratio":0.71},"vu3r40":{"author":"parkix","comment_count":17,"id":"vu3r40","post_time":1657260462.0,"score":103,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I've read that most of the world population already has herpes (something like 80-90%) but only a small minority show symptoms (cold sores). In the case of HSV-1 virus, if someone already has the virus, but is asymptomatic (never had any outbreaks, as seems to be the case with most of the population) and gets into contact with cold sores (from a partner), will that person develop symptoms (cold sores) or will the virus continue to be dormant?","title":"Can a dormant herpes virus become active if someone is in contact with cold sores?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu3r40/can_a_dormant_herpes_virus_become_active_if/","vote_ratio":0.88},"vu41fi":{"author":"weeknie","comment_count":0,"id":"vu41fi","post_time":1657261539.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I was reading the wiki page about acardiac twins, which states the following:\n\n> The acardiac twin is a parasitic twin\u00a0that fails to properly develop a heart, and therefore generally does not develop the upper structures of the body.\n\nHow does the lack of development of a heart, hinder the development of the upper body? Why isn't the lower body (as) affected? (generally the legs do grow, just not properly)\n\nDoes it have something to do with the lack of proper oxygenated blood?","title":"Why do acardiac twins mostly fail to develop an upper body?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu41fi/why_do_acardiac_twins_mostly_fail_to_develop_an/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vu47qs":{"author":"Strong_Produce_6501","comment_count":3,"id":"vu47qs","post_time":1657262200.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why do certain plants such as Hibiscus produce and transfer pollen grains even though they don't produce any seed or fruit?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu47qs/why_do_certain_plants_such_as_hibiscus_produce/","vote_ratio":0.5},"vu47v0":{"author":"9183b_34834","comment_count":5,"id":"vu47v0","post_time":1657262213.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I've gotten seven vaccines in the past year or so and it seems that although I feel fine immediately after the injection other than a slightly sore arm at the injection site, after about 9-12 hours the immune symptoms begin to kick in. Chills, fatigue, and generally feeling out of sorts.\n\nWhat specifically is happening during that interval?","title":"What causes the hours-long delay between a vaccine injection and the onset of immune responses symptoms (chills, etc.)?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu47v0/what_causes_the_hourslong_delay_between_a_vaccine/","vote_ratio":0.64},"vu4cuj":{"author":"Prudent_Studio_4453","comment_count":3,"id":"vu4cuj","post_time":1657262751.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"More so, where are they being affected the most?","title":"I used to hear more frogs at night. Is the declining population of insects also impacting invertebrate and amphibians?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu4cuj/i_used_to_hear_more_frogs_at_night_is_the/","vote_ratio":0.54},"vu4tpi":{"author":"cololz1","comment_count":2,"id":"vu4tpi","post_time":1657264598.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"In the literature there have been rising number of studies/reviews done on PSSD (post ssri sexual dysfunction), with the recent track since the EMA [accepted it as a syndrome page 5](https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/prac-recommendation/prac-recommendations-signals-adopted-13-16-may-2019-prac-meeting_en.pdf).\n\nsexual dysfunction are atypical from standard sexual dysfunction, symptoms include : \n\n\\-anorgasmia\n\n\\-genital numbness\n\n\\-ejaculatory anahedonia ","title":"How do antidepressant cause semi-permanent sexual dysfunction even after quitting the medication?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu4tpi/how_do_antidepressant_cause_semipermanent_sexual/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vu54y4":{"author":"CampaignImmediate683","comment_count":10,"id":"vu54y4","post_time":1657265892.0,"score":26,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Apparently Tsunamis can go up to 800-900 km/h, are there any video of this?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu54y4/apparently_tsunamis_can_go_up_to_800900_kmh_are/","vote_ratio":0.85},"vu56wi":{"author":"bavtersaurus","comment_count":4,"id":"vu56wi","post_time":1657266129.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I believe that breast milk is very important for a baby\u2019s development, but would there be any physiological benefit for a person to continue drinking it well into adult life if that was a viable option (assuming you replace a persons normal consumption of cow\u2019s milk)? \n\nDo the benefits that a baby experiences stop when they stop growing and at what point in a humans life would that be?","title":"Are there any benefits of continuing to drink breast milk long past infancy?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu56wi/are_there_any_benefits_of_continuing_to_drink/","vote_ratio":0.29},"vu6u9p":{"author":"Shanghai_Banjo","comment_count":10,"id":"vu6u9p","post_time":1657273088.0,"score":18,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Would a human being find swimming in liquid water easier or more difficult on a high gravity planet?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu6u9p/would_a_human_being_find_swimming_in_liquid_water/","vote_ratio":0.91},"vu75gj":{"author":"SHJPEM","comment_count":18,"id":"vu75gj","post_time":1657274404.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Does voluntary exposure to germs increase your immunity against them?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu75gj/does_voluntary_exposure_to_germs_increase_your/","vote_ratio":0.84},"vu7qju":{"author":"bendiksen00","comment_count":7,"id":"vu7qju","post_time":1657276682.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"is nicotine a blood thinner?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu7qju/is_nicotine_a_blood_thinner/","vote_ratio":0.5},"vu7wke":{"author":"HayNakoRed","comment_count":3,"id":"vu7wke","post_time":1657277368.0,"score":37,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"So much happens in the body during regular sleep. Is there anything going on during a 20-minute nap?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu7wke/so_much_happens_in_the_body_during_regular_sleep/","vote_ratio":0.89},"vu9ljq":{"author":"Finn_Storm","comment_count":17,"id":"vu9ljq","post_time":1657283140.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"With humans, if the placenta is left in the woman it can cause harm so it is removed. However, animals can't do this.\n\nSimilarly, whilst not life-threatening, the umbilical cord can still be a danger if left unattended.","title":"How do mammals deal with placenta and the umbilical cord?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu9ljq/how_do_mammals_deal_with_placenta_and_the/","vote_ratio":0.75},"vu9q21":{"author":"neenonay","comment_count":277,"id":"vu9q21","post_time":1657283541.0,"score":2489,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"What happens to a virus if the host that it lives in dies? Does it decompose with the body?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu9q21/what_happens_to_a_virus_if_the_host_that_it_lives/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vu9rrg":{"author":"Booomhaver","comment_count":457,"id":"vu9rrg","post_time":1657283700.0,"score":2356,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"If you take rabies vaccine right after getting bit by a rabid animal, can the vaccine help?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu9rrg/if_you_take_rabies_vaccine_right_after_getting/","vote_ratio":0.93},"vu9uwv":{"author":"grondboontjiebotter","comment_count":6,"id":"vu9uwv","post_time":1657283986.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Or put differently what changes in your body as you get fit?","title":"What is cardiovascular fitness on a physiological level?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu9uwv/what_is_cardiovascular_fitness_on_a_physiological/","vote_ratio":0.64},"vu9uy6":{"author":"stagistadirepubblica","comment_count":47,"id":"vu9uy6","post_time":1657283989.0,"score":290,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Can they see smaller things than us? How small?","title":"Can insects see very small things like bacteria?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu9uy6/can_insects_see_very_small_things_like_bacteria/","vote_ratio":0.9},"vu9z46":{"author":"option8","comment_count":14,"id":"vu9z46","post_time":1657284373.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Radio, X-rays, and visible light are different wavelengths on the same EM spectrum. Could a modified chlorophyll molecule perform photosynthesis from a radio source instead of visible light?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu9z46/radio_xrays_and_visible_light_are_different/","vote_ratio":0.87},"vua95u":{"author":"No-Mango5939","comment_count":1,"id":"vua95u","post_time":1657285247.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Coming for summer break back home, I noticed my hands got super wrinkly after a 20\u2019 bath, something that doesn\u2019t happen as fast and intense at school. Now I\u2019m guessing water isn\u2019t wetter than in the Netherlands, but something surely is different. \n\nCan it be from different substances in the water treatment? If so, which ones? If not, why?","title":"Can different water types increase how wrinkly your hands get after a bath?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vua95u/can_different_water_types_increase_how_wrinkly/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vuaa7m":{"author":"msief","comment_count":4,"id":"vuaa7m","post_time":1657285334.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"What about bird species?","title":"Are there more extinct species than living species?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vuaa7m/are_there_more_extinct_species_than_living_species/","vote_ratio":0.88},"vuc0ul":{"author":"nathan500","comment_count":2,"id":"vuc0ul","post_time":1657290393.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Is the idea of an ether resurgent now that quantum studies argue for quantum fields? Are they at all similar?","title":"What is the difference between the old idea of an electromagnetic ether and the theory of quantum fields?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vuc0ul/what_is_the_difference_between_the_old_idea_of_an/","vote_ratio":0.7},"vucj8s":{"author":"inucune","comment_count":3,"id":"vucj8s","post_time":1657291843.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I understand that a bone marrow transplant is a common treatment for leukemia. \n\nI also understand that there is screening for any issues with the donor tissue.\n\nFor the purpose of this question, if a person who is getting a bone marrow transplant for a non-cancer related issue (such as aplastic anemia), could this transmit leukemia from the donor to the recipient?","title":"Can a bone marrow transplant transmit leukemia?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vucj8s/can_a_bone_marrow_transplant_transmit_leukemia/","vote_ratio":0.66},"vuckjp":{"author":"crocnahalf","comment_count":45,"id":"vuckjp","post_time":1657291947.0,"score":124,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Given that stars are mostly made of the same stuff (hydrogen and helium) and gravity is only dependent on mass, I figured equal stellar masses would have similar densities.","title":"May be a dumb question, but do stars of the same mass also have the same volume?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vuckjp/may_be_a_dumb_question_but_do_stars_of_the_same/","vote_ratio":0.86},"vucn9s":{"author":"NickYuk","comment_count":1,"id":"vucn9s","post_time":1657292160.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"There\u2019s a ton of brood parasites in solitary bees, it\u2019s been estimated to have 15 origins. But in apiod wasps it\u2019s only developed twice in the Crabronidae family. Why is there such a huge discrepancy between the two when they are so closely related?","title":"Brood parasitism in wasps?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vucn9s/brood_parasitism_in_wasps/","vote_ratio":0.5},"vuhwm2":{"author":"ryanasimov","comment_count":20,"id":"vuhwm2","post_time":1657306339.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"For example, imagine a bullet leaving a gun barrel. If an instrument was sensitive enough to measure the distance between the bullet and the ground, would you be able to record a drop in the first meter? Centimeter? Millimeter? Planck length?","title":"How much does gravity affect moving objects at extremely short distances?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vuhwm2/how_much_does_gravity_affect_moving_objects_at/","vote_ratio":0.73},"vul2o1":{"author":"whambamthankyoumaan","comment_count":70,"id":"vul2o1","post_time":1657315005.0,"score":286,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Like, i know it sounds dumb, but I dont really know what they would be made of. Like, if I look at a diamond, I know it's carbon. If we talk about air, ik its oxygen, nitrogen, etc, etc. But what are rocks made of?","title":"What are rocks made of?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vul2o1/what_are_rocks_made_of/","vote_ratio":0.88},"vumexi":{"author":"_Zouth","comment_count":10,"id":"vumexi","post_time":1657318675.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I'm from northern Europe and currently visiting souther Europe where temperatures are currently ~30 degrees celsius during daytime. Temperatures that I'm not used to at home. I can only step outside for a few minutes before I'm sweating quite heavily. Meanwhile I see the locals walking around wearing full lenght pants, long sleeved shirts etc. looking like they're completely unaffected by the heath. Would I be more acclimated to the heath (i.e. sweat less) if I were to stay here for longer periods of time? If so, how long?","title":"Do humans become more acclimated (sweating less) to high temperatures when living in warmer countries for long periods of time?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vumexi/do_humans_become_more_acclimated_sweating_less_to/","vote_ratio":0.93},"vunmmh":{"author":"None","comment_count":14,"id":"vunmmh","post_time":1657322071.0,"score":13,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"So often people talk about what animals are closest to us (chimps, monkeys, etc) but I've never really heard of someone talking about the most unrelated animal to us. So, in terms of what would be commonly referred to as an animal in every-day talk (so no single-celled organisms or things like that), what is furthest from us?\n\nEdit: For clarity, by \"animal in every-day talk\" I just mean no single celled organisms, bacteria, etc. Things that are just so obviously far from us because they're so simple. Things like insects, sponges, etc all count. I eliminate them simply because while most likely correct, it's just not an interesting answer, and most people not in the scientific field wouldn't consider a bacteria to even be an animal in any way. For the sake of what discussion can be drawn from this, I want more interesting answers than the very obvious.","title":"What Animal is Genetically Furthest from Humans?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vunmmh/what_animal_is_genetically_furthest_from_humans/","vote_ratio":0.84},"vunz2p":{"author":"Ok_loop","comment_count":3,"id":"vunz2p","post_time":1657323050.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I was thinking about the JWST and it\u2019s incredibly extreme temperature gradient from heat-shield side to cryo-cooled instrument block, all over a physical space of maybe a few meters. \n\nIs the fundamental limit to how fast a temperature can change based of a plank length, or something else? I suppose it must be linked to fundamental forces and atomic motion, but I can\u2019t really get an intuitive sense of what might limit the speed of temperature change. \n\nCheers!","title":"How fast can temperature change?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vunz2p/how_fast_can_temperature_change/","vote_ratio":0.78},"vuobkj":{"author":"TexasIsForRednecks","comment_count":3,"id":"vuobkj","post_time":1657324114.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"So I use Indoxacarb fire ant bait on the colony and I see the workers carry the bait inside the mound.  Then on avg 3 days later the mound is dead.  The pesticide supposedly is fed to the queen and the colony dies.  But how?  Do they all just starve?  Or shutdown like the Borg? Or do they relocate and find a new queen?","title":"What happens to a fireant colony when the queen dies?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vuobkj/what_happens_to_a_fireant_colony_when_the_queen/","vote_ratio":0.86},"vuogxy":{"author":"Charlito1","comment_count":7,"id":"vuogxy","post_time":1657324562.0,"score":26,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Let\u2019s say if you are in a store and a single airborne COVID virus gets into your system. Would you get less sick than someone who gets directly sneezed on and a thousand COVID viruses get in your system? \n\nI\u2019m curious if it only takes one single virus and the amount doesn\u2019t really matter since in both cases the virus would still multiply a lot anyways.","title":"Does the amount of exposure to a sick person increase your level of sickness?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vuogxy/does_the_amount_of_exposure_to_a_sick_person/","vote_ratio":0.66},"vutds3":{"author":"LurkerFailsLurking","comment_count":3,"id":"vutds3","post_time":1657340329.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"When magma oozes up from the mantle at divergent plate boundaries or from hot spots like Hawaii, they form \"oceanic plate material\" that's low in silicates.\n\nThen that stuff gets subducted under continental plates where it melts and bubbles back up but now when that lava comes out it forms high silicate \"continental plate material\".\n\nBut why? Where did the first cratons come from and why does continental plate material ever form? Why isn't it all oceanic plate material?","title":"why did the first cratons form and why do continental plates exist?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vutds3/why_did_the_first_cratons_form_and_why_do/","vote_ratio":0.77},"vutlqz":{"author":"marksills","comment_count":178,"id":"vutlqz","post_time":1657341088.0,"score":525,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"A common refrain when small injuries (like a tweak to a back muscle) occur is to take ibuprofen, which in theory reduces inflammation. But from my understanding, inflammation is your body's natural reaction to an injury and is meant to heal you. So while they may have short term pain relief effects, are these drugs slowing the healing process? How does this apply to non NSAID pain relievers such as Tylenol?","title":"Do Anti-inflamatory medications slow the healing process?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vutlqz/do_antiinflamatory_medications_slow_the_healing/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vutngm":{"author":"pillowtalkingtonoone","comment_count":29,"id":"vutngm","post_time":1657341260.0,"score":141,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"When first making a vaccine, how do scientists extract (harvest?) a virus and make it administrable to humans? After a vaccine is successfully made, can it just be made synthetically from then on?","title":"\u201cIn 1796, Edward Jenner, considered the founder of vaccinology in the West, successfully inoculated an eight-year-old boy against smallpox using vaccinia virus\u2014from cowpox.\u201d How?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vutngm/in_1796_edward_jenner_considered_the_founder_of/","vote_ratio":0.89},"vutwmc":{"author":"fanglife","comment_count":20,"id":"vutwmc","post_time":1657342184.0,"score":28,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How is memory related to intelligence?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vutwmc/how_is_memory_related_to_intelligence/","vote_ratio":0.74},"vutxsp":{"author":"Clay_Pigeon","comment_count":78,"id":"vutxsp","post_time":1657342306.0,"score":169,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"It seems to me that it might take many rotations at the surface to start the bit spinning against the rock, and that the extremely long shank of the drill gets twisted up somewhat. I probably have some bad assumptions.","title":"In oil/gas drilling, how is torque applied effectively to the drill bit a mile or more below the surface? Is there a significant spring effect on the shank?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vutxsp/in_oilgas_drilling_how_is_torque_applied/","vote_ratio":0.9},"vutxwh":{"author":"MrInfinitumEnd","comment_count":399,"id":"vutxwh","post_time":1657342316.0,"score":4018,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why are there hydrating creams, gels etc for the skin of the face and the body? Doesn't water get to every skin tissue to hydrate it?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vutxwh/why_are_there_hydrating_creams_gels_etc_for_the/","vote_ratio":0.94},"vuu4wx":{"author":"Nianarl","comment_count":10,"id":"vuu4wx","post_time":1657343024.0,"score":32,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"For example, would a massive solar flare leave any record of itself? Radiation in rocks, or that sort of thing? Is there any way to know about the history of solar flares or increased solar activity other than written human records?","title":"Does solar activity leave terrestrial records?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vuu4wx/does_solar_activity_leave_terrestrial_records/","vote_ratio":0.78},"vuzp8r":{"author":"steel_sun","comment_count":14,"id":"vuzp8r","post_time":1657366260.0,"score":32,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Do birds of the same species in different geographical areas have variance in their calls like humans have different dialects? Why or why not?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vuzp8r/do_birds_of_the_same_species_in_different/","vote_ratio":0.78},"vv25r9":{"author":"JustQsTime","comment_count":28,"id":"vv25r9","post_time":1657374703.0,"score":16,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"This is an issue raised by many friends of mine that I find have a tendency towards the conspiratorial.\nI'd be interested where I could find some relevant data on the efficacy of lockdowns at managing the pandemic.","title":"How effective were the COVID-19 lockdowns?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vv25r9/how_effective_were_the_covid19_lockdowns/","vote_ratio":0.63},"vv431x":{"author":"PaddleMonkey","comment_count":16,"id":"vv431x","post_time":1657380373.0,"score":24,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"If two different viruses invade one cell, which virus wins?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vv431x/if_two_different_viruses_invade_one_cell_which/","vote_ratio":0.76},"vv6utt":{"author":"Scarlett_is_here","comment_count":14,"id":"vv6utt","post_time":1657388310.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I have two books in physics of the same class, one of 2021 and one of 2017 but they have one contradicting information, the one in 2017 says \n\n> With echo of sound bats can move easily, they cannot see through their eyes. \n\nIn the book of 2021, \n\n> Bats have eyes, they can actually see very well with it. \n\n(Translated by me, very poorly.) \n\nWhich ones correct? \n\nAlso Why do they say you're blind as a bat?","title":"are bats actually blind or is it just a myth and do they have really good eyesight, if so why do they use sound to move around which causes them to die on power lines, which they can see with their eyes?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vv6utt/are_bats_actually_blind_or_is_it_just_a_myth_and/","vote_ratio":0.65},"vv9167":{"author":"Skate4needsLIDAR","comment_count":83,"id":"vv9167","post_time":1657394575.0,"score":1565,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why would the immune system attack the eyes, if it knew they were there?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vv9167/why_would_the_immune_system_attack_the_eyes_if_it/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vvayl8":{"author":"GuRoux_","comment_count":5,"id":"vvayl8","post_time":1657400166.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"As far as I understand, the light from the sun is scattered with a bias towards certain polarization angles. But, the sunlight is randomly polarized and the molecules in the air are randomly oriented, so how does this bias come about?","title":"How does rayleigh scattering polarize light?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvayl8/how_does_rayleigh_scattering_polarize_light/","vote_ratio":0.75},"vvbp6j":{"author":"Gromflake","comment_count":97,"id":"vvbp6j","post_time":1657402341.0,"score":2131,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"When you're infected with a virus, what percentage of your body's cells actually contain the virus?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvbp6j/when_youre_infected_with_a_virus_what_percentage/","vote_ratio":0.93},"vvcawp":{"author":"dog3000baby","comment_count":1,"id":"vvcawp","post_time":1657404106.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Hello everyone,\n\n&#x200B;\n\nI have been learning about Piaget recently through the Introduction to Psychology Yale course ([https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL6A08EB4EEFF3E91F](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL6A08EB4EEFF3E91F)) and I was wondering if it would be possible, maybe through a set of tailored puzzles, to accelerate a child's advancement through Piaget's developmental stages.\n\n \n\n\\- Is there a physical limit for this (possibly that children gain these abilities not only through assimilation with their environment but also the physical growth of brain, therefore such puzzles/toys would not be effective as the child does not have the physical brain capacity to advance in their developmental stage yet?)\n\n&#x200B;\n\nAny studies/videos regarding this topic would be greatly appreciated, let me know what you all think.","title":"Is the acceleration of Piaget developmental stages possible?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvcawp/is_the_acceleration_of_piaget_developmental/","vote_ratio":1.0},"vvcr16":{"author":"AugustineBlackwater","comment_count":8,"id":"vvcr16","post_time":1657405414.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Is there any actual cases of \u2018If you don\u2019t move they can\u2019t see you\u2019 in nature and if so, why?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvcr16/is_there_any_actual_cases_of_if_you_dont_move/","vote_ratio":1.0},"vvd8rc":{"author":"rasputinette","comment_count":4,"id":"vvd8rc","post_time":1657406886.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"So, one of the dangers of Covid is that it will cause a cytokine storm, and the storm - not the virus - will kill the victim. At the same time, however, Covid is especially dangerous to immunocompromised people. How does the infection work, that both having a \"strong\" immune system and a \"weak\" one makes a person extra-vulnerable?","title":"Why is Covid dangerous both to immunocompromised people, and via cytokine storms?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvd8rc/why_is_covid_dangerous_both_to_immunocompromised/","vote_ratio":0.5},"vvedx4":{"author":"Inlhia","comment_count":3,"id":"vvedx4","post_time":1657410380.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Also, why do they continually grow instead of staying the same size at a certain age?","title":"Why do tree rings equal one year?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvedx4/why_do_tree_rings_equal_one_year/","vote_ratio":0.71},"vvgxzn":{"author":"Spiritual_Age_4992","comment_count":6,"id":"vvgxzn","post_time":1657418623.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"*Observations:\n\nEvery time I trim my body hair, it grows back.\n\nNow there can be two possible explanations for this:\n\n*Explanation 1:\n\nBody hair growth is continuous and hair grows indefinitely long if left ungroomed.\n\nBut I know this is not true, because for the first 18 years of my ife I never trimmed any hair, but they still didn't grow further after reaching a certain size.\n\n*Explation 2:\n\nThere is some sort of feedback mechanism that let's the hair root cells know that the hair has been trimmed and they grow enough to compensate for the exact length that has been lost.\n\n*Question:\n\nBut if hair is made of dead cells, how exactly can the body tell if that particular strand of hair has been cut\n\n(I tried cutting out a patch of hair for this purpose and it grew to the same length as well after a few weeks)\n\nAnd the exact length to which it has been cut?\n\n....\n\nI specifically put body hair in my question because I've never tested our the full limit of head hair, so I assumed it grows indefinitely.","title":"How does body hair know what length to grow to?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvgxzn/how_does_body_hair_know_what_length_to_grow_to/","vote_ratio":0.82},"vvhero":{"author":"tasmaniansyrup","comment_count":3,"id":"vvhero","post_time":1657420184.0,"score":22,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"It's widely known that the alveoli have a massive total surface area (70-100 m\\^2) in order to transmit oxygen to the bloodstream. What about the passages in the lungs that transmit the air to the alveoli but don't participate in gas exchange? Is their total surface area known?","title":"What is the total surface area of the bronchioles/bronchi (not alveoli) in a typical human lung?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvhero/what_is_the_total_surface_area_of_the/","vote_ratio":0.75},"vvidcm":{"author":"Teri_Windwalker","comment_count":3,"id":"vvidcm","post_time":1657423356.0,"score":24,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Is the virus specifically giving instructions that are interpreted as \"raised, blister-matted skin\" or is it something that human body would already make in response to skin damage and is simply being \"tricked\" into doing so?","title":"How does Herpes (cold sores) actually cause the body to create the structure it is known for?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvidcm/how_does_herpes_cold_sores_actually_cause_the/","vote_ratio":0.84},"vviokv":{"author":"ReadingIt_","comment_count":3,"id":"vviokv","post_time":1657424440.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I can see how the parts of your body made of cells might know how to shape themselves, but teeth are mostly just minerals. How does your body know how shape something that isn\u2019t made of cells?","title":"How does your body know what shape to make your teeth?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vviokv/how_does_your_body_know_what_shape_to_make_your/","vote_ratio":0.84},"vvqnk3":{"author":"__Catfish__Obama","comment_count":8,"id":"vvqnk3","post_time":1657456822.0,"score":17,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"What is a metric of measuring a persons metabolism ?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvqnk3/what_is_a_metric_of_measuring_a_persons_metabolism/","vote_ratio":0.73},"vvsxof":{"author":"bengarrr","comment_count":116,"id":"vvsxof","post_time":1657464167.0,"score":1732,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Are there any large terrestrial exoplanets with an accretion disk similar to Saturn's?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvsxof/are_there_any_large_terrestrial_exoplanets_with/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vvszsb":{"author":"existntialMelancholy","comment_count":3,"id":"vvszsb","post_time":1657464346.0,"score":124,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Hi there, I am doing some research on micro bubbling technology used in water-treatment. One term that comes across very frequently is gas-liquid mass transfer. Right now, my interpretation of this term is the rate at which gas in the bubble dissolves and transfers to the liquid or the water body. Is this accurate? I am struggling to find a simple to understand explanation of the term through goggle searches.","title":"What is gas-liquid mass transfer in the context of bubbles?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvszsb/what_is_gasliquid_mass_transfer_in_the_context_of/","vote_ratio":0.84},"vvul6s":{"author":"LeekMajor5391","comment_count":22,"id":"vvul6s","post_time":1657468926.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I\u2019ve recently started getting migraines after being in the sun too much and I can\u2019t find anywhere anything that explains what a mirgaine actually is","title":"What are migraines specifically?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvul6s/what_are_migraines_specifically/","vote_ratio":0.82},"vvuuyp":{"author":"LadyDriverKW","comment_count":21,"id":"vvuuyp","post_time":1657469701.0,"score":34,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"[Water Quality numbers](https://imgur.com/a/PeUDIQU) \n\nThe kettle boils between .5L and 1.7L at a time.\n\nThis is to settle a longstanding marital disagreement.","title":"Our water is hard. If we want to minimize limescale deposits in our electric kettle, is it better to only boil the amount of water we need or to boil a kettle full every time?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvuuyp/our_water_is_hard_if_we_want_to_minimize/","vote_ratio":0.86},"vvvenq":{"author":"MERmook","comment_count":4,"id":"vvvenq","post_time":1657471257.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"It seems most vertebrates and invertebrates utilise some form of a cloaca for excretion and reproduction; what led mammals to developing differently? Is there a reason we need multiple ways of releasing waste?","title":"Why don\u2019t mammals typically have a cloaca?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvvenq/why_dont_mammals_typically_have_a_cloaca/","vote_ratio":0.75},"vvw10g":{"author":"thetimujin","comment_count":60,"id":"vvw10g","post_time":1657472990.0,"score":205,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Is there a particular reason human ears are shaped like that? Other animals like cats or cows don't have it nearly as weird and complicated.","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvw10g/is_there_a_particular_reason_human_ears_are/","vote_ratio":0.91},"vvwf3t":{"author":"ZantetsukenX","comment_count":6,"id":"vvwf3t","post_time":1657474078.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I realize the answer is precipitation, but is there truly so much water being converted from air/clouds into liquid every day that rivers don't quickly run dry after a set of time (years/decades)?","title":"If rivers are constantly flowing and eventually end up in the ocean how do they last for thousands of years without running out of water from their source?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvwf3t/if_rivers_are_constantly_flowing_and_eventually/","vote_ratio":0.53},"vvwwnb":{"author":"phalseprofits","comment_count":8,"id":"vvwwnb","post_time":1657475427.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Like cranberry juice- what process are they using to remove the calories without it tasting horribly tart? I didn\u2019t see any added artificial sweeteners in the ingredients which is how I assumed it was done.","title":"How do they reduce calories in juice?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvwwnb/how_do_they_reduce_calories_in_juice/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vvxm22":{"author":"None","comment_count":7,"id":"vvxm22","post_time":1657477373.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"e.g. if a flash of light was 50ms would the naked eye + brain perceive it? What duration would we not be able to detect the flash of light?","title":"How fast (duration) does a flash of light have to be before we can detect it?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvxm22/how_fast_duration_does_a_flash_of_light_have_to/","vote_ratio":0.73},"vvxw1p":{"author":"FermatSim","comment_count":2,"id":"vvxw1p","post_time":1657478160.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I've been vaccinated 3 times against SARS-COV2 (Pfizer-Pfizer-Moderna) without a breakthrough infection so far; the fourth jab would be available for me but I'm hesitant to train my immune system again against the Wuhan-type of the Spike protein when it has mutated so much over the years, culminating in all the Omicron variants. Original Antigenic sin is a concern for me.\n\nSo my question is, of all the other available surface epitopes of the virus, how much mutation has been going on there? I would wager that the Spike protein faces the most evolutionary pressure right now with the amount of vaccinated people. Are other surface antigens as variable?\n\nWhat would be the advantages/disadvantages of an inactivated vaccine (e.g. *Valneva*) for a fourth vaccination?","title":"How different are SARS-CoV2 Omicron surface antigens other than the spike protein compared to the (Wuhan) wild type?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvxw1p/how_different_are_sarscov2_omicron_surface/","vote_ratio":0.58},"vvxx7n":{"author":"otako_gamer1937","comment_count":7,"id":"vvxx7n","post_time":1657478248.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"so,when a star dies it changes to a black hole or a neutron star ,so, there's any signs that the star gonna be a black hole or a neutron star?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvxx7n/sowhen_a_star_dies_it_changes_to_a_black_hole_or/","vote_ratio":0.48},"vvy039":{"author":"lawrence1998","comment_count":17,"id":"vvy039","post_time":1657478474.0,"score":35,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I know that cancer can spread to other parts of the body but why does it take so long and why does it sometimes not happen at all?  \n\n\n Wouldn't just a few cells moving through the body be enough to \"infect\" another part of the body?","title":"Why doesn't cancer instantly spread to the entire body like other diseases?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvy039/why_doesnt_cancer_instantly_spread_to_the_entire/","vote_ratio":0.8},"vvylv5":{"author":"Next-Ad-7267","comment_count":1,"id":"vvylv5","post_time":1657480162.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Does the South Atlantic Anomaly produce any measurable increased exposure to ionizing radiation to humans?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvylv5/does_the_south_atlantic_anomaly_produce_any/","vote_ratio":0.74},"vvyo1e":{"author":"MrInfinitumEnd","comment_count":40,"id":"vvyo1e","post_time":1657480325.0,"score":59,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"If the phenomenon is real, are there perceived differences in the brain, body and behavior of the individuals that have it?","title":"Is the phenomenon of 'photographic memory' real? If so what were the differences of the brain of the individual from an average individual?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvyo1e/is_the_phenomenon_of_photographic_memory_real_if/","vote_ratio":0.83},"vvypy7":{"author":"6ran9eee","comment_count":102,"id":"vvypy7","post_time":1657480476.0,"score":555,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I was practicing taekwondo and I suddenly remembered that it\u2019s not our sweat that smells but the bacteria that consumes it does and we never have mold grow in our armpits similar to when food gets moldy, why is that? Is it simply because our sweat contains salt and water? Is it a different bacteria?\nEdit: Guys, I practice good hygiene like any reasonable human would. Quit being rude by telling me to \u201cshower more often\u201d or \u201cclean your pits,\u201d I thought about it because of the sweat that was falling on my face and my mind wandered from there.","title":"Why do we get mold in other warm and moist areas but not in our armpits?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvypy7/why_do_we_get_mold_in_other_warm_and_moist_areas/","vote_ratio":0.88},"vw0r4q":{"author":"izactuallydolan","comment_count":10,"id":"vw0r4q","post_time":1657486136.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"When we \"observe\" photons, they behave a different way, this is the \"spookiness\" and the lynchpin of quantum physics. Is applying the energy to the photon what causes the wave function to collapse? Or is it \"seeing\" it, like a thief having a 20% chance to of being in one of five houses, but that probability \"collapsing\" when we catch him in one specific house? Does that means Schrodinger's Thief isn't really in all 5 houses at once, right? Is the cat just a thought experiment to show absurd consequences of Copenhagen? \n\nIs observing/applying energy the same problem with a hypothetical graviton? Like if we abstract out a graviton, we can't measure it without adding to energy to it, which adds to the mass, which adds to the gravity, etc etc etc?  \n\nEDIT: grammars","title":"Are wave-particle duality and \"quantum\" gravity just observation and measurement problems?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vw0r4q/are_waveparticle_duality_and_quantum_gravity_just/","vote_ratio":0.44},"vw2ni0":{"author":"Fop_Vndone","comment_count":97,"id":"vw2ni0","post_time":1657491437.0,"score":1538,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Are smell/taste memories as fallible as memories of feelings and events?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vw2ni0/are_smelltaste_memories_as_fallible_as_memories/","vote_ratio":0.93},"vw2rk3":{"author":"deputymcnugget","comment_count":25,"id":"vw2rk3","post_time":1657491758.0,"score":97,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I can see how they do it with more basic reactions like double replacement, synthesis, etc., but I\u2019m curious how people can predict specific chemical reactions.","title":"How do chemists figure out the stoichiometry/outcome of complicated reactions before doing them?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vw2rk3/how_do_chemists_figure_out_the/","vote_ratio":0.82},"vw4hbv":{"author":"Iwantmorelife","comment_count":4,"id":"vw4hbv","post_time":1657496829.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"What determines the different colors and makeup of sand on different beaches?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vw4hbv/what_determines_the_different_colors_and_makeup/","vote_ratio":0.81},"vw7z6j":{"author":"LawnShame","comment_count":5,"id":"vw7z6j","post_time":1657507708.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Presumably every other discharge including exhalation from one person can infect others fairly easily. What about farts?","title":"Can human infections be passed on by flatulence?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vw7z6j/can_human_infections_be_passed_on_by_flatulence/","vote_ratio":0.5},"vwbfv9":{"author":"Angel_thebro","comment_count":20,"id":"vwbfv9","post_time":1657519751.0,"score":16,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I've always wondered why some types of cancer are more common than others. Especially breast cancer, what is it about the cells there that make easier to get cancer there than in other parts of the body? I know lot of cancer can be directly caused by someone's lifestyle like lung cancer for smokers, and I can kind of guess at ovarian and testicular cancer being common because I'd guess that since that region is just really like used a lot, with a lot of specialized stuff happening there all the time it makes sense.","title":"Why are some types of cancer more common?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwbfv9/why_are_some_types_of_cancer_more_common/","vote_ratio":0.77},"vwd6hx":{"author":"Kingofj1234","comment_count":17,"id":"vwd6hx","post_time":1657526942.0,"score":37,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Probably a stupid question","title":"Has there been any carnivores that evolved into herbivores, and vice versa? Plus how would it be possible?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwd6hx/has_there_been_any_carnivores_that_evolved_into/","vote_ratio":0.86},"vwe27g":{"author":"Minilychee","comment_count":4,"id":"vwe27g","post_time":1657530840.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"My understanding is that RNA polymerase runs along the template DNA strand during transcription, pumping out a strand of RNA identical to the coding strand. But I was wondering if the coding strand can only be that, or if it is also used as a template strand every once in a while. Do the two strands switch roles? It seems like a simple question, but I can't seem to get a clear answer through google.","title":"Is the coding strand of DNA ever transcribed?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwe27g/is_the_coding_strand_of_dna_ever_transcribed/","vote_ratio":0.72},"vwes4u":{"author":"NonHealingUlcer","comment_count":2,"id":"vwes4u","post_time":1657533889.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Is adrenaline always effective for anaphylaxis?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwes4u/is_adrenaline_always_effective_for_anaphylaxis/","vote_ratio":0.75},"vwhj6x":{"author":"EVOSexyBeast","comment_count":24,"id":"vwhj6x","post_time":1657543409.0,"score":88,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I understand an early miscarriage is often induced by a chromosomal abnormality, but how does the body know there is a chromosomal abnormality? And then how does the body proceed to expel the fetus? Is it just the fetus \"falling out\" or does the body intentionally and actively push out the fetus? If the latter, what are the physiological processes involved and how do they work?","title":"What are the physiological processes in a woman's body responsible for inducing and performing the expulsion of a fetus during a miscarriage?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwhj6x/what_are_the_physiological_processes_in_a_womans/","vote_ratio":0.81},"vwhkay":{"author":"GeekYogurt","comment_count":3,"id":"vwhkay","post_time":1657543505.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why are the planets in our system so different from each other? You\u2019d think at least a couple would have developed the same/looked alike.","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwhkay/why_are_the_planets_in_our_system_so_different/","vote_ratio":0.48},"vwirml":{"author":"GavinThePacMan","comment_count":312,"id":"vwirml","post_time":1657547005.0,"score":6805,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"When you \"feel\" the sun beating down on you, is that some part of your body reacting to radiation rather than the normal sense of warmth carried via conduction or convection?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwirml/when_you_feel_the_sun_beating_down_on_you_is_that/","vote_ratio":0.96},"vwjd1d":{"author":"General_Elephant","comment_count":6,"id":"vwjd1d","post_time":1657548647.0,"score":16,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"How does our immune system transfer genetic information about identified viruses and bacteria to future generations of white blood cells and other immune system functions? Does it get transferred, and if so, how can we develop a persistent immunity to something like polio?\n\nHow are white blood cells recycled by the body? Does the genetic data coded by these WBCs get lost? \n\nIt is my understanding that WBCs encode some of the genetic material it breaks down to help identify future threats, but WBCs don't live forever, so what happens to this captured genetic material?","title":"How do white blood cells replicate immunity between generations?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwjd1d/how_do_white_blood_cells_replicate_immunity/","vote_ratio":0.84},"vwjylm":{"author":"proboardslolv5","comment_count":6,"id":"vwjylm","post_time":1657550289.0,"score":23,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I see variants of coronavirus with labels like B.1.617.2 (Delta) and B.1.1.529 (Omicron), and then for Omicron there are subvariants like BA.1, BA.2, etc.\n\nIs this classification system unique to SARS-CoV-2? What does B mean? What does each number mean? Do they use this same classification system for other viruses? Is there a database of viruses with their classification numbers somewhere, along with basic factsheet information like R0 value?","title":"How are Coronavirus classification numbers created, and is there a universal system for all viruses?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwjylm/how_are_coronavirus_classification_numbers/","vote_ratio":0.77},"vwka0g":{"author":"blackinaminute","comment_count":7,"id":"vwka0g","post_time":1657551141.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Do snakes get itchy?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwka0g/do_snakes_get_itchy/","vote_ratio":0.86},"vwmklx":{"author":"Curious_Strike3950","comment_count":5,"id":"vwmklx","post_time":1657557024.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How did the rivers choose their meandering paths on the same soil structure, and how did the rivers choose where they bifurcate?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwmklx/how_did_the_rivers_choose_their_meandering_paths/","vote_ratio":0.5},"vwmsdd":{"author":"theundiscoveredcolor","comment_count":12,"id":"vwmsdd","post_time":1657557568.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"If I understand correctly, the further we peer into the cosmos, the further back in time we see. In that case, wouldn't the cosmic microwave background radiation and the first stars and galaxies then infer that the universe we observe is all there is?\n\nI can understand that there could be a causal horizon, given the perceived flatness of our universe. However, I am hoping that someone can help differentiate between the \"firewall\" of the CMB and the speculative universe beyond what we can see with telescopes.","title":"When physicists or cosmologists say that there may be much more of the universe beyond our \"cosmic horizon\", how is that possible?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwmsdd/when_physicists_or_cosmologists_say_that_there/","vote_ratio":0.84},"vwnss6":{"author":"raimbows","comment_count":1,"id":"vwnss6","post_time":1657560145.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I know many parasites have evolved to rely on a particular host species for part or all of their life cycle; is this common or uncommon for the ones that parasitize us? The only examples of parasites I know of that are dependent on us for survival are certain species of lice and certain intestinal hookworms. I know many other parasites like *Giardia* and *Trypanosoma* can infect a range of host species.","title":"Are parasite species that specifically require a human host rare, or common?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwnss6/are_parasite_species_that_specifically_require_a/","vote_ratio":1.0},"vwpcqn":{"author":"TexasIsForRednecks","comment_count":2,"id":"vwpcqn","post_time":1657564123.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why does the jump in the rate of Uranium enrichment is so much faster going from 20% to 90% vs initially going to 3.5%?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwpcqn/why_does_the_jump_in_the_rate_of_uranium/","vote_ratio":0.75},"vwqp8r":{"author":"lav3nd33r","comment_count":4,"id":"vwqp8r","post_time":1657567526.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why is Plasma usually omitted or not mentioned at all in textbooks or articles about states of aggregation?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwqp8r/why_is_plasma_usually_omitted_or_not_mentioned_at/","vote_ratio":0.61},"vwrn3u":{"author":"Business-Advice7399","comment_count":1,"id":"vwrn3u","post_time":1657569860.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"When you \"feel\" the sun beating down\non you, is that some part of your body\nreacting to radiation rather than the normal\nsense of warmth carried via conduction or\nconvection?","title":"When you \"feel\" the sun beating down on you, is that some part of your body reacting to radiation rather than the normal sense of warmth carried via conduction or convection?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwrn3u/when_you_feel_the_sun_beating_down_on_you_is_that/","vote_ratio":1.0},"vwtml4":{"author":"Jondo_McRondo","comment_count":10,"id":"vwtml4","post_time":1657574822.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Or in other words, does all the matter in the universe account for all the energy?","title":"Is there anywhere in the universe where energy exists without matter?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwtml4/is_there_anywhere_in_the_universe_where_energy/","vote_ratio":0.64},"vwucpa":{"author":"SakanaToDoubutsu","comment_count":1,"id":"vwucpa","post_time":1657576635.0,"score":18,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Likewise for invasive species like Asian carp, lionfish, and snakeheads, where transportation of these species is strictly controlled to prevent further damage, is there any notable speciation between the original native populations and the individuals that exist in the invasive range?","title":"Is there any notable speciation of pest species that reside in urban environments like pigeons, rats, and cockroaches between major cities, countries, or continents? Or does the movement of people, and the inadvertent transportation of individuals of these species, prevent speciation?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwucpa/is_there_any_notable_speciation_of_pest_species/","vote_ratio":0.84},"vwvkvi":{"author":"ragold","comment_count":1,"id":"vwvkvi","post_time":1657579818.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"In the press conference, Joe Biden throws to a NASA official who makes the claim of infinite galaxies.","title":"Are there \u201cunlimited galaxies\u201d in the universe as NASA administrator Nelson claimed today during the James Webb photo unveiling?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwvkvi/are_there_unlimited_galaxies_in_the_universe_as/","vote_ratio":1.0},"vwvuab":{"author":"A_BadNews_Bear","comment_count":2,"id":"vwvuab","post_time":1657580518.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How is it insects can rub their 'eyes' without injuring them, but mammals/etc touching their eyes is damaging?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwvuab/how_is_it_insects_can_rub_their_eyes_without/","vote_ratio":0.75},"vwvx00":{"author":"TheHopelessInfidel","comment_count":4,"id":"vwvx00","post_time":1657580731.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"If you see the latest image by the James Webb telescope:\nhttps://www.reddit.com/r/jameswebbdiscoveries/comments/vwuxzv/first_image_of_the_james_webb_discovery_telescope/?utm_medium=android_app&utm_source=share\n\nThe stars have spikes/flares coming out of them but the galaxies are crisp and clear. Why is that? Is it related to where we are focusing on in the image? \n\nPS: I read somewhere that stars are the ones with flares/spikes. If not please feel free to correct me.","title":"Why do stars have spikes/flares in the James Webb Image?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwvx00/why_do_stars_have_spikesflares_in_the_james_webb/","vote_ratio":0.5},"vwwk3b":{"author":"mikom636","comment_count":17,"id":"vwwk3b","post_time":1657582537.0,"score":9,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"It seems that galaxies have a range of sizes that they come in why the galaxies arranged at that variety of sizes? Why cosmic bodies dont come as an even larger arrengement of matter than galaxies?","title":"Why are galaxies galaxy sized?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwwk3b/why_are_galaxies_galaxy_sized/","vote_ratio":0.72},"vwx9w9":{"author":"bigb0ned","comment_count":12,"id":"vwx9w9","post_time":1657584601.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Can NASA zoom into the closest solar system with the Webb telescope to see planets?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwx9w9/can_nasa_zoom_into_the_closest_solar_system_with/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vwxnpz":{"author":"ctp_user101","comment_count":19,"id":"vwxnpz","post_time":1657585729.0,"score":9,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I just saw new webb space telescope image and have outlined some of the patterns you can see right away.\n\nhttps://i.ibb.co/dQN1sPD/heic1214a.gif","title":"Why aren't all galaxies randomly spread out and instead are clustered in these weird structures?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwxnpz/why_arent_all_galaxies_randomly_spread_out_and/","vote_ratio":0.69},"vwz5wr":{"author":"edgymemesalt","comment_count":2,"id":"vwz5wr","post_time":1657590211.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How come local stars (in the milky way) don't overexpose the JWST's image?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwz5wr/how_come_local_stars_in_the_milky_way_dont/","vote_ratio":0.83},"vwzgmx":{"author":"chetanaik","comment_count":85,"id":"vwzgmx","post_time":1657591108.0,"score":888,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why are infrared telescopes like the JWST critical for observing the early universe? If light from far away is being red-shifted, wouldn't the farthest light eventually be shifted into radio wavelengths making radio telescopes more useful?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwzgmx/why_are_infrared_telescopes_like_the_jwst/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vx03ur":{"author":"Doctrina_Stabilitas","comment_count":4,"id":"vx03ur","post_time":1657592985.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"So I know in a camera that there's a bayer filter that makes color out of a black and white photograph, but for the JWST, it works in near infrared. Some news articles seem to say that it is able to un-red shift images from near infrared, but I assume, since it requires interpolation, that the JWST works in black and white and doesn't have a near infrared bayer filter equivalent. \n\n&#x200B;\n\nSo my question is by what process is a color image generated from near infrared light? If it requires multiple types of wavelengths, how is that collected because I thought that it was a \"black and white\" camera sensitive to all unfiltered wavelengths equally","title":"How does the JSWT take \"color\" photographs?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vx03ur/how_does_the_jswt_take_color_photographs/","vote_ratio":0.8},"vx27ar":{"author":"SilverWolfGames1","comment_count":1,"id":"vx27ar","post_time":1657599481.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Why do starts/planets in a typical galaxy/solar system fall on the same plane?\nWhy aren't they all around making a spherical shape?","title":"Why are most galaxies and solar systems lateral?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vx27ar/why_are_most_galaxies_and_solar_systems_lateral/","vote_ratio":1.0},"vx2ctv":{"author":"LemonAioli","comment_count":60,"id":"vx2ctv","post_time":1657600006.0,"score":106,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"why do we hardly see dead birds (aside from roadkill) where do birds go to die?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vx2ctv/why_do_we_hardly_see_dead_birds_aside_from/","vote_ratio":0.86},"vx2y57":{"author":"slybird","comment_count":3,"id":"vx2y57","post_time":1657602013.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I'm just wondering how galaxies are named. There is a lot of them. Possibly trillions of visible galaxies with this new telescope. Wondering if there is a method. Do most go unnamed or only get named if there is something significant about it?","title":"Is there a method that will be used to name all that galaxies that will be discovered with the Webb telescope?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vx2y57/is_there_a_method_that_will_be_used_to_name_all/","vote_ratio":0.64},"vx3x5w":{"author":"Nedpet","comment_count":9,"id":"vx3x5w","post_time":1657605434.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Observing all the round things in the universe, why are galaxies different?","title":"Why are galaxies not round?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vx3x5w/why_are_galaxies_not_round/","vote_ratio":0.78},"vx4mql":{"author":"MoiJaimeLesCrepes","comment_count":242,"id":"vx4mql","post_time":1657608155.0,"score":1288,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"A friend and I were arguing about the color of a car. I said it was pink. He said it was purple. I'm not a native speaker of English, so I wondered if that had perhaps something to do with it - perhaps my mother tongue delimited pink and purple differently than English. But asking some Americans, I found out that actually the jury was split. This got me thinking...  \n\n\n\\- Are some color boundaries fuzzier / more ambiguous than others? For instance, yellow might not be as contentious a color as others, but that is just my impression. \n\n  \n\\- If some color boundaries are fuzzier than others, is that consistent across languages? For instance, is the boundary between green and blue always fuzzy?\n\n&#x200B;\n\n\\- Are there any biological bases for color definitions, anchored perhaps in color perception and processing?  \n\n\nI realize that this question straddles many disciplines, so I flaired it with Psychology but it could as well have been linguistic, anthropological etc.","title":"How are boundaries between colors defined? Are they a cultural/linguistic/anthropological phenomenon stricto sensu, or are there biological/neurological bases behind color definition?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vx4mql/how_are_boundaries_between_colors_defined_are/","vote_ratio":0.93},"vx5qua":{"author":"Squidgewidge","comment_count":5,"id":"vx5qua","post_time":1657612651.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Does getting tattooed affect your white blood cell count and things like erythrocyte/eosinophil?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vx5qua/does_getting_tattooed_affect_your_white_blood/","vote_ratio":0.64},"vx69rb":{"author":"godcombat","comment_count":2,"id":"vx69rb","post_time":1657614835.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"The brightest object in universe","title":"How are Quasars formed?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vx69rb/how_are_quasars_formed/","vote_ratio":0.57},"vx6m22":{"author":"itengelhardt","comment_count":2,"id":"vx6m22","post_time":1657616243.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I marvel at the first picture taken by James Webb Space Telescope.   \nHowever, I can't help but feel like some galaxies are (sometimes heavily) distorted - just like a long exposure shot that was taken with my DSLR. Meanwhile, other galaxies (that seem to be close to the distorted ones) look crisp. \n\nAm I seeing it wrong? Are these galaxies distorted by gravitational (or other?) effects? \n\n&#x200B;\n\nHere's an image where I added red & yellow arrows to the different galaxies: [https://imgur.com/a/Y5Yk22e](https://imgur.com/a/Y5Yk22e)","title":"In JWST's first picture, why do some galaxies look distorted while others don't?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vx6m22/in_jwsts_first_picture_why_do_some_galaxies_look/","vote_ratio":0.54},"vx9vwq":{"author":"-DoguCat-","comment_count":2,"id":"vx9vwq","post_time":1657628443.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How safe is the James Webb Space Telescope from space debris?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vx9vwq/how_safe_is_the_james_webb_space_telescope_from/","vote_ratio":0.57},"vxbs04":{"author":"HanaHonu","comment_count":16,"id":"vxbs04","post_time":1657633974.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"The first image from the JWST shows thousands of galaxies. NASA's article says that this image \"covers a patch of sky approximately the size of a grain of sand held at arm's length by someone on the ground.\"\n\nIf there are thousands of (even extremely distant) galaxies at every point in the sky (when viewed from Earth), why is the night sky dark in so many places? It seems like it could be bright almost everywhere -  is it just that some are so much closer & brighter, so it looks that way?","title":"Why is so much of the night sky dark, even when there are so many stars/galaxies?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxbs04/why_is_so_much_of_the_night_sky_dark_even_when/","vote_ratio":0.55},"vxc2kj":{"author":"RightWritingRites","comment_count":3,"id":"vxc2kj","post_time":1657634782.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"There are multiple arcs of light spreading from many of the galaxies shown in the deep field image from the James Webb Telescope. From googling I'm understanding that these arcs are generally the result of gravitational lensing caused by a mass outside the focus of the image. My specific question stems from the multiple arcs that aren't concentric.\n\nI've worked to the perhaps invalid understanding that each non-concentric arc must represent a different lense (gravitational mass) How is a single perspective (the telescope) able to focus the light from multiple lenses at once?","title":"What causes the arcs of light in the image from the James Webb telescope?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxc2kj/what_causes_the_arcs_of_light_in_the_image_from/","vote_ratio":0.56},"vxdwsk":{"author":"Coolshirt4","comment_count":14,"id":"vxdwsk","post_time":1657639691.0,"score":18,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Was looking through some Safety Data sheets of a chemical cleaner, and noticed that it said \"Contact with soft metals forms flammable chlorine gas\"\n\n\nSurely \"soft\" can't be just about it's actual hardness, because gold, for example is very soft, but chemically non-reactive.\n\nSo what is \"Soft\" meaning and what metals are \"soft\"","title":"What does \"Soft Metal\" mean in a chemical context?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxdwsk/what_does_soft_metal_mean_in_a_chemical_context/","vote_ratio":0.69},"vxe4lq":{"author":"BellyScratchFTW","comment_count":3,"id":"vxe4lq","post_time":1657640256.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Will the James Webb telescope be able to zoom in on the planets inside of our solar system? Or are the lenses not designed/capable for close viewing?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxe4lq/will_the_james_webb_telescope_be_able_to_zoom_in/","vote_ratio":0.77},"vxe7wj":{"author":"chowder-san","comment_count":13,"id":"vxe7wj","post_time":1657640490.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Assuming there is a frontal collision of 2 cars, are there any differences in safety between heavy trucks and lighter cars?\n\n I mean, there are some claims that due to how rigid the reinforced frame in heavy vehicles is, one is more susceptible to organ damage due to how kinetic energy is transferred. \n\nIn case of lighter ones, they are intentionally made in a way that makes the body and chassis \"absorb\" the energy in order to reduce the damage the crash inflicts on the passengers. \n\nI guess the outcome of a collision could rely on the differences in weight between the participants.\n\nTLDR: would a heavy vehicle be a better option safety wise? Or are there other factors in play?","title":"Car collision physics - are there any differences between heavy trucks (SUVs) and regular ones safety-wise?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxe7wj/car_collision_physics_are_there_any_differences/","vote_ratio":0.78},"vxea2p":{"author":"speece75","comment_count":4,"id":"vxea2p","post_time":1657640650.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"If so, how long would the space telescope need to be pointed at the sun before burning up?  1 minute, 1 hour, 1 day?  \nMaybe this should go to /r/estimation . \nThanks!","title":"If the JWST was pointed at the Sun, would it cook?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxea2p/if_the_jwst_was_pointed_at_the_sun_would_it_cook/","vote_ratio":0.31},"vxeaey":{"author":"measurethisman","comment_count":13,"id":"vxeaey","post_time":1657640675.0,"score":19,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Super excited with these fantastic images! But I am curious about this","title":"With the JWST newly released images, I noticed that the glare of bright objects tend to have a \u201ccross-stitch\u201d pattern. What is this image artifact caused by?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxeaey/with_the_jwst_newly_released_images_i_noticed/","vote_ratio":0.63},"vxeaw1":{"author":"Pussog","comment_count":4,"id":"vxeaw1","post_time":1657640709.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I accidentally spilled dessicant over my greens. As it's saturated calcium chloride I thought it'd be good to submerge and thoroughly rinse a couple of times to get rid of it. Now I've ran an ISO extract on it, it isn't fully solidifying like it normally would. Could this be leftover dessicant? Or could it be due to water/ISO that has refused to fully evaporate?","title":"Did I get rid of calcium chloride dessicant properly?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxeaw1/did_i_get_rid_of_calcium_chloride_dessicant/","vote_ratio":0.48},"vxect4":{"author":"seeLabmonkey2020","comment_count":396,"id":"vxect4","post_time":1657640852.0,"score":3292,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Follow-up question: why is this artifact not considered a serious issue?","title":"I know everyone is excited about the Webb telescope, but what is going on with the 6-pointed star artifacts?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxect4/i_know_everyone_is_excited_about_the_webb/","vote_ratio":0.9},"vxefp8":{"author":"21arkumar","comment_count":34,"id":"vxefp8","post_time":1657641067.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Hey guys, I am 19m. Today I went for a dental check-up. They did 3 dental x-rays on me. 2 on left cheek and 1 on the right. This is my frist time being exposed to a dental x-ray. Previously I have never had it done.\n\nI was wondering as to how dangerous is a dental x-ray and how bad can it's effects be for someone of my age.","title":"How dangerous is a dental x-ray?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxefp8/how_dangerous_is_a_dental_xray/","vote_ratio":0.55},"vxfs7e":{"author":"Legendary_Lamb2020","comment_count":2,"id":"vxfs7e","post_time":1657644521.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I've been waiting excitedly for the images released by James Webb for years. They are wonderful, but they don't appear much different from Hubble images to my untrained eyes. I do understand that these images are diving much deeper in to space and time, but to a scientist, have these images brought any surprises thus far? Are we already changing our understanding of the universe in some way with what we can see?","title":"Has James Webb taught us anything about the universe thus far? Or mostly just shown us what we expected?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxfs7e/has_james_webb_taught_us_anything_about_the/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vxiocu":{"author":"wickedwickedzoot","comment_count":4,"id":"vxiocu","post_time":1657652162.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"The first JWST image is said to be the deepest infrared image of the universe ever observed, featuring galaxies billions of light years away. But would it make sense to point the JWST at a relatively nearby object like Pluto, or Proxima Centauri, and generate the most detailed images of these objects ever recorded?","title":"Will JWST be used to observe nearby astronomical objects, or is it only useful to observe very distant objects?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxiocu/will_jwst_be_used_to_observe_nearby_astronomical/","vote_ratio":0.92},"vxjt6a":{"author":"greenwavelengths","comment_count":16,"id":"vxjt6a","post_time":1657655160.0,"score":52,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Our planet needs heat from the sun to sustain life. Would it be possible for an exoplanet or a rogue planet to achieve life-sustaining heat exchange through geothermal processes?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxjt6a/our_planet_needs_heat_from_the_sun_to_sustain/","vote_ratio":0.91},"vxkp60":{"author":"EstebanOD21","comment_count":9,"id":"vxkp60","post_time":1657657500.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"> \"The mass, size, and shape of the object are not a factor in describing the motion of the object. So all objects, regardless of size or shape or weight, free fall with the same acceleration.\" Nasa\n\n> \"As such, all objects free fall at the same rate regardless of their mass.\"\n\nSo all objects fall at the same speed regardless of their mass. Therefore, an object's **mass doesn't matter**. Okay.\n\n> \"Terminal velocity will depend on the mass, cross sectional area, and drag coefficient of the object as well as the density of the fluid through which the object is falling and gravitational accelleration.\"\n\nBut now I'm told that **mass do matter**, and that an object with more mass will fall faster?\n\nSo do they or do they not fall at different speed...?","title":"Why do objects have different terminal velocity if they fall at the same speed?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxkp60/why_do_objects_have_different_terminal_velocity/","vote_ratio":0.61},"vxnum7":{"author":"ilovepalmtree","comment_count":6,"id":"vxnum7","post_time":1657665929.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"As the title suggests, but for example in this [animation](https://www.reddit.com/r/spaceporn/comments/vxcm23/milky_way_and_andromeda_colliding_45_billion/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=ios_app&utm_name=iossmf) where there looks like the center of the galaxy is a mass of stars, why can\u2019t we ever see that from earth? Is it behind our sun? How is that possible if the earth is always rotating?","title":"If galaxies look like they have a center, in popular imagery, why don\u2019t we ever see the center of our galaxy in the night sky?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxnum7/if_galaxies_look_like_they_have_a_center_in/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vxnxht":{"author":"Ufo_piloot","comment_count":2,"id":"vxnxht","post_time":1657666158.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"For an animal that relies on remaining undetected,  it seems rather silly to announce it's presence. \n\nIs there some benefit to it?","title":"Why do mosquito's make that buzzing sound?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxnxht/why_do_mosquitos_make_that_buzzing_sound/","vote_ratio":1.0},"vxocvw":{"author":"joeyjoejoe_7","comment_count":0,"id":"vxocvw","post_time":1657667376.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"The James Webb Telescope (JWT) sent back some amazing pictures. What, if any, are some of the specific questions that scientists are hoping to answer using the JWT?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxocvw/the_james_webb_telescope_jwt_sent_back_some/","vote_ratio":0.75},"vxoe3h":{"author":"SumOfKyle","comment_count":5,"id":"vxoe3h","post_time":1657667471.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Is the air above the wing technically cooler in temperature than the air below a wing?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxoe3h/is_the_air_above_the_wing_technically_cooler_in/","vote_ratio":0.6},"vxp6sh":{"author":"KrishaCZ","comment_count":17,"id":"vxp6sh","post_time":1657669860.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"This question came to me at 1:30AM in bed thinking about *why* we actually boil stuff in water: it has high heat capacity so it spreads the heat evenly and stays hot after we turn off the heat (or put out the fire)\n\nBut yeah water seems like an unassuming molecule if that makes sense, what makes it able to take in so much energy before changing temperature?","title":"What determines a material's heat capacity? Why is water's so high?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxp6sh/what_determines_a_materials_heat_capacity_why_is/","vote_ratio":0.82},"vxps4v":{"author":"like_big_mutts","comment_count":16,"id":"vxps4v","post_time":1657671626.0,"score":28,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I can't really get my head around the size of nebulas. They look like a cloud from far away but if we were inside one would it be huge distances between lights or particles or whatever is being photographed? Or would it look just like a cloud from inside, too?","title":"How dense is a nebula such as the Carina nebula in the JWST photos? What would the sky be likely to look like from a planet in a cloudy nebula?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxps4v/how_dense_is_a_nebula_such_as_the_carina_nebula/","vote_ratio":0.91},"vxqu3n":{"author":"WartimeHotTot","comment_count":138,"id":"vxqu3n","post_time":1657674915.0,"score":450,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"When astronomers say that \"space is expanding,\" does that just mean that the things in space are moving away (say, from 3 to 7 cm on a ruler), or does it mean the unit length itself is being distorted (it's still 3 cm, but centimeters themselves are now longer)?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxqu3n/when_astronomers_say_that_space_is_expanding_does/","vote_ratio":0.91},"vxrgvb":{"author":"readthat2022","comment_count":4,"id":"vxrgvb","post_time":1657676891.0,"score":13,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"When they remove a piece of tissue, what is the solution in the specimen container to be sent to the lab? Oral/throat tissue.","title":"What is the solution they put biopsy samples in?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxrgvb/what_is_the_solution_they_put_biopsy_samples_in/","vote_ratio":0.76},"vxrord":{"author":"wiz28ultra","comment_count":1,"id":"vxrord","post_time":1657677570.0,"score":45,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Do we know how long did it take for an Otodus Megalodon to reach its full 20m. size? How does this growth compare to animals today of comparable sizes or to other large, predatory sharks?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxrord/do_we_know_how_long_did_it_take_for_an_otodus/","vote_ratio":0.82},"vxrvwx":{"author":"monkeybrains12","comment_count":956,"id":"vxrvwx","post_time":1657678173.0,"score":4896,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"In TV shows, there are occasionally scenes in which a character takes a syringe of \u201cknock-out juice\u201d and jams it into the body of someone they need to render unconscious. That\u2019s not at all how it works in real life, right?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxrvwx/in_tv_shows_there_are_occasionally_scenes_in/","vote_ratio":0.95},"vxs7bb":{"author":"animadverter","comment_count":7,"id":"vxs7bb","post_time":1657679158.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"What goes on under the hood?  Is it handled in the driver or does windows have a dedicated open calculator routine?  If it is handled in the driver, how does the keyboard send the data to the computer (i.e. what does the calculator signal look like)?  \n\nI'm trying to build a keyboard from scratch, and would like to include a calculator button, but I'm struggling to find a real answer to this question.  Please be technical in your answer!","title":"How does pressing the calculator button on my keyboard open the calculator?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxs7bb/how_does_pressing_the_calculator_button_on_my/","vote_ratio":0.47},"vxszwy":{"author":"Farts_McGee","comment_count":85,"id":"vxszwy","post_time":1657681656.0,"score":84,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Obviously a lot of space related questions with the JWST doing it's thing, but i wanted to know how they find the ancient sections of space to analyze? Do they scan the entirety of space looking for super redshifted space, or are there areas of the sky that are known to be particularly old?","title":"How do astronomers find the oldest sections of the sky to look at?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxszwy/how_do_astronomers_find_the_oldest_sections_of/","vote_ratio":0.85},"vxu5om":{"author":"Iridium141","comment_count":0,"id":"vxu5om","post_time":1657685510.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I have heard that in the late universe (Degenerate Era I believe, but unsure if the technical stellar formation puts it before this) a small number of stars will likely form through stellar collision. I've heard of direct mechanisms for this that are below the Chandrasekhar Limit using carbon or hydrogen black dwarfs and brown dwarfs and some using neutron star collisions releasing \"degenerate gas\" (I assume this is a form of degenerate matter?). My questions are, How common are these interactions expected to be? Is it likely to happen anywhere in the universe multiple times in sequence? And What are these stars expected to be like?","title":"How Common Are New Stars From Stellar Collision In The Late Universe?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxu5om/how_common_are_new_stars_from_stellar_collision/","vote_ratio":1.0},"vxul8k":{"author":"BiggerDamnederHeroer","comment_count":6,"id":"vxul8k","post_time":1657686985.0,"score":20,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Does the preparation for a colonoscopy have any effect on the health of the gut biome?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxul8k/does_the_preparation_for_a_colonoscopy_have_any/","vote_ratio":0.96},"vxv8h9":{"author":"FortunateSonofLibrty","comment_count":9,"id":"vxv8h9","post_time":1657689330.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"With the sun shield playing such a crucial role, why is it not considered to keep the JWST perpetually occluded by the earth?\n\n(I know smarter people have thought of this, if you could tell me, it would be the promise of the internet fulfilled.)","title":"Why is it not beneficial to keep the James Webb Space telescope perpetually in Earth\u2019s shadow, relative to the sun?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxv8h9/why_is_it_not_beneficial_to_keep_the_james_webb/","vote_ratio":0.5},"vxwhua":{"author":"ForeheadLipo","comment_count":16,"id":"vxwhua","post_time":1657694137.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I\u2019ve read different articles discussing theories of the shape of the universe but I can\u2019t wrap my mind around all of the jargon explaining what that means and why it\u2019s important to study. help!","title":"what does it mean for the universe to have a shape?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxwhua/what_does_it_mean_for_the_universe_to_have_a_shape/","vote_ratio":0.8},"vy0wpo":{"author":"DrColossusOfRhodes","comment_count":20,"id":"vy0wpo","post_time":1657711582.0,"score":25,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I've heard about how the JWST allows us to see things that happened close to the start of the universe.  I sort of understand how this works, but I was wondering if there is any sort of theoretical limit on how long ago something could have happened that we could see with the telescope?  Are there things that are just gone from our ability to observe, or will we be able to see further back by looking in the right places with more and more powerful telescopes?","title":"is there a limit on how far back in time we can see with a telescope?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy0wpo/is_there_a_limit_on_how_far_back_in_time_we_can/","vote_ratio":0.84},"vy1ick":{"author":"paran0iid","comment_count":13,"id":"vy1ick","post_time":1657713626.0,"score":20,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"And how come the rapid test kits can still detect the antigen even though these new variants shows such affinity for immune evasion?\n\n&#x200B;\n\nWill we have to test for another antigen in the near future? Or is the antigen somehow better \"protected\" against mutations?","title":"Are rapid SARS-COV-2 tests still as reliable with the new lineages BA.4 and BA.5?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy1ick/are_rapid_sarscov2_tests_still_as_reliable_with/","vote_ratio":0.71},"vy1tk1":{"author":"flodra","comment_count":15,"id":"vy1tk1","post_time":1657714610.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why do we need to send JWST 1.5 million kms out to get images? With how grand the universe is wouldn't the difference in position mean almost nothing compared to how much more time/effort/$$ it cost to send it out that far?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy1tk1/why_do_we_need_to_send_jwst_15_million_kms_out_to/","vote_ratio":0.5},"vy2geu":{"author":"Living_Dragonfruit13","comment_count":5,"id":"vy2geu","post_time":1657716585.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Because each body have the same bioelectricity \nOr two different for each person like each person has different amount of electricity coursing through their body or or do the human body make different types of higher electricity in each person's body I just thought about it and I just want to see if my theory is true","title":"I need to know does each person's body has their own bioelectricity signature ?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy2geu/i_need_to_know_does_each_persons_body_has_their/","vote_ratio":0.47},"vy2tqe":{"author":"sentirn","comment_count":5,"id":"vy2tqe","post_time":1657717648.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"The James Webb Space Telescope famously records infrared wavelengths to get better images because infrared light can penetrate dust and molecular clouds. The recent images that are released are stunning, but as with many space telescope images, they are false color. This is not a problem; it's still the real image, real data, and really beautiful, but while looking up how they do the false coloring [this article](https://blogs.nasa.gov/webb/2022/07/06/webbs-fine-guidance-sensor-provides-a-preview/) references \"color filters\" that are required for the telescopes operation. [Another article](https://english.elpais.com/science-tech/2022-07-12/james-webb-space-telescope-a-guide-to-the-first-full-color-image.html) mentions blue, green, and red filters (this one is not from NASA, so I cannot verify it's validity). Blue, green, and red are visible wavelengths, so how do these filters work with an infrared camera? Thank you!","title":"How do \"color filters\" work with an infrared telescope like JWST?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy2tqe/how_do_color_filters_work_with_an_infrared/","vote_ratio":0.62},"vy3hjt":{"author":"GreatMotherPeachy","comment_count":2,"id":"vy3hjt","post_time":1657719569.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Or are elaiosomes considered a type of fruit? And in that case, what defines them? Is it something structural or are they functionally defined by the relationship with ants? I just encountered the word for the first time, and I'm trying to put the information into the proper conceptual slot.\n\nThe Wikipedia article is somewhat unclear and could use some revision, or at least more explanation in this regard.","title":"Botany: What is the difference between elaiosomes and fruit?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy3hjt/botany_what_is_the_difference_between_elaiosomes/","vote_ratio":0.72},"vy3u0j":{"author":"allahyokdinyalan","comment_count":47,"id":"vy3u0j","post_time":1657720553.0,"score":114,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I wouldn't guess it transfers much heat so why does it cause skin \"burns\"?","title":"How can radiation cause burns?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy3u0j/how_can_radiation_cause_burns/","vote_ratio":0.84},"vy3xe6":{"author":"AutoModerator","comment_count":2,"id":"vy3xe6","post_time":1657720810.0,"score":18,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on **Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology**\n\nDo you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: \"What would happen if...\", \"How will the future...\", \"If all the rules for 'X' were different...\", \"Why does my...\".\n\n**Asking Questions:**\n\nPlease post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.\n\n**Answering Questions:**\n\nPlease only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. [The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/wiki/index#wiki_answering_askscience). In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.\n\nIf you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, [please refer to the information provided here](https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/about/sticky).\n\nPast AskAnythingWednesday posts [can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/search?q=flair%3A%27meta%27&restrict_sr=on&sort=new&t=all). Ask away!","title":"Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy3xe6/ask_anything_wednesday_economics_political/","vote_ratio":0.75},"vy4dse":{"author":"lukemia94","comment_count":0,"id":"vy4dse","post_time":1657722050.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":" Above the LCL clouds take on very\n recognizable structures, though their morphology can vary vastly based on their state. Given that, do we know what shapes saturated air parcels take on below the LCL, like at the bottom of a cumulonimbus' anvil?","title":"What shape do air parcels take below the LCL?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy4dse/what_shape_do_air_parcels_take_below_the_lcl/","vote_ratio":0.75},"vy5nym":{"author":"VitaAeterna","comment_count":1,"id":"vy5nym","post_time":1657725390.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"What exactly is going on in this picture? \n\nI'm assuming like all pictures of space, it's taken with some sort of long exposure and covers an absolutely massive area? Like this sort of thing you wouldn't be able to see with your naked eye?","title":"What exactly am I looking at with the new picture of the Carina Nebula from the JWST?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy5nym/what_exactly_am_i_looking_at_with_the_new_picture/","vote_ratio":0.6},"vy9mmj":{"author":"NetworkLlama","comment_count":1,"id":"vy9mmj","post_time":1657735332.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I've noticed that here in Dallas, TX, the longest day of 2022 (June 21) does not have either the earliest sunrise (06:18 from 07-17 June, with the actual earliest presumably around the middle of that) or the latest sunset (20:39 from 25 June-02 July). Similarly, the shortest day (December 21) has neither the latest sunrise (07:30 from 04-13 Jan 2023) nor the earliest sunset (17:20 from 29 Nov-08 Dec).","title":"Why are the periods of earliest and latest sunrises and sunsets separated by several weeks on either side of the solstice?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy9mmj/why_are_the_periods_of_earliest_and_latest/","vote_ratio":0.71},"vy9wbv":{"author":"Muttywango","comment_count":29,"id":"vy9wbv","post_time":1657736045.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"An alternator in a car is connected to a battery charging system : the spinny motion, magnets and copper,  charges the battery, and some noise and heat is generated.\n\nA cable between the alternator and battery is cut : the battery does not charge. What happens to this generated energy? It can't be noise/heat/light. \n\nEnergy can't be created or destroyed so where does this kinetic energy go?","title":"Alternators convert kinetic energy into electrical energy, where does the energy go when the circuit is broken?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy9wbv/alternators_convert_kinetic_energy_into/","vote_ratio":0.72},"vyaqx5":{"author":"KAI_IS_FINE","comment_count":7,"id":"vyaqx5","post_time":1657738245.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I watched the new jurassic movie last night and I got to wondering, how do we know things such as: what color certain dinosaurs were, what ones had feathers, which ones ate which, etc. I don't know much about dinosaurs, but I'd be very interested to learn more!","title":"How do we know what we know about dinosaurs?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyaqx5/how_do_we_know_what_we_know_about_dinosaurs/","vote_ratio":0.57},"vyc9pg":{"author":"Viciuniversum","comment_count":3,"id":"vyc9pg","post_time":1657742167.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Today I saw pictures of a field in Ukraine completely littered with artillery craters. And that got me thinking- what happened to all the underground animals that were living in that field? Are all the earthworms now dead from shock trauma? Did ant colonies die off in it? How about mammals like field mice and moles? And also I wondered if trees suffer from shock trauma. If a massive round explodes near a tree, does it sustain damage and simply recovers from it or is it mostly unaffected by the explosion?","title":"What happens to underground fauna at the site of an artillery strike? Also do trees suffer from shockwaves?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyc9pg/what_happens_to_underground_fauna_at_the_site_of/","vote_ratio":0.82},"vycbfc":{"author":"CostaNic","comment_count":2,"id":"vycbfc","post_time":1657742293.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I feel that this is a silly question and I\u2019m probably wrong but I was seeing a post of the scale of the dot where the JWST pointed at and people were surprised there were so many galaxies in that spot. But..there aren\u2019t right? There were that many galaxies that close together 13 billion years ago, not now.\n\nIf what we\u2019re doing is looking into the early universe, and the universe has been expanding since the Big Bang, then aren\u2019t we just seeing those first galaxies as they were closer together than they would be today? \n\nAnd if what we\u2019re seeing is the very beginning of the universe then wouldn\u2019t pointing the telescope anywhere else for a long enough time reveal a similar picture? In fact, wouldn\u2019t we technically be seeing even the same early galaxies no matter where you point it at?","title":"Wouldn\u2019t we get the same or a similar deep field image from pointing the telescope anywhere else in space?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vycbfc/wouldnt_we_get_the_same_or_a_similar_deep_field/","vote_ratio":0.88},"vyde0e":{"author":"ForestManJ","comment_count":123,"id":"vyde0e","post_time":1657745045.0,"score":510,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Human skin should be way too dense and strong for something so small and fragile like a mosquito. How is this possible?","title":"How is a mosquito proboscis physically capable of puncturing human skin?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyde0e/how_is_a_mosquito_proboscis_physically_capable_of/","vote_ratio":0.89},"vyft1e":{"author":"ferahm","comment_count":0,"id":"vyft1e","post_time":1657751270.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Can oxpeckers be classified as weavers?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyft1e/can_oxpeckers_be_classified_as_weavers/","vote_ratio":0.33},"vyhjp0":{"author":"dieEhrevonGrayskull","comment_count":3,"id":"vyhjp0","post_time":1657756006.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"My understanding of math/physics is formally at an undergraduate level, so I apologize in advance if my questions are confusing or not very well formulated.\n\nI've watched some videos about the holographic principle and how it was the attempts to solve the so-called black hole information paradox that lead to the development of string theories and the holographic principle. Ultimately this culminates in the correspondence between Anti-de Sitter spaces (a model of the universe under general relativity) and conformal field theories (i.e., quantum field theories). In the video [here](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klpDHn8viX8), the presenter tells us two things: 1.) That this correspondence leads to a \"natural\" theory of quantum gravity, and 2.) that interactions (between quantum particles?) on the boundary of the mathematical object's surface correspond to the emergence of gravity within the volume. However, he tells us that this isn't applicable to *our* universe, because anti-de Sitter spaces assume a negative curvature on the space-time metric, while as far as I understand, in reality it is zero (i.e., a Minkowski space-time).\n\nSo my questions are twofold: what quantum information is the problem here, and in need of conservation; are they things like spins and energies, and why does this lead to the holographic principle? Secondly, what is being said about the actual physics going on between quantum field theories and gravity with regards to this strange mathematical object?","title":"What does AdS/CFT correspondence really tell us about the physics of gravity?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyhjp0/what_does_adscft_correspondence_really_tell_us/","vote_ratio":0.79},"vyim8e":{"author":"plain_baunilha","comment_count":4,"id":"vyim8e","post_time":1657759162.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I get that being an infrared camera, it will not capture any of the colors that we can see with our own eyes, but do they try to represent the colors in a way consistent with the variation of our sight spectrum?","title":"How are colors chosen on James Webb's images?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyim8e/how_are_colors_chosen_on_james_webbs_images/","vote_ratio":0.65},"vyivs6":{"author":"wolfavino","comment_count":11,"id":"vyivs6","post_time":1657759956.0,"score":9,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Would it be possible to use the James Webb Space telescope to look at planets in our own solar system and see them in more detail or through a thick atmosphere to their surface?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyivs6/would_it_be_possible_to_use_the_james_webb_space/","vote_ratio":0.77},"vyjxlw":{"author":"hereforyebeer","comment_count":14,"id":"vyjxlw","post_time":1657763080.0,"score":16,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"What is the difference between an accent and a dialect?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyjxlw/what_is_the_difference_between_an_accent_and_a/","vote_ratio":0.71},"vyk1pk":{"author":"Gorilla_Boombox","comment_count":22,"id":"vyk1pk","post_time":1657763433.0,"score":125,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Saw an x-ray of a baby without fingers from amniotic band syndrome and was curious. Personally I couldn't find research papers or other info on it. Thank you!","title":"[Medicine] Would a child born without parts of their limbs, e.g. no phalanges from amniotic band syndrome, still have phantom sensations the way an adult who has lost a limb would have?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyk1pk/medicine_would_a_child_born_without_parts_of/","vote_ratio":0.89},"vyki5f":{"author":"thunk_stuff","comment_count":3,"id":"vyki5f","post_time":1657764814.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"In a James Webb photo thread, someone posted that the Carina Nebula has a density of a few atoms per cubic meter. This seems off to me, as this is close to the average density of the intergalactic medium of one atom per cubic meter, which is much less than the interstellar medium average density of one atom per cubic centimeter, which is much less than the average density of a planetary nebular (100-10,000 atoms per cubic centimeter). But I can't find any information on the web to help me understand this better.","title":"What is the density of the Carina Nebula?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyki5f/what_is_the_density_of_the_carina_nebula/","vote_ratio":0.72},"vyklv0":{"author":"Severe-Criticism3927","comment_count":537,"id":"vyklv0","post_time":1657765123.0,"score":4755,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I know it sounds like a really stupid question, but I've heard people say that humans have stripes or patterns on their skin that aren't visible to the naked eye, but can show up under certain types of UV lights. Is that true or just completely bogus? If it is true, how would I be able to see them? Would they be unique to each person like a fingerprint?\n\nEDIT: Holy COW I didn't think this would actually be seen, let alone blow up like it did! LOL! I'm only just now starting to look at comments but thanks everyone for the responses! :D","title":"Do humans actually have invisible stripes?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyklv0/do_humans_actually_have_invisible_stripes/","vote_ratio":0.9},"vyl4n1":{"author":"Fyre-Bringer","comment_count":8,"id":"vyl4n1","post_time":1657766755.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How come some things melt and some things dry before burning?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyl4n1/how_come_some_things_melt_and_some_things_dry/","vote_ratio":0.69},"vyl7lv":{"author":"Zephyrean2","comment_count":6,"id":"vyl7lv","post_time":1657767018.0,"score":26,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Is the integer assigned to Kepler objects of interests random, or is there a system ? (for example, the star KOI-718, is the 718 assigned as a random integer?)","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyl7lv/is_the_integer_assigned_to_kepler_objects_of/","vote_ratio":0.82},"vylf9v":{"author":"kvyatkovskij","comment_count":3,"id":"vylf9v","post_time":1657767670.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"If I warm up a sandwich, would the energy needed to heat it up be equal to amount of energy needed to accelerate that sandwich to achieve same root-mean-square speed of its molecules?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vylf9v/if_i_warm_up_a_sandwich_would_the_energy_needed/","vote_ratio":0.62},"vymnng":{"author":"americanmullet","comment_count":20,"id":"vymnng","post_time":1657771574.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"With the ongoing south western US water crisis the answer most people would think of is setting up desalination plants along the coast. This is often stated to be too difficult to build/maintain or not economically feasible. Yet a US aircraft carrier is able to purify roughly 250,000 gallons of seawater a day. How is this not seen as proof of concept? Why can we not purify the water by building nuclear reactors that recapture the steam used to generate power as clean water on a large scale?","title":"Why are desalination plants so hard to set up?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vymnng/why_are_desalination_plants_so_hard_to_set_up/","vote_ratio":0.84},"vynkxy":{"author":"Few-Advice-6749","comment_count":4,"id":"vynkxy","post_time":1657774704.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"This might be a dumb question but it blows my mind that we can see images from our early universe\u2014but I\u2019ve always wondered, are the pictures captured actually what it would\u2019ve looked like or do they become degraded or significantly distorted by the time they reach us.","title":"Does light or image quality from deep time deep time degrade in any way as it travels billions of lightyears?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vynkxy/does_light_or_image_quality_from_deep_time_deep/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vynnqh":{"author":"chuzwuzzer","comment_count":40,"id":"vynnqh","post_time":1657774962.0,"score":56,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"can humans be born with cancer?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vynnqh/can_humans_be_born_with_cancer/","vote_ratio":0.9},"vynzdj":{"author":"koleslaw","comment_count":18,"id":"vynzdj","post_time":1657776109.0,"score":34,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Since telescopes compress the focal range astronomically, wouldn't it be impossible to see galaxies as they appear in images? I guess another way to put this is, I'm thinking that at any given planet in the universe, discounting any close objects, the night sky will always be dark with tiny twinkles. I can't imagine being close enough for it to be visible without being \"in\" the galaxy. Is this right?","title":"Is it possible to get close enough to a galaxy so that it's bright for the human eye, yet far enough that you can see it's full shape?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vynzdj/is_it_possible_to_get_close_enough_to_a_galaxy_so/","vote_ratio":0.87},"vyq1ea":{"author":"txboh","comment_count":7,"id":"vyq1ea","post_time":1657783900.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Okay, maybe this is a stupid question but yesterday I was chatting with my sister and she brought up one of her patient's parrot and how he greets everyone, sings lyrical and even says goodnight. She actually told me she was scared at first because the first time she entered his house, she greeted the patient (Hello [name]) and she heard this robotic like voice saying \"Oh [patient's name] who is this?\"\n\nAnd then the question came up. How do they talk almost like us if they have a totally different mouth? We change sounds based on our tongue and lips, but they have a beak, yet they can still sound *almost* human!\n\nThanks to anyone who might respond. :)","title":"How do parrots talk like us if they have a beak and no lips to form sounds the way we do?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyq1ea/how_do_parrots_talk_like_us_if_they_have_a_beak/","vote_ratio":0.86},"vyrpmb":{"author":"PJtheDk","comment_count":20,"id":"vyrpmb","post_time":1657790896.0,"score":26,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Seems quite obvious, but: if that would be the case, do right-handed people suffer from the same problems as left-handed people in languages that write from left to right?\n\nI don't know if this is a part biology, human body or linguistics....","title":"Are left-handed people more common in countries that write from right to left?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyrpmb/are_lefthanded_people_more_common_in_countries/","vote_ratio":0.85},"vyrv1t":{"author":"Nine-Planets","comment_count":8,"id":"vyrv1t","post_time":1657791521.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Two reasons actually, first, how do we know they are still entangled from just one end? And does the knowing disrupt the entanglement?\n\nSo if we have two entangled particles and we send one out to orbit Jupiter (or anywhere far away) on a spaceship, can the people on the ship know if the particle is still entangled without disrupting the entanglement and without communicating at all with the people holding the other particle on Earth?\n\nWhat if we had the tech to send sets of 26 entangles particle pairs on the ship, for simple example we send 3 sets of 26 entangled particles, and designate each pair in each 26 set a letter of the alphabet, then the people on earth interrupted the pair, in the first set of 26, with the designation of the letter Y causing it to disentangle so the people on the ship would know that we disentangled the letter Y pair. Then the second set the people on Earth caused the pair designated letter E to disentangle, and then the third set they disentangle the pair designated letter S, have we not just communicated FTL?\n\nI'm a stupid monkey so just tell me why.","title":"No one answered my previous question, here is why I want to know if we can tell if particles are still entangled without disrupting said entanglement?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyrv1t/no_one_answered_my_previous_question_here_is_why/","vote_ratio":0.55},"vysjmy":{"author":"RattyRusty1","comment_count":4,"id":"vysjmy","post_time":1657794233.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"What is the difference between NMN and \u03b2NMN?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vysjmy/what_is_the_difference_between_nmn_and_\u03b2nmn/","vote_ratio":0.46},"vyx31v":{"author":"bubbastars","comment_count":10,"id":"vyx31v","post_time":1657808556.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"As some who is very eager to get another booster, it feels like things have stalled since the CDC authorized it for adults 50+. Is there a reason for this? My impression was that each shot remains effective for around 6 months. For myself and others I know under 50, we're well past that point.","title":"Why hasn't the CDC recommended a second booster (4th shot) of mRNA vaccines for adults under 50?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyx31v/why_hasnt_the_cdc_recommended_a_second_booster/","vote_ratio":0.49},"vyy7h5":{"author":"cartern","comment_count":8,"id":"vyy7h5","post_time":1657811504.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I was just checking out some photos of the pillars of creation and was wondering what would it be like. Are they all made of just gasses, or is it more like a debris filled.","title":"What would a spaceship experience if it flew through a nebula?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyy7h5/what_would_a_spaceship_experience_if_it_flew/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vz88zk":{"author":"Pandagineer","comment_count":5,"id":"vz88zk","post_time":1657837572.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I understand using redshift data to back out when the Big Bang occurred. Can we instead use Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) data to determine the universe age, *without* using redshift data?","title":"Are there multiple independent measurement of the universe\u2019s age?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vz88zk/are_there_multiple_independent_measurement_of_the/","vote_ratio":0.83},"vz98n3":{"author":"frank_mania","comment_count":215,"id":"vz98n3","post_time":1657840223.0,"score":1096,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"The reports of the illness I read in 2020 were typically along the lines of \"holy shit that was awful!\" and this summer, I get much more muted reports.  Does the large-scale data collected by public health reflect my own personal/anecdotal impression?  Also, is there data providing any sign that rates of mortality, and chronic, post-infection complications are reduced this summer?","title":"Is there any evidence that the strains of Covid prevalent in the US this summer tend to produce milder, shorter symptoms?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vz98n3/is_there_any_evidence_that_the_strains_of_covid/","vote_ratio":0.86},"vzbt7a":{"author":"filipehenrique","comment_count":9,"id":"vzbt7a","post_time":1657847689.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I just saw this post: https://reddit.com/r/jameswebb/comments/vysbxk/in_the_highresolution_image_of_carina_the_size_of/\n\nAnd it made me wonder. How many stars exploded to create this nebula? Or was it formed through some other process?\n\nGiven how large this is, it\u2019s hard for me to imagine that one star could create something like this?","title":"How many stars exploded in order to create the Carina nebula?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzbt7a/how_many_stars_exploded_in_order_to_create_the/","vote_ratio":0.76},"vzc432":{"author":"btqb","comment_count":10,"id":"vzc432","post_time":1657848591.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"So from my understanding, commercially dried pasta is dried using hot air and then cool air somehow to remove moisture. But my question is how this works, like on a chemical level. Like how does this not just bake the pasta? If I made pasta at home and tried to dry it, it wouldn't end up the same as the theoretically everlasting dry pasta that you get at the grocery store. What's actually happening to the pasta when it dries?","title":"How does drying pasta actually work scientifically?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzc432/how_does_drying_pasta_actually_work_scientifically/","vote_ratio":0.59},"vzekld":{"author":"justacalcstudent","comment_count":3,"id":"vzekld","post_time":1657855958.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"According to google the piezoelectric sparkers used for things like barbeque lighting have a voltage of around 800 volts, while air has a breakdown voltage of ~30k volts/cm, yet an electric sparker can still easily create an arc over half a centimeter of air. How is this possible?","title":"How can an electric sparker ionize air with such low voltage?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzekld/how_can_an_electric_sparker_ionize_air_with_such/","vote_ratio":0.62},"vzgaa0":{"author":"stellar-stuff","comment_count":6,"id":"vzgaa0","post_time":1657861459.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I guess to specify, did we know about the Van Allen belt enough to protect our astronauts? Was the belt \u2018weaker\u2019 back then; was the launch scheduled during a low-point for the belt? Or did we cross our fingers hoping they\u2019d make it through and back without too much radiation damage to their bodies?","title":"When we landed humans on the Moon, was the Van Allen belt a problem?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzgaa0/when_we_landed_humans_on_the_moon_was_the_van/","vote_ratio":0.99},"vzggot":{"author":"_zFlame_","comment_count":13,"id":"vzggot","post_time":1657862056.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Ok so I\u2019m no scientist here and I hope this isn\u2019t a stupid question but if the JWST can see so far deep into space then could we theoretically use it to map the surface of a lot of planets that are relatively close to us? I\u2019m not saying we should I\u2019m just saying is it possible?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzggot/ok_so_im_no_scientist_here_and_i_hope_this_isnt_a/","vote_ratio":0.68},"vzh8ag":{"author":"Whats__in__a__name","comment_count":15,"id":"vzh8ag","post_time":1657864771.0,"score":9,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Is there a way to protect the JWST from damage from space debris or are we taking a chance that nothing will hit it?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzh8ag/is_there_a_way_to_protect_the_jwst_from_damage/","vote_ratio":0.84},"vzhmbk":{"author":"Equal-Explanation222","comment_count":8,"id":"vzhmbk","post_time":1657866180.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I\u2019ve wanted to ask this question since the pandemic began. \n\nI don\u2019t remember hearing of many viruses that cause neurological systems (like loss of scent/taste) but I\u2019m not a biochemist or virology expert.","title":"Why does COVID produce neurological symptoms and is it common for viruses?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzhmbk/why_does_covid_produce_neurological_symptoms_and/","vote_ratio":0.83},"vzjlxy":{"author":"Hazzaminicoo","comment_count":3,"id":"vzjlxy","post_time":1657874038.0,"score":16,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Been looking at the new images from the James Webb telescope and they look really cool and excited to learn what new info we gain from this telescope \n\nJust curious what the dust / fog looking stuff is actually made of from the Carina Nebula image","title":"What is the \u201cdust\u201d / \u201cfog\u201d in the carina nebula image from the James Webb images made of?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzjlxy/what_is_the_dust_fog_in_the_carina_nebula_image/","vote_ratio":1.0},"vzl07c":{"author":"0K4M1","comment_count":374,"id":"vzl07c","post_time":1657879596.0,"score":2092,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How single propeller Airplane are compensating the torque of the engine without spinning?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzl07c/how_single_propeller_airplane_are_compensating/","vote_ratio":0.93},"vzlamf":{"author":"Tesfidian","comment_count":3,"id":"vzlamf","post_time":1657880694.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Is there in the fossil record any bear ancestor with a long tail?","title":"Did proto-bears have long tails?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzlamf/did_protobears_have_long_tails/","vote_ratio":0.6},"vzlvs8":{"author":"AskScienceModerator","comment_count":197,"id":"vzlvs8","post_time":1657882822.0,"score":397,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"We are a bunch of cosmology researchers from the Cosmology from Home 2022 conference. Ask us anything, from our daily research to the organization of a large, innovative and successful online conference!\n\nWe have some special experts on:\n\n+ Inflation: The mind-bogglingly fast expansion of the Universe in a fraction of the first second. It turned tiny quantum fluctuation into the seeds for the galaxies and clusters we see today\n+ The Cosmic Microwave Background: The radiation reaching us from a few hundred thousand years after the Big Bang. It shows us how our universe was like, 13.8 billion years ago\n+ Large-Scale Structure: Matter in the Universe forms a \"cosmic web\" with clusters, filaments and voids. The positions of galaxies in the sky shows imprints of the physics in the early universe\n+ Dark Matter: Most matter in the universe seems to be \"Dark Matter\", i.e. not noticeable through any means except for its effect on light and other matter via gravity\n+ Dark Energy: The unknown force causing the universe's expansion to accelerate today\n\n\nAnd ask anything else you want to know!\n\nThose of us answering your questions tonight will include\n\n+ Shaun Hotchkiss: u/just_shaun large scale structure, fuzzy dark matter, compact objects in the early universe, inflation. Twitter: @just_shaun\n+ Ali Rida Khalife: u/A-R-Khalifeh Dark Energy, Neutrinos, Neutrinos in the curved universe\n+ Benjamin Wallisch: u/cosmo-ben Neutrinos, dark matter, cosmological probes of particle physics, early universe, probes of inflation, cosmic microwave background, large-scale structure of the universe.\n+ Niko Sarcevic: u/NikoSarcevic cosmology (lss, weak lensing), astrophysics, noble gas detectors\n+ Neil Shah: /u/neildymium Stochastic Inflation, Dark Matter, Modified Gravity, Machine Learning, Cosmic Strings\n+ Ryan Turner: /u/cosmo-ryan Large-scale structure, peculiar velocities, Hubble constant\n+ Sanket Dave: /u/sanket_dave_15 Early Universe Physics, Cosmic Inflation, Primordial black hole formation.\n+ Matthijs van der Wild: u/matthijsvanderwild quantum gravity, quantum cosmology, inflation, modified gravity\n+ Luz \u00c1ngela Garc\u00eda: u/Astro_Lua dark energy, reionization, early Universe. Twitter: @PenLua.\n\n\nWe'll start answering questions from 18:00 GMT/UTC on Friday (11pm PDT, 2pm EDT, 7pm BST, 8pm CEST) as well as live streaming our discussion of our answers via [YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ORWs4-WmyiM) (also starting 18:00 UTC). Looking forward to your questions, ask us anything!","title":"AskScience AMA Series: We are Cosmologists, Experts on the Cosmic Microwave Background, The Cosmic Web, Dark Matter, Dark Energy and much more! Ask Us Anything!","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzlvs8/askscience_ama_series_we_are_cosmologists_experts/","vote_ratio":0.91},"vzm2c5":{"author":"GetnLine","comment_count":16,"id":"vzm2c5","post_time":1657883425.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Do we have data to backup saying that a 4th dose will reduce hospitalization for someone under 50? Are the memory B and T cells no longer active? I am so confused by the messaging from the thought leaders because I thought that part of the immune system had long term memory","title":"How do we know that a 3rd or 4th booster is helpful?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzm2c5/how_do_we_know_that_a_3rd_or_4th_booster_is/","vote_ratio":0.54},"vznwrz":{"author":"stanthefax","comment_count":3,"id":"vznwrz","post_time":1657889335.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"North American and South American continents remained separated until 3 million years ago, when Panama formed, uniting the two continents. This then resulted in migration of animals from North America into South America, causing some of the South American as well as sea animals like Megalodon to die out. I was wondering if it was possible for the two continents to never unite, thus some of the strange ancient animals could have survived longer, possibly until modern day?","title":"(Geology) Could the North and South American continents have remained separated?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vznwrz/geology_could_the_north_and_south_american/","vote_ratio":0.67},"vzosus":{"author":"BridgeNumberFour","comment_count":11,"id":"vzosus","post_time":1657891843.0,"score":43,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"What is the most exciting, realistic thing we can/are hoping to learn about the Universe through the James Webb telescope?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzosus/what_is_the_most_exciting_realistic_thing_we/","vote_ratio":0.76},"vzp27l":{"author":"SomeAnonElsewhere","comment_count":4,"id":"vzp27l","post_time":1657892568.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I was reading the rise and reign of the mammals by Steve Brusatte, and in it he says we can calculate species divergence by looking at the DNA, and calculating how long that much difference from each other must have taken given DNAs rate of change.\n\nHow true is this? Is the rate of change the same in all animals/bacteria/etc.? Wouldn't the average age of reproduction of a species change this or no?","title":"How reliable is the DNA molecular clock?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzp27l/how_reliable_is_the_dna_molecular_clock/","vote_ratio":0.59},"vzp3yk":{"author":"katherynnethegreat96","comment_count":143,"id":"vzp3yk","post_time":1657892705.0,"score":659,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Is there such thing as having resistance and/or immunity to some diseases due to a specific blood type like AB or O positive?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzp3yk/is_there_such_thing_as_having_resistance_andor/","vote_ratio":0.94},"vzp46u":{"author":"iliicho1","comment_count":3,"id":"vzp46u","post_time":1657892721.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"If a non-blind person sees a given familiar object (e.g., a dog on the street), they immediately \"know\" what that object is, even before the word describing the object (e.g., \"dog\") in a given language \"appears\" in consciousness.\n\nIs it understood why this delay occurs and what the link between the brain's ability to perceive a given object, and then recall its lexical term is? In a broader sense - where and how does the link between vision and language occur in the brain?","title":"What is the link between the way the brain converts visual perception into a language representation?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzp46u/what_is_the_link_between_the_way_the_brain/","vote_ratio":0.62},"vzqik5":{"author":"Natolx","comment_count":272,"id":"vzqik5","post_time":1657896516.0,"score":3125,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"It seems a reasonable hypothesis that a portion of the \"problems\" with an aging immune system come from aging stem cells in your bone marrow.\n\nObviously bone marrow extraction is very painful, but other than that hurdle, is there some reason I am not seeing that storing your own bone marrow on LN2 for later wouldn't be a way to restore the \"youth\" of your immune system later on in life?","title":"Is there a reason your own \"young\" bone marrow couldn't put in storage for an immune system \"restoration\" when you are older?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzqik5/is_there_a_reason_your_own_young_bone_marrow/","vote_ratio":0.95},"vzux3x":{"author":"platypodus","comment_count":5,"id":"vzux3x","post_time":1657907850.0,"score":14,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I'm trying to find out more about celestial nebulas and ai read that the pillars of creation may already have been destroyed at their location 7000ly away, but how old are they?\n\nIt doesn't say anything about how long they've been swirling about for, neither on Wikipedia, nor on their NASA website. Is it something we can't say for sure?","title":"How old are the pillars of creation?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzux3x/how_old_are_the_pillars_of_creation/","vote_ratio":0.76},"vzy8vo":{"author":"TerrificFyran","comment_count":13,"id":"vzy8vo","post_time":1657916633.0,"score":18,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"e.g. tomatoes, cucumbers. Do they bring in bee hives?","title":"How are plants in greenhouses pollinated?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzy8vo/how_are_plants_in_greenhouses_pollinated/","vote_ratio":0.79},"vzymy0":{"author":"Azrael351","comment_count":15,"id":"vzymy0","post_time":1657917709.0,"score":14,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Not sure if I worded the title correctly, but I was wondering how antibodies and resistance to Covid works. Take, for instance, my experience with the virus\u2026\n\n* I was vaccinated in August 2021.\n* I was infected by Covid-19 in October 2021. No hospital visit or monoclonal treatment required.\n* Antibodies are said to be good for 90 days. \n* I chose not to get any boosters. \n* I have not been as \u201csafe\u201d as one could be, and have been in largely unmasked crowds on occasion. I have been to stores, out with friends, on vacation, etc. \u2014 always following Covid guidelines, but when given the option not to mask up, I have chosen not to. \n* Luckily, to my knowledge, I have not been infected by Covid-19 a second time. \n\nIf your body produces antibodies after infection, is it possible that continued exposure to Covid would ensure your body continues to produce antibodies?\n\nWhy would continual exposure to Covid *not* act similarly to a booster?","title":"If you are infected by Covid and produce natural antibodies, will occasional exposure to Covid ensure regular production of antibodies?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzymy0/if_you_are_infected_by_covid_and_produce_natural/","vote_ratio":0.64},"vzzgmu":{"author":"Critical-Bullfrog-10","comment_count":91,"id":"vzzgmu","post_time":1657919935.0,"score":215,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why/how do benzodiazepines and Z drugs/sleeping pills cause damage when used long term?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzzgmu/whyhow_do_benzodiazepines_and_z_drugssleeping/","vote_ratio":0.93},"w04bkp":{"author":"big_brown_mounds","comment_count":15,"id":"w04bkp","post_time":1657933899.0,"score":33,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I\u2019m assuming it\u2019s an appointment thing, but I\u2019m just curious if anyone knows how the process works?","title":"How do scientists schedule time with the JWST Telescope?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w04bkp/how_do_scientists_schedule_time_with_the_jwst/","vote_ratio":0.88},"w05key":{"author":"comit_autocoprophagy","comment_count":2,"id":"w05key","post_time":1657937790.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I have seen dragonfly pairs and damselfly pairs fly around while connected. Is there a name for this behavior and how do they coordinate this flight? Does one member of the mating pair \u201csteer\u201d while the other just follows their lead like two people on a tandem bicycle? Or do they coordinate their flight in another way? Also, why do some species of Odonates do this while others don\u2019t? Is it due to sexual selection?","title":"How do some Odonates fly in tandem while mating and why do they do it?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w05key/how_do_some_odonates_fly_in_tandem_while_mating/","vote_ratio":0.75},"w05vfa":{"author":"Passing_Thru_Forest","comment_count":46,"id":"w05vfa","post_time":1657938724.0,"score":1295,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Do peoole in comas have cycles like sleep/wake for brain activity or is a general muted brain activity the whole time?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w05vfa/do_peoole_in_comas_have_cycles_like_sleepwake_for/","vote_ratio":0.94},"w065w4":{"author":"flight_recorder","comment_count":4,"id":"w065w4","post_time":1657939629.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How does optimizing an aircraft for stealth affect aerodynamics?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w065w4/how_does_optimizing_an_aircraft_for_stealth/","vote_ratio":0.8},"w06gvh":{"author":"spikebrennan","comment_count":4,"id":"w06gvh","post_time":1657940597.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Is a destructive windstorm on Mars (like the fictional one one that creates the plot situation in Andy Weir\u2019s novel \u201cThe Martian\u201d) plausible, considering the thinner Martian atmosphere?  Does the weaker Martian gravity offset the thinner atmosphere by allowing the wind to be more effective in blowing things about?","title":"How hard does the wind blow on Mars?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w06gvh/how_hard_does_the_wind_blow_on_mars/","vote_ratio":1.0},"w0c2iz":{"author":"0x0BAD_ash","comment_count":14,"id":"w0c2iz","post_time":1657961113.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why is mad cow/CJD transmissible to humans, but deer chronic wasting disease and scrapie is not?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0c2iz/why_is_mad_cowcjd_transmissible_to_humans_but/","vote_ratio":0.74},"w0fyyd":{"author":"avdolian","comment_count":363,"id":"w0fyyd","post_time":1657975840.0,"score":3326,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Before the trunk is fully functional is their an environmental pressure that leads to elongated noses?","title":"How did elephants evolution lead to them having a trunk?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0fyyd/how_did_elephants_evolution_lead_to_them_having_a/","vote_ratio":0.92},"w0gyg4":{"author":"klompje","comment_count":33,"id":"w0gyg4","post_time":1657978860.0,"score":112,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"While I find it too hot to do anything, the insects seem to be busy as always, especially the bees on the lavender. Does the heat have an influence on them?","title":"Does hot weather bother insects?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0gyg4/does_hot_weather_bother_insects/","vote_ratio":0.92},"w0he96":{"author":"yaghlaoui","comment_count":2,"id":"w0he96","post_time":1657980164.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why is an inclined U-tube manometer more accurate than the normal one?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0he96/why_is_an_inclined_utube_manometer_more_accurate/","vote_ratio":0.76},"w0hlyv":{"author":"Taiyou04","comment_count":14,"id":"w0hlyv","post_time":1657980785.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Is there any scientific evidence that consciousness is the result of quantum phenomena occurring in the brain?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0hlyv/is_there_any_scientific_evidence_that/","vote_ratio":0.5},"w0ijw0":{"author":"AimForYaBoat","comment_count":89,"id":"w0ijw0","post_time":1657983542.0,"score":49,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Why are there no odd shaped planets, or planets shaped like cubes etc?","title":"Why are planets almost perfectly spherical?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0ijw0/why_are_planets_almost_perfectly_spherical/","vote_ratio":0.65},"w0ktij":{"author":"Vicarious_schism","comment_count":3,"id":"w0ktij","post_time":1657989866.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How did mosquitos evolve to suck blood? How does the needle thing evolve?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0ktij/how_did_mosquitos_evolve_to_suck_blood_how_does/","vote_ratio":0.73},"w0kxh6":{"author":"Melbourne_Australia","comment_count":2,"id":"w0kxh6","post_time":1657990189.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Was Deinosuchus basically just a modern crocodile in big or does it have biological differences from modern crocodiles?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0kxh6/was_deinosuchus_basically_just_a_modern_crocodile/","vote_ratio":0.64},"w0nl5k":{"author":"capn_kwick","comment_count":8,"id":"w0nl5k","post_time":1657997493.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"For instance, if Betelgeuse, at a bit over 600 light years away were to become a supernova, would the energy levels pretty much overwhelm its sensors?","title":"How close is \"too close\" for the JWST?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0nl5k/how_close_is_too_close_for_the_jwst/","vote_ratio":1.0},"w0o3je":{"author":"Glass_Alpaca","comment_count":10,"id":"w0o3je","post_time":1657998916.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Based on NASA, WASP-96b has water. But how did we find that out from JWST? Like, all we're receiving is the emitted light from the celestial object? How do we know anything beyond its visuals??","title":"How does JWST receive information such as temperature, atmospheric composition, mass, etc.?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0o3je/how_does_jwst_receive_information_such_as/","vote_ratio":0.59},"w0o8et":{"author":"solarflare70","comment_count":6,"id":"w0o8et","post_time":1657999305.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why do the north east US get affected by tropical storms even though tropical storms don\u2019t usually form above the tropical Atlantic Ocean?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0o8et/why_do_the_north_east_us_get_affected_by_tropical/","vote_ratio":0.46},"w0q2ml":{"author":"ForwardGrape2328","comment_count":6,"id":"w0q2ml","post_time":1658004526.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"As I understand pulsars spin and eject electromagnetic radiation. Since a white hole would eject matter and light would a white hole look or behave similar to a white hole?","title":"Would a white hole look similar to a pulsar?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0q2ml/would_a_white_hole_look_similar_to_a_pulsar/","vote_ratio":0.67},"w0qiri":{"author":"QuothTheRaven713","comment_count":20,"id":"w0qiri","post_time":1658005797.0,"score":66,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Had someone mention in another thread that we have historical data on temperatures obtained by geology studies that shows the climate currently doesn't match with the general trend we'd expect to be naturally occurring, so I'm curious as to if there's something geologically that shows the Earth's average climate in comparison to now, and how that shows it's much warmer now than it should be by natural progression.","title":"Does geology play a part in showing the average temperature of the Earth in a certain time period, like the chemical makeup of the rocks? Or is there more to it in determining geologically what the climate was like in the past?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0qiri/does_geology_play_a_part_in_showing_the_average/","vote_ratio":0.82},"w0qqao":{"author":"ajifoster321","comment_count":2,"id":"w0qqao","post_time":1658006401.0,"score":19,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I'm not entirely sure the best way to word this question. Would the large size of the incisors be because of a shared large incisor set of genetic changes, or rather the large lower incisor developed independently of the large upper one.","title":"Elephant tusks are modified upper incisors, Deinotheriidae of the elephant order are modified lower incisors. Is this likely a case of convergent evolution, fulfilling a similar purpose in different way, or a varied expression of a shared genetic change?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0qqao/elephant_tusks_are_modified_upper_incisors/","vote_ratio":0.77},"w0qqwy":{"author":"DrSuppe","comment_count":4,"id":"w0qqwy","post_time":1658006449.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Like the title says. What mechanism do they use to dive ? are there different ones ?\n\nI mean fish have their sim bladder. But what do whales do ? do they \"just swim down\"? What happens when the air in their lungs get compressed and the average density increases ? How do they stay buoyant at different depths ? \n\nAnd what do the sperm whales do when they sleep in this strange buoyant way ? how do they stay buoyant while sleeping ?\n\nOr do they just \"overpower\" the density change with muscle power ?   \n\n\nThis might be a bit of a convoluted question but maybe someone has some expertise in the area. Thanks :)","title":"How do whales dive ?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0qqwy/how_do_whales_dive/","vote_ratio":0.78},"w0yybc":{"author":"Furita","comment_count":14,"id":"w0yybc","post_time":1658032164.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"People often say \u201cpicture with x hours of exposure\u201d to capture images of the space. Since we are constantly rotating, how do you \u201cfix\u201d the telescope / camera for the long expose to a galaxy, the sun, or whatever is in space?","title":"How do telescopes, on Earth, take pictures of the space with long exposures?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0yybc/how_do_telescopes_on_earth_take_pictures_of_the/","vote_ratio":0.55},"w0z3py":{"author":"AnselmFox","comment_count":361,"id":"w0z3py","post_time":1658032714.0,"score":1042,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I know it\u2019s expanding- but does it have a rotation? Our planet orbits our sun, which orbits our super massive black hole\u2026 it seems like rotation is the standard. So does the universe as whole have a spin? And if not why?","title":"Does the universe as a whole have an orbit?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0z3py/does_the_universe_as_a_whole_have_an_orbit/","vote_ratio":0.9},"w10wjs":{"author":"BubbleDevere","comment_count":36,"id":"w10wjs","post_time":1658039509.0,"score":37,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How strong is the medical scientific case for vitamin C against the common cold?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w10wjs/how_strong_is_the_medical_scientific_case_for/","vote_ratio":0.83},"w15dgz":{"author":"ShineOnYouFatOldSun","comment_count":6,"id":"w15dgz","post_time":1658057411.0,"score":14,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"We observe our world through the light visible to our eyes, however there are know organisms who see different wavelengths, bees for example can see ultraviolet light. Could there be planets where potential lifeforms might have to evolv to see x-rays or microwaves in order to observe their world?\n\nIf some planets received a different composition of light waves than ours I suspect it might be possible but I don't know if that is physically accurate. \n\nI know there are different types of stars and I know that the consensus is that a planet needs to be in the 'goldilocks zone' of a star to support life.\n\nThought I might ask here and hope it's not a completely stupid question haha thanks.","title":"Do all planets receive the same wavelengths of light from their star?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w15dgz/do_all_planets_receive_the_same_wavelengths_of/","vote_ratio":0.8},"w16xz6":{"author":"4fingerfrank","comment_count":125,"id":"w16xz6","post_time":1658062919.0,"score":2736,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"What is actually happening in the body/brain to cause the pins and needles or sharp tingling sensation felt after blood rushes back to a numb body part ?","title":"Pins & Needles ( what is actually happening ? )","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w16xz6/pins_needles_what_is_actually_happening/","vote_ratio":0.94},"w18dxa":{"author":"Droodster","comment_count":527,"id":"w18dxa","post_time":1658067358.0,"score":2569,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Could we handle nuclear waste by drilling into a subduction zone and let the earth carry the waste into the mantle?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w18dxa/could_we_handle_nuclear_waste_by_drilling_into_a/","vote_ratio":0.93},"w19icf":{"author":"Kittten_Mitttons","comment_count":0,"id":"w19icf","post_time":1658070512.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Cactaceae are the only family I know of where almost any species can be successfully grafted to almost any other species. Almost every cactus is capable of producing fertile, hybrids within its genus. Beyond that, it's been found that many cacti are even capable of intergeneric hybridization. Desert cacti are supposed to have diverged and evolved during a worldwide drying event roughly 10-25 mya (I'm assuming the rainforest/vining species evolved at a similar time) This is relatively recent on the scale of plant evolution, is this why they're able to graft and breed so freely? They haven't had enough time to diverge to the point of incompatibility?","title":"[Evolutionary Biology/Botany] Cactaceae is a very young plant family. Is this why they're so promiscuous?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w19icf/evolutionary_biologybotany_cactaceae_is_a_very/","vote_ratio":0.67},"w1aldy":{"author":"QQwas","comment_count":5,"id":"w1aldy","post_time":1658073502.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I figure that (economic) hard times equal, at least for some populations/groups, lower caloric consumption than usual, which could have some consequences for body size, in particular, height.\n\nIn particular if it happens to children or young adults still in the progress of growing, which i figure would be more sensitive to changes in intake(?), and therefore prevent them from reaching their full \"potential\". \n\nAre there any data indicating that, e.g. \"population group X experienced economic difficulties in the year Y, which was reflected in a statistically detectable deviation/anomaly in the distribution for height for the group some N years later, compared to how it is normally\"","title":"Can we detect the effect of economic recessions, depressions, etc. on the statistical distribution of e.g. height?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1aldy/can_we_detect_the_effect_of_economic_recessions/","vote_ratio":0.72},"w1dwe5":{"author":"thenormaldude","comment_count":1,"id":"w1dwe5","post_time":1658082510.0,"score":1451,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"This article, citing research from the Global Oceanic Environmental Survey Foundation, claims that the Atlantic Ocean is mostly deprived of life due to plankton population collapse from pollution: [https://www.sundaypost.com/fp/humanity-will-not-survive-extinction-of-most-marine-plants-and-animals/?fbclid=IwAR0kid7zbH-urODZNGLfw8sYLEZ0pcT0RiRbrLwyZpfA14IVBmCiC-GchTw](https://www.sundaypost.com/fp/humanity-will-not-survive-extinction-of-most-marine-plants-and-animals/?fbclid=IwAR0kid7zbH-urODZNGLfw8sYLEZ0pcT0RiRbrLwyZpfA14IVBmCiC-GchTw)\n\nIt sounds bad, but it's also from a study that may not be peer reviewed (I can't seem to find methodology, authors, or even the text of the study) by a group I've never heard of and seems focused on activism.\n\nIs there any way to verify if this study is real? And if it's real, is it scientifically sound?","title":"Is the Atlantic Ocean mostly dead?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1dwe5/is_the_atlantic_ocean_mostly_dead/","vote_ratio":0.86},"w1fzfv":{"author":"Ilayeggs121","comment_count":11,"id":"w1fzfv","post_time":1658088013.0,"score":38,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"We know that on earth here when we cut two pieces of metal the freshly cut surface oxidizes preventing the metal from joining back together, \n\nThough in space the metal does not oxidize and is able to fuse back together into a single piece of metal, \n\nMy question is, is this the case for all material? For example wood, (I don\u2019t know why we can\u2019t fuse that back together on earth) if we took a piece of wood to the vacuum of space could we fuse it back together just through pressure? \n\nAnd if we can\u2019t, can someone explain why we can\u2019t?","title":"Can you fuse any two pieces of the same material in space just like metal?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1fzfv/can_you_fuse_any_two_pieces_of_the_same_material/","vote_ratio":0.78},"w1k1yq":{"author":"venbrou","comment_count":3,"id":"w1k1yq","post_time":1658099022.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Summary: Large solid chunk of steel submerged in a solution of copper(ii) sulfate and tin(ii) sulfate (estimated ration of 10-1). Left to sit for 24 hours. Reaction expected to produce precipitates of metallic copper and tin and a solution of iron(ii) sulfate.\n\nQuestion: Would the copper and tin precipitate out as a metallic alloy, or would they come out as separate layers, crystals, etc.. ?\n\nSo... I've been messing around with copper(ii) sulfate for the past few days. One of my ongoing experiments started with putting scrap electronics solder in a solution of the stuff. My idea was the tin and lead would replace the copper and leave a solution of pure tin(ii) sulfate and insoluble lead(ii) sulfate and copper metal. The results were promising as I was left with a beautiful turquoise blue solution along with white precipitate of lead(ii) sulfate and copper collecting on the old solder. My only mistake was that I did not have enough solder, and so the resulting solution was still mostly copper(ii) sulfate.\n\nIt was this mixture of tin(ii) sulfate and copper(ii) sulfate that I added a slightly rusted steel hammer head to. I honestly didn't have a plan at this point other then a quick google search to see where iron was in terms of reactivity. Success on that: I now have an almost pure solution of iron(ii) sulfate. I will likely continue using sulfate to juggle metal ions with reckless abandon.\n\nIt's the hammer head I sacrificed that I'm really curios about. It's completely covered in copper crystals and I'm pretty certain the tin is mixed in as well. I'll link a picture in the comments. I really want to know if I just accidentally made a copper-tin alloy.","title":"Would a replacement reaction between a metal and a solution of more then one metal salt result in an alloy precipitate?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1k1yq/would_a_replacement_reaction_between_a_metal_and/","vote_ratio":0.86},"w1pwvd":{"author":"Huhthisisneathuh","comment_count":7,"id":"w1pwvd","post_time":1658116888.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"So during the first offensive where Germans launched the first chemical attack using Mustard Gas. What happened after the battle was over with the released gas? Did the cloud of toxic chemicals disperse? Did it just float away or something? What exactly happened?","title":"I\u2019ve been watching some WW1 videos, and I have to ask. What happened to all the chemical weapons that activated?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1pwvd/ive_been_watching_some_ww1_videos_and_i_have_to/","vote_ratio":0.8},"w1q8yo":{"author":"Lucky-Sail8207","comment_count":12,"id":"w1q8yo","post_time":1658118070.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"is Earth's helium really running out?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1q8yo/is_earths_helium_really_running_out/","vote_ratio":0.75},"w1tw85":{"author":"G1rvo","comment_count":316,"id":"w1tw85","post_time":1658131865.0,"score":2418,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Hi, on the moon, how come the craters are all circular? Would that mean all the asteroids hit the surface straight on at a perfect angle? Wouldn't some hit on different angles creating more longer scar like damage to the surface? Thanks","title":"Moon craters mostly circular?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1tw85/moon_craters_mostly_circular/","vote_ratio":0.92},"w1u2wp":{"author":"nickoskal024","comment_count":3,"id":"w1u2wp","post_time":1658132645.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How infectious are you during the inflammatory phase of COVID?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1u2wp/how_infectious_are_you_during_the_inflammatory/","vote_ratio":0.52},"w1ucjj":{"author":"just1the2green3dino","comment_count":2,"id":"w1ucjj","post_time":1658133774.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How does a hornet build its hive?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1ucjj/how_does_a_hornet_build_its_hive/","vote_ratio":0.78},"w1wlnb":{"author":"qkvb","comment_count":2,"id":"w1wlnb","post_time":1658142387.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"The way I understand the Warming Stripes (the blue/red bar code showing global temperature changes), the reds indicate temperatures warmer than what they're supposed to be, while blue indicates colder than what they're supposed to be.\n\nBut the bar starts with a lot of blue until 1980 or so. Why were temperatures lower than they're supposed until from ~1900 to 1980 and how is that determined?","title":"In the Warming Stripes, how can the blue stripes be explained?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1wlnb/in_the_warming_stripes_how_can_the_blue_stripes/","vote_ratio":0.69},"w1yunq":{"author":"MayrutSingh","comment_count":26,"id":"w1yunq","post_time":1658149398.0,"score":171,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"When walking in a parking lot that has High Voltage Power lines over it, I noticed that the \u2018Buzz\u2019 was much louder today, a cloudy day, than it is normally on a clear day. What is the reason for this? Is it even louder when it rains?","title":"Why is the \u201cBuzz\u201d on High Voltage power lines Louder on a cloudy day than on a clear day?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1yunq/why_is_the_buzz_on_high_voltage_power_lines/","vote_ratio":0.89},"w1zmvs":{"author":"TheGuans","comment_count":12,"id":"w1zmvs","post_time":1658151617.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I dont understand the point of static equilibrium? If the forward and backward reaction rate is zero then why is it not just considered as not reacting at all? Why call it static equilibrium? I dint understand the answers on google like the example of diamond and graphite, is there another possible example of a static equilibrium?","title":"Static and dynamic equilibrium?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1zmvs/static_and_dynamic_equilibrium/","vote_ratio":0.65},"w22h90":{"author":"HardlineMike","comment_count":109,"id":"w22h90","post_time":1658158899.0,"score":839,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"So searching for radio telescopes I found that there are almost none currently operating in space and historically very few as well. Most of the big radio dishes in space are turned Earthwards for spying purposes.\n\nAs a layperson this strikes me as strange because it seems like a radio telescope would be significantly easier to build and launch than an optical telescope. \n\nA few possible guesses come to mind based on my small amount of astronomy knowledge:\n\nFewer advantages over land-based observation, relative to an optical scope?\n\nInterferometry using huge numbers of smaller ground based dishes simply more useful?\n\nSome engineering challenge I'm not considering?","title":"Why aren't space-based radio telescopes really a thing?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w22h90/why_arent_spacebased_radio_telescopes_really_a/","vote_ratio":0.92},"w23xwr":{"author":"Enough-Screen-1881","comment_count":17,"id":"w23xwr","post_time":1658162520.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I'm not talking about the warming effects of CO2, but rather adding up all of our total energy use and assuming it will all eventually turn into heat, does that in itself have a warming effect on Earth?","title":"Does our total human energy use noticeably warm the planet?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w23xwr/does_our_total_human_energy_use_noticeably_warm/","vote_ratio":0.62},"w26rts":{"author":"OnARolll31","comment_count":24,"id":"w26rts","post_time":1658169670.0,"score":71,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why does COVID have an effect on menstrual cycles?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w26rts/why_does_covid_have_an_effect_on_menstrual_cycles/","vote_ratio":0.74},"w2b4ah":{"author":"Selechar","comment_count":4,"id":"w2b4ah","post_time":1658180594.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"For example, most of us see Jupiter with beige, tan, and red colors, but there is also pictures where Jupiter has vibrant blue swirls mixed in with some tan colors. This situation can also be seen with pictures of Venus.","title":"Why do pictures of the same planet sometimes have completely different colors?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2b4ah/why_do_pictures_of_the_same_planet_sometimes_have/","vote_ratio":0.67},"w2c0jo":{"author":"rrdein","comment_count":18,"id":"w2c0jo","post_time":1658182896.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"In trying to research potential treatments for glioblastoma, I came across cannabinoids.  It seems like they all fight cancer (glioblastoma specifically) and could inevitably some day cure people's cancers.  There have been hundreds of studies, but as near as I can tell there has never once been a single study that tested these in live humans, without being administered in combination with chemo and radiation.  I heard a long time ago that they will never ever do that because if a person dies then someone gets blamed for not using chemo and radiation.  That kind of logic seems designed to forever prevent there from being any kind of cure or alternative to chemo and radiation, ever.\n\nDo they ever do any in vivo studies on any (new or existing) cancer drugs that are not designed to see if the drug can \"assist\" chemo and radiation?  If not, is there any \"path forward\" for anyone to ever develop a drug that actually cures cancer?","title":"Are there ever cancer studies testing new drugs that don't involve concomitant therapy with chemo and radiation?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2c0jo/are_there_ever_cancer_studies_testing_new_drugs/","vote_ratio":0.47},"w2cnqd":{"author":"Lonewolf_drak","comment_count":300,"id":"w2cnqd","post_time":1658184583.0,"score":1613,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Reading about the Webb teleacope amd it sending info back at 25mb a sec, i was thinking abput if it were possible to put satellites throughout space as relays. Kinda like lighting the torches of Gondor. Would that actually allow for faster communication?","title":"Is it possible to use multiple satellites across space to speed up space communication?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2cnqd/is_it_possible_to_use_multiple_satellites_across/","vote_ratio":0.89},"w2ehkc":{"author":"RodPa715","comment_count":5,"id":"w2ehkc","post_time":1658189619.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Sorry for the dumb question but I'm wondering at that scale  how does movement affect the pictures?\n\nIs there software to compensate for that, is the orbit special for that reason? Is it a non-problem because the \"focus\" is very far away?","title":"How does the JWST take pictures while orbiting?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2ehkc/how_does_the_jwst_take_pictures_while_orbiting/","vote_ratio":0.6},"w2ei56":{"author":"Marys-first-born","comment_count":6,"id":"w2ei56","post_time":1658189662.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Im interested in doing some small scale oil extractions but rather than using c02 and a liquid pump i was wondering if dry ice could be used","title":"How much dry ice in a vessel would you need to make it supercritical?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2ei56/how_much_dry_ice_in_a_vessel_would_you_need_to/","vote_ratio":0.2},"w2f3pv":{"author":"ItzMunchbell","comment_count":116,"id":"w2f3pv","post_time":1658191386.0,"score":641,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Edit: Thank you for the explanations! I realized I should have mentioned that I'm not taking any prescriptions nor do I like grapefruits. A few days ago, I saw somebody buying grapefruit juice (not accusing that person of anything) and I was thinking about how I'd heard that it's not safe to consume with certain medicines. I was curious about the reasons why combining the two is dangerous.\n\nTL;DR: I was just curious.","title":"Why is grapefruit juice not safe to consume with certain medications?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2f3pv/why_is_grapefruit_juice_not_safe_to_consume_with/","vote_ratio":0.89},"w2fhj6":{"author":"nickofthenairup","comment_count":9,"id":"w2fhj6","post_time":1658192491.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I\u2019ve always wondered this. I\u2019m on the 46th floor of a hotel right now and see small birds chasing each other around outside. Is there a biological reason for this (food / insects I can\u2019t see) or do they just fly around for fun?","title":"Do birds fly around for fun?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2fhj6/do_birds_fly_around_for_fun/","vote_ratio":0.74},"w2gxbu":{"author":"Bananawamajama","comment_count":5,"id":"w2gxbu","post_time":1658196650.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Say there's a cloud of plasma floating in space, and there's a uniform magnetic field around/permeating it. If there is also an electric field present, the plasma will move in the direction of E x B, from what I understand.\n\nNow say there is a beam of laser light shooting through the plasma. Light is made of photons, which are electromagnetic oscillations.\n\nSo how does a photon end up affecting the plasma?\n\nOne option I could see is that the electric field from the laser and the background magnetic field means the plasma moves in the E_laser x B_background direction.\n\nAnother option is that it moves in the E_laser x B_laser direction.\n\nAnother option is that it doesn't move but oscillates back and forth along one of those directions, because light is oscillating.\n\nAnother option is that it moves in the direction the light was going, because light has momentum and its pushing the plasma. Which is just the 2nd option, but with a different reason.\n\nAnother option is that it doesn't move at all and I don't understand photons.","title":"Does the electric field of light exert force on plasma particles?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2gxbu/does_the_electric_field_of_light_exert_force_on/","vote_ratio":0.87},"w2kp5y":{"author":"LJAkaar67","comment_count":1,"id":"w2kp5y","post_time":1658208413.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Genetic testing for Tay-Sachs begin in the 70s.\n\nSince then [the incidence of Tay-Sachs has fallen by more than 90 percent among Jews, thanks to a combination of scientific advances and volunteer community activism that brought screening for the disease into synagogues, Jewish community centers and, eventually, routine medical care.](https://www.timesofisrael.com/how-jewish-activism-has-wiped-out-tay-sachs/#:~:text=Since%20the%20'70s%2C%20the%20incidence,%2C%20eventually%2C%20routine%20medical%20care.)\n\n[Until 1969, when doctors discovered the enzyme that made testing possible to determine whether parents were carriers of Tay-Sachs, 50 to 60 affected Jewish children were born each year in the United States and Canada. After mass screenings began in 1971, the numbers declined to two to five Jewish births a year, said Karen Zeiger, whose first child died of Tay-Sachs.](https://www.timesofisrael.com/how-jewish-activism-has-wiped-out-tay-sachs/#:~:text=Since%20the%20'70s%2C%20the%20incidence,%2C%20eventually%2C%20routine%20medical%20care.)\n\n[Tay\u2013Sachs disease is a genetic disorder that results in the destruction of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord.[1] The most common form is infantile Tay\u2013Sachs disease, which becomes apparent around three to six months of age, with the baby losing the ability to turn over, sit, or crawl.[1] This is then followed by seizures, hearing loss, and inability to move, with death usually occurring by the age of three to five.[3][1] Less commonly, the disease may occur in later childhood or adulthood (juvenile or late-onset).[1] These forms tend to be less severe,[1] but the juvenile form typically results in death by age 15.](https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Tay%E2%80%93Sachs_disease)\n\n[Tay\u2013Sachs disease is caused by a genetic mutation in the HEXA gene on chromosome 15, which codes for a subunit of the hexosaminidase enzyme known as hexosaminidase A. It is inherited from a person's parents in an autosomal recessive manner.](https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Tay%E2%80%93Sachs_disease)\n\n[Three main approaches have been used to prevent or reduce the incidence of Tay\u2013Sachs:](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tay%E2%80%93Sachs_disease&section=8)\n\n+ [Prenatal diagnosis. If both parents are identified as carriers, prenatal genetic testing can determine whether the fetus has inherited a defective gene copy from both parents.[30] Chorionic villus sampling (CVS), the most common form of prenatal diagnosis, can be performed between 10 and 14 weeks of gestation. Amniocentesis is usually performed at 15\u201318 weeks. These procedures have risks of miscarriage of 1% or less.](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tay%E2%80%93Sachs_disease&section=8)\n+ [Preimplantation genetic diagnosis. By retrieving the mother's eggs for in vitro fertilization, it is possible to test the embryo for the disorder prior to implantation. Healthy embryos are then selected and transferred into the mother's womb, while unhealthy embryos are discarded. In addition to Tay\u2013Sachs disease, preimplantation genetic diagnosis has been used to prevent cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia among other genetic disorders.](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tay%E2%80%93Sachs_disease&section=8)\n+ [Mate selection. In Orthodox Jewish circles, the organization Dor Yeshorim carries out an anonymous screening program so that carriers for Tay\u2013Sachs and other genetic disorders can avoid marrying each other.](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tay%E2%80%93Sachs_disease&section=8)\n\nEach of the mechanisms above would work to eliminate embryos with two Tay-Sachs genes, and preimplantation genetic diagnoses could be used to eliminate embryos with one Tay-Sachs gene, though I have no reason to think it is used that way.\n\nBy eliminating embryos with two Tay-Sachs genes, adults (who could reproduce) with Tay-Sachs are also eliminated and so I would think that over time, the genetic frequency of the Tay-Sachs disorder would decline.\n\nIs there any evidence of this for Tay-Sachs?\n\nHas the gene frequency of any recessive genetic disorder been reduced through screening mechanisms?","title":"Has the gene frequency of Tay-Sachs disease in humans decreased since screening began in the 70s?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2kp5y/has_the_gene_frequency_of_taysachs_disease_in/","vote_ratio":0.8},"w2l2wb":{"author":"non-troll_account","comment_count":10,"id":"w2l2wb","post_time":1658209782.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"It's so far away yet collecting so much data, I don't understand how it can send it all back. Is it using lossless compression of some kind?","title":"How is it possible for the JWST to have the bandwidth to send back all the data it's collecting?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2l2wb/how_is_it_possible_for_the_jwst_to_have_the/","vote_ratio":0.58},"w2l540":{"author":"looking_at_themoon","comment_count":9,"id":"w2l540","post_time":1658209998.0,"score":9,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Lets say for example there was a circle in the Pacific Ocean with a diameter of 100ft. Within that circle, the gravity increases by an incredible amount and it only increases within that circle. What would happen to the water in that area? would it cause a straight hole to the bottom of the ocean or would a different kind of phenomenon occur?","title":"If gravity increased drastically at a certain spot of the ocean, what would happen in that area?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2l540/if_gravity_increased_drastically_at_a_certain/","vote_ratio":0.71},"w2m0no":{"author":"glock2glock","comment_count":36,"id":"w2m0no","post_time":1658213195.0,"score":114,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I understand how glue works but wood glue seems to become a permanent piece of the wood after it\u2019s used sometimes lasting hundreds of years. Just curious what\u2019s going on there chemically.","title":"How does wood glue work?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2m0no/how_does_wood_glue_work/","vote_ratio":0.92},"w2m180":{"author":"Ohsa","comment_count":6,"id":"w2m180","post_time":1658213257.0,"score":18,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Allegedly 90% of reptiles carry salmonella. Where do captive-bred reptiles pick it up if they're hatched in incubators and away from the poop of older reptiles? Is it passed on during the formation of the egg? Or can it just survive for so long on water/surfaces that it's just a matter of time until they do? What about the remaining 10%, why don't they get it?","title":"How do captive-bred reptiles become salmonella carriers?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2m180/how_do_captivebred_reptiles_become_salmonella/","vote_ratio":0.81},"w2nghg":{"author":"prookyon","comment_count":1,"id":"w2nghg","post_time":1658218850.0,"score":13,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"If I understand correctly FDA has a ban on claiming more than 2 hours of protection regardless if its a chemical or physical sunscreen - but I would assume that without swimming/washing the physical ones should work longer as the oxides do not break down due to sunlight?","title":"What is the process through which physical/mineral sunscreens (the ones that block with titanium/zinc oxide) lose their efficiency within a few hours?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2nghg/what_is_the_process_through_which_physicalmineral/","vote_ratio":0.94},"w2qn0l":{"author":"EGKMRF","comment_count":14,"id":"w2qn0l","post_time":1658230836.0,"score":53,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I understand that at a point, more neutrons do not 'stick' to the nucleus, but why? What is stopping them from doing so? Why is it not possible to get an infinite amount of isotopes?","title":"What is stopping scientists from adding more and more neutrons to an atom to create an infinite amount of isotopes?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2qn0l/what_is_stopping_scientists_from_adding_more_and/","vote_ratio":0.82},"w2t8ds":{"author":"DoubleZOfficial07","comment_count":35,"id":"w2t8ds","post_time":1658238589.0,"score":169,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Okay, so this is a doozy. I was basically having a doubt in the physiology of blood pressure and arteries and my professors were unable to completely answer it, but they gave the reason as \u2019the large elastic arteries do not follow Bernoulli\u2019s principle\u2019. I\u2018m not satisfied with this explanation but as they are not physics professors they just made me accept it as such. So I\u2019m flairing this as physics, but it could be that they misinterpreted my original question which is kinda complicated. So is it true? And why?","title":"Do elastic arteries follow Bernoulli\u2019s principle? If not, why?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2t8ds/do_elastic_arteries_follow_bernoullis_principle/","vote_ratio":0.91},"w2tkje":{"author":"mrpotato4565alt2","comment_count":15,"id":"w2tkje","post_time":1658239488.0,"score":34,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"\n\nSo one of the effects of puberty is the rapid growth of the human body \n\nBUT is it true that one of the effects of puberty is rapid growth of the brain? Because I read somewhere that one of the effects of puberty is rapid growth of the brain \n\nPlease when you answer send me the scientific paper / source that you got the answer from","title":"is it true that one of the effects of puberty is the rapid growth of the brain?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2tkje/is_it_true_that_one_of_the_effects_of_puberty_is/","vote_ratio":0.7},"w2u7gh":{"author":"seaflans","comment_count":269,"id":"w2u7gh","post_time":1658241196.0,"score":2936,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Edit: Should have posted this to r/nostupidquestions! Turns out, tomato juice is NOT more effective than many other natural and synthetic compounds. Damn you Spiderman (The Spectacular Spiderman, 2008) for inspiring this question after a fight at the dump.","title":"How does tomato juice remove smells? Why is it more effective than many other natural and synthetic compounds?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2u7gh/how_does_tomato_juice_remove_smells_why_is_it/","vote_ratio":0.9},"w2uwt2":{"author":"plectinresearcher","comment_count":3,"id":"w2uwt2","post_time":1658243036.0,"score":54,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"So, the DNA within the head of a capsid such as a lambda particle have these extensions at the 5\u2019 strand of each end, called \u2018cohesive\u2019 or \u2018cos\u2019 ends. Apparently, they don\u2019t bind to each other during packaging and they don\u2019t bind to each other while bundled up inside the capsid. Once released into the host cell, however, they have no issues finding and then binding to each other. Why is that?","title":"Why don\u2019t the \u2018cos\u2019 ends of viral DNA bind inside the capsid?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2uwt2/why_dont_the_cos_ends_of_viral_dna_bind_inside/","vote_ratio":0.76},"w2wgez":{"author":"cosulytt","comment_count":22,"id":"w2wgez","post_time":1658247023.0,"score":23,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"In the UK, Network Rail explained why the UK rail infrastructure is unable to cope with hot temperatures, however, it also said that 'If we stressed our rails for exceptionally hot weather, they wouldn\u2019t be safe for the winter and we\u2019d have broken rail because it\u2019s too cold.' \n\nWhat I'd like to understand is how the rail infrastructure in places that do experience extreme sides of weather is able to withstand the extremes. In my head I'm thinking of cities in North America on the east coast which experience very low and very high temperatures. How does their rail infrastructure cope with extremes? How are they built differently?","title":"How do train tracks withstand hot and cold temperatures?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2wgez/how_do_train_tracks_withstand_hot_and_cold/","vote_ratio":0.79},"w2wxto":{"author":"Syscrush","comment_count":313,"id":"w2wxto","post_time":1658248256.0,"score":1428,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"When I was in 9th grade in the mid-80's, my science teacher said that if a black hole with the mass of a mountain were to strike Earth, it would probably just oscillate back and forth inside the Earth for a while before settling at Earth's center of gravity and that would be it.\n\nI've never forgotten this idea - it sounds plausible but as I've never heard the claim elsewhere I suspect it is wrong. Is there any basis for this?\n\nIf it is true, then what's the most massive a black hole could be to pass through the Earth without causing a commotion?","title":"What's the most massive black hole that could strike the earth without causing any damage?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2wxto/whats_the_most_massive_black_hole_that_could/","vote_ratio":0.9},"w2xqe6":{"author":"Flowonbyboats","comment_count":1,"id":"w2xqe6","post_time":1658250256.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":" \n\nI did google searched and searched this sub for an answer. The closest I got was the link at the bottom.\n\nI understand that many animals have sperm with short life cycles. I also understand that women are able to keep their same oocyte their whole life's. However eggs are living cells that are still attached to the host body and are being fed/wasted carried away from. Is this the same action that happens inside a queens body's when they store sperm for up to 25 years? Or is there a different mechanism of action?\n\nIf you have info related to other animals besides queen ants I'd be interested in hearing it as well.\n\n[https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/pwwpq/why\\_is\\_the\\_fertile\\_life\\_of\\_human\\_sperm\\_so\\_short/](https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/pwwpq/why_is_the_fertile_life_of_human_sperm_so_short/)","title":"Thru what mechanisms do queen ants store male sperm for up to 25 years?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2xqe6/thru_what_mechanisms_do_queen_ants_store_male/","vote_ratio":0.69},"w2yq7e":{"author":"plsdontkillmee","comment_count":6,"id":"w2yq7e","post_time":1658252755.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I'm trying to make a parser for .fa files and this seems like it won't be a huge file.","title":"Where can I get a fasta file for the rhinovirus genome?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2yq7e/where_can_i_get_a_fasta_file_for_the_rhinovirus/","vote_ratio":0.45},"w38cnt":{"author":"McNuggiezz","comment_count":67,"id":"w38cnt","post_time":1658277422.0,"score":264,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Are ants capable of flatulence?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w38cnt/are_ants_capable_of_flatulence/","vote_ratio":0.87},"w3a60c":{"author":"Cyberman2277","comment_count":4,"id":"w3a60c","post_time":1658282632.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I just came across a video about the giant bacteria thiomargarita magnifica, which is visible to the naked eye and has membrane bound organelles. How is it classified as bacteria instead of protozoa with membrane bound organelles?","title":"How can a bacteria have membrane bound organelles?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3a60c/how_can_a_bacteria_have_membrane_bound_organelles/","vote_ratio":0.56},"w3atux":{"author":"Lienidus1","comment_count":20,"id":"w3atux","post_time":1658284513.0,"score":35,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Some people are more prone to mosquito bites. What criteria does a mosquito use when selecting their victims?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3atux/some_people_are_more_prone_to_mosquito_bites_what/","vote_ratio":0.86},"w3btdw":{"author":"Otisliveson","comment_count":3,"id":"w3btdw","post_time":1658287410.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Especially with regard to the spinning mirror. I can\u2019t find a good source that explains how the mirror is capable of turning so quickly. Example footage here: https://youtu.be/z7H5_o4UYw4","title":"How do Projectile Tracking Systems actually function?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3btdw/how_do_projectile_tracking_systems_actually/","vote_ratio":0.73},"w3ckvf":{"author":"SirNanigans","comment_count":6,"id":"w3ckvf","post_time":1658289721.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Wouldn't it shatter the microbial ecosystems present on plants and the surface of soil?","title":"If temperatures reach 125F+ for several hours in a place with vegetation (Texas, for example), are there concerns of the landscape getting pasteurized?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3ckvf/if_temperatures_reach_125f_for_several_hours_in_a/","vote_ratio":0.56},"w3culo":{"author":"tbird1134","comment_count":6,"id":"w3culo","post_time":1658290558.0,"score":78,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I get that nebulae can be many AU\u2019s in diameter, but isn\u2019t the distance between solar systems much larger to the point where there would be very little cross pollination between solar systems? Also what happens to planets that aren\u2019t destroyed by supernovae? Are there gas giant sized planets drifting around within galaxies unattached to a star?","title":"Do the elements of supernovae stay within the range of the previous solar system? Is a solar system with a star of sufficient mass just recycling elements within that range?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3culo/do_the_elements_of_supernovae_stay_within_the/","vote_ratio":0.83},"w3d587":{"author":"GCWR3","comment_count":1,"id":"w3d587","post_time":1658291487.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Is D-Ribose a precursor to Ribitol?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3d587/is_dribose_a_precursor_to_ribitol/","vote_ratio":0.4},"w3eafw":{"author":"candid_page38","comment_count":10,"id":"w3eafw","post_time":1658295270.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Is there some evolutionary benefit of continuing to mate with males?","title":"Why don\u2019t species that are capable of parthenogenesis eventually turn into all females?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3eafw/why_dont_species_that_are_capable_of/","vote_ratio":0.75},"w3fcbb":{"author":"Lesbianseagullman","comment_count":10,"id":"w3fcbb","post_time":1658298985.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I have a barometer that tells me a number in hPa (right now it says 1007, which is apparently close to normal? But what is the significance of that, of an- I assume- \"normal level of atmospheric pressure\"?) I can't figure out what the point even is of knowing this information at a given time! \nThe only time in which I could see this being useful is if-whether weather conditions occur at corresponding hPa levels--if i could replace temperature, chance of rain, is it sunny or cloudy, etc. with it.. I have no idea what I'm talking about. \n\nCan anyone just fill me in and explain atmospheric pressure, its significance to life- my life, every day life, anything\n\nHope this is the right flair, I couldn't find the one for meteorology or something.","title":"What does atmospheric pressure really tell us about anything? Can we use the number of hectopectares to divine something useful or even tangible? Like anything to do about the weather, chance of rain, temperature","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3fcbb/what_does_atmospheric_pressure_really_tell_us/","vote_ratio":0.59},"w3firn":{"author":"andreasdagen","comment_count":13,"id":"w3firn","post_time":1658299658.0,"score":35,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How does the genetical difference between modern humans and our 300 000 year old ancestors compare to the genetical difference between our 300 000 year old ancestors and our 600 000 year old ancestors?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3firn/how_does_the_genetical_difference_between_modern/","vote_ratio":0.78},"w3ib4f":{"author":"KesTheHammer","comment_count":24,"id":"w3ib4f","post_time":1658310408.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Air in a closed container has Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapour etc in an even distribution throughout the container, despite the N2 having a lower density (1.2 kg/m\u00b3) than oxygen (1.4kg/m\u00b3) or CO2 (1.9 kg/m\u00b3)\n\nBut in other cases, it is argued that the carbon dioxide will drop down (as in fire suppression systems), or hot air will rise etc based on differing densities.\n\nIs it all about mixing - or are there other effects at play?","title":"When do gases uniformly fill a container vs layer by layer based on density?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3ib4f/when_do_gases_uniformly_fill_a_container_vs_layer/","vote_ratio":0.71},"w3iwdg":{"author":"svconfession411","comment_count":0,"id":"w3iwdg","post_time":1658312630.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Forgive the weird question, but I was curious. From what I understand bicephaly in reptiles is typically caused by either genetic or environmental factors, the most common being abnormal incubation temperatures. I was wondering if there is any sort of physical trauma that could result in bicephaly, such as an egg being dropped or slightly damaged? If so, would it be possible for scientists to make a notch in a developing embryo and encourage bicephaly? I know it's kind of morbid, but I was really curious as to whether or not physical environmental factors have an impact on this since I couldn't find many sources surrounding it!","title":"Could trauma result in bicephaly in reptiles?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3iwdg/could_trauma_result_in_bicephaly_in_reptiles/","vote_ratio":0.22},"w3jzip":{"author":"ShueiHS","comment_count":6,"id":"w3jzip","post_time":1658316570.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"And if yes, in what genetical conditions? Would they physically develop more like a female or male?\n\nI'm mostly interested in this to know if sexually \"neutral\" humans could exist, and how. If you need me to be more precise, please tell me !\n\nThanks for your answers!","title":"Is it possible for a new born to develop no genitals at all?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3jzip/is_it_possible_for_a_new_born_to_develop_no/","vote_ratio":0.47},"w3kegy":{"author":"transporter3","comment_count":41,"id":"w3kegy","post_time":1658317981.0,"score":162,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Any article I can find just says \"climate change\" which I understand but what are the specific factors and systems that are causing this? And what is seemingly making those systems produce something global and intense?","title":"What is causing this 2022 global heat wave?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3kegy/what_is_causing_this_2022_global_heat_wave/","vote_ratio":0.84},"w3n2ex":{"author":"AutoModerator","comment_count":476,"id":"w3n2ex","post_time":1658325611.0,"score":930,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on **Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science**\n\nDo you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: \"What would happen if...\", \"How will the future...\", \"If all the rules for 'X' were different...\", \"Why does my...\".\n\n**Asking Questions:**\n\nPlease post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.\n\n**Answering Questions:**\n\nPlease only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. [The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/wiki/index#wiki_answering_askscience). In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.\n\nIf you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, [please refer to the information provided here](https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/about/sticky).\n\nPast AskAnythingWednesday posts [can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/search?q=flair%3A%27meta%27&restrict_sr=on&sort=new&t=all). Ask away!","title":"Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3n2ex/ask_anything_wednesday_physics_astronomy_earth/","vote_ratio":0.92},"w3nq0n":{"author":"YtSabit","comment_count":8,"id":"w3nq0n","post_time":1658327271.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How long does it take naturally for silver to form? (not man made ones)","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3nq0n/how_long_does_it_take_naturally_for_silver_to/","vote_ratio":0.41},"w3rut0":{"author":"AskScienceModerator","comment_count":10,"id":"w3rut0","post_time":1658337273.0,"score":20,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"**Please read this entire post carefully and format your application appropriately.**\n\nThis post is for new panelist recruitment! The previous one is [here](https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/s93rpe/askscience_panel_of_scientists_xxvi/).\n\nThe panel is an informal group of Redditors who are **either professional scientists or those in training to become so**. All panelists have at least a graduate-level familiarity within their declared field of expertise and answer questions from related areas of study. A panelist's expertise is summarized in a color-coded AskScience flair.\n\nMembership in the panel comes with access to a panelist subreddit. It is a place for panelists to interact with each other, voice concerns to the moderators, and where the moderators make announcements to the whole panel. It's a good place to network with people who share your interests!\n\n\\-------------------\n\n**You are eligible to join the panel if you:**\n\n* Are studying for at least an MSc. or equivalent degree in the sciences, AND,\n* Are able to communicate your knowledge of your field at a level accessible to various audiences.\n\n\\-------------------\n\n**Instructions for formatting your panelist application:**\n\n* Choose exactly one general field from the side-bar (Physics, Engineering, Social Sciences, etc.).\n* State your specific field in one word or phrase (Neuropathology, Quantum Chemistry, etc.)\n* Succinctly describe your particular area of research in a few words (carbon nanotube dielectric properties, myelin sheath degradation in Parkinsons patients, etc.)\n* Give us a brief synopsis of your education: are you a research scientist for three decades, or a first-year Ph.D. student?\n* Provide links to comments you've made in AskScience which you feel are indicative of your scholarship.  Applications will not be approved without several comments made in /r/AskScience itself.\n\n\\-------------------\n\nIdeally, these comments should clearly indicate your fluency in the fundamentals of your discipline as well as your expertise. We favor comments that contain citations so we can assess its correctness without specific domain knowledge.\n\nHere's an example application:\n\n`Username: /u/foretopsail`\n\n`General field: Anthropology`\n\n`Specific field: Maritime Archaeology`\n\n`Particular areas of research include historical archaeology, archaeometry, and ship construction.`\n\n`Education: MA in archaeology, researcher for several years.`\n\n`Comments: 1, 2, 3, 4.`\n\nPlease do not give us personally identifiable information and please follow the template. We're not going to do real-life background checks - we're just asking for reddit's best behavior. However, several moderators are tasked with monitoring panelist activity, and your credentials will be checked against the academic content of your posts on a continuing basis.\n\nYou can submit your application by replying to this post.","title":"AskScience Panel of Scientists XXVII","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3rut0/askscience_panel_of_scientists_xxvii/","vote_ratio":0.71},"w405g1":{"author":"lemon_scented_Enby","comment_count":374,"id":"w405g1","post_time":1658357755.0,"score":5128,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How are the stages of cancer determined? Like, what do doctors see in a tumour that makes them go \"yep, that's a four. No going back. That's all\"??? What makes a cancer a stage two, or three, or four?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w405g1/how_are_the_stages_of_cancer_determined_like_what/","vote_ratio":0.93},"w46rwr":{"author":"Hedgehogs4Me","comment_count":3,"id":"w46rwr","post_time":1658376217.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"A friend and I were looking at some news stories and wiki articles about solar storms, and we were really confused by how many of the news articles seem to be making a big deal of the upcoming solar cycle maximum, but other resources say that we're expected to have a quieter-than-average solar cycle.\n\nWe're aware of the risks and big events that are possible with solar cycle maximums, but since a lot of news stories sound like they're trying to convince us that the sun is about to kill us all, we're looking for something a little bit more nuanced to give us some perspective. My friend is interested in astronomy but *also has astrophobia* so has been looking for something a little more reassuring than articles constantly popping up on his social media recommendations that exaggerate for clicks.\n\nWhat should we actually expect, and what should we look for in news articles to tell us what we actually need to know?","title":"How severe is the maximum of the current solar cycle expected to be?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w46rwr/how_severe_is_the_maximum_of_the_current_solar/","vote_ratio":0.93},"w4aeai":{"author":"This-Wrongdoer-1858","comment_count":7,"id":"w4aeai","post_time":1658388639.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Is it correct to make the direct assumption that countries which have higher fuel reserves had higher flora and fauna, i.e. higher bio-matter in the dinosaur era(excuse the layman terms sorry).","title":"Does high natural gas and fuel reserves in the ground indicate higher amounts of flora and fauna in the dinosaur age ?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4aeai/does_high_natural_gas_and_fuel_reserves_in_the/","vote_ratio":0.84},"w4bdl4":{"author":"ArtWheelDrive","comment_count":12,"id":"w4bdl4","post_time":1658392418.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I think we all know what graphene is, and it's cheap production. \n\nDuring my time finding graphene online, I also found out that it can be manufactured into fibers. And an idea went up in my head: *\"What if I use graphene fiber, instead of carbon fiber?\"*. After all, it's more better in a lot ways than carbon fiber, especially in cost. Like, you can make your own graphene at home-type cheap. \n\nBAC motors made a sports car that has graphene body panels, probably using graphene in its' fiber form, that's what I think is most likely how they used it. I read an article about it, but the article didn't say how the graphene became as applicable as carbon fiber, like how BAC used carbon fiber. \n\nDoes graphene fiber need to be impregnated with resin, like carbon fiber? Or no, it doesn't need to be impregnated with resin?","title":"Does graphene fiber need to be impregnated with resin to be applicable as carbon fiber?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4bdl4/does_graphene_fiber_need_to_be_impregnated_with/","vote_ratio":0.72},"w4bi3e":{"author":"Gloomy_Efficiency196","comment_count":26,"id":"w4bi3e","post_time":1658392925.0,"score":47,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I want to know why some features in genetics are dominant and can overcome this recessive ones, how they do this, what is the difference between them?","title":"What makes one feature dominant and other recessive?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4bi3e/what_makes_one_feature_dominant_and_other/","vote_ratio":0.86},"w4ccb9":{"author":"screwyoushadowban","comment_count":0,"id":"w4ccb9","post_time":1658396089.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Do male sharks & their relatives exhibit \"clasperedness\"? i.e. do individuals prefer to use on or another of their two claspers in mating more often than others & does it vary similarly to right & left handedness in humans?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4ccb9/do_male_sharks_their_relatives_exhibit/","vote_ratio":1.0},"w4cse1":{"author":"YakZealousideal782","comment_count":5,"id":"w4cse1","post_time":1658397724.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"why don't ice bergs melt even after floating in water for a long time?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4cse1/why_dont_ice_bergs_melt_even_after_floating_in/","vote_ratio":0.7},"w4e0p4":{"author":"Old-Masterpiece-9564","comment_count":12,"id":"w4e0p4","post_time":1658402047.0,"score":18,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I know moisture + bread = mould but what about non-food?","title":"Is it possible for paper and plastic to grow mould?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4e0p4/is_it_possible_for_paper_and_plastic_to_grow_mould/","vote_ratio":0.69},"w4es3e":{"author":"m00nwatcher11","comment_count":14,"id":"w4es3e","post_time":1658404452.0,"score":22,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Here's a hypothetical scenario I'm trying to figure out:\n\nSay I have a basket of 250 apples, and one of them is poisoned. So if I eat one apple out of the basket, I have a 1:250 chance of dying.\n\nNow, say I was given the opportunity to instead eat an apple from another basket that holds 2,175 apples (one being poisoned), but to get that opportunity, I first have to eat one from a basket of 30,000 apples.\n\nMy question is: How do I calculate the combined probability of me dying when first having eaten from the 30,000 basket, then the 2,175 basket? How much safer is that option than just eating from the original 250 apple basket?","title":"How do I combine two probabilities to compare them to a single probability?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4es3e/how_do_i_combine_two_probabilities_to_compare/","vote_ratio":0.74},"w4fqn9":{"author":"jrdubbleu","comment_count":32,"id":"w4fqn9","post_time":1658407332.0,"score":95,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"When someone works out, lifts weights, runs, etc. When does the bulk of muscle recovery and repair occur?\n\nDoes the intensity matter? Short of a full muscle injury like a tear, does a harder workout with more strain on the muscles have a longer peak recovery? Are there things that can assist recovery or bolster it during that period\u2014or hinder it?","title":"When does the bulk of muscle recovery happen after a world out?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4fqn9/when_does_the_bulk_of_muscle_recovery_happen/","vote_ratio":0.77},"w4g94s":{"author":"payloadchap","comment_count":434,"id":"w4g94s","post_time":1658408804.0,"score":3452,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I thought hand sanitizer was supposed to completely sterilize your hands by denaturing proteins that make up the outer layer of all viruses and bacteria? What is it about noroviruses specifically that make them resistant?","title":"Spent the day curled up on the bathroom floor recovering from a norovirus stomach flu infection. Recently found out that noroviruses are resistant to alcohol-based sanitizers. How is this possible?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4g94s/spent_the_day_curled_up_on_the_bathroom_floor/","vote_ratio":0.94},"w4iqb3":{"author":"RednBlackEagle","comment_count":24,"id":"w4iqb3","post_time":1658415337.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How does the Webb telescope capture the big bang itself, and how is it expected to look like?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4iqb3/how_does_the_webb_telescope_capture_the_big_bang/","vote_ratio":0.57},"w4qgd9":{"author":"SuperSimpleSam","comment_count":6,"id":"w4qgd9","post_time":1658434283.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I'm wondering if it's a one way street or if they are different enough that their antibodies don't effect the other.","title":"Since BA5 can avoid antibodies from the original virus and vaccines, can you also get the original COVID after a bout of BA5?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4qgd9/since_ba5_can_avoid_antibodies_from_the_original/","vote_ratio":0.5},"w4u9qd":{"author":"sebiiooo97","comment_count":13,"id":"w4u9qd","post_time":1658443827.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"In the Lion King, Hyenas are painted as consuming everything around them and leaving their habitats bare. Is this something based in reality or is it purely for the sake of the movie?","title":"Are Hyenas really devastating to their environment?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4u9qd/are_hyenas_really_devastating_to_their_environment/","vote_ratio":0.52},"w4um66":{"author":"Namaenonaidesu","comment_count":221,"id":"w4um66","post_time":1658444734.0,"score":547,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"0.1, 0.2...... 0.9, 0.01, 0.11, 0.21, 0.31...... 0.99, 0.001, 0.101, 0.201......\n\n1st number is 0.1, 17th number is 0.71, 8241st number is 0.1428, 9218754th number is 0.4578129.\n\nI think the size of both sets are the same? For Cantor's diagonal argument, if you match up every integer with a real number (btw is it even possible to do so since the size is infinite) and create a new real number by changing a digit from each real number, can't you do the same thing with integers?  \n\n\nEdit: For irrational numbers or real numbers with infinite digits (ex. 1/3), can't we reverse their digits over the decimal point and get the same number? Like \"0.333...\" would correspond to \"...333\"?\n\n(Asked this on r/NoStupidQuestions and was advised to ask it here. [Original Post](https://www.reddit.com/r/NoStupidQuestions/comments/w4u4ar/why_is_the_set_of_positive_integers_countable/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=web2x&context=3))","title":"Why is the set of positive integers \"countable infinity\" but the set of real numbers between 0 and 1 \"uncountable infinity\" when they can both be counted on a 1 to 1 correspondence?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4um66/why_is_the_set_of_positive_integers_countable/","vote_ratio":0.83},"w4w5zl":{"author":"BringsHomeBones","comment_count":3,"id":"w4w5zl","post_time":1658448981.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I have a basic understanding of neural adaptation: the brain stops responding to stimuli after being exposed for an extended period of time. \n\nBut I don't understand how this leads to seeing motion in static object.\n\nThis particular sentence (in relation to waterfalls) has me stumped.\n\n*\"Cells responding to the movement of the water suffer a reduction in responsiveness, so that during competitive interactions between detector outputs, false motion signals arise.\"*","title":"What is the neuroscience behind the motion after effect?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4w5zl/what_is_the_neuroscience_behind_the_motion_after/","vote_ratio":0.79},"w4xush":{"author":"defire101","comment_count":83,"id":"w4xush","post_time":1658453785.0,"score":988,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I can't wrap my head around this. In a galaxy that is, say, 100,000 light years across, why do we still see it as a \"perfect\" formation?","title":"If the light omitted on the far side of a galaxy is significantly older than that of the front side, why isn't the shape distorted?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4xush/if_the_light_omitted_on_the_far_side_of_a_galaxy/","vote_ratio":0.88},"w51qrv":{"author":"deadfermata","comment_count":66,"id":"w51qrv","post_time":1658465678.0,"score":345,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Do primate communication contain grammar like human languages?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w51qrv/do_primate_communication_contain_grammar_like/","vote_ratio":0.85},"w523oy":{"author":"cyanraider","comment_count":8,"id":"w523oy","post_time":1658466853.0,"score":18,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"If there are solid and gas planets, are there also liquid planets somewhere in the universe?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w523oy/if_there_are_solid_and_gas_planets_are_there_also/","vote_ratio":0.88},"w56cck":{"author":"SusiGrantHopeful","comment_count":4,"id":"w56cck","post_time":1658482644.0,"score":17,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Right now Western Europe is experiencing unprecedented levels of wildfires. Does this impact the rate of wildfires in the future i.e. will the burnt forests be more prone to catching fire next year? And does the carbon monoxide from the burning have a significant impact on climate?","title":"Are there any long-term climate implications of huge wildfires seen in Western Europe?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w56cck/are_there_any_longterm_climate_implications_of/","vote_ratio":0.67},"w57o8z":{"author":"Gettothachoppurr","comment_count":141,"id":"w57o8z","post_time":1658487390.0,"score":868,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"For example, adults experience different physiological and psychological effects during winter months due to shorter day length and lower vitamin D intake. Is a similar effect noticeable during early child development ?","title":"Does being born during different seasons make a difference for early child development?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w57o8z/does_being_born_during_different_seasons_make_a/","vote_ratio":0.92},"w58yn6":{"author":"CloudStrife8797","comment_count":241,"id":"w58yn6","post_time":1658491591.0,"score":811,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"If abruptly stopping your alcohol intake can be harmful, or even lethal depending on how long you were consumed by it - does the same apply to Marijuana?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w58yn6/if_abruptly_stopping_your_alcohol_intake_can_be/","vote_ratio":0.78},"w59c1e":{"author":"bobtheghost33","comment_count":320,"id":"w59c1e","post_time":1658492733.0,"score":2524,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Neutering an animal can change it's behavior and temperament. Does this affect a population's behavior as more of them are neutered?","title":"Do neuter-and-release programs for feral cats and dogs change the population's behavior?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w59c1e/do_neuterandrelease_programs_for_feral_cats_and/","vote_ratio":0.93},"w5h4cu":{"author":"charlielwallace","comment_count":2,"id":"w5h4cu","post_time":1658513131.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Since telomeres consist of repeats of a simple dna sequence, there's no genetic information, but this dna could be modified via methylation, that is epigenetic info could be attached.  Is it known if that happens?  Would this be a possible explanation of how memories are formed?  Or could this be used as a way to tag cells with ID numbers for research?  Thanks","title":"Any epigenetic info stored on telomeres?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w5h4cu/any_epigenetic_info_stored_on_telomeres/","vote_ratio":0.73},"w5hraz":{"author":"itisacircle","comment_count":7,"id":"w5hraz","post_time":1658514720.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Do we always have the telescope pointing in one direction? And this might be a stupid add on but If the Big Bang happened and everything came from a point then wouldn\u2019t that mean the center of the universe is in one given direction? About 13 Billion light years as the crow flies.","title":"Which \u201cway\u201d do we point the James Webb Telescope?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w5hraz/which_way_do_we_point_the_james_webb_telescope/","vote_ratio":0.67},"w5ht5h":{"author":"FETU55LAYER","comment_count":14,"id":"w5ht5h","post_time":1658514854.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"We cant see air and some gases because the particles that compose it dont have a color, right?\n\nIs there any other compound with this property? All the other transparent things I can think of, like glass or water, are only partially transparent as they can still reflect light.\n\nAlso, can air in other planets with an atmosphere be made of different particles that reflect light, and therefore be visible? And why are gases particularly so... eager to be \"invisible\"?","title":"Are gases and air the only fully transparent compounds?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w5ht5h/are_gases_and_air_the_only_fully_transparent/","vote_ratio":0.58},"w5lgfh":{"author":"KarmaWhoreRepeating","comment_count":7,"id":"w5lgfh","post_time":1658524103.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I sat on my porch for two hours today. I must have killed a dozen ants and Hal a dozen mosquitoes... On top of that, i spray the house against termites, ants, moths, mosquitos, flies....\n\nMy question is... If we were to compare the global number of mosquitoes+ants+flies living in a general area, would human action have significant influence on their number or no?\n\nArguments for yes: we (humans) are very invasive, and pesticides are powerful.\n\nArguments for no: the houses' area are insignificant compared to the wooded/grassy area. More over, we are creating a nutrition-rich environment for these insects and that's why they are around us. So we are killing as many as we produce.","title":"Has the number of total insects shrunk in the modern times?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w5lgfh/has_the_number_of_total_insects_shrunk_in_the/","vote_ratio":0.71},"w5lkg4":{"author":"barefoot_yank","comment_count":36,"id":"w5lkg4","post_time":1658524376.0,"score":75,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Thinking of quitting but worried about the ramifications. Thanks.","title":"How exactly does stopping alcohol intake, abruptly, cause medical issues and even death?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w5lkg4/how_exactly_does_stopping_alcohol_intake_abruptly/","vote_ratio":0.85},"w5mgpa":{"author":"thermal7","comment_count":5,"id":"w5mgpa","post_time":1658526647.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I've read the the James Webb space telescope is already experiencing damage from micrometeor impacts.  I've also read that there are plans for larger space telescopes in the future.  What can be done to protect future telescopes from micrometeor damage?","title":"What can be done to protect space telescopes (like James Webb) from damage due to micrometeorites?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w5mgpa/what_can_be_done_to_protect_space_telescopes_like/","vote_ratio":0.6},"w5q3zx":{"author":"TheCreepyPL","comment_count":10,"id":"w5q3zx","post_time":1658536466.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How does ingesting bleach harm you exactly?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w5q3zx/how_does_ingesting_bleach_harm_you_exactly/","vote_ratio":0.63},"w5rdtu":{"author":"AnonHoodieGirl","comment_count":118,"id":"w5rdtu","post_time":1658540200.0,"score":844,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Hello! First post here so bear with me.\nSo, ever since I recovered from covid in May 2021, I've had this long covid wheezing and coughing it's not extreme just a little bit don't worry, anyway I was thinking, I just woke up from a night's sleep and I was coughing last night and now this morning. Why do we not cough in our sleep? Does coughing require consciousness? Or is it something else, maybe it could be related to our breathing patterns? Like when you try taking deep breaths to stop wheezing but cough bad while you exhale? Idk, I don't have anything near a biology background. \nThank you in advance!\nPs:This may or may not be a stupid question so again, bear with me.","title":"Why do we not cough in sleep?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w5rdtu/why_do_we_not_cough_in_sleep/","vote_ratio":0.88},"w5rpbp":{"author":"Lanky80","comment_count":7,"id":"w5rpbp","post_time":1658541150.0,"score":14,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Basically the title\u2026are we in a long period of drought or is this the new normal? Is there any realistic amount of rain/snowpack in a wet year that would get the lake back to its 1980s levels?","title":"Can lake Mead ever refill?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w5rpbp/can_lake_mead_ever_refill/","vote_ratio":1.0},"w5yi46":{"author":"Nekomiminya","comment_count":8,"id":"w5yi46","post_time":1658563211.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Thinking stuff like ghost pepper etc, I don't know proper names. It feels pretty extreme to know that there are peppers that are thousands(?) times spicier than others.\n\nDo they just devote that much resources into making capsaicin? Or is it also matter of something else?","title":"Do the spiciest plants produce it all naturally, or do they require some extra environmental help?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w5yi46/do_the_spiciest_plants_produce_it_all_naturally/","vote_ratio":0.6},"w5zn4r":{"author":"mylifeisanidiotplot","comment_count":39,"id":"w5zn4r","post_time":1658567510.0,"score":109,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"How do fatty animals like seals or walruses not get diabetes (from lipotoxicity) or coronary artery disease?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w5zn4r/how_do_fatty_animals_like_seals_or_walruses_not/","vote_ratio":0.83},"w60tjb":{"author":"andr4599","comment_count":21,"id":"w60tjb","post_time":1658572015.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"In terms of minerals, vitamins, proteins etc.","title":"Will lab grown meat have the same nutritional value as regular meat?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w60tjb/will_lab_grown_meat_have_the_same_nutritional/","vote_ratio":0.69},"w618ia":{"author":"bob_smithey","comment_count":17,"id":"w618ia","post_time":1658573591.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Hi. I was learning about 120v home systems. I know ground wire is a wire that literally goes into the ground via spike or the water pipes for earth ground. It's there for safety. I know neutral is the return for the hot wire in 120v outlets in the USA. But in the USA, 120v is half of the 240v coming to the house. The other half is a grounding bus. Could someone explain it to me why we, USA homes need both, a neutral and a ground wire?  \n\n\nI can't seem to google why both are needed... just that they are. And I thought I was a googlefu master. :(","title":"Why neutral and a ground?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w618ia/why_neutral_and_a_ground/","vote_ratio":1.0},"w61rfm":{"author":"Icariu","comment_count":4,"id":"w61rfm","post_time":1658575496.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Are plant hybrids more likely to be fertile ? If so, why ?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w61rfm/are_plant_hybrids_more_likely_to_be_fertile_if_so/","vote_ratio":0.63},"w62q0o":{"author":"Ikeakip","comment_count":37,"id":"w62q0o","post_time":1658578798.0,"score":209,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Do we have a estimate on how long prions can stay infectious in the environment? For example in dust or dirt.  There seems to be a lot of mixed answers online. I have seen answers that CWD can last for 2 years or longer but that answer seems to come from 10+ years ago, there surely must be new findings?","title":"Do we know how long prions remain infectious in the environment?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w62q0o/do_we_know_how_long_prions_remain_infectious_in/","vote_ratio":0.9},"w62qr4":{"author":"PolychromaticPuppy","comment_count":104,"id":"w62qr4","post_time":1658578858.0,"score":1036,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"My understanding is that energy comes from the equation E=mc^2, some mass is converted to energy.\n\nIf so, how much mass is lost per day?\n\nWhich specific subatomic particle of hydrogen is destroyed in this process?","title":"Since stars are fueled by nuclear fusion, do they constantly lose mass?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w62qr4/since_stars_are_fueled_by_nuclear_fusion_do_they/","vote_ratio":0.94},"w64f5a":{"author":"rooohooo","comment_count":6,"id":"w64f5a","post_time":1658583998.0,"score":21,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I just read about 'corn sweat' for the first time and, y'all, my mind was blown and replaced with sooo many questions. The articles and links that pop up when googled all state sweat from corn, and like plants, can increase humidity in an area making humid areas more so (as in the American Midwest). If this is true, then can we assume it also applies to non humid areas? If it does, then, basically, my main question is the one from the title- Would planting corn in arid regions increase the likelihood of rain/precipitation? \n\nThank you!","title":"Would planting corn in arid regions increase the likelihood of rain/precipitation?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w64f5a/would_planting_corn_in_arid_regions_increase_the/","vote_ratio":0.78},"w663ff":{"author":"supa_sama123","comment_count":1,"id":"w663ff","post_time":1658588657.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I see [here](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7122e1.htm?s_cid=mm7122e1_w) (under section: Contraindications To and Precautions Associated with Vaccinations to Prevent Orthopoxvirus Infections) that receiving a COVID vaccine within 4 weeks of JYNNEOS vaccine is not recommended, as a precautionary measure since the risk of myocarditis from JYNNEOS is unknown. \n\nI noticed it was mentioned that it mentioned shortly after, regarding the opposite scenario (COVID vaccine then JYNNEOS) that \"no minimum\u00a0interval between mRNA COVID-19 vaccination and orthopoxvirus vaccination is necessary.\"\n\n\u200bThe main question I have is, what mechanisms could be at play here that potentially increase the risk of myocarditis when receiving JYNNEOS then COVID vaccine, but NOT COVID vaccine then JYNNEOS?\n\nEdit: If anyone was interested in the answer, I asked the person who wrote that article at the CDC and this is what they responded:\n\n>Thank you for your inquiry. There are no specific data on close administration of COVID-19 vaccines and Jynneos vaccines. The reason for consideration of a 4-week interval between the Jynneos first and mRNA second is because of the observed risk of myocarditis with mRNA vaccines and unknown risk of myocarditis with Jynneos. The reason there is no minimum interval when it is mRNA first and Jynneos second is because the benefits of Jynneos for prophylaxis given as soon as possible in the setting of an outbreak, outweighs the theoretical risk of myocarditis when administering them close together. Please continue to follow up with your local health care providers should you have additional questions or concerns. Thank you.","title":"Why is it a potentially higher risk for myocarditis to take COVID vaccine after Orthopoxvirus vaccine, but not the other way around?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w663ff/why_is_it_a_potentially_higher_risk_for/","vote_ratio":0.76},"w6drps":{"author":"PhiloBlackCardinal","comment_count":248,"id":"w6drps","post_time":1658609312.0,"score":2648,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"It seems as if the [Toba Catastrophe Theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toba_catastrophe_theory) is on the way out. From my understanding of the theory itself, a genetic bottleneck that occurred ~75,000 years ago was linked to the Toba VEI-8 eruption. However, evidence showing that societies and cultures away from Southeast Asia continued to develop after the eruption, which has seemed to debunk the Toba Catastrophe Theory.\n\nHowever, that still doesn't explain the genetic bottleneck found in humans around this time. So, my question is, are there any theories out there that suggest what may have caused this bottleneck? Or has the bottleneck's validity itself been brought into question?","title":"If Mount Toba Didn't Cause Humanity's Genetic Bottleneck, What Did?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w6drps/if_mount_toba_didnt_cause_humanitys_genetic/","vote_ratio":0.95},"w6dtog":{"author":"Patchman66","comment_count":3,"id":"w6dtog","post_time":1658609465.0,"score":18,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Just curious. I know Spinosaurus and Carcharodontosaurus lived at the same time, but what about other periods in pre history? I want to know if there were ever any different large therapods competing with one another for food or territory etc.","title":"Besides Spinosaurus and Carcharodontosaurus, was there any point in history in which two large theropods lived alongside one another?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w6dtog/besides_spinosaurus_and_carcharodontosaurus_was/","vote_ratio":0.78},"w6e352":{"author":"murfflemethis","comment_count":12,"id":"w6e352","post_time":1658610187.0,"score":209,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"For example, waterslides and smooth concrete get very slippery when wet, while very thin plastic bags are easier to open if your fingers are wet, and wet clothing is harder to remove than dry.\n\n\\*Edit: I appreciate the answers so far, but I think I gave too many examples. I'm most interested in understanding why a little bit of water on my finger tips makes it easier to open very thin plastic bags, and that hasnt been mentioned yet.","title":"Why does moisture make some surfaces more slippery and other surfaces less slippery?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w6e352/why_does_moisture_make_some_surfaces_more/","vote_ratio":0.91},"w6izf8":{"author":"heckingcomputernerd","comment_count":4,"id":"w6izf8","post_time":1658623983.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"If the JWST\u2019s mirrors were segmented to fold it up in 2 places, why are there 18 segments instead of just 3?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w6izf8/if_the_jwsts_mirrors_were_segmented_to_fold_it_up/","vote_ratio":0.71},"w6u60g":{"author":"MajorRichardHead7","comment_count":204,"id":"w6u60g","post_time":1658664510.0,"score":2671,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"[https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.21.22277864v1](https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.21.22277864v1)\n\n&#x200B;\n\n>***This is the first time that detection of MPXV (DNA and virus by isolation) in environmental air samples from healthcare settings has been reported,.***  \n>  \n>***Detection of MPXV DNA in air samples collected at distances of greater than 1\u20225m from the patient and at a height of nearly 2m supports the theory that MPXV can be present in either aerosols, suspended skin particles or dust containing virus, and not only in large respiratory droplets that fall to the ground within 1 to 1-5m of an infected individual.***  \n>  \n>***Five out of fifteen air samples taken were positive. Significantly, three of four air samples collected during a bed linen change in one patient's room were positive (Ct 32-7-35-8). Interpretation: These data demonstrate significant contamination in isolation facilities and potential for aerosolisation of MPXV during specific activities.***  \n>  \n>***We identified widespread MPXV DNA contamination of the environment in respiratory isolation rooms occupied by infected symptomatic individuals.***\n\n&#x200B;\n\nTrying to parse the implications of this study. 2m (6.5 feet) above the patient sounds like it's airborne right?\n\nMaybe we shouldn't be sending potentially contagious patients to STI clinics like we currently are?","title":"Could Monkeypox be Airborne? This NHS study from a UK hospital found MPX virus DNA 6 feet above a patient in the air.","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w6u60g/could_monkeypox_be_airborne_this_nhs_study_from_a/","vote_ratio":0.82},"w6yj4s":{"author":"chmqin","comment_count":7,"id":"w6yj4s","post_time":1658677406.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I read that Si and GaAs, which are both used as semiconductors in computer chips, develop a very thin oxidation layer in air. I also read that the one that Si develops is insoluble in water, so it is a good passivation layer, while the one that GaAs develps contains water soluble oxides, so it is not a good passivation.\n\nOn the other hand in the industry, the GaAs oxidation layer is etched off with acid, when GaAs wafers are used - why is this done, and not just water used, if the oxides are water soluble? And how can I imagine the oxide layer itself, is it something that is firmly \"bonded\" to the GaAs or Si underneath, or is it something more \"volatile\" that is easily removed? As in: is it really part of the surface, or just \"lying on top of it\"?\n\nI'm not a chemist, I just read a lot about semiconductor materials recently and am curious.","title":"Is the native GaAs oxidation layer water soluble and if yes, why are then acids used to remove it from wafers?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w6yj4s/is_the_native_gaas_oxidation_layer_water_soluble/","vote_ratio":0.75},"w77wt9":{"author":"Shurkify","comment_count":342,"id":"w77wt9","post_time":1658701907.0,"score":1064,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Do obesity rates drop during economic recession?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w77wt9/do_obesity_rates_drop_during_economic_recession/","vote_ratio":0.89},"w7903s":{"author":"Queerlestrinha","comment_count":18,"id":"w7903s","post_time":1658704863.0,"score":128,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I know that some invertebrates go through metamorphosis, but what about other mammals, reptiles and birds? Do they also go through major body, hormonal and brain changes like we do during that period?","title":"Do other vertebrated animals have puberty like we have?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7903s/do_other_vertebrated_animals_have_puberty_like_we/","vote_ratio":0.86},"w7ajiw":{"author":"Caesars-Dog","comment_count":44,"id":"w7ajiw","post_time":1658709207.0,"score":76,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"How can evolution select for drone bees or honeypot ants if they don\u2019t breed and pass on genes?","title":"How does evolution for non-breeding individuals in colony insects (bees, ants) work?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7ajiw/how_does_evolution_for_nonbreeding_individuals_in/","vote_ratio":0.82},"w7aqo2":{"author":"gduke641","comment_count":6,"id":"w7aqo2","post_time":1658709810.0,"score":21,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I live on a lake and every time there is a big storm it ends up coming really close but then it misses us. I can\u2019t find any info on how a lake effects the weather pattern. The lake is about 23 square miles. It really bugs me why It always seems to blow over us.  What causes this to happen? Often it will be storming a few miles away but hardly ever at my house.","title":"How much of an effect does a lake have on local weather?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7aqo2/how_much_of_an_effect_does_a_lake_have_on_local/","vote_ratio":0.87},"w7ar3k":{"author":"mrcyner","comment_count":1244,"id":"w7ar3k","post_time":1658709846.0,"score":6347,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"In other words, is the number of stars so large that it's almost a given that it's bound to happen or is the universe that imense that it's improbable?","title":"If a person left Earth and were to travel in a straight line, would the chance of them hitting a star closer to 0% or 100%?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7ar3k/if_a_person_left_earth_and_were_to_travel_in_a/","vote_ratio":0.94},"w7ctak":{"author":"reapingsulls123","comment_count":4,"id":"w7ctak","post_time":1658715757.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"What parts would they be targeting that a whole family of coronaviruses would have? How can we ensure variants won\u2019t overcome them so easily?","title":"How would the theoretical pancoronavirus vaccines work?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7ctak/how_would_the_theoretical_pancoronavirus_vaccines/","vote_ratio":0.9},"w7dkjr":{"author":"eddytony96","comment_count":1,"id":"w7dkjr","post_time":1658717948.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"What makes Osmium such a valuable catalyst in organic reactions such as for producing ammonia?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7dkjr/what_makes_osmium_such_a_valuable_catalyst_in/","vote_ratio":0.87},"w7dmfh":{"author":"Odd-Helicopter-1141","comment_count":18,"id":"w7dmfh","post_time":1658718090.0,"score":9,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Do antipsychotics change/damage the brain?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7dmfh/do_antipsychotics_changedamage_the_brain/","vote_ratio":0.66},"w7dvzw":{"author":"Redredret","comment_count":3,"id":"w7dvzw","post_time":1658718889.0,"score":21,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"What happens if a woman keeps taking birth control throughout a pregnancy?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7dvzw/what_happens_if_a_woman_keeps_taking_birth/","vote_ratio":0.77},"w7kyj1":{"author":"GetOutOfTheWhey","comment_count":7,"id":"w7kyj1","post_time":1658743409.0,"score":10,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"A few days ago it was reported that the tarmac on Heathrow had melted and this caused delays. While this temperature is unusual for UK, it isn't so unusual for other countries near the equator.\n\nHow do these countries deal with melted tarmac? Are the chemical composition of the material different?","title":"How do hot countries keep their aiport tarmac from melting?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7kyj1/how_do_hot_countries_keep_their_aiport_tarmac/","vote_ratio":0.85},"w7mc81":{"author":"Adghnm","comment_count":3,"id":"w7mc81","post_time":1658748088.0,"score":22,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I learned recently that our chemoreceptors aren't limited to the mouth and nose, but are elsewhere in the body - the heart, the fallopian tubes etc.\n\nSo, when a covid infection reduces your taste and smell, does it also reduce sensitivity in these other receptors? What's the effect if so?","title":"Does covid affect the other chemoreceptors in the body?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7mc81/does_covid_affect_the_other_chemoreceptors_in_the/","vote_ratio":0.69},"w7od4e":{"author":"GodConcepts","comment_count":44,"id":"w7od4e","post_time":1658754006.0,"score":116,"subreddit":"askscience","text":" \n\nIf we have a population of normal and cancer cells, and we give a drug to this population. And lets say this drug induces apoptosis. Usually, the drug would have a detrimental effects on the cancerous cells, but would pretty much cause the normal cells to be unaffected. How is that? If the drug can induce cell death in both normal and cancerous cells, why do the cancerous cells tend to die first? Is it because cancerous cells are way better at metabolism than non-cancerous cells, and so they suck everything from their environment; Therefore the normal cells get a small quantity of the drug, while the cancerous cells consume most of it and hence die?\n\n(I know that some drugs might target  molecules that are unique to cancerous cells. However for the ones that are non-specific, how do these drugs manage to destroy our cancerous cells pretty well, while sort of not over-harming our normal cells)\n\n(if anyone has like really credible references that would be nice also","title":"How do drugs target our cancerous cells, and not our normal cells, when administered?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7od4e/how_do_drugs_target_our_cancerous_cells_and_not/","vote_ratio":0.88},"w7qbvj":{"author":"Skandranonsg","comment_count":7,"id":"w7qbvj","post_time":1658759167.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I was at my local rec center pool and had this thought.\n\nLet's say you have a donut-shaped pool with jets that keep the water moving clockwise with negligible turbulence and a spherical object floating in that pool. Without bumping into the sides, would the ball begin spinning relative to the ground or stay facing relatively the same direction? \n\nThinking about the forces involved, my intuition tells me that the force of the water acting on the ball should always be tangential to the donut. Also, would the stream of water keep the ball in the center, or would it be flung to the outside perimeter of the pool? How would the situation change if it were a neutrally buoyant sphere in a cylindrical pipe?","title":"Does a \"lazy river\" impart angular momentum to objects floating in it?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7qbvj/does_a_lazy_river_impart_angular_momentum_to/","vote_ratio":0.83},"w7qk5v":{"author":"MeltingPants","comment_count":5,"id":"w7qk5v","post_time":1658759771.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Does your ability to hear mosquitoes (the insects, not the tone) change with age?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7qk5v/does_your_ability_to_hear_mosquitoes_the_insects/","vote_ratio":0.6},"w7qkuh":{"author":"Otherwise-Chef5428","comment_count":94,"id":"w7qkuh","post_time":1658759819.0,"score":262,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Is there any sugar in rocks? Like are there any natural rocks in the world with composits of glucose or sucrose inside of them?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7qkuh/is_there_any_sugar_in_rocks_like_are_there_any/","vote_ratio":0.91},"w7qyv5":{"author":"smallsparkofhope","comment_count":25,"id":"w7qyv5","post_time":1658760804.0,"score":4,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I'm really curious about the actual mechanism by which researchers cut and splice something so small. That is to say, how do CRISPR and its offshoots work? For example, *how* do researchers actually snip a strand of DNA or RNA? And how do they introduce \"guide\" RNA into the virus particle, etc.? What tools are involved, and how do they work? I'm absolutely fascinated and would love to understand the process!","title":"How does virus manipulation/CRISPR actually work, when the virus particles are so tiny?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7qyv5/how_does_virus_manipulationcrispr_actually_work/","vote_ratio":0.59},"w7rila":{"author":"1Blue3Brown","comment_count":8,"id":"w7rila","post_time":1658762120.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"After scrolling social network feeds, i feel that concentrating on mentally hard work or study is harder. Is it just me, or it has a scientific explanation of some kind?","title":"Do social network feeds(Instagram, TikTok, Facebook) make concentration harder?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7rila/do_social_network_feedsinstagram_tiktok_facebook/","vote_ratio":0.47},"w7rmgo":{"author":"biocomputer","comment_count":14,"id":"w7rmgo","post_time":1658762385.0,"score":374,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease says that the accumulation of the peptide amyloid-\u03b2 in the brain is the main cause of the disease. However, after decades of research and clinical trials there has been little to no success in treating Alzheimer's patients based on this hypothesis, and it has been questioned, see for example:\n\n>[The amyloid hypothesis on trial. As the development of treatments for Alzheimer\u2019s disease continues to stumble, is it time for researchers to broaden their list of the condition\u2019s potential causes?\n](https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05719-4)\n\nIt was recently reported that some western blot images which claim to show a sub-type of amyloid beta, A\u03b2\\*56, may have been manipulated. The report was the result of an investigation by *Science*:\n\n>[Blots on a field? A neuroscience image sleuth finds signs of fabrication in scores of Alzheimer\u2019s articles, threatening a reigning theory of the disease](https://www.science.org/content/article/potential-fabrication-research-images-threatens-key-theory-alzheimers-disease)\n\nSuch manipulations the report claims go back to the original 2006 paper describing A\u03b2\\*56 in *Nature*  written by Sylvain Lesn\u00e9 and Karen Ashe:\n\n>[A specific amyloid-\u03b2 protein assembly in the brain impairs memory](https://www.nature.com/articles/nature04533)\n\nFrom the report in *Science* one may get the impression that the vast majority of A\u03b2 plaque-related research and drug development since then has been focused on the A\u03b2\\*56 subtype, in which case the alleged fraud would be an enormous setback to the field, with billions of dollars and decades of research time wasted. However, there are many types of A\u03b2 and I'm unclear on just how important A\u03b2\\*56 is to the field of Alzheimer's research and drug development. My initial thought was that there's no way all this time, effort, and money has been invested in something that only one lab has published (even if they've published on it many times) and no independent researchers have validated. The *Science* report says that some others have detected A\u03b2\\*56 but I don't know in what context, or if this other work validates the work from Lesn\u00e9 and Ashe:\n\n>In the 16 years following the landmark paper, Lesn\u00e9 and Ashe\u2014separately or jointly\u2014published many articles on their stellar oligomer. Yet only a handful of other groups have reported detecting A\u03b2\\*56.\n\nAn article on Alzforum has comments from some of the scientists involved in the controversy:\n\n>[Sylvain Lesn\u00e9, Who Found A\u03b2*56, Accused of Image Manipulation](https://www.alzforum.org/news/community-news/sylvain-lesne-who-found-av56-accused-image-manipulation)\n\nIn particular, the top comment which is from Karen Ashe, the senior author on the original 2006 paper:\n\n>...it is clear that there are two general forms of A\u03b2, type 1 and type 2. One particular form of type 1 (referred to in our papers as A\u03b2\\*56 and in the Science article as \u201ctoxic oligomers\u201d) was shown by my lab and others to impair memory function in mice. The type 2 form of A\u03b2 is the one found in amyloid plaques. It is this latter form that drug developers have repeatedly but unsuccessfully targeted. There have been no clinical trials targeting the type 1 form of A\u03b2...\n\nScientific misconduct or fraud is of course terrible, and if true I'm sure this has set back at least some progress in the field. But just how significant is this fraud if it's true?","title":"How significant are the recent revelations that some research related to amyloid beta plaques in Alzheimer\u2019s disease may be fraudulent?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7rmgo/how_significant_are_the_recent_revelations_that/","vote_ratio":0.94},"w7rt65":{"author":"Remarkable_Quarter_6","comment_count":4,"id":"w7rt65","post_time":1658762847.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I am reading a lab procedure and the absorbance for the bioassay is measured at 2 wavelengths. Why are bioassays measured at two different wavelengths? Is this standard? When reporting results, should both figures be reported or just at the maximum wavelength?","title":"Why is bioassay absorbance measured at 2 different wavelengths?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7rt65/why_is_bioassay_absorbance_measured_at_2/","vote_ratio":0.61},"w7ry3i":{"author":"CytheYounger","comment_count":3,"id":"w7ry3i","post_time":1658763176.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I know psychology has not had the best reputation when it comes to the results of studies being replicated, but my question stems around direct replication and the results pulled from those. I understand that if you are going to directly replicate a study, you would use all the same materials from the original study, but would you try and use the same amount of participants or try and get close to it? So, let's say that I try and directly replicate a study from 1992 on Adolescent aggression and video game usage, I would use all the same materials, so in this case, Street Fighter from 1992 on an arcade machine and then measure aggression using the same surveys from the original study.  But let's say the original study had 51 eleven year olds, would you try and get exactly 51 eleven year olds for your replication? or would you try and get close? or does it even matter?","title":"Does trying to have identical or similar participant numbers matter when doing a direct replication of an older study?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7ry3i/does_trying_to_have_identical_or_similar/","vote_ratio":0.46},"w7xktp":{"author":"chadwickthezulu","comment_count":9,"id":"w7xktp","post_time":1658776629.0,"score":12,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Do stars simply put out enough light that the angle between two adjacent photons are sufficiently narrow, ie <1mm separation at 1000 light years? Or does this have to do with the wave nature of photons so a single photon is detectable over a wide area? How small would a light detector need to be for a standard star 1000 LY away to disappear and reappear as the detector is moved around?","title":"Why does a distant star remain visible to the naked eye no matter where we stand?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7xktp/why_does_a_distant_star_remain_visible_to_the/","vote_ratio":0.88},"w7xy0g":{"author":"KingKarnool","comment_count":8,"id":"w7xy0g","post_time":1658777508.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Is the habitable zone of a 2-star system further out than a single-star system like ours?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7xy0g/is_the_habitable_zone_of_a_2star_system_further/","vote_ratio":0.88},"w7ydpn":{"author":"Relative-View3431","comment_count":427,"id":"w7ydpn","post_time":1658778549.0,"score":5632,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I've read that Monkey Pox isn't an STD. So why is MSM, allegedly, the most afflicted group according to the WHO?\n\nEdit: Unfortunately, I feel that the answers aren't clear enough and I still have doubts.\n\nI understand that Monkeypox isn't strictly an STD, and it's mainly transmitted by skin-to-skin contact and respiratory secretions during prolonged face-to-face contact. So, I still don't understand why are the media and health organizations focusing specifically on the MSM demographic.\n\nEven if the spread, allegedly, began in some sort of gay event, any person, regardless of sexual orientation,  could eventually get infected with Monkeypox. It's not as if MSM only had contact with other MSM. They might also spread the disease to their heterosexual friends, coworkers, acquaintances, and relatives.\n\nIn the worst-case scenario in which we aren't able to contain Monkeypox, LGBT people who don't even participate in random sexual encounters or social gatherings might get infected by heterosexual carriers.\n\nShouldn't the narrative be changed to \"people who partake in hook-up culture and large social events\"? What does sexual orientation have to do with the spread of the disease?\n\nEdit2: I'm reading an alarming number of baseless assumptions and stereotypes about MSM or gay men in general, I honestly thought this subreddit was much better.\n\n&#x200B;\n\n&#x200B;","title":"Why is Monkeypox affecting, \"men who have sex with men\" more than any other demographic?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7ydpn/why_is_monkeypox_affecting_men_who_have_sex_with/","vote_ratio":0.85},"w80yrr":{"author":"gnex30","comment_count":5,"id":"w80yrr","post_time":1658784852.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I suppose warm bloodedness plays a factor here, but I'd like to know specifically how. There is a now popular story about avocados and gomphotheres that shows the mutual adaptation, but that's very highly specialized.  I'm speaking more broadly about lizard/reptile/bird/insect/whatever else vs mammal. Perhaps there are whole classes of plants that fruit just for reptiles in particular or something like that and whether it's as productive as it would be if it were mammalian fertilizer.","title":"Is mammal dung special? Are mammals comparatively greater consumers of fruits and vegetables, and so have plants evolved to serve primarily mammals? Why is guano so special?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w80yrr/is_mammal_dung_special_are_mammals_comparatively/","vote_ratio":0.56},"w82tad":{"author":"Glittering_Pitch7648","comment_count":5,"id":"w82tad","post_time":1658789474.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"For context I am a student in second semester college general chemistry, my upcoming lab we are using tartaric acid for analysis using acid-base titration, and in the lab introduction it mentions that tartaric acid is a diprotic acid and gives the molecular structure.  I am just confused how tartaric acid is diprotic since it contains four hydroxides in its molecular structure; does this mean that only two of its hydroxides are reactive?  Maybe it means that after two protons have been donated, the structure changes to where it is no longer able to donate protons?  Any insight is appreciated, thank you.\n\nPicture of molecular structure given: [https://imgur.com/a/UXm5Ten](https://imgur.com/a/UXm5Ten)","title":"Why is tartatric acid diprotic despite having four hydroxides in its molecular structure?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w82tad/why_is_tartatric_acid_diprotic_despite_having/","vote_ratio":0.5},"w845tb":{"author":"FeelThePower999","comment_count":47,"id":"w845tb","post_time":1658792985.0,"score":21,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"In the Medieval times, did every person who caught the dreaded plague die? Nobody ever talks about people who caught the plague but recovered.","title":"Was the bubonic plague 100% fatal?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w845tb/was_the_bubonic_plague_100_fatal/","vote_ratio":0.7},"w85yqu":{"author":"jammerjoint","comment_count":57,"id":"w85yqu","post_time":1658797902.0,"score":190,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"And if it does:\n\n* Is there a way to deduce it?\n* By what processes might the temperature change?\n* Is there any meaningful implication?","title":"Does dark matter have a temperature?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w85yqu/does_dark_matter_have_a_temperature/","vote_ratio":0.89},"w8a58l":{"author":"dushi_dude","comment_count":1,"id":"w8a58l","post_time":1658809794.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I know common starlings are renowned for their murmurations in Europe and North America but are species like the Hildebrant's likely to do it too.","title":"Are common starlings the only starlings to murmurate?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w8a58l/are_common_starlings_the_only_starlings_to/","vote_ratio":0.8},"w8axg3":{"author":"DookieDemon","comment_count":10,"id":"w8axg3","post_time":1658812250.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Mold is a type of fungus and it is capable of fighting off bacteria in some cases, which lead to the discovery of antibiotics (penicillin, etc.) \n\nAs we know, bacteria have begun to 'learn' how to overcome these antibiotics and we now have some types of infectious bacterial diseases that are immune to virtually all known antibiotics.\n\nWould these 'super bacteria' also be dangerous to fungi, including molds and mushrooms? If so, what would that mean for the ecosystem and humans?","title":"Being that antibiotics are derived from fungal mold, would fungi in general be susceptible to antibiotic resistant bacteria?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w8axg3/being_that_antibiotics_are_derived_from_fungal/","vote_ratio":0.73},"w8b7kf":{"author":"Ganondorf10987","comment_count":3,"id":"w8b7kf","post_time":1658813174.0,"score":0,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"How can you ensure that the one you want to condition ends up the one being conditioned?\n\nTo paint a hypothetical situation for an example, let's consider a child who starts out liking its teddy bear, but because that teddy bear was often present along with another (negative) stimulus, it began fearing or even hating the teddy bear. How can you determine which of the stimuli will be conditioned? \n\nAnd can you somehow \"force\" a particular one of them to be conditioned? Could you perhaps use that teddy bear to condition a negative stimulus (like fear of the dark) into a positive stimulus (eg. an apathy/ambivalence towards the dark, or perhaps even fascination with the dark)?","title":"We all know about Pavlovian conditioning of a neutral stimulus. But how does conditioning of a positive/negative stimulus happen?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w8b7kf/we_all_know_about_pavlovian_conditioning_of_a/","vote_ratio":0.29},"w8by2o":{"author":"phizrine","comment_count":11,"id":"w8by2o","post_time":1658815690.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Asked this question on r/NoStupidQuestions but no one really had an answer for me.","title":"If climate change is acidifying our oceans, why can't we add bases to it to balance it out?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w8by2o/if_climate_change_is_acidifying_our_oceans_why/","vote_ratio":0.67},"w8f89k":{"author":"Danielscseta","comment_count":19,"id":"w8f89k","post_time":1658827717.0,"score":17,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"When I saw \"studies on the bioavailability of zinc in man: II absorption of zinc from organic and inorganic sources\", I was intrigued. Are there such things as anti-nutrients, i.e. are there some things which impair the absorption of nutrients, vitamins and minerals?","title":"Does the bioavailability of certain foods changes when eaten with other foods?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w8f89k/does_the_bioavailability_of_certain_foods_changes/","vote_ratio":0.85},"w8g5iv":{"author":"Flick19841984","comment_count":6,"id":"w8g5iv","post_time":1658831002.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"The way I see it, carbon monoxide is the result of a chemical reaction, the one involved in gas stoves, to my understanding, is oxigen + fuel --> products. Among these products, carbon monoxide.\n\nI was told recently that if your flame burns blue, it doesn't produce carbon monoxide (or not nearly as much as yellow). I don't see how that would work. The color of a flame (in a commercial gas combustion) is dependent on its temperature, I can imagine maybe, if your flame's yellow it partially burns the gas supplied, leading to more gas in the air, but certainly not carbon monoxide, no?\n\nThanks in advance","title":"Does a yellow gas flame really produce more carbon monoxide?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w8g5iv/does_a_yellow_gas_flame_really_produce_more/","vote_ratio":0.64},"w8g9w8":{"author":"OLSAU","comment_count":12,"id":"w8g9w8","post_time":1658831413.0,"score":8,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Specifically, are (or could) brain scans (MRI/CT or other) be used for fully or partially diagnosing psychopathy?\n\nIf not, then could such scans still tell us something about psychopathy?","title":"Can brain scans tell us anything about psychopathy?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w8g9w8/can_brain_scans_tell_us_anything_about_psychopathy/","vote_ratio":0.7},"w8h51d":{"author":"Inside-Line","comment_count":12,"id":"w8h51d","post_time":1658834258.0,"score":7,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"At a glance, it seems like the efficiency of good generators (80+%?) and  electric engines (80+% too?) still seem to be much higher than the efficiency of ICE engines (<30%?).\n\nIf this is the case (please let me know if my assumptions are wrong), why does it seem like hybrid power trains of cars and boats have their combustion engines linked to the power train through a drive shaft rather than just producing more electricity to drive the electric motors? I get the sometimes they might be doing this to get more power and avoid having to install more powerful electric motors to accept the power from the generator rather than just the batteries, but it seems just having more range would a huge advantage. Is there something I'm missing?\n\n\nThank you!","title":"Why do most hybrid propulsion systems seem to have the ICE directly linked to the drive system rather than just be a dedicated generator to complement the batteries?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w8h51d/why_do_most_hybrid_propulsion_systems_seem_to/","vote_ratio":0.77},"w8j5jr":{"author":"throughthewoods4","comment_count":384,"id":"w8j5jr","post_time":1658840317.0,"score":3175,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"What happens to veins after they are injected with a needle?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w8j5jr/what_happens_to_veins_after_they_are_injected/","vote_ratio":0.93},"w8khxv":{"author":"pennykie","comment_count":40,"id":"w8khxv","post_time":1658843906.0,"score":834,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"I saw a post earlier today of someone holding a sealed quartz crystal filled with water. How is this possible? Wouldn't the forces involved in making a crystal be enough to evaporate water completely out of the equation?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w8khxv/i_saw_a_post_earlier_today_of_someone_holding_a/","vote_ratio":0.94},"w8o5hk":{"author":"imaris_help","comment_count":3,"id":"w8o5hk","post_time":1658852814.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why do older smallpox vaccines (ACAM) cause a reaction if you have eczema, but JYNNEOS does not?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w8o5hk/why_do_older_smallpox_vaccines_acam_cause_a/","vote_ratio":0.52},"w912bz":{"author":"honey-collector","comment_count":23,"id":"w912bz","post_time":1658884856.0,"score":24,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"What areas of body are most sensitive to heat and cold?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w912bz/what_areas_of_body_are_most_sensitive_to_heat_and/","vote_ratio":0.72},"w94lbw":{"author":"Windrammer420","comment_count":13,"id":"w94lbw","post_time":1658894799.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"The first exoplanet was discovered 30 years ago, and thousands have been found since. What was the breakthrough there?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w94lbw/the_first_exoplanet_was_discovered_30_years_ago/","vote_ratio":0.67},"w9536z":{"author":"H0LEESHiET","comment_count":7,"id":"w9536z","post_time":1658896315.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Does the \u201cattention\u201d (as in point of focus) lag behind when you move your eyeballs?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w9536z/does_the_attention_as_in_point_of_focus_lag/","vote_ratio":1.0},"w95fkn":{"author":"ass_hat_mcgee","comment_count":9,"id":"w95fkn","post_time":1658897384.0,"score":5,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"White paint is commonly used on aircraft for practical and economic reasons - it's easier to resell a white plane that can be painted with the buyer's livery, its easier to spot leaks, the plane heats up less while sitting on the tarmac and most importantly, white paint will not fade or flake as quickly as other colours since it reflects light rather than absorbing it.\n\nHowever this got me thinking, is there any strong evidence that the reflective nature of white paint used on airliners helps combat exposure to UV-A, B or ionizing radiation for the occupants?","title":"Is there any evidence that the white paint on aircraft decrease exposure to UV or ionizing radiation?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w95fkn/is_there_any_evidence_that_the_white_paint_on/","vote_ratio":0.69},"w95frf":{"author":"NoahColl29","comment_count":4,"id":"w95frf","post_time":1658897402.0,"score":11,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Just went to a cafe, got a bottle of Coke, put a paper straw in it, and it started bubbling up, out of the bottle and straight onto the table and onto me. I know that rough surfaces, such as a paper straw, or mentos do encourage nucleation of CO2, but could somebody explain why this happens to me? Thanks, Noah","title":"Why do rough surfaces encourage nucleation of CO2 in fizzy drinks?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w95frf/why_do_rough_surfaces_encourage_nucleation_of_co2/","vote_ratio":0.82},"w95xwb":{"author":"snappy033","comment_count":175,"id":"w95xwb","post_time":1658898988.0,"score":770,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Is there an evolutionary reason for this adaptation? Why doesn't urine just dribble out as it is processed?","title":"Why do animals have bladders to hold urine?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w95xwb/why_do_animals_have_bladders_to_hold_urine/","vote_ratio":0.83},"w9ba6y":{"author":"EverydayPigeon","comment_count":305,"id":"w9ba6y","post_time":1658918235.0,"score":2399,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why is the brain not damaged by impact from running, how is it protected from this sort of impact but not from other impacts?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w9ba6y/why_is_the_brain_not_damaged_by_impact_from/","vote_ratio":0.93},"w9cxjv":{"author":"sunnyman420","comment_count":13,"id":"w9cxjv","post_time":1658923350.0,"score":15,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"I connect one conductor's end to one cell's negative terminal and then it's other end to ANOTHER cells positive terminal, why doesn't current flow? PLEASE someone explain in an easy way cause this question is eating me dog.","title":"Why doesnt current flow from one cell to another?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w9cxjv/why_doesnt_current_flow_from_one_cell_to_another/","vote_ratio":0.69},"w9esp0":{"author":"iribuya","comment_count":16,"id":"w9esp0","post_time":1658928486.0,"score":141,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"What special weather events (tornado/hurricane/El Nino....) could an Earthlike planet have that has a totally different continental layout.\n\nA lot of our weather events are massively influenced by ocean streams, mountain ranges, water to land ratio. Are there weather events that science can predict, but don't happen on earth, instead could occur on other planets if the conditions are right.","title":"What special weather events could an Earthlike planet with totally diffent geography from Earth have?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w9esp0/what_special_weather_events_could_an_earthlike/","vote_ratio":0.87},"w9f5zp":{"author":"Multch_007","comment_count":17,"id":"w9f5zp","post_time":1658929460.0,"score":6,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"Why does spraying a shirt with water from a spray bottle remove most of the wrinkles? Chemistry or physics, I think? I dunno, I am not a scientist lol.","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w9f5zp/why_does_spraying_a_shirt_with_water_from_a_spray/","vote_ratio":0.56},"w9fjbl":{"author":"AutoModerator","comment_count":87,"id":"w9fjbl","post_time":1658930410.0,"score":174,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on **Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science**\n\nDo you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: \"What would happen if...\", \"How will the future...\", \"If all the rules for 'X' were different...\", \"Why does my...\".\n\n**Asking Questions:**\n\nPlease post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.\n\n**Answering Questions:**\n\nPlease only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. [The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/wiki/index#wiki_answering_askscience). In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.\n\nIf you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, [please refer to the information provided here](https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/about/sticky).\n\nPast AskAnythingWednesday posts [can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/search?q=flair%3A%27meta%27&restrict_sr=on&sort=new&t=all). Ask away!","title":"Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w9fjbl/ask_anything_wednesday_engineering_mathematics/","vote_ratio":0.88},"w9hp5i":{"author":"NycandLachicago","comment_count":0,"id":"w9hp5i","post_time":1658935704.0,"score":2,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"What is the immune response to herpes? How does the immune system react to the virus? Can it defeat herpes?","title":"How does the immune system respond to herpes?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w9hp5i/how_does_the_immune_system_respond_to_herpes/","vote_ratio":1.0},"w9i9fm":{"author":"Skoteinoi","comment_count":1,"id":"w9i9fm","post_time":1658937048.0,"score":1,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"The question was inspired after reading about Typhoon Hagibis which struck Japan in 2019 and was quickly followed by an earthquake. Can storms influence earthquakes in any way or are there any other geological effects of storms hidden below the surface?","title":"What impact can a large/powerful storms have on sub-surface geology?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w9i9fm/what_impact_can_a_largepowerful_storms_have_on/","vote_ratio":0.57},"w9lrn0":{"author":"MrInfinitumEnd","comment_count":11,"id":"w9lrn0","post_time":1658945503.0,"score":21,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"","title":"What is 'Superdeterminism' ?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w9lrn0/what_is_superdeterminism/","vote_ratio":0.87},"w9mzla":{"author":"418397","comment_count":2,"id":"w9mzla","post_time":1658948539.0,"score":3,"subreddit":"askscience","text":"Consider the potential due to a pure dipole... It's \nV=k(p.r)/|r|^3 ... where r is position vector of the point at which the potential is considered and p is dipole moment of the charge distribution... \n\nBecause the net charge Q=0, p remains the same even if we shift the origin... Now consider shifting the origin such that |r| remains the same but r doesn't so that p.r has a different value now... Therefore V has a different value in this frame...\n\nWhy? Isn't the potential at a point just the potential difference between this point and a chosen reference point(which happens to be infinity in this case) which shouldn't change unless you change the reference point itself? \n\nAny explanation???","title":"Is potential due to a dipole origin dependent?","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w9mzla/is_potential_due_to_a_dipole_origin_dependent/","vote_ratio":0.67}}

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997 post returned
ID: v0m24k
Title: Were any viruses or diseases eradicated during the pandemic due to global lockdowns?
Author: BerryGrapeBeard
Score: 4074
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 486
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1653863412
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v0m24k/were_any_viruses_or_diseases_eradicated_during/
Text: If so, which ones? 

If not, how did they manage to survive nearly a year of lockdowns? How did they adapt?

Edit: spelling

ID: v0nyqv
Title: Can a person’s aching joints actually predict a storm?
Author: CookieCat698
Score: 1248
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 195
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1653869810
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v0nyqv/can_a_persons_aching_joints_actually_predict_a/
Text: 

ID: v12ux7
Title: Are Caves with lava rivers/pools (like in minecraft) realistic?
Author: SharkMan247
Score: 829
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 62
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1653924956
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v12ux7/are_caves_with_lava_riverspools_like_in_minecraft/
Text: Also could you survive in the same cave as a lava river?

ID: v192mz
Title: When a antigen-presenting cell activates a Th-cell, does the Th-cell take the antigen? Or does the antigen-presenting cell keep it?
Author: JBsquiddy
Score: 115
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1653942450
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v192mz/when_a_antigenpresenting_cell_activates_a_thcell/
Text: Just really really curious what people know about this detail. I've seen 1 video where the MHC II gives the antigen to the TCR, but I cannot find a verification anywhere on the internet. Thought I'd give it a shot in here, maybe there are some experts? :D

Title of the video: 'The Adaptive Immune System'
By 'Vaccine Makers Project'. It happens at 30 seconds.

ID: v1apr8
Title: How do strawberries get infected with hep A?
Author: Kenpoaj
Score: 2898
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 326
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1653947103
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1apr8/how_do_strawberries_get_infected_with_hep_a/
Text: Title. Is it something to do with the fertilizer like ecoli? Or is Hep A something that survives in the soil?

ID: v1ereg
Title: Why do rock sediment layers change color so suddenly?
Author: empathyboi
Score: 9
VoteRatio: 0.81
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1653959955
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1ereg/why_do_rock_sediment_layers_change_color_so/
Text: Since these formations took millions of years to form, wouldn’t it be a subtle change over time? 

And yet, when I look at the formations, the colors seem to change quickly. Why is this?

ID: v1fa7f
Title: If you have a slightly damaged liver, but donate or otherwise remove a portion of it. will the liver as a whole be healthier once it fully regenerates?
Author: TheSentinelsSorrow
Score: 19
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1653961685
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1fa7f/if_you_have_a_slightly_damaged_liver_but_donate/
Text: 

ID: v1hguf
Title: Is tobacco by itself cancerous? If so, what makes it that way?
Author: slushhead_00
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1653969066
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1hguf/is_tobacco_by_itself_cancerous_if_so_what_makes/
Text: 

ID: v1iakc
Title: Do new galaxies become visible as their light reaches Earth?
Author: Jaranon
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 30
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1653972091
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1iakc/do_new_galaxies_become_visible_as_their_light/
Text: Do galaxies beyond the bounds of the currently observable universe become visible as their light reaches Earth or are they simply too far away or obscured to ever be observed?

ID: v1jsrw
Title: How would palaeontologists know the social structure of dinosaurs?
Author: dash_o_truth
Score: 22
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1653978025
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1jsrw/how_would_palaeontologists_know_the_social/
Text: Hello, I just watched Prehistoric Planet and then perused the Wikipedia pages of some of the featured dinosaurs. For example, how would they know that the Dreadnoughtus males go into the desert to compete to mate? (I suppose they found a whole bunch of male fossils?)

Or the father T-rex wants to eat first?

Or the group of Triceratops journeying through a cave to find an underground clay lick, to protect themselves from eating toxic plants by lining their stomachs?

Or the pterosaurs fighting back against the Velociraptor hunting them?

Or the Quetzalcoatlus (I think it was) crushing the other's eggs?

The Edmontosaurus loves fire or something like that?

Or a smaller Barbaridactylus fools the bigger males into getting to mate with females? 

I haven't researched it further but none of this is in the respective Wikipedia pages, how much of this is educative guesses and story telling?

ID: v1k8e8
Title: What is the data on medical marijuana messing with REM sleep?
Author: autoantinatalist
Score: 16
VoteRatio: 0.84
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1653979859
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1k8e8/what_is_the_data_on_medical_marijuana_messing/
Text: I saw a bunch of studies and assertions that it ruins REM sleep. But I also saw stuff that says it's a miracle for sleep and anxiety and nightmares. These things don't seem to coalesce into one pattern; if it helps with anxiety, then it can't also not let you get real rest, becuase over time you would get worse anxiety from not being able to sleep. Bad sleep=more anxiety. Ditto nightmares, if you can't get real rest, then you get more nightmares. 

So what's going on? Is the data conflicting, does it matter who's being studied and why they're taking the drug, does it matter what particular type of thing they're taking, what ingestion method?

ID: v1lgbh
Title: Why is glycemic index of sucrose lower than all purpose flour even though all purpose flour isn't as sweet as sugar?
Author: SkepticOnHGH
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1653985344
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1lgbh/why_is_glycemic_index_of_sucrose_lower_than_all/
Text: 

ID: v1mfbs
Title: Can you tell from the ECG if the pacemaker is activated?
Author: Peiranthus
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1653989756
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1mfbs/can_you_tell_from_the_ecg_if_the_pacemaker_is/
Text: 

ID: v1namv
Title: Are studies related to humans that use worms as the subject relevant to human living?
Author: Wreckit-Jon
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.59
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1653993433
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1namv/are_studies_related_to_humans_that_use_worms_as/
Text: I was reading some health (diet) related articles and they were talking about possible health concerns of diets due to the way ringworms reacted when subjected to said diet. That sounds super strange to me because...I'm not a worm...

Was just wondering if those articles should just be dismissed or if using worms for studies related to humans is actually a scientifically sound practice.

ID: v1nzjq
Title: Does vapour pressure depend on external pressure?
Author: ShavenJohnCravens
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1653996120
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1nzjq/does_vapour_pressure_depend_on_external_pressure/
Text: My understanding of vapour pressure is that it is the pressure exerted by a vapour above a liquid when at equilibrium. Physically, this arises because some molecules have enough energy to escape from the liquid phase in to the gas phase, and at equilibrium the number of molecules vapourising is the same as the number condensing. 

My question is does the vapour pressure depend on the external pressure? For example, if a volatile solvent was placed in a sealed flask, and it was pressurised with an inert gas, would the additional gas molecules hinder the evaporation from the liquid phase?

ID: v1okq2
Title: Is licking a minor wound (such as a small cut) generally effective or harmful?
Author: twinfiresigns14
Score: 4848
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 402
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1653998263
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1okq2/is_licking_a_minor_wound_such_as_a_small_cut/
Text: And does being immunocompromised make a difference?

**ETA:** I’m not immunocompromised, sorry, didn’t realise people would draw that conclusion. I was just curious about what would happen if an immunocompromised person *did* lick a cut. Clearly, it’s nothing good.

The reddit app isn’t letting me reply to posts, but thanks to all who’ve answered so far!

ID: v1p4mj
Title: The human mind compensates for our noses and blind spots, but what is known of animals with long snouts like dogs and horses? How about creatures like stingrays?
Author: None
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.56
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654000055
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1p4mj/the_human_mind_compensates_for_our_noses_and/
Text: Offered my golden retriever my breakfast scraps and noticed he carefully looked down at all the bits of eggs, toast and bacon before raises his head back up and then accurately licking each tidbit without looking? Did his doggy brain create a map of the food bits or was his brain “showing” him the plate even though his adorable snout was in the way?

ID: v1pw7l
Title: Can heat affect electric signals?
Author: toonzman92
Score: 101
VoteRatio: 0.85
CommentCount: 28
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654002464
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1pw7l/can_heat_affect_electric_signals/
Text: So, here’s my simplistic understanding of the two terms:
Electricity- the flow of electrons
Heat - the general movement of particles/molecules.

While these are not perfect definitions, I think they are fairly accurate. 
If you have electrical signals flowing through a copper cable, why can heat not change the bits being transmitted by disrupting the flow?

I realize that heat is a problem in computing, but usually that is at the processing points and affects materials in the computer rather than the signals, right?

ID: v1q5pe
Title: do large Cities affect weather in any significant way?
Author: WhatisBondage
Score: 119
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 29
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654003274
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1q5pe/do_large_cities_affect_weather_in_any_significant/
Text: I live in Minneapolis, MN and now that it's summer there have been a few big thunderstorms. I was wondering if the large city affects how these storms behave.

ID: v1qejy
Title: How do flash floods happen?
Author: Saturnalliia
Score: 22
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 20
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654004015
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1qejy/how_do_flash_floods_happen/
Text: 

ID: v1sled
Title: Melting ice sheets lead to isostatic rebound and earthquakes. Are any mountain glaciers big enough to cause detectable earthquakes by the same process?
Author: foodtower
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.65
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654010154
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1sled/melting_ice_sheets_lead_to_isostatic_rebound_and/
Text: 

ID: v1xyo9
Title: Why, physically, can’t we see ultraviolet light?
Author: zsdrfty
Score: 304
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 74
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654025384
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v1xyo9/why_physically_cant_we_see_ultraviolet_light/
Text: I understand why we can’t see infrared light, because it’s way less energetic than visible light, but ultraviolet is even higher energy and I thought it would still make sense for it to excite our retinas.

The only answer I can find is “because your eyes only see blue light”, but that doesn’t really answer the question of how or why that mechanism actually works.

ID: v225sb
Title: How is a cold virus able to target specific areas of the body, ie the throat?
Author: SirQuaverton
Score: 38
VoteRatio: 0.84
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654036778
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v225sb/how_is_a_cold_virus_able_to_target_specific_areas/
Text: 

ID: v296nc
Title: How is melatonin for supplements made?
Author: Metropolis49
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654059882
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v296nc/how_is_melatonin_for_supplements_made/
Text: I know melatonin is naturally produced in the pineal gland, but how is melatonin made for gummies or supplements?

Is a pure melatonin liquid made and then mixed with the gummies? How is it made, I cannot find it anywhere only a breakdown of the natural biological process

ID: v29nj0
Title: How do mountain rivers formed and how do they look like at the mountain top?
Author: Lukeintoyoureyes
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.39
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654061654
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v29nj0/how_do_mountain_rivers_formed_and_how_do_they/
Text: 

ID: v29pew
Title: What determines the ideal number, length, width and shape for the blades of wind turbines, wind mills, or even interior fans?
Author: MoiJaimeLesCrepes
Score: 2047
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 142
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654061859
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v29pew/what_determines_the_ideal_number_length_width_and/
Text: I notice that wind turbines have only three very long blades, yet windmills and water pump windmills have many more. Likewise, home fans can have three, five, or more blades, and there is a lot of variation in the lengths available. How do you determine what's optimized for a given usage?

ID: v2a0oh
Title: do lower quality synthetic nutrients have higher levels of heavy metals?
Author: Fuxurmother91
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654063123
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2a0oh/do_lower_quality_synthetic_nutrients_have_higher/
Text: I noticed today that when using two different brands of synthetic fertilizers with almost identical NPK levels I was getting a significantly higher EC. the PK levels of one brand of nutrient were higher but I did that math for both nutrient companies in order to ensure I was using identical amounts of RAW NPK. I found that I needed to use significantly more nutrients from one brand to get the same levels of raw nitrogen phosphorus and potassium than the other. After adding the nutrients of the "low quality" brand I noticed the EC was significantly higher (2.3) than the "higher quality" nutrients (1.9) but I'm still adding the same amount of RAW NPK to each tank. 
So my question is this, what exactly is causing the EC to be higher from one brand to the next, is it all the filler from using more nutrients to achieve the same NPK causing this? Or do cheaper/lower quality nutrients use more Iron boron calcium magnesium etc to synthesize their nutrients?

ID: v2ahou
Title: How is circulating tumor dna isolated and analyzed?
Author: Choice_Ad_6775
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654065102
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2ahou/how_is_circulating_tumor_dna_isolated_and_analyzed/
Text: I’ve yet to find an online source that goes into depth about ctdna and the processes involved with its detection (how is it detected? Comparing it with the more regular occurring dna after gel electrophoresis to get the DNA sequences of both?), how it is isolated( from the rest of the cfdna and the plasma), how is it analyzed( what does the sequence tell us, maybe you can find common mutation regions but then what does this mean and how could anything correlate to things like developing resistance against chemo chemicals), and what can we do about it (can we develop better treatments for cancer tutors when analyzing ctdna of the tumour, how is that even possible)

If anyone is well educated on the relatively new topic of ctdna, please offer your help and explaining these topics to me… in detail (explaining when processes like pcr are used and why they are used there). Thank you

ID: v2d9sn
Title: Do monkeys sleep together?
Author: _lucalibre
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654077123
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2d9sn/do_monkeys_sleep_together/
Text: Since we share a lot of common behavior with other big primates this question popped in my mind.
Do they sleep in pairs, groups or even cuddling?

ID: v2dtsx
Title: why are the ice giants furthest away?
Author: benedictholland
Score: 56
VoteRatio: 0.81
CommentCount: 19
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654079373
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2dtsx/why_are_the_ice_giants_furthest_away/
Text: I was taught that when the solar system was forming, the sun pulled in the planets that were heavier, so rocky planets are closest to the sun. Thats why lighter planets (gas giants) are further away. 

But what about the ice planets? are they lighter than the gas giants? were they once in a gaseous state? 

whats the deal with Pluto in all this?

ID: v2e182
Title: Can someone explain to me why does Lanthanum has electronic configuration of [Xe] 6s2 5d1 instead of [Xe]6s2 4f1?
Author: SBsenior
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654080227
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2e182/can_someone_explain_to_me_why_does_lanthanum_has/
Text: Question is up there\^. I have been trying to find an answer for it, But google-ing it either gives unsatisfactory answers like "It's more stable" or such.   
I need a satisfactory and understandable answer. Thanks in advance for helping me out.

ID: v2e7ks
Title: Are there any hydraulic systems that use granular solids like sand or polymer beads with low surface friction as a medium instead of air/liquid?
Author: NorthboundFox
Score: 16
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 15
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654080931
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2e7ks/are_there_any_hydraulic_systems_that_use_granular/
Text: 

ID: v2e8mc
Title: What animal species has a hierarchy of roles based on biological differences?
Author: tristan_noel_safonov
Score: 20
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 17
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654081056
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2e8mc/what_animal_species_has_a_hierarchy_of_roles/
Text: 

ID: v2eaob
Title: AskScience AMA Series: I'm Futurist Amy Webb, and I just wrote a new book about a wild emerging technology called synthetic biology. AMA!
Author: AskScienceModerator
Score: 129
VoteRatio: 0.81
CommentCount: 63
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654081245
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2eaob/askscience_ama_series_im_futurist_amy_webb_and_i/
Text: We can now program cells as if they were tiny computers. What happens when anyone can manipulate organisms - or even create new ones? My new book, [The Genesis Machine](https://www.amazon.com/Genesis-Machine-Rewrite-Synthetic-Biology/dp/1541797914), gives you the background you need to think differently about research underway now, and what that could mean for humanity's futures. What questions do you have for [me](https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/01/10/amy-webb-talks-crispr-ivf-5g/), Redditors? I'll be on from 2-4pmET (18-20 UT), AMA!




Username: /u/Amy_Webb

ID: v2glh3
Title: Why aren't the *sub*species of brassica rapa just considered different *species*?
Author: inna_hey
Score: 276
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 62
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654088752
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2glh3/why_arent_the_subspecies_of_brassica_rapa_just/
Text: I guess the question is, what's the difference between subspecies and species, at least in the plant world? *Is* there even a clear distinction?

ID: v2gtb1
Title: How does Zeki (2003) relate to the unfolding argument?
Author: Nervous_Weather_5272
Score: 9
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654089423
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2gtb1/how_does_zeki_2003_relate_to_the_unfolding/
Text: Doerig and colleagues (2021) present four proposed criteria for a theory of consciousness in the article "Hard Criteria for Empirical Theories of Consciousness". One of these is the unfolding argument. Can't seem to find any literature on how Zekis´ theory of the disunity of consciousness relates to this argument. He provides no function for consciousness, is he therefore subject to the unfolding argument, and could be considered a casual structure theory such as Lammes´ recurrent processing theory (2006) and Tononis´ information integration theory (2004)?

ID: v2ho32
Title: Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science
Author: AutoModerator
Score: 98
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 64
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654092012
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2ho32/ask_anything_wednesday_engineering_mathematics/
Text: Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on **Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science**

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

**Asking Questions:**

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

**Answering Questions:**

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. [The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/wiki/index#wiki_answering_askscience). In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, [please refer to the information provided here](https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/about/sticky).

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts [can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/search?q=flair%3A%27meta%27&restrict_sr=on&sort=new&t=all). Ask away!

ID: v2hx4l
Title: are the effects of faraday cages made of multiple materials aditional to each other?
Author: abusivethrowaway13
Score: 39
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 16
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654092688
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2hx4l/are_the_effects_of_faraday_cages_made_of_multiple/
Text: Language isn't my strong suit so let me explain my question. If I was to make a faraday cage to protect a peice of equipment but I was trying to do so cheaply and get the most EMP protection possible could I use a metal mesh, then an insulating layer, then a foil layer, then more insulation? And would the mesh add to the protection? Or is the amount of protection limited by the most effective layer and all additional layers effectively do nothing. 

Bonus question: under what circumstances would I have to ground the faraday cage to properly EMP protect the equipment?

ID: v2lxhs
Title: After you donate blood, considering that it takes like 3-4 weeks to fully replenish the lost red blood cells that carry oxygen, is your endurance/stamina measurably affected afterwards for some time?
Author: Portalrules123
Score: 33
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654103418
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2lxhs/after_you_donate_blood_considering_that_it_takes/
Text: 

ID: v2pcv8
Title: Why is Fluorocarbon hydrophobic?
Author: Solberg907
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.87
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654112271
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2pcv8/why_is_fluorocarbon_hydrophobic/
Text: If I understand it right, hydrocarbons are hydrophobic because of the non-polar interactions. But what makes Fluorocarbons MORE hydrophobic? Fluor-carbon interaction are very polar aren't they? so wouldn't that make them soluble in water?

ID: v2tyc0
Title: Can we predict when a gene will be expressed?
Author: Dzugavili
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654124022
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2tyc0/can_we_predict_when_a_gene_will_be_expressed/
Text: Genetic modification in the 20th century was a bit of a crapshoot -- literally. You'd put a bunch of DNA on some pellets and shoot them into a plant with an air gun, it's honestly so hilariously basic, it's surprising that it works. That, and Sanford is just a crazy person now. But that's another story.

But the genes get inserted pretty randomly, which is weird to me. Do we just practically test the organisms afterwards to see which ones got the insertion right?

Or can we predict when or how often a gene will be expressed from its contents and location in the genome?

Or do we not know this yet?

ID: v2u8v7
Title: How are vitamins made?
Author: sempered
Score: 54
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 16
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654124793
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2u8v7/how_are_vitamins_made/
Text: 
Exactly as the post says.

I’m curious on how vitamins are made both from the natural and organic side to the synthetic.

How does it get from something like an açaí berry to vitamin B12. Or how is an orange turned into vitamin c?

Thanks for all the help!

ID: v2waae
Title: Dogs can smell COVID infections in patients, with as much accuracy as a PCR test. What's stopping us from building a machine that 'smells' the patients and detects it as well, if not better, than a dog?
Author: celo753
Score: 11033
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 617
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654130363
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2waae/dogs_can_smell_covid_infections_in_patients_with/
Text: You'd just have to build a detector sensitive to the specific molecule or group of molecules that cause the smell, right? And while we are at it, can't we have a bomb-sniffing and drug-sniffing machine, the same way dogs do? Or is there something about dog morphology that allows them to detect these smells better than any machine we can currently make?

[Article I saw about dogs sniffing covid](https://www.reddit.com/r/science/comments/v2ndcz/trained_dogs_sniff_out_covid19_as_well_as_lab/)

ID: v2xq4m
Title: How exactly do prion diseases work and how can they be prevented?
Author: _GenderNotFound
Score: 22
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654134671
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v2xq4m/how_exactly_do_prion_diseases_work_and_how_can/
Text: Also, how close are we to a cure?

ID: v36i31
Title: Can the concepts of right and left be objectively explained using magnetic fields?
Author: Grayfox4
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 31
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654168564
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v36i31/can_the_concepts_of_right_and_left_be_objectively/
Text: If you run a current through a wire, you create a magnetic field, and that magnetic field has a direction relative to the flow of the current. So if you were to explain to the aliens with no concept of left and right, you could tell them to set up an experiment where they connect a battery to a wire with the negative pole in a specified direction and the positive pole in the other. 

Then all you need to do is state that when viewing the wire from a perspective relative to the flow of the electrons, you observe the direction of rotation of the magnetic field, and at the "up" position (opposite the direction of gravity) is either right or left depending on the perspective relative to electron flow? Or am I missing something?

ID: v3fkle
Title: Can speech and body language experts tell whether someone is lying if they don't talk like they usually do?
Author: Ethan_Carlton
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.33
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654194804
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3fkle/can_speech_and_body_language_experts_tell_whether/
Text: Say, the subject is doing a Gordon Ramsay impression when they're testifying

ID: v3fptz
Title: What are the mechanisms that cause Skeeter Syndrome and other extreme skin reactions to bug bites? Has there been any advances in cures or treatments?
Author: SamisSmashSamis
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.81
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654195200
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3fptz/what_are_the_mechanisms_that_cause_skeeter/
Text: See title. Thanks!

ID: v3g4w5
Title: If a sound is produced in an environment where there is wind blowing that goes faster than the speed of sound, can you hear that sound if the receiver is "upstream" of the wind?
Author: Bastiproton
Score: 14
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654196344
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3g4w5/if_a_sound_is_produced_in_an_environment_where/
Text: Since the soundwaves would travel through a medium that is moving away from the receiver faster than the speed of the soundwaves itself.

Additionally, can wind cause Doppler effects?

ID: v3g7hl
Title: What is a pattern? Is randomness the inverse of a pattern? And does the definition of a pattern include shared properties between elements?
Author: themoment326
Score: 37
VoteRatio: 0.87
CommentCount: 27
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654196520
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3g7hl/what_is_a_pattern_is_randomness_the_inverse_of_a/
Text: For example, 1 2 3 4 5 6 exhibits a pattern. Each element is the previous plus one. 

But what if say, you know beforehand, the elements of a sequence are between 1 - 6 like in a dice. You’re trying to figure out if a certain sampling method is random. Say you get 3 2 1 2 2 1 3 1 2 2 1 3 2 1 1 2 3 1. The sequence itself doesn’t seem to exhibit a pattern yet they all share the same property of being within the set {1,2,3} and excluding the set {4,5,6}

Randomness is often defined as the lack of a pattern. This sequence by the face of it doesn’t seem to have a pattern yet we know it’s not coming from a uniform random distribution from 1-6 given 4 5 and 6 aren’t selected. How do you explain this?

ID: v3im3k
Title: Which exactly experiment proves that the speed of light does not depend on the speed of observer?
Author: dgladush
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.59
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654203145
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3im3k/which_exactly_experiment_proves_that_the_speed_of/
Text: Is there any experiment that proves that the speed of light does not depend on the speed of observer?

Popular science often tells that Mickelson Morley experiment proves it, but all parts of it are stationary relatively to each other.

So I would say it proves only that the speed of light is C if the source and the observer are in the same frame of reference, as far as I understand. Is there anything else?

Thanks.

ID: v3m3qi
Title: Is there a period of time between infection and eradication of a pathogen in an immunized host wherein the host is still infectious?
Author: SlyGuyontheFly
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.81
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654213100
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3m3qi/is_there_a_period_of_time_between_infection_and/
Text: This question was inspired by my understanding of immune response: A host becomes infected > pathogen replicates until disease > immune response > eradication. At some point between infection and eradication there exists a critical mass of the pathogen such that the host becomes infectious.

An immunized host has memory cells that reduce immune response time. Is that shortened response time enough to prevent the host from becoming infectious before the pathogen is eradicated?

I figure this varies wildly from pathogen so let's just stick to COVID-19 (although additional examples would be great).

A few more things:

First, I'm out of my area of expertise (obviously) so please excuse any misuse of terminology, and please point it out.
Second, please don't hold back with your answers. If I wanted a simple explanation for something as if I was five years old I'd go to another sub (my post was auto deleted for referencing it). If I don't understand something I can go look it up. Hit me with your best shot =)
Third, please don't forget to cite your sources (or expertise) so I have somewhere to go for more information.

ID: v3vcx2
Title: To what degree are all enzyme reactions reversible? How can I tell if a reaction is or isn't?
Author: fragileMystic
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654247534
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3vcx2/to_what_degree_are_all_enzyme_reactions/
Text: Let's take glutamine synthetase as an example. It creates Glutamine by catalyzing the reaction:

 Glutamate + ATP + NH3 → Glutamine + ADP + phosphate

But does this mean that if Glutamine concentration is high enough, Glutamate can be generated while producing ATP?

Is there database cataloguing which enzyme reactions are reversible or irreversible? Are there general principles by which I can predict if a reaction is or isn't reversible?

ID: v3vdjc
Title: Does the epicuticular wax of plant leaves disappear, or become inefficient when that certain plant is near spoiling/spoiled?
Author: bakugouchaan
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654247611
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3vdjc/does_the_epicuticular_wax_of_plant_leaves/
Text: We're conducting a research about using the extracted epicuticular wax from near spoling cabbage leaves. However, we wish to know if the spoiling of this cabbage, or any plant, affects the effectiveness of the hydrophobicity property of their epicuticular wax.

ID: v3vlz6
Title: How long does it take for a vaccine to be absorbed into muscle?
Author: synthroidgay
Score: 9
VoteRatio: 0.65
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654248682
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3vlz6/how_long_does_it_take_for_a_vaccine_to_be/
Text: I don't mean how long until the vaccine takes effect, I mean how long is there a pocket of liquid sitting there inside unabsorbed? Could you hypothetically stick in another needle into the exact same spot, draw the liquid back out, and unnvaccinate yourself? I don't actually want to do this, if it needs to be said

ID: v3ygvr
Title: Can you get Monkeypox more than once?
Author: BlueAdjacent
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.41
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654259880
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3ygvr/can_you_get_monkeypox_more_than_once/
Text: 

ID: v3z56d
Title: Why do viruses like herpes or hpv stay forever, while flu viruses don't?
Author: None
Score: 4828
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 356
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654262037
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3z56d/why_do_viruses_like_herpes_or_hpv_stay_forever/
Text: 

ID: v3za0x
Title: What is the heaviest recorded rainfall? What is the theoretical limit?
Author: SquisherBeMe
Score: 544
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 89
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654262467
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v3za0x/what_is_the_heaviest_recorded_rainfall_what_is/
Text: I was in some heavy rain and it made me wonder how it compared. Not looking for the most rain to fall in a day or an hour, but something closer to minute or less.

ID: v40ixk
Title: How are there multiple reading frames if it starts AUG?
Author: idek300
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.6
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654266205
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v40ixk/how_are_there_multiple_reading_frames_if_it/
Text: So I was researching translation and something that everyone mentions but no one explains - why are there 3 possible reading frames for an mRNA, if translation starts at AUG codon? If translation starts at this codon, then the only reading frame possible is the one dictated by AUG ie. there can only be one, so how would it even be theoretically possible for two other reading frames?

e.g. 5\` GUCGAUGCUUGGUAGUAAG......... 3\`

The only potential initiation site is AUG, so why do we say that this could encode 3 different proteins?

ID: v41aw2
Title: Did we discover any unknown islands after humanity first used satellite photography?
Author: Pistolenkrebs
Score: 362
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 65
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654268462
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v41aw2/did_we_discover_any_unknown_islands_after/
Text: 

ID: v422pa
Title: Why don’t microphones on stage at huge stadium concerts have constant feedback?
Author: legomyeggopls
Score: 27
VoteRatio: 0.85
CommentCount: 19
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654270661
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v422pa/why_dont_microphones_on_stage_at_huge_stadium/
Text: When theres’s 20,000 people in the crowd, and speakers that are 50 feet high, how do these microphone not constantly pick up all that sound around them?  It almost seems impossible, so how can the singer’s vocals be so clear?

ID: v48dc9
Title: Is HSV-1 (Cold Sores) contractible through blood/gametes?
Author: 2AM_Tale
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654288442
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v48dc9/is_hsv1_cold_sores_contractible_through/
Text: Quite a bit of my family has it, and my understanding is that most of the population has it, so I was wondering, besides saliva and sharing objects/water; does HSV-1 bind with your gametes (or can you be born with it?)? I’ve tried to google but I haven’t found anything, or anything relating to blood/birth at least.

ID: v4c2xp
Title: How does the body produce the sense of impending doom associated with incompatible blood transfusions, imminent heart attacks, etc?
Author: DarthWoo
Score: 177
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 24
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654299441
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4c2xp/how_does_the_body_produce_the_sense_of_impending/
Text: 

ID: v4d2m4
Title: Is it true that your bones don't get any stronger after your early twenties?
Author: biggerthanUSsteel
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.63
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654302763
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4d2m4/is_it_true_that_your_bones_dont_get_any_stronger/
Text: I heard that your strength of your bones are built in your teens and early twenties and that peak is maintained until 30. So basically, my weightlifting and calcium  won't help my bones get stronger

ID: v4f8nd
Title: I heard bats apparently have insanely good immune systems. Is this true?
Author: KittyScholar
Score: 26
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654310143
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4f8nd/i_heard_bats_apparently_have_insanely_good_immune/
Text: And if so, why? Any other wild adaptions that make them the only flying mammals?

ID: v4gu2b
Title: Where do we get raw elements from? Ie. Neon, helium.
Author: arunningturtle
Score: 640
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 80
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654315896
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4gu2b/where_do_we_get_raw_elements_from_ie_neon_helium/
Text: 

ID: v4gw62
Title: How visually accurate/realistic are the current animations of cellular biology as presented by HarvardX, WEHImovies, and the like?
Author: The_Freight_Train
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654316095
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4gw62/how_visually_accuraterealistic_are_the_current/
Text: How visually accurate/realistic are the current animations of cellular biology as presented by HarvardX, WEHImovies, and the like?

Using this video as an example:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vkYEYjintqU

Is what we see here truly physically occurring, or artist representation of what we theorize is occurring?  

r/AskScience, please tell me that protons literally spin microscopic turbines to create ATP.


Edit:  Thanks guys, my questions are fairly answered and given me more food for thought and direction to focus study.  My general takeaway from the thread is that these videos are close enough to "reality" to be presented to a student as such, with some small disclaimers that do not necessarily detract from the animations' accuracy.

ID: v4l4rd
Title: What are the risks of consuming an excess of vitamins and nutrients? E.G. consuming 1200% of the recommended daily value of Vitamin D, every day?
Author: gabbie_the_gay
Score: 18
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 16
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654334056
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4l4rd/what_are_the_risks_of_consuming_an_excess_of/
Text: 

ID: v4lcfg
Title: Why are rockets/ spacecraft corrosion resistant, if there is no oxygen in space?
Author: owenbananaman
Score: 1810
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 250
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654335056
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4lcfg/why_are_rockets_spacecraft_corrosion_resistant_if/
Text: I was reading about the different types of alloys used in rockets, and many of them are labeled as 'corrosion resistant'; does this actually matter or is it just a useless byproduct of the alloys that rockets use? (btw, sorry if I used the wrong flair.)

ID: v4ngex
Title: Is there any scientific substantiation that alcohol does/doesn’t combat snake venom?
Author: DeviantDahlia
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.68
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654344175
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4ngex/is_there_any_scientific_substantiation_that/
Text: My friend believes drinking alcohol fights snake venom when you’re bitten - I believe it can increase circulation and put you more at risk. However, she’s not happy with MayoClinic as a source. So are there any better sources I could link her, or am I wrong to begin with?

ID: v4o42c
Title: How are the Columbian Hippos (Escobar's Hippos) not horribly inbred if they started from a population of 4?
Author: Havoc098
Score: 286
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 77
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654346626
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4o42c/how_are_the_columbian_hippos_escobars_hippos_not/
Text: As per title, even if hippos don't suffer from inbreeding to the same extent, surely over so many generations it has to have some effect? 
Estimates put the population at around 100 with potential to grow higher.

ID: v4osgy
Title: How much do hormones affect how our bodies 'turn out' as adults?
Author: exomyth
Score: 9
VoteRatio: 0.66
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654348937
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4osgy/how_much_do_hormones_affect_how_our_bodies_turn/
Text: So from my very basic understanding, I understand that there are certain hormones that affect certain parts of the human body. Like oestrogen influences growth of breast tissue for example and there is this other hormone that affects growth and there are many other hormones that affect all kinds of stuff. Correct?

So that has me wondering, if you had this very unethical  experiment where you could inject babies with some hormone cocktails, how much could you control by just controlling their hormones.

For example: Would you have enough control to have a baby turn into 6ft tall adult, with wide hips a big butt, large boobs and a 10 inch penis? Or how much of that would be coded into the DNA?

ID: v4pc8x
Title: If muscle cell never divide, how does people become muscular ? How do they build muscle ? How does a child grow?
Author: meowmeowfuzzyface111
Score: 39
VoteRatio: 0.72
CommentCount: 17
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654350793
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4pc8x/if_muscle_cell_never_divide_how_does_people/
Text: 

ID: v4pcl0
Title: Can salmonella be spread through air transmission such as a fan?
Author: amiibohunter2015
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.44
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654350825
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4pcl0/can_salmonella_be_spread_through_air_transmission/
Text: 

ID: v4pkfd
Title: If you clone an animal is there a biological method to differentiate the clone from the original?
Author: phoinex711
Score: 22
VoteRatio: 0.76
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654351487
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4pkfd/if_you_clone_an_animal_is_there_a_biological/
Text: For example, Dolly the sheep. Other than age is there any biological way to identify the clone from the original?

ID: v4qg7n
Title: Is there any scientific evidence or reason that you gain weight by eating late?
Author: gone_to_kroatan
Score: 2816
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 484
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654354267
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4qg7n/is_there_any_scientific_evidence_or_reason_that/
Text: I almost exclusively eat late, ranging anywhere from 9pm to 11pm. I just need to be relaxed and have time to enjoy eating. When my kids are awake I have to be alert and take care of them,so I don't eat just a few bites with them and prepare dinner after they are asleep.
People who know about of this habit tend to state that it's not healthy as you gain weight and sleep bad. Now I'm interested, is this just a myth or are there any studies or explanations supporting this?

ID: v4qzt2
Title: Are there any fish that live in shallow-ish water that use lures like deep-sea angler fish do?
Author: Odd_Explanation_9951
Score: 9
VoteRatio: 0.65
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654355861
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4qzt2/are_there_any_fish_that_live_in_shallowish_water/
Text: 

ID: v4xy3e
Title: When is a rock considered to be “born”?
Author: The_Real_Mr_F
Score: 3588
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 109
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654376348
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4xy3e/when_is_a_rock_considered_to_be_born/
Text: You often hear that a rock is 1 billion years old or 300 million years old or whatever age it may be. What is the starting point for a rock’s age? I assume it might vary based on the type of rock, like maybe volcanic rocks are “born” when they emerge from a volcano, or sedimentary rocks are “born” when they harden from whatever swampy material they were before, but I’m not sure, and Googling mainly tells me that Dwayne Johnson was born in 1972, which is interesting but not helpful. Since just about every rock is made of material that has been around since the Big Bang, it’s confusing to know what science considers the start of a rock’s existence. What defines a rock’s birthday?

ID: v4yvuk
Title: Why are babies born with “young” DNA?
Author: Enceing
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.65
CommentCount: 19
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654379232
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v4yvuk/why_are_babies_born_with_young_dna/
Text: If a 40 year old has a baby, aren’t the babies DNA going to be deprecated just as much as the 40 year old’s? for example a baby is not born with 40 year old wrinkly skin, but new, healthy skin with no DNA defects due to replication over time.

ID: v577pt
Title: Is the Incubation Period and Febrile Phase same?
Author: Cl1ky
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.6
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654409168
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v577pt/is_the_incubation_period_and_febrile_phase_same/
Text: According to Wikipedia page of Dengue Fever, The incubation period of the disease is 2-14 days. Next it states that it's clinical course has 3 phases: Febrile, critical, and recovery.

Out of these, febrile lasts 2-7 days. Now my question is this, is the febrile phase assimilated into the incubation OR does it start after the ending of incubation?

ID: v588i4
Title: What places have the most Intraplate earthquakes? How destructive can they get?
Author: BuilderDahomey
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.58
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654413699
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v588i4/what_places_have_the_most_intraplate_earthquakes/
Text: What are these so called weak spots within a tectonic plate? I live near one of the most geologically active regions, so I was curious.

ID: v5b1rt
Title: How does smell work?
Author: goldfishpaws
Score: 44
VoteRatio: 0.76
CommentCount: 23
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654426935
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5b1rt/how_does_smell_work/
Text: At an interested engineer, totally not a biologist level, I can smell things.  When I try to understand how smell works, though, I get confused.  I've heard a couple of answers which I'm not convinced by, so thought I'd get some clarity.

* Resonating bonds between atoms in molecules.  This sounds semi plausible, but it doesn't account for handedness, where (AIUI) for instance a left hand identical arrangement of atoms smells of lemon and the same atoms arranged right-handed smell of mint.

* That suggests shape is the driver, which seems compelling, but then why do brand new molecules we never evolved for have a smell?  Not perfume blends, that's obvious, but molecularly.  If we don't have a receptor for a molecule shape, how could we smell it, and how could we evolve a receptor for something that doesn't exist?

* Smell buds, and every aroma is a unique combination of the nose equivalent of bitter/sweet/salt/acid/umami.  This seems pretty unconvincing to me as with shape alone - how could novel molecules smell?

* Nose as a diffraction column.  Doesn't seem intuitive, but unique graphs for aromas at least includes the possibility of novel molecules having a smell, but we return to the handedness question.

What am I missing?  Am I overthinking it all, missing something obvious?  I mean it seems like something we should know, but I'm not seeing consensus.

Thanks for your ideas about this, it's troubled me a while!

ID: v5d9n3
Title: Are There Any Diseases That Can Destroy Prokaryote Cell Walls?
Author: caleblewis94
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.7
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654435364
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5d9n3/are_there_any_diseases_that_can_destroy/
Text: Good morning from Atlanta, I am a college student studying History, though I am also interested in Biology and taking a course with a lab this Summer. I am learning about Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic organisms and their functions and noted that a key difference is that most Prokaryoteshave a cell wall to protect them from bursting due to water absorption. I also remember from prior knowledge knowing that our intestines contain a bunch of prokaryotes to aid in breaking down waste, etc. I was curious and didn't want to bother my professor with these random questions that pop up as I'm reading the textbook, so I figured I'd turn to you kind folks on here to enlighten me on this random burning question of mine:

Are there any diseases that can damage/destroy the cell walls of prokaryotes, causing them to absorb water throughout the body, i.e. the intestines and burst? 

Thanks!

ID: v5do7n
Title: How do i differentiate between Protista and Fungi cells?
Author: H_Badran
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654436746
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5do7n/how_do_i_differentiate_between_protista_and_fungi/
Text: 

ID: v5e00t
Title: How significantly do plastic dental appliances, things like retainers, Invisalign, or night guards, contribute to the build up of microplastics in the body?
Author: Mycellanious
Score: 3464
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 244
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654437803
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5e00t/how_significantly_do_plastic_dental_appliances/
Text: 

ID: v5fek1
Title: How were the Columbia, Fraser, Klamath and Pit Rivers able to work their way through mountain ranges? Are there any other examples out there too?
Author: ResidentRunner1
Score: 13
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654442049
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5fek1/how_were_the_columbia_fraser_klamath_and_pit/
Text: 

ID: v5ft2n
Title: Why wouldn't plasma propulsion work within the atmosphere of the earth?
Author: None
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.72
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654443199
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5ft2n/why_wouldnt_plasma_propulsion_work_within_the/
Text: Well, the question in the title? Why wouldn't it work? What's the physics behind the not working? Not enough force to cause an action-reaction?

Thanks in advance!

ID: v5hhnp
Title: To what extent is general intelligence (g) correlated to higher levels of physical attractiveness?
Author: Less-Talk-More-Bach
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.54
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654448160
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5hhnp/to_what_extent_is_general_intelligence_g/
Text: General intelligence (g), physical attractiveness, lifetime income, positive health outcomes, and subjective happiness are all tightly correlated. 

To what extent is the relationship between intelligence and attractiveness causal? Does it come down to a more higher order factor one could call general fitness? What implications does this fact pose for public policy or ethics?

ID: v5idwp
Title: Why do specific variants of COVID19 become dominant over other variants?
Author: wandernomad2020
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.43
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654450785
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5idwp/why_do_specific_variants_of_covid19_become/
Text: My girlfriend and I were having a heated discussion about this.  I was adamant it was based on the fitness of a given variant, but I struggled to explain how that actually plays out in the real world.  She had other ideas that I won't try to explain as I wouldn't be doing her justice.

Can anyone explain this to us, ideally with some actual research papers backing points up?  Ideally with real world examples, e.g. why was Delta pushed out by Omicron and how that plays out on a smaller scale, e.g. even within a single host, and how that interaction changes thing in small but significantly as the macro level. Any help, pointers, etc would be appreciated.

ID: v5kd1y
Title: I read that there are high concentrations of interstellar dust and gas near the center of the galaxy that make it difficult to resolve stars. If Earth were orbiting a planet very near to the galactic center, would space appear “hazy” instead of clear and black?
Author: Salted_One
Score: 673
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 64
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654456512
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5kd1y/i_read_that_there_are_high_concentrations_of/
Text: Likewise, would the same apply to a planet within a nebula? If the affect wouldn’t be enough to make a difference visible to the naked eye, are we inside a nebula or some gas “cloud” ourselves?

ID: v5pf4f
Title: When a star runs out of fuel and collapses, does it happen all at once or does is slowly “deflate?”
Author: Mikey_Sheridan
Score: 16
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654471755
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5pf4f/when_a_star_runs_out_of_fuel_and_collapses_does/
Text: 

ID: v5ppp9
Title: I searched, and cannot find the answer to: which of our eight planets is the newest?
Author: BeingKindToAnimals
Score: 83
VoteRatio: 0.79
CommentCount: 32
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654472711
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5ppp9/i_searched_and_cannot_find_the_answer_to_which_of/
Text: 

ID: v5qwut
Title: Which (if any) gorgonopsids have horns?
Author: PurpleMollusc
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.65
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654476664
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5qwut/which_if_any_gorgonopsids_have_horns/
Text: I'm looking for inspiration to draw something and gorgonopsids and synapsids in general have started to captivate me and I've started to wonder, which ones had horns? I'm talking about those similar to horns we see today like in undulates.

ID: v5rizp
Title: Why does it hurt when you put alcohol or peroxide on a wound?
Author: Meal-Ready
Score: 1962
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 354
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654478693
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5rizp/why_does_it_hurt_when_you_put_alcohol_or_peroxide/
Text: 

ID: v5u5pr
Title: During active transport in a cell, why does modification of a molecule exempt it from violating a concentration gradient?
Author: Green_Agar
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654487874
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5u5pr/during_active_transport_in_a_cell_why_does/
Text: Isn’t diffusion of molecules affected principally by charge, size, and amount, irrespective of the type of molecule? Why would alteration of a molecule render it immune to the effects of a concentration gradient?

ID: v5v383
Title: what is the current consensus on T-rex and feathers?
Author: killakam86437
Score: 13
VoteRatio: 0.85
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654491406
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5v383/what_is_the_current_consensus_on_trex_and_feathers/
Text: I just got done watching prehistoric planet by apple tv. It depicted trex with a scaley body, with what looked like slight hair, like an elephant would have. What is the current consensus on whether or not trex had feathers and why would the show depict them the way they did?

ID: v5vbbn
Title: Are we still discovering new diseases regularly?
Author: TigreSauvage
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654492276
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5vbbn/are_we_still_discovering_new_diseases_regularly/
Text: Medical science has always progressed along with regular advancements in other fields. For example, these days advances in Chemistry and Genetics allows us uncover the secrets of human biochemistry. 

We have obviously discovered many diseases over the years, but are we still discovering new ones?  I other words, are people still stumping scientists with disease they have never seen before and are completely novel?

ID: v5vhbk
Title: What is the shallowest ocean trench?
Author: Snapple207
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.59
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654492958
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5vhbk/what_is_the_shallowest_ocean_trench/
Text: You often hear about the Mariana trench being the deepest trench in the world but which one is the least? Google doesn't seem to provide a good answer on the subject and my searches were dominated with the "deepest" results and unrelated things.

ID: v5z4pv
Title: is Sagittarius A a new black hole or just discovered?
Author: astro_billions
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 13
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654508176
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v5z4pv/is_sagittarius_a_a_new_black_hole_or_just/
Text: 

ID: v60m2p
Title: How big of an advantage does high-altitude training actually give to athletes? (say, at 2-2.5 km above mean sea level so with 20-25% less oxygen)
Author: A-Delonix-Regia
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 13
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654512373
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v60m2p/how_big_of_an_advantage_does_highaltitude/
Text: According to an air pressure calculator I found on Google, the air at 2 km above MSL would be about 0.8 atm and at 2.5 km above MSL it would be about 0.75 atm.

As per my understanding, getting 20-25% less oxygen per breath would mean that a high-altitude athlete's body would have more RBCs, bigger lungs, and a bigger heart, and that should give a noticeable advantage to the high altitude athlete.

But from personal experience (as someone who is rather unfit, and has always lived in coastal cities), when I visited a hill station at 2.25 km above MSL I didn't really notice anything that made me breathe faster or deeper, so I guess the 20-25% less oxygen actually translates to just about 5% more breathing and 5% less physical strength.

So, suppose we take two athletes:

1. A person who has spent most of his life in towns at 2-2.5 km above sea level
2. A person who has always lived in coastal cities

And suppose both athletes are capable of doing the same sports with identical performance in their hometowns.

I agree that the high-altitude athlete would have the advantage when competing, regardless of whether the athletes were competing at sea level or at high altitude, but suppose we were to have a way to accurately measure peak strength and endurance as two separate parameters.

How big would the advantage (in each of the two parameters) realistically be in favour of the high-altitude athlete, if both of them were competing at mean sea level? My guess is that peak strength is equal and the high-altitude athlete has maybe 10% more endurance. (if endurance is measured as "how long the athlete can do some exercise at a given intensity level for")

Note: I've chosen the 2-2.5 km range because the highest major cities in my country and in the USA are in that altitude range

Note 2: I made a similar post 2 hours ago but since that post was removed by Reddit's spam filters for linking to the air pressure calculator, I am reposting this and deleting that post.

ID: v60um3
Title: AskScience AMA Series: Summer is tick season. We are experts on the science of Lyme disease (and other tickborne illnesses), and we are here to answer your questions. AUA!
Author: AskScienceModerator
Score: 2381
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 385
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654513202
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v60um3/askscience_ama_series_summer_is_tick_season_we/
Text: Lyme disease, an infection caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi that is primarily transmitted by Ixodes scapularis (also known as blacklegged or deer ticks), [affects between 30,000 and 500,000 Americans every year](https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/datasurveillance/index.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Flyme%2Fstats%2Findex.html). Beyond the characteristic erythema migrans ("bullseye") rash, symptoms range from arthritis to damaging nervous and cardiac systems. With so many cases every year, it is imperative that everyone learn what steps can be taken to minimize and prevent Lyme disease infections while also getting up to date on the current scientific and medical interventions being used to treat and cure Lyme disease in infected individuals.

Join us today at 2 PM ET (18 UT) for a discussion, organized by the American Society for Microbiology, about all aspects of Lyme disease (and other tickborne diseases). We'll take your questions and discuss what people can do to prevent Lyme disease, how Lyme disease is best diagnosed and treated, and what to do if you suspect that you have Lyme disease. Ask us anything!

With us today are:

+ [Dr. Paul Auwaerter, M.D., M.B.A.](https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/profiles/details/paul-auwaerter) (u/Paul_Auwaerter_MD) - Clinical Director, Division of Infectious Diseases, Sherrilyn and Ken Fisher Professor of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
+ [Dr. Alan Barbour, M.D.](https://spiro.mmg.uci.edu/) (u/UC_zoonoses_doc) - Professor of Medicine and Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine
+ [Lillian Rainer Butler](https://www.linkedin.com/in/lillian-butler-808625225/) (u/UMSOM_ticks) - PhD Student, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
+ [Dr. Job Lopez, Ph.D.](https://www.bcm.edu/people-search/job-lopez-25566) (u/BCM_TickBorneDis) - Associate Professor, Pediatrics-Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine
+ [Dr. Jean Tsao, Ph.D.](https://www.canr.msu.edu/people/jean_tsao) (u/MSUTickEcologist) - Associate Professor, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University

Links:

+ [Lyme Disease information from the Center for Disease Control](https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/index.html)
+ [An mRNA Vaccine Against Ticks (podcast)](https://asm.org/Podcasts/TWiM/Episodes/An-mRNA-Vaccine-Against-Ticks-TWiM-256)

Please note that we will NOT be making medical diagnoses or recommending any medical treatments or procedures for individuals.

ID: v623n9
Title: If all drugs have a half-life, how can the body ever truly eliminate a drug?
Author: opteryx5
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.57
CommentCount: 17
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654517532
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v623n9/if_all_drugs_have_a_halflife_how_can_the_body/
Text: Do we still have 1/1,073,741,824th of that drug we took 10 years ago still coursing through our veins?

ID: v62ye3
Title: Are medicin effects different in transpeople that take hormones compared to their assigned sex at birth?
Author: Kortonox
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.51
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654520319
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v62ye3/are_medicin_effects_different_in_transpeople_that/
Text: So I tried to find some information on this topic, especially the difference between medical reactions observed between male and female (Biological not Gender), and how transitioning can change reactions to treatment.

What I found was [this](https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/1201/p1254.html#:~:text=Pharmacodynamic%20differences%20in%20women%20include,experience%20an%20adverse%20drug%20reaction) " Pharmacodynamic differences in women include **greater sensitivity to and enhanced effectiveness of beta blockers, opioids, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and typical antipsychotics**. Additionally, women are 50 to 75 percent more likely than men to experience an adverse drug reaction. "

**So my question is, does transitioning with hormones (lets say a Transwoman/ Male to Female) have an effect on how the body reacts to medical treatment?** 

Also other interesting things I would like to know regarding that topic, are there differences in blood values between male and female, and how do transpeople get evaluated with that in mind.

&#x200B;

(I would greatly apreciate it if you could also link studies if they exist, I tried to find studies, but couldnt find any and I dont know how to find them if they exist. I know that it could probably be a topic that is not well researched).

ID: v63fng
Title: What is meant by "clinical effect" and "domains" in this context?
Author: SapproLappro
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654521784
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v63fng/what_is_meant_by_clinical_effect_and_domains_in/
Text: Hi! I am studying a program in Sweden which will allow me to work as a counsellor.

I'd be super grateful if anybody wants to take time out of their day to help me! :)

A study can be found if searched for via google, with the title:

Positive Effects of Methylphenidate on Social Communication and Self-Regulation in Children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders and Hyperactivity

It's on the website of NCBI. 

Within the study, under 'Discussion', in the last paragraph, the word "clinical effect" is mentioned: "the greatest clinical effect was seen with the medium dose" (Jahromi., et al 2008).

Precisely what is meant by "clinical effect" in that context?

Another sentence found in the last paragraph under discussion is: "there may be greater disparity in dose-response across different domains for optimal change" (Jahromi., et al 2008).

Precisely what is meant by "domains"?

Thanks in advance!

ID: v64lqp
Title: Do fish have set number of eggs for life?
Author: argyyle_styyle
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654525160
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v64lqp/do_fish_have_set_number_of_eggs_for_life/
Text: 

ID: v65q1i
Title: How does a yagi antenna work? None of my education prepared me for the Wikipedia article.
Author: manosinistra
Score: 59
VoteRatio: 0.8
CommentCount: 24
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654528214
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v65q1i/how_does_a_yagi_antenna_work_none_of_my_education/
Text: You’d think something that looks so simple (three rods on a pole) wouldn’t have a Wikipedia article that reads like something out of a Startrek technical manual.

ID: v69ltp
Title: Why is integration much more difficult than differentiation, despite them being just the inverse operations of each other?
Author: Powerpuff_Rangers
Score: 16
VoteRatio: 0.84
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654538641
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v69ltp/why_is_integration_much_more_difficult_than/
Text: 

ID: v6be17
Title: What animal hybrid (either existing or theoretically possible) has/can have the most distantly related parents?
Author: ilovegorillas1776
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654543456
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6be17/what_animal_hybrid_either_existing_or/
Text: If I recall correctly, the most distantly animals can be related to still be able to reproduce is being from different genera, but still in the same family. I'm wondering, though, which two specific animals that can be bred together are the least related?

ID: v6c32m
Title: What does warm blooded really mean? How do we create our own heat when reptiles can’t?
Author: patdashuri
Score: 34
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 21
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654545331
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6c32m/what_does_warm_blooded_really_mean_how_do_we/
Text: 

ID: v6cl1l
Title: Do fish gills separate hydrogen from oxygen molecularly or just take dissolved oxygen from the water?
Author: Chocolatethrowaway19
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654546699
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6cl1l/do_fish_gills_separate_hydrogen_from_oxygen/
Text: And if it's the latter doesn't that mean deep sea fish have less oxygen because presumably its harder for oxygen to get way down there from the churning waves on the surface? Are there pockets of ocean that are oxygen deserts for fish because of lack of plants? How do deep sea creatures compensate for the reduced oxygen? Is bit comparable to land animals living on really tall mountains?

ID: v6ez57
Title: Is there a forensic method for sampling the smell of something?
Author: jamirocky888
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654553074
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6ez57/is_there_a_forensic_method_for_sampling_the_smell/
Text: If Police turn up at a crime scene and there is a particular smell present, is there any way to sample that smell for forensic purposes, or is the smell simply noted as being present (ie. what the smell smells like) by a number of the people at the scene?

ID: v6j1vp
Title: In an interview with Dick Cavett, Richard Burton described a coal seam called "the Great Atlantic fault," that goes from Spain through Wales under the Atlantic to Pennsylvania. Was he full of it?
Author: ArmandoAlvarezWF
Score: 202
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 44
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654565204
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6j1vp/in_an_interview_with_dick_cavett_richard_burton/
Text: [Here](https://youtu.be/708q7LjMGso?t=154) is the interview.

He says 

>There’s a great seam, a famous seam-a world famous one-- which I believe is called the Great Atlantic Fault. And it starts in northern Spain in the Basque Country, and it goes under the Bay of Biscay and comes up in south Wales. Then it goes under the Atlantic and comes up in Pennsylvania. So that if you took a Basque miner, or a Welsh miner or Pennsylvanian miner, and you could blindfold them and transport them, and they will recognise the coalface the moment they see it.  I believe it's four feet, six inches.

It's a beautiful interview and it seems believable enough.  But I can't find any references to the "Great Atlantic Fault," outside of quotes of the interview or from the 2014 movie "Pride" where Bill Nighy's character closely paraphrase's Burton's speech.  Granted Burton says, "I believe it's called the Great Atlantic Fault" so maybe he just got the name wrong.  But is this a real geological feature?

ID: v6jj92
Title: During a solar maximum is it only the frequency of storms or does the average power of said events also increase?
Author: Kritical02
Score: 30
VoteRatio: 0.79
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654566709
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6jj92/during_a_solar_maximum_is_it_only_the_frequency/
Text: Is the power of each solar storm more likely to be stronger?

Or is it simply that there are more solar events likely to occur during that period?

ID: v6jpep
Title: Is HIV-1 present in Skene's gland fluid?
Author: Ganymede25
Score: 75
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 0
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654567226
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6jpep/is_hiv1_present_in_skenes_gland_fluid/
Text: My  background is in molecular virology of lentiviruses such as HIV, SIV  and FIV. However, my clinical background is rather lacking. While I  understand that HIV can be present in vaginal fluids, and perhaps the  main contributor of this may be the Bartholin glands, I have not found  any information on the presence of HIV in Skene's glands. Is HIV absent  in this fluid? If so, is that due to certain factors within the fluid  that make the virus unstable as with the case of saliva?

Any publications or links would be greatly appreciated as I don't want to go down a long Pubmed rabbit hole.

ID: v6jvdf
Title: Do dowsers actually work? If they do work, is there any scientific reason behind it? If they dont, is there any scientific reason why it could, even under extremely special and rare circumstances, theoretically work in the slightest?
Author: Ixmath
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.47
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654567728
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6jvdf/do_dowsers_actually_work_if_they_do_work_is_there/
Text: I'm talking about these guys who claim they can find undeground water sources using sticks, metal rods and/or pendulums. They start walking and wait for the selected item to react in any way to indicate direction of the water or the exact spot of the water source. It sounds like a pseudoscience but there are testimonies of people who claim they work. Like a guy who said their parents digged out lots of holes at their land, but never found water until they hired a dowser.  


Also, please excuse my english, not my native language. And forgive me if I used the wrong tag, I didn't know which one fitted the best.

ID: v6l6te
Title: Does the fusion of tritium and deuterium end up creating hydrogen as a byproduct?
Author: Puzzleheaded_Cow_716
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654571881
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6l6te/does_the_fusion_of_tritium_and_deuterium_end_up/
Text: I know that if Tritium and Deuterium fuse to form Helium, and that a side product is a neutron.

Does this neutron decay into hydrogen, or does it join another atom? where does it go?

ID: v6l8tw
Title: is a container of compressed air more bouyant in water, than the same container filled with normal air at sea level pressure, assuming both containers are the same volume? if not, what determines how bouyant a sealed air filled container is?
Author: veenell
Score: 17
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654572066
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6l8tw/is_a_container_of_compressed_air_more_bouyant_in/
Text: additionally, if you sucked all of the air out of something like a metal or glass bottle (that floats if it is filled with air and sealed) so that it contained a near or complete vacuum, would it still be buoyant and would it still float?

ID: v6lhny
Title: If each cutaneous nerve on the body supplies a particular area (a 'dermatome'), then how can we feel point contacts on our skin?
Author: DoubleZOfficial07
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.63
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654572862
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6lhny/if_each_cutaneous_nerve_on_the_body_supplies_a/
Text: So I've found out that each peripheral nerve in our body supplies a patch of area, and organ failure radiates out to these areas called 'referred pain'. So if each area is supplied by only one nerve, how can we feel specific point contacts as there is no change in the signal produced?

ID: v6m180
Title: Why do we gag and sometimes vomit in response to disgusting things?
Author: ahhhcola
Score: 18
VoteRatio: 0.7
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654574660
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6m180/why_do_we_gag_and_sometimes_vomit_in_response_to/
Text: I can probably understand why eating or smelling something nasty would provoke a gag reflex and induce vomiting. I guess when there is something in your body that couldn’t be accepted, gagging and vomiting act as ways to expel it. I could be misinformed so pardon my ignorance. 

However it dawned on me that even without taste or smell, we can experience the same physical reactions. For instance, I find spit, pee, vomit, certain kinds of food to be disgusting. Looking at these things can make me gag, tear up, and make me feel like I need to vomit. Even thinking about them alone can sometimes provoke such reactions. 

Why does that happen? Why does the body resort to a gag reflex and vomiting when the disgusting things aren’t directly affecting the body, especially internally? Is it because the brain already associates smell, texture, and taste with these objects we’ve come to experience so merely looking or thinking about these objects is similar to us being directly impacted by it?

ID: v6n1e4
Title: Is it known how many times has life spontaneously appeared in earth?
Author: bigjocker
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654578192
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6n1e4/is_it_known_how_many_times_has_life_spontaneously/
Text: Pretty much the title … are all life forms on earth descendant of one single ancestor? Or has life appeared multiple times?

ID: v6np2o
Title: Are lobsters more closely related to crabs or shrimp?
Author: un-chien-galicia
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654580626
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6np2o/are_lobsters_more_closely_related_to_crabs_or/
Text: Keeping aquariums, including crawfish, shrimp, and crabs, I have obviously noticed that crawfish visually look a lot more like a shrimp than the average crab. In fact, at the store I work at, it takes a trained eye to distinguish between young crawfish and shrimp. I am assuming much of this applies to young lobsters as well, though all the ones I’ve seen have more distinguishable claws from an early age.

Anyways, I am trying to understand oceanic evolution through time and I’ve read that decapoda evolved into reptantia (lobsters and crabs) and natantia (shrimp). Does this suggest that lobsters are more closely related to crabs than shrimp, or am I misunderstanding something?

ID: v6pnvj
Title: How soon after our last memory do we fall asleep?
Author: None
Score: 26
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654588185
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6pnvj/how_soon_after_our_last_memory_do_we_fall_asleep/
Text: I can never quite remember at what point I fall asleep. Is there a certain point after the last memory I have from the night before where I'm asleep

ID: v6q4m9
Title: If a child donates a kidney, will it continue to grow in the recipient’s body?
Author: shmoopdogg
Score: 14
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654590114
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6q4m9/if_a_child_donates_a_kidney_will_it_continue_to/
Text: For context I’m watching House, which obviously as a TV show is not a 100% accurate medical resource, but in it a man needs a new kidney and gets it donated by his teenage daughter. They make a joke about him having a small kidney meaning he won’t have to pee as much, which made me wonder if and why it wouldn’t continue to grow to full size once transplanted.

ID: v6qz8g
Title: How are valves within rocket engines 'turned'?
Author: owenbananaman
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654593749
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6qz8g/how_are_valves_within_rocket_engines_turned/
Text: A diagram of an RS - 25 rocket engine showcased valves that allow the flow of the main fuel, main oxidizer, pre-burner, and chamber coolant. How are these valves 'turned' within the rocket engine?

ID: v6qzd0
Title: Polymers and Plastics, are these deratives in the production of Petroleum?
Author: supermaq
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654593765
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6qzd0/polymers_and_plastics_are_these_deratives_in_the/
Text: I have this noob question because yesterday I voiced my opinion in saying polyesters like in my jackets are a by-product result in the production of car fuels. The opposing party stated that it is within its own production proces, these fabric producing companies  just buy crude oil for manufacturing their products. Who can shed a light on this matter for me?

ID: v6rke0
Title: Are there any animals we're aware of that are currently endangered for reasons other than human activity?
Author: idiotsyncrazy
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654596161
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6rke0/are_there_any_animals_were_aware_of_that_are/
Text: If so then what is the stance on preserving the species?

ID: v6rre8
Title: I know there is a correlation between elevation/altitude and suicide. I moved to a place at 8000 ft 7 years ago. I now have 6 people I know that have killed themselves. I had zero before moving here (in my 40's). Why?
Author: skovalen
Score: 11480
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 671
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654596923
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6rre8/i_know_there_is_a_correlation_between/
Text: The fact that I have to choose one "flair" for this question pisses me off.

ID: v6tc5l
Title: Where are there examples of wheels in nature/living beings, or even in some nonliving process?
Author: ScenePuzzled
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 18
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654602532
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6tc5l/where_are_there_examples_of_wheels_in/
Text: The closest thing I can think of might be the femur in the hip bone, using Google/Oxford's definition: <a circular object that revolves on an axle and is fixed below a vehicle or other object to enable it to move [easily over the ground]>. There has to be something more wheel like! Maybe used in movement in a type of aquatic organism? What about in plants at any capacity? Where are all the nonhuman wheels?

ID: v6xako
Title: How do we determine and measure the average temperature of Earth?
Author: mukavastinumb
Score: 9
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 14
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654612409
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6xako/how_do_we_determine_and_measure_the_average/
Text: I assume that the average temperature of Earth changes based on multiple variables: Distance from the sea/ocean, altitude, hours of daylight, time of day etc. What are the criteria for measuring the average temperature of Earth?

I also assume that each nation gives their own averages, but how do we determine the weights for each country? For example Russia is a lot bigger than Luxembourg, so Russia should have more variation in temperatures and their landmass should represent a larger proportion of the average temperatures.

ID: v6xq3c
Title: Are antioxidants also free radicals?
Author: ProneMasturbationMan
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654613364
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6xq3c/are_antioxidants_also_free_radicals/
Text: I'm interested in the chemical reactions that happen between antioxidants and free radicals. There seems to be very little explanation on the internet of the actual chemistry that happens, and if there is it seems a bit too complicated for me.

Free radical = species with unpaired electron. Are all free radicals electrically neutral (not positive nor negative?)

From what I can see, antioxidants are also free radicals. They give an unpaired electron to a free radical. After this, both species have no unpaired electrons. Would they both have a charge of +1 or -1 now?

This makes antioxidants 'good for you' because they result in the free radical now having no unpaired electron, and there are no more chain reactions that occur. I am also curious: when a free radical takes an electron from a different molecule, what makes this reaction 'dangerous' for the body? Which molecule now would go on to be unstable and cause more dangerous reactions, is it the free radical that has been reduced or the other molecule that has been oxidised?

ID: v6xrmq
Title: Are Ladies' finger and Chillies from same family of plants?
Author: cool_eagle7
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654613455
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v6xrmq/are_ladies_finger_and_chillies_from_same_family/
Text: They have same internal build. Few holes and seeds on the holes.

ID: v7005h
Title: How does a hydrocolloid bandage actually work?
Author: noobycheese
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654618289
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7005h/how_does_a_hydrocolloid_bandage_actually_work/
Text: I’ve tried to Google this but I can’t really find a straight answer and I don’t necessarily trust the very basic explanations given on Tiktok. Thank you!!

ID: v71uh8
Title: How come eggs become solid after heating them?
Author: ShiBoGod
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.56
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654622194
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v71uh8/how_come_eggs_become_solid_after_heating_them/
Text: Clearly, it's not just a phase change due to temperature. Does anyone know what is actually happening? If you kept on heating an egg past its boiling point, would it become liquid again?

ID: v7857j
Title: If inflammation is bad, why does our body do it?
Author: ThermalFlask
Score: 2212
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 301
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654637083
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7857j/if_inflammation_is_bad_why_does_our_body_do_it/
Text: I constantly see "anti-inflammatory properties" listed as a health benefit of various nutrients in healthy foods, but my understanding is that inflammation is a natural process of the human body. So anti-inflammatory foods are basically inhibiting a normal biological process.

Why do we need to do that to be healthy? Why do we have a self-destructive inflammatory behavior in the human body anyway?

ID: v7e8xv
Title: Since the moon is moving away from us, will it remain tidally locked to Earth or will its rotation one day become out of sync with its orbit?
Author: TheSentinelsSorrow
Score: 671
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 159
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654654223
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7e8xv/since_the_moon_is_moving_away_from_us_will_it/
Text: 

ID: v7g03q
Title: If the human brain is oxygen deprived for even 10 minutes it's very dangerous. Why?
Author: QueryRIT
Score: 45
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 47
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654659685
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7g03q/if_the_human_brain_is_oxygen_deprived_for_even_10/
Text:  You'd think that it would take a few hours or anything more than just 10 minutes for human brain to get severely affected. But even 10 minutes of heart failure and lack of oxygen to brain is devastating. Why? It just sounds so baffling.... is everything in our body like that

ID: v7jjnn
Title: What happens when a newer fossil of unknown species is found in an older rock strata?
Author: MayureshMJ
Score: 31
VoteRatio: 0.87
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654672622
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7jjnn/what_happens_when_a_newer_fossil_of_unknown/
Text: Lets say a new cretaceous dinosaur species is living near the bank of a river, The river is continuously eroding the rock on which the cretaceous dinosaur stands on exposing triassic rocks, the cretaceous dinosaur dies near the exposed triassic rocks and gets buried and fossilized.

We humans then find this fossil of new cretaceous dinosaur along with the triassic rocks and triassic fossils, So how do we avoid not misjudging that the Dinosaur is triassic or the Sedimentary rocks surrounding it are Cretaceous?

Other than absolute dating methods.

ID: v7kmsp
Title: What is the actual mechanism for separating polar and non-polar substances?
Author: whatman640
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.87
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654677110
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7kmsp/what_is_the_actual_mechanism_for_separating_polar/
Text: Every single explanation of non-polar/polar interactions essentially says “non-polar substances have random slight charges that constantly change across the molecule and so are not attracted to the dipoles of water molecules.” I can’t, however, find any explanation to why the two substances (lets say water and oil) actually seperate. I saw a video of someone mixing the oil and water in space and the result was globules of oil randomly dispersed through the water. So in the case of separation of oil and water on earth is it just a case of the water molecules being attracted to each other, “slipping” past the oil and sitting at the bottom of the container due to density and in turn forcing the oil together?

ID: v7mv9w
Title: AskScience AMA Series: We're a global nonprofit ocean exploration organization conducting science research missions in the most unexplored areas of the world, from the Galapagos Islands to the Arctic Ocean. Ask us anything!
Author: AskScienceModerator
Score: 1070
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 150
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654686017
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7mv9w/askscience_ama_series_were_a_global_nonprofit/
Text: OceanX scientists have had rare encounters with a giant purpleback flying squid, identified a potentially region-altering tsunami risk in the Red Sea, and come face-to-face with the elusive sixgill shark, descended from animals that roamed the planet over 200 million years ago. We're currently on mission on our marine research vessel, OceanXplorer, conducting daily sub dives, scuba and ROV ops, and helicopter scouting - and documenting it all to share with the world. Next, we'll be hosting 15 future scientists for a ten-day immersive program aboard our ship.

We're broadcasting live from the Red Sea and have a whole crew of experts from OceanX ready to answer your questions about all things ocean science-exploration, engineering, research, testing, identification - and science education and communications! We are:

+ Mattie Rodrigue, OceanX Head of Science Operations;
+ Dr. Tiara Moore, Scientist and Black in Marine Science Program Lead at The Nature Conservancy;
+ Toby Mitchell, OceanX Submersible Team Leader;
+ Buck Taylor, OceanX Submersible Pilot;
+ Olaf Dieckhoff, OceanX ROV Pilot;
+ Ben Neel, OceanX Helicopter Pilot;
+ Eben Hall, OceanX Executive Producer;
+ Richard Barden, OceanX Dive Team;
+ Roger Solem, Captain of OceanXplorer;
+ Marko Cagalj, Chief Officer of OceanXplorer;
+ Jesse Boulton, Second Officer of OceanXplorer;
+ and Ross Davison-Harmer, Second Officer of OceanXplorer.


We'll be answering questions live from the Red Sea starting around 12 PM EDT (4:00 PM UTC), ask us anything!

Username: /u/oceanxorg

@Oceanx on Social Media

ID: v7qboc
Title: Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology
Author: AutoModerator
Score: 61
VoteRatio: 0.81
CommentCount: 51
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654696811
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7qboc/ask_anything_wednesday_biology_chemistry/
Text: Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on **Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology**

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

**Asking Questions:**

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

**Answering Questions:**

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. [The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/wiki/index#wiki_answering_askscience). In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, [please refer to the information provided here](https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/about/sticky).

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts [can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/search?q=flair%3A%27meta%27&restrict_sr=on&sort=new&t=all). Ask away!

ID: v7rd8z
Title: What experiments or observations did Scientists use to figure out how Retroviruses work?
Author: LaughterCo
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654699699
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7rd8z/what_experiments_or_observations_did_scientists/
Text: I'm wondering how they figured out the function of reverse transciptase and integrase.

ID: v7sma8
Title: Can a nuclear test go undetected?
Author: godyaev
Score: 13
VoteRatio: 0.72
CommentCount: 14
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654703030
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7sma8/can_a_nuclear_test_go_undetected/
Text: Is it possible to hide the fact of a test nuclear explosion if someone wants to hide it from the world?

ID: v7tk9k
Title: If twins are born via IVF, are those twins any more likely to have natural twins or their own?
Author: Peacefulber
Score: 1959
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 187
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654705475
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7tk9k/if_twins_are_born_via_ivf_are_those_twins_any/
Text: Either via genetics, epigenetics or any other factors.

ID: v7vkcv
Title: What is the effect of hormonal birth control pills (estrogen and progesterone) on other hormonal pathways?
Author: strq3
Score: 13
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654710674
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7vkcv/what_is_the_effect_of_hormonal_birth_control/
Text:  I tried looking up some research on the subject, but could not find an answer.

To be more specific, birth control pills are associated with side effects relating to mood. The person in question is suffering from depression and brain fog after taking the pills, in addition to disrupted sleep patterns. We were wondering how the hormonal levels from the pills might be affecting the production of other hormones such as serotonin or melatonin (not an expert here but those are the two I mostly hear about).

ID: v803cc
Title: How do things like arteries stay “watertight” after being stitched together in an operation?
Author: AnxiouslyPessimistic
Score: 131
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 36
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654722521
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v803cc/how_do_things_like_arteries_stay_watertight_after/
Text: When something like an artery is repaired and stitched together how does it become sealed? Is it just regular clotting the way blood repairs skin cuts etc or something else?

ID: v8cuxk
Title: Why does Vishanshar Lake of Kashmir Great Lakes Trek change colours as the day proceeds?
Author: Kkashmironline
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 0
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654766591
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8cuxk/why_does_vishanshar_lake_of_kashmir_great_lakes/
Text: 

ID: v8e901
Title: AskScience AMA Series: Hi Reddit - we are group of 250 engineers, scientists, innovators, technologists, digital experts, and designers with a collected 45 PhDs / Professors and 35 members representing national science or engineering institutions. AUA!
Author: AskScienceModerator
Score: 2567
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 635
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654772442
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8e901/askscience_ama_series_hi_reddit_we_are_group_of/
Text: **TL;DR:**
A year ago, we did an [AMA](https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/m5i6g5/askscience_ama_series_hi_reddit_we_are_group_of/) answering science or technology questions on any topic from Reddit. We had a blast and so we're back again! So please ask us any questions any of you have to do with science or technology and how they affect your life. There are no silly questions - ask us anything and we will try to give an easy-to-understand answer and, wherever possible, provide some further sources to enable you to do your own research/reading.


Our goal is simply to advance everyone's understanding of science, engineering, and technology and to help people be better informed about the issues likely to affect them and their families.

**More info / Longer read:**
CSES is a registered charity in the UK, founded in 1920. We're a volunteer group of over 250 members and our key strength is our diversity and interdisciplinary expertise. Our members come from a variety of educational, social, and economic backgrounds, from industry and academia and a multitude of age groups, representing groups from the millennials all the way to the Silent Generation (our oldest member being 98)!

There has been growing dis-information globally in the last 20 years. Today's global interconnectedness, while being hugely beneficial for making information easily accessible to everyone, has made it ever more difficult to determine 'truth' and who to trust. As an independent charity, not affiliated or biased to any particular group, but with broad knowledge we are here to answer any questions you may have and to hopefully point you to further reading!

Our goal is simply to answer as many of your questions as we can - but we aren't able to give advice on things - sorry! We will also be clear where what we are saying is the experience-based opinion of someone in our team.

So, Reddit... Ask us anything!

CSES will draw from its large pool of volunteers to answer your questions, however some of the people standing by to answer comments are:

+ **Professor David Humber**: Over 30 years' experience as a researcher, lecturer and senior university manager, specialising in immuno-biology and the life sciences.
+ **David Whyte BEM**: Technologist and Chartered Engineer with over 10 years' R&D experience and 16 international patents across a wide range of technologies. Honoured by The Queen with a BEM, for services to engineering and technology.
+ **Amy Knight**: Science teacher and artist experienced in art/science collaborations with organisations like Soapbox Science and The Royal Society; her work has been featured at the Tate Modern's "Tate Exchange".
+ **Anthony McQuiggan**: 10 years of engineering experience and 30 years as a serial entrepreneur having built a number of very successful start-up SME technology companies in the UK, Japan, and the USA.
+ **Roger Pittock**: Active retired engineer with 37 years' experience in electronics, software, mechanical, electrical, process, and safety systems. Avid supporter of the Consumers' Association having been elected to their Council for many years.
+ **Adam Wood - President of CSES**: Chartered Engineer with over 13 years' experience in electronics, software, and systems engineering - working in the medical / healthcare, transport, and aerospace industries.

Username: /u/chelmsfordses

-----

EDI: We will be answering intermittently throughout the night and will stop taking new questions at 9 am BST tomorrow morning, but we will answer as many submitted before that time as we possibly can!

ID: v8levm
Title: Could someone please explain why you can fill a glass with ice and also fill it all the way to the top with water and the ice can melt completely but the glass will never overflow?
Author: lilFireMermaid
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.62
CommentCount: 16
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654794057
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8levm/could_someone_please_explain_why_you_can_fill_a/
Text: Have heard evaporation is the answer but this doesn’t seem to make sense as that rate is variable depending on heat and humidity (?) so how can it always be true?

Thank you in advance! 🙏 🧊

ID: v8s6vq
Title: Is it possible to keep a detached limb "alive" or prevent it from rotting for an extended period of time?
Author: GasMaskGhou1
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654812234
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8s6vq/is_it_possible_to_keep_a_detached_limb_alive_or/
Text: 

ID: v8s9k8
Title: Does distance of food in a pan matters when cooking ?
Author: ebpomtl
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.8
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654812437
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8s9k8/does_distance_of_food_in_a_pan_matters_when/
Text: Hi !

It is a stupid question but I'm in a middle of cooking and it just came to me.

Let's say I'm cooking diced chicken, in a big pan. Not enough to fill up the whole pan.

Would the pieces cook faster if they are all together and touching or would they cook faster if spread on the pan ?

I'm assuming the pan is heating evenly.

Thanks !!

ID: v8tbaq
Title: Can bacterial DNA be transferred into a plant genome?
Author: KingaisKhan
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654815466
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8tbaq/can_bacterial_dna_be_transferred_into_a_plant/
Text: Asking because a friend told me that bacterial dna is added to plants to make them resistent to herbicide (GMO), and they could transfer their dna to other plants via pollen. This friend is pretty wack, but my genetics class was too long ago for me to remember anything so who knows!!

ID: v8tht3
Title: Are there any bacteria or viruses which are resistant/immune to antibodies?
Author: HatZinn
Score: 24
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654815979
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8tht3/are_there_any_bacteria_or_viruses_which_are/
Text: I am aware that it is possible for bacteria to become resistant to antibiotics and for some viruses to gain resistance to anti-viral meds. But is it also possible for them to become resistant to antibodies produced by the immune system?

ID: v8u2tu
Title: How much ATP does it cost for a cell to actively transport 1 molecule of water?
Author: 4thDevilsAdvocate
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654817741
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8u2tu/how_much_atp_does_it_cost_for_a_cell_to_actively/
Text: Let's assume that, for some reason, a cell is using [active transport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_transport) to move water out of itself or an organelle within itself - why, I don't know, but it is, perhaps it's trying to pull the water out of an [aqueous solution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueous_solution) within itself, or perhaps trying to self-desiccate.

How much ATP would the cellular pump in question consume per water molecule it transports this way? Does it depend on the concentration of water on either side of the pump? Is there a correlation between the atomic mass of a molecule in [daltons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalton_(unit)) and the amount of ATP required to force it through a pump?

ID: v8vm86
Title: Would the pharmaceutical inhibition of dopamine receptor downregulation prevent the effects of addiction, both mental and physical? And if so, do we currently have a method of doing so?
Author: The_Codeword_Is_Bunk
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654822585
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8vm86/would_the_pharmaceutical_inhibition_of_dopamine/
Text: I apologize if this question is too unclear or vague - I haven’t done too much research on this topic and am merely spouting off my far-fetched shower thoughts after a high school biology class.

ID: v8zai9
Title: How many calories does the human body burn on average per day naturally when not excersising and just doing everyday things?
Author: Delicious-Yoghurt-50
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 19
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654834766
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8zai9/how_many_calories_does_the_human_body_burn_on/
Text: 

ID: v8zlgj
Title: Do people who have bullets or bullet fragments lodged in their bodies subsequently show symptoms of lead poisoning?
Author: ackzilla
Score: 21
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654835854
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8zlgj/do_people_who_have_bullets_or_bullet_fragments/
Text: 

ID: v8ztyc
Title: Did all Caniforms evolve in North America?
Author: Super_Shock_5765
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654836749
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v8ztyc/did_all_caniforms_evolve_in_north_america/
Text: This should include bears, coyotes, wolves, racoons, etc. I'm not specialized in evolutionary history and wikipedia lingo is kinda hard to understand sometimes.

ID: v90rz8
Title: Why does alcohol increase the likelihood of seizures in epileptics?
Author: SocksAndPi
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654840255
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v90rz8/why_does_alcohol_increase_the_likelihood_of/
Text: I've been told many times that it can interact poorly with medication (like increased drowsiness, irritability, etc.), but I've never been given a reason as to why it increases the risk of seizure when you drink, or how it affects our brains differently than non-epileptics.

ID: v90xzo
Title: Can Maillard reaction happen by boiling food in conditions that raises water's boiling point (e.g. salted water or high atmospheric pressure)?
Author: SYwaves
Score: 28
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654840903
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v90xzo/can_maillard_reaction_happen_by_boiling_food_in/
Text: 

ID: v918wu
Title: If the live virus smallpox vaccine can cause serious reactions in people with eczema—even just by being near someone vaccinated—how can someone with eczema safely move about society?
Author: janedoecurious
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.44
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654842127
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v918wu/if_the_live_virus_smallpox_vaccine_can_cause/
Text: 

ID: v91xcr
Title: Can lifelong hayfever cause a reduced sense of smell?
Author: PatientReference8497
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.7
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654844946
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v91xcr/can_lifelong_hayfever_cause_a_reduced_sense_of/
Text: I am in my mid 30s, and have had pretty severe nasal congestion caused by hayfever every summer for as long as I rememeber.

I have noticed that I cannot smell lighter or faint smells, contrasted by my wife who must have supersmelly powers

ID: v93g2o
Title: Can you develop Autoantibodies against your own Blood group antigens?
Author: Awilta
Score: 365
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 33
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654851594
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v93g2o/can_you_develop_autoantibodies_against_your_own/
Text: 

ID: v93v9x
Title: Do animals with four legs utilise inverted pendulum gait to walk, or do they 'drag' their weight along one step at a time?
Author: LeagueOfRobots
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654853351
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v93v9x/do_animals_with_four_legs_utilise_inverted/
Text: 

ID: v94m8d
Title: I can switch between breathing from my mouth, my nose, or both, even with both of my mouth and nose open. Anatomically and physiologically, how does this happen? Also, how does the body switch between the right and left nostrils?
Author: SS7Hamzeh
Score: 1252
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 316
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654856451
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v94m8d/i_can_switch_between_breathing_from_my_mouth_my/
Text: Edit: Thank you for those who made helpful, scientific replies! There are too many of you for me to thank individually, so, thanks to all of you!

ID: v94nzm
Title: How did complex systems like our circulation system evolve?
Author: Stevetrov
Score: 2652
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 377
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654856653
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v94nzm/how_did_complex_systems_like_our_circulation/
Text: I have a scientific background mainly in math and computer science and some parts of evolution make sense to me like birds evolving better suited beaks or viruses evolving to spread faster. These things evolve in small changes each of which has a benefit.

But a circulation system needs a number of different parts to work, you need a heart at least 1 lung, blood vessels and blood to carry the oxygen around. Each of these very complex and has multicellular structure (except blood).

I see how having a circulation system gives an organism an advantage but not how we got here.

The only explanation I have found on the Internet is that we can see genetic similarities between us and organisms without a circulation system but that feels very weak evidence.

To my computer science brain evolution feels like making a series of small tweaks to a computer program, changing a variable or adding a line of code. Adding a circulation system feels a lot more than a tweak and would be the equivalent of adding a new features that required multiple changes across many files and probably the introduction whole new components and those changes need to be done to work together to achieve the overall goal.

Many thx

EDIT Thanks for all the responses so far, I have only had time to skim through them so far. In particular thanks to those that have given possible evolutionary paths to evolve form a simple organism to a human with a complex circulation system.

ID: v96wyd
Title: How can we switch from automatic unconscious breathing to counscious breathing? How does it work in our brain, nerves and diaphragm?
Author: EmuVerges
Score: 37
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654864929
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v96wyd/how_can_we_switch_from_automatic_unconscious/
Text: 

ID: v976k5
Title: Is there weather underwater to match atmospheric weather?
Author: findallthebears
Score: 65
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654865825
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v976k5/is_there_weather_underwater_to_match_atmospheric/
Text: As they're both fluids, they share things like currents, buoyancy, wind, waves. But is there something like rain underwater? Could it hail underwater?

I am familiar with the "snow" made of falling biomass, and I also have questions about that. Does it condense from tiny particles, or break up from much larger falling pieces?

ID: v97k2i
Title: Why does a skin/layer form on the surface of hot milk?
Author: adwaitdixit_da_man
Score: 20
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654867021
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v97k2i/why_does_a_skinlayer_form_on_the_surface_of_hot/
Text: 

ID: v980w2
Title: Why Do We Need To Eat And Drink More At Altitude?
Author: HellfuckinYEAHImAFag
Score: 487
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 59
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654868476
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v980w2/why_do_we_need_to_eat_and_drink_more_at_altitude/
Text:  

I  haven't been able to get precise  answers on this one -- moving from sea  level to 10,000 ft for 3mos. of  work, I was advised to "drink as much water as you possibly can", "avoid  heavy drinking and caffeine", and to  "eat at any time you're hungry at  all" (for the whole time I'm at this  elevation).

What  is the exact  reason for this ? Does it have to do with less oxygen at  altitude ? What  makes the body fall to pieces if you don't practice  this constantly at high elevations ?

ID: v98wnu
Title: Are the shapes of galaxies we see distored by the light from different parts of it getting to us later than others?
Author: JimPlaysGames
Score: 13
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654871018
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v98wnu/are_the_shapes_of_galaxies_we_see_distored_by_the/
Text: Given that a galaxy is thousands of light years wide wouldn't the light from a nearer part of it reach us sooner than light from a further part of it? Why aren't the images of galaxies smeared sideways sometimes because the galaxy is moving sideways across the sky relative to us? Or are some of them like that?

ID: v9bac8
Title: What’s the difference between a deinosuchus and sarcosuchus? Are they closely related?
Author: good_god_lemon1
Score: 9
VoteRatio: 0.74
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654877624
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9bac8/whats_the_difference_between_a_deinosuchus_and/
Text: 

ID: v9fop4
Title: Is this paper on a treatment for rectal cancer as promising as it sounds?
Author: TnecnivTrebor
Score: 298
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 13
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654889802
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9fop4/is_this_paper_on_a_treatment_for_rectal_cancer_as/
Text: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2201445

ID: v9hzif
Title: Is the Hydrogen spectrum fully solved?
Author: octacilio1
Score: 769
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 69
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654896268
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9hzif/is_the_hydrogen_spectrum_fully_solved/
Text: As an undergrad student, I used the Schrödinger equation to solve the Hydrogen atom, but the result would lead to missing transitions. The professor then said that the Dirac equation would give a better result, but it would still lack some corrections from the hyperfine structure and quantum field theory. 

So, my questions are:

1) Are all the known corrections enough? Or are there transitions that happen using a state that shouldn't exist according to the model? I.e., are all states from the Hydrogen atom in the model?

2) Do these corrections make a closed formula, or are they had to be done using numerical methods?

ID: v9jkem
Title: Are there simple speculative formulas for zeta(odd integer number)?
Author: cowox93112
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654900820
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9jkem/are_there_simple_speculative_formulas_for_zetaodd/
Text: For the Riemann zeta function at positive even values, we have the well known closed expression in terms of powers of pi and the Bernoulli numbers. I know there are no proven expressions for odd values, but are there similar formulas that are at least empirically valid up to high precision and could be plausible candidate for an exact formula? Has there been a systematic search?

ID: v9kajc
Title: What would happen if I didn't give my informed consent to participate in a study?
Author: Seths_dad
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 18
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654902985
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9kajc/what_would_happen_if_i_didnt_give_my_informed/
Text: What are the actual consequences for researchers performing a study without informed consent? I would think that being unable to actually publish that work would be a given, but can researchers be held criminally or civilly liable? Is this kind of liability different from something like a medical malpractice case in say a drug trial?

Edit: I apologize for some added confusion on my part. I need to make an edit here because I think I didn't word my question correctly. 

I mean what if I ( or anyone else's) had participated in a study where proper consent was not given because of some kind of error on the part of the researchers. Like someone gave their consent, but it wasn't properly informed consent because of something like an omission of the risks, or failing to outline the responsibilities of the subject.

ID: v9leeh
Title: What am I missing on how multi grade motor oil viscosity is affected by temperature?
Author: byf_43
Score: 68
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654906531
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9leeh/what_am_i_missing_on_how_multi_grade_motor_oil/
Text: I was recently thinking about multi grade motor oil and had a hard time understanding viscosity as a function of temperature.  So far as I understand, the idea is that the oil is less viscous when cold so it’ll run through a cold engine faster, ergo 10w30 would be a viscosity of 10 when cold and then 30 when warm.  But logically that makes zero sense to me; wouldn’t hot oil be less viscous?  One example a website gave was a marble being dropped into honey at two different temperatures and as expected the marble through warm honey traveled faster than the marble in cold honey.  So what am I missing here?

ID: v9qtcu
Title: Do we know what ant scent trails smell like?
Author: bonobeaux
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654925973
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9qtcu/do_we_know_what_ant_scent_trails_smell_like/
Text: Has anyone accumulated enough scent juice from ants’ scent glands for someone to be able to know what they smell like?

ID: v9rmis
Title: How high concentration or radon are in mountainous and rocky places? Are these the hotspots for radon gas?
Author: VonDerBerg
Score: 20
VoteRatio: 0.72
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654929358
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9rmis/how_high_concentration_or_radon_are_in/
Text: 

ID: v9vmcm
Title: Why isn't it always light?
Author: amBrollachan
Score: 1339
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 175
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654946958
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9vmcm/why_isnt_it_always_light/
Text: On a clear night, without light pollution, I can follow the path from Cassiopeia to the Andromeda galaxy, which appears as a dim smear of light. 
I assume that the closer I travel towards Andromeda (as impossible as that is) the brighter and more visible it will be and therefore it stands to reason that if I am *inside* Andromeda it will be incredibly bright. I mean, I'd be standing inside something which is giving off enough light to be seen from *Earth* in a whole other galaxy.

I assume our galaxy looks the similar from the perspective of an Andromedan so why does it ever get dark?

ID: v9ykko
Title: How do turtles navigate?
Author: tallwarm1
Score: 286
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 49
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654957248
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9ykko/how_do_turtles_navigate/
Text: I have heard that sea turtles travel hundreds of miles and return to their place of birth to lay their eggs.   I have heard that fresh water turtles can travel two or more miles by land to their place of birth to lay their eggs.   And I have always been told not relocate land turtles, like box turtles, since they will try to get back to where  you found them or where they were going.      
But how do all these species determine their direction for such long distances whether on land or in the water?

ID: v9zegd
Title: Have there been any efforts to recover fossils from under sea level?
Author: beatbox2sleep
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654959851
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9zegd/have_there_been_any_efforts_to_recover_fossils/
Text: 

ID: v9zj2r
Title: How do scientists know what's about to happen to the Milky Way Galaxy and the Andromeda Galaxy in billions of years?
Author: Little_Quest
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.65
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654960234
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v9zj2r/how_do_scientists_know_whats_about_to_happen_to/
Text: 

ID: va0qir
Title: Does early humans have any special abilities that was lost through evolution?
Author: potatoface183
Score: 5263
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 1610
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654963792
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/va0qir/does_early_humans_have_any_special_abilities_that/
Text: This may be a dumb question. But yeah in a previous post I saw that turtles tracks their home via geomagnetic signature or something. Does humans used to have any senses that we lost through evolution ??

ID: va1off
Title: Why does human skin get so thin and fragile as people age?
Author: DarnHeather
Score: 200
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 49
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654966586
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/va1off/why_does_human_skin_get_so_thin_and_fragile_as/
Text: 

ID: va2fni
Title: Are there any other species that use tools to "improve" their environment?
Author: OldschoolSysadmin
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 20
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654968859
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/va2fni/are_there_any_other_species_that_use_tools_to/
Text: Adam Savage pointed out that humanity's ability to adapt to our environment (and adapt our environment to ourselves)^1 has been a major evolutionary advantage.  Clothing seems like the earliest example of this kind of adaptation.  Unlike tool use for hunting/gathering, which definitely predated homo sapiens and shows up in other species, is use of tools for creating habitats unique to us?

1) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vjOOD70T_fM#t=13m39s

ID: va2heu
Title: How did Quality of Life become one of the standard evaluation metrics in therapeutics?
Author: n00ntel
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.4
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654969012
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/va2heu/how_did_quality_of_life_become_one_of_the/
Text: 

ID: va2jxj
Title: How do I scientifically measure quality of life in a therapeutic procedure?
Author: n00ntel
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.36
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1654969219
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/va2jxj/how_do_i_scientifically_measure_quality_of_life/
Text: 

ID: vafu59
Title: Is there a way to tell if a product is made from BPA plastics over say, another plastic like ABS, if there are no recycling symbols given?
Author: PrestigiousCommand85
Score: 152
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 62
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655014805
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vafu59/is_there_a_way_to_tell_if_a_product_is_made_from/
Text: Asking because I have fake nails I glue onto my fingers, which means I’m in skin contact with plastic for weeks and through hot showers. I’ve heard BPA is a big issue in both these situations so I’m a bit concerned. Is there any way to test this at home? For example, through their reaction with alcohol or through testing their melting point?

ID: vak2p2
Title: How do scientists get the new genetic code from a newly discovered species to show it is a new species, what machine/process do they use?
Author: ParsleyLion
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.63
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655033612
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vak2p2/how_do_scientists_get_the_new_genetic_code_from_a/
Text: I know a new species description can be conducted by comparison with other relatives, and they can be described with descriptions and illustrations and studied over time to show their are a unique species, but when some sort of genetics are extracted and analysed, how does this happen ?  
Thanks AskScience!

ID: val9tu
Title: Does RTV-1 Silicone Rubber react with hand soap in a way that prevents the soap from foaming?
Author: Just-Another-Lesbian
Score: 43
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655038080
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/val9tu/does_rtv1_silicone_rubber_react_with_hand_soap_in/
Text: I was using some silicone rubber (the kind you use to seal gaps between tiles) and some of it got on my hand. When I went to wash it off in the sink with some hand soap I noticed that the soap wasn't foaming, no matter how much soap I put on my hands. After drying off my hands I tried it again and this time the soap was foaming as usual, so my guess is it must have had something to do with the silicone on my hands

ID: vannn2
Title: Why stem cells can divide endlessly ?
Author: Qeezio
Score: 1851
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 162
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655045707
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vannn2/why_stem_cells_can_divide_endlessly/
Text: Specialized cells have telomers which protect their DNA from damaging, but when cell divides, some telomer is lost and daughter cells have it less than parent cell. After some time, DNA is complitly un protected and so, cell dies. Why then stem cells can divide endlessly ?

ID: vasxtj
Title: Is there a genetic code or mechanism that makes sure that our body grows uniformly?
Author: G_I_B_B_E_R_I_S_H_
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 21
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655060857
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vasxtj/is_there_a_genetic_code_or_mechanism_that_makes/
Text: Like is there something that prevents our hands from growing significantly larger that the other or our bones from growing through our skin?

ID: vat28f
Title: How much water is required to produce a single computer chip?
Author: dafrankenstein2
Score: 14
VoteRatio: 0.72
CommentCount: 18
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655061194
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vat28f/how_much_water_is_required_to_produce_a_single/
Text: 

ID: vax6cd
Title: Does salt intake (directly or indirectly) affect mental health?
Author: Scienc3_HS
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.6
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655072830
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vax6cd/does_salt_intake_directly_or_indirectly_affect/
Text: 

ID: vaxy15
Title: Is there a difference between a pixel of live footage and animated?
Author: fish5196
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.6
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655075096
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vaxy15/is_there_a_difference_between_a_pixel_of_live/
Text: Does live footage take up more or less data than animated when similar resolutions and stuff is accounted for? Or are there any other differences that I'm just not thinking of at all?

ID: vazfya
Title: Does your vision decrease if you use one eye. ore than the other? Read tho whole thing to understand
Author: Half_Smashed_Face
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.6
CommentCount: 17
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655079875
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vazfya/does_your_vision_decrease_if_you_use_one_eye_ore/
Text: I was hit by a van a little while ago and ever since I've had double vision when looking up, down and left. So I've been mainly using my left  eye to focus on things. I think I've noticed that my right doesn't seem to be the same quality as my left. 

Does your vision quality decrease if you don't "exercise" the eye enough?

ID: vb4lzd
Title: How is Milky way and Andromeda galaxy going to colloid if the universe is expanding and everything is going further apart?
Author: Jas6881
Score: 17
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655097302
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vb4lzd/how_is_milky_way_and_andromeda_galaxy_going_to/
Text: 

ID: vb6o58
Title: Do all animals have XX chromosomes for female and XY for male?
Author: pensimen
Score: 36
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 74
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655105825
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vb6o58/do_all_animals_have_xx_chromosomes_for_female_and/
Text: 

ID: vb9isb
Title: AskScience AMA Series: I am Dr. Helen Okoye. As an attending physician and thrombosis specialist at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, I am passionate about women's health and helping to overcome barriers to health care here in Nigeria. AMA!
Author: AskScienceModerator
Score: 3150
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 94
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655118049
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vb9isb/askscience_ama_series_i_am_dr_helen_okoye_as_an/
Text: I am Dr. Helen Okoye, MBBS, FMCPath, FWACP. I am a haematologist currently working as an Attending Physician and Thrombosis Specialist at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital in Enugu, Nigeria. My clinical work focuses on thrombosis and haemostasis with a special interest in women's health. I see all kinds of patients with thrombotic disorders including obstetric and cancer patients. I am passionate about women's health and helping my patients to overcome barriers to health care here in Nigeria, many of which are due to cost and/or lack of resources. I am here to answer your questions about what it is like to work as a female clinician in Nigeria. I will be here at 12 p.m. noon US ET (16 UT), AMA!

Username: /u/WorldThrombosisDay

ID: vbgk00
Title: How effective is platelet-rich plasma (PRP) as healing ligaments and tendons?
Author: Defiant_Performer_56
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655138854
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vbgk00/how_effective_is_plateletrich_plasma_prp_as/
Text: There are so many websites claiming it heals all sorts of injuries but they all seem to be doctors selling the product.

ID: vbmdfy
Title: Why do I need infinite energy to keep a spring compressed, but a vice doesn't?
Author: smittysomething
Score: 1229
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 242
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655154167
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vbmdfy/why_do_i_need_infinite_energy_to_keep_a_spring/
Text: If I take a big strong spring and compress it between my arms, it takes a continuous amount of energy for me to hold it there.

However if I put that same spring in a vice and use some of my energy to close the vice, it'll happily sit there closed without me needing to add extra energy to the vice.

What's the difference here? Why do I seemingly need an infinite amount of energy to hold the spring closed but the vice doesn't? Where is that energy from me going?

ID: vbn88s
Title: Could a meteor impact split apart a tectonic plate?
Author: RustyShadeOfRed
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.74
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655156416
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vbn88s/could_a_meteor_impact_split_apart_a_tectonic_plate/
Text: 

ID: vbq88d
Title: Are reptiles capable of affection and forming bonds?
Author: AlarmingAffect0
Score: 1584
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 265
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655164948
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vbq88d/are_reptiles_capable_of_affection_and_forming/
Text: I thought that was exclusive to mammals and maybe birds, that the [Ancient Reptilian Brains](https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Triune_brain) literally had not developed the “layers” responsible for what we'd call “emotions” (allegedly, the [Limbic System](https://www.wikiwand.com/en/lymbic%20system)?). Yet, I'm finding out many anecdotal examples of reptiles being loyal or physically affectionate. I'm very confused by this.

EDIT: a poster has brought up that we may be confusing “affection,” which only mammals can do, with “imprinting,” which “simpler” brains can manage. What are the differences between the two, in practice? Can one design tests to distinguish one process from the other, on a behavioral, empirical, tangible, objective level?

ID: vbsa4o
Title: Has climate change affected weather forecasting?
Author: RexMcMuffin
Score: 17
VoteRatio: 0.68
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655171472
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vbsa4o/has_climate_change_affected_weather_forecasting/
Text: An increase in severe weather events and anomalies is something scientists attribute to climate change. Does this mean weather in some places is more difficult to predict? 

Does climate change make it harder to create accurate weather forecasts? Or is weather forecast technology able to keep up with changing climates?

ID: vbszj3
Title: Do different neutron stars differ in composition?
Author: keenanpepper
Score: 46
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 16
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655173667
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vbszj3/do_different_neutron_stars_differ_in_composition/
Text: I know that on the one hand black holes "have no hair" (any two with the same mass, change, and spin are identical), while on the other hand normal stars can be different from each other by having different concentrations of elements (hydrogen-rich vs metal-rich etc.).

Which of these extremes is more similar to neutron stars? What material properties, if any, could be different in one neutron star vs another?

ID: vbum84
Title: Is there a limit to the number of materials and compounds that can be made or is it theoretically infinite?
Author: topdotter
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655179067
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vbum84/is_there_a_limit_to_the_number_of_materials_and/
Text: Assuming we're only concerned with currently known elements, is the number of possible materials and compounds that can be made limited? Because there's only a finite number of ways you can join and arrange the basic elements? Or is there something else at play that makes for potentially infinite derivatives? Why?

ID: vby8gm
Title: What exactly is happening in the brain when you try to remember something but can't?
Author: JInglink
Score: 22
VoteRatio: 0.96
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655192968
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vby8gm/what_exactly_is_happening_in_the_brain_when_you/
Text: What Chemical/Physical/Electric actions are taking place in the brain?

ID: vc1f5l
Title: What goes on at the edge of the atmosphere?
Author: Mr_Hughman
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655206361
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vc1f5l/what_goes_on_at_the_edge_of_the_atmosphere/
Text: Specifically I'm asking about the edge of the gaseous matter surrounding the earth. Does it experience a tide? Does it flare up like the surface of the sun?

ID: vc1xhs
Title: Why and how does radiation cause dipole rotation in proteins/amino acids?
Author: detoxiccity2
Score: 21
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655208151
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vc1xhs/why_and_how_does_radiation_cause_dipole_rotation/
Text: I don't really know much about o chem or chemistry much in general, so I'm just wondering.

ID: vc3r1j
Title: Has any research been done on the effects of light pollution and the lack of visible stars on humans, similar to how the effects of green space have been studied?
Author: InfinitelyThirsting
Score: 21
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655214018
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vc3r1j/has_any_research_been_done_on_the_effects_of/
Text: I've had this question stuck in my brain for a few days. We know that light pollution affects a lot of animals in myriad ways, and that artificial blue lights really screw with our time clocks and sleep, and spending time in green space has both physical and mental health benefits. 

So, if spending time in green space is something we seem to need to thrive, what about the stars themselves? A big percentage of people have never seen the Milky Way at night because it's too bright at night now. I know people who didn't know it was something you could see with the naked eye, and had almost spiritual experiences seeing a proper night sky. Maybe it's a silly question, or maybe impossible to really study separately from the impact of artificial light in general. But I am curious if anyone has looked into whether the lack of stars at night has any effects on our health?

ID: vc4hvr
Title: Why are sunburns, chemical burns, and burns from high heat all burns?
Author: quinnbutnotreally
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655216226
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vc4hvr/why_are_sunburns_chemical_burns_and_burns_from/
Text: Sunburns, chemical burns, and burns from high heat all look and feel similar, but their causes are very different. What do they all have in common, and more broadly what makes an injury a burn rather than something else?

ID: vc5lsg
Title: Can you make a star out of elements other than hydrogen and helium?
Author: MarionberryOrnery446
Score: 47
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 31
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655219300
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vc5lsg/can_you_make_a_star_out_of_elements_other_than/
Text: obviously most of the universe is H and He so this would never occur, but in principle if we got a sufficient amount of say oxygen atoms together ( a very large amount yes) could its own self gravity initiate nuclear fusion in the core and begin the main sequence of a star?

ID: vc7j1t
Title: How to think about conservation or permanence in evolution?
Author: aggasalk
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655224464
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vc7j1t/how_to_think_about_conservation_or_permanence_in/
Text: Is there some kind of concept of evolutionary permanence that I can read about?

Like, of course there's DNA: no creature will ever evolve on Earth that is not based in DNA. Right? And probably something similar, if weaker, applies to all the various crazy proteins and other stuff that makes a cell work. Like, look at how conserved photopigments are across the animal kingdom (even beyond, you can find photopigments in non-animals that might be evolutionarily related to the opsins in human and fly retinas, etc etc).

Then you can get up to bigger scales, to things like cell types. Like, will there ever be a descendant of animals that has no neurons? It seems like, since neurons first evolved, they are *stuck*. I read a paper a while back on similarities between invertebrate and vertebrate neurons, and was amazed. They even use more-or-less the same neurotransmitters (if in different roles).

Then bigger: since insects invented wings, virtually none of them have lost them (ants, sort of - and a few other very weird examples). And insects always have that exoskeleton and always will - no insect will ever evolve with an endoskeleton, right?

And how tetrapods all have this 1-arm-bone then 2-arm-bone then lots-of-bones plan for their arms and legs (since they all started as fins-on-pegs). It seems like that just will never go away (though you might lose your arms and legs, like a snake, if you have them they always follow that plan).

What do we call this phenomenon?

ID: vc7lpd
Title: Has the amount of COVID deaths caused the global population to decline when combined with other deaths from other causes?
Author: solipsistrealist
Score: 3477
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 391
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655224658
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vc7lpd/has_the_amount_of_covid_deaths_caused_the_global/
Text: 

ID: vca4fv
Title: Do gravitational waves move at different speeds through different media like electromagnetic radiation?
Author: Surrender_monkey21
Score: 79
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 14
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655231399
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vca4fv/do_gravitational_waves_move_at_different_speeds/
Text: 

ID: vcg57z
Title: Is there any instance in which the amplitude can change the period of a pendulum?
Author: LAMBKING
Score: 9
VoteRatio: 0.74
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655248217
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vcg57z/is_there_any_instance_in_which_the_amplitude_can/
Text: I need to settle a debate with someone. To be clear, we are talking about your average, everyday pendulum like you'd find in a clock or by tying a washer to the end of a string, standing on earth. 

From what I've always learned, the equation T = 2π√(L/g) defines the period of a pendulum. Neither the mass of the bob nor the amplitude have any affect on the period of the pendulum, only the length of said pendulum can change the amplitude.

This person whom I'm debating is stating that with a "huge change in amplitude" (but didn't specify what "huge change" meant) the period will change. As I understand it, acceleration increases proportionally with amplitude and therefore the two cancel each other out.

When I brought that up, they said, "an elliptic integral usually approximated with a series far too long for me to get into." and gave no other explanation. I have never studied this. I've asked for an explanation, but he's gone dark other than to say, "it's too complicated to get into." 

So, can a "huge" change in amplitude change the period, and what exactly did he mean by the elliptical integral comment?

ID: vckrq6
Title: Are there any side effects attributed to frequent blood donation?
Author: Crafty_Sort
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655262658
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vckrq6/are_there_any_side_effects_attributed_to_frequent/
Text: 

ID: vcmk9b
Title: How do we know Earth was in the same place in space when, for example, when the dinos lived?
Author: Bad_Pnguin
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.29
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655268873
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vcmk9b/how_do_we_know_earth_was_in_the_same_place_in/
Text: I know the Earth isn't in the same rotational position everytime exactly, but how do we know the Earth wasn't farther in or out in the Solar system? Maybe the age of dinosaurs isn't a far enough time gap for the Earth to move that far, but ya' know?

ID: vcmtwt
Title: Does an individual proton have multiple energy levels?
Author: SurprisedPotato
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.62
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655269847
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vcmtwt/does_an_individual_proton_have_multiple_energy/
Text: I can't see any obvious reason why the quarks it's composed of wouldn't be, potentially, in an excited energy state. Is there something that forbids this? If individual protons (or neutrons) have multiple energy levels, roughly what's the typical energy difference between them?

ID: vcp5w9
Title: In nature, can lesser emotionally looking organisms like bugs and starfish still feel a sexual attractiveness?
Author: red-cried
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.33
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655279162
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vcp5w9/in_nature_can_lesser_emotionally_looking/
Text: These creatures are small and dont seem to possess some understanding so I would like to know if they can release oxytocin and some feelings?

ID: vcpzg6
Title: Why can hyperandrogenism cause insulin resistance and Type II diabetes in conditions like PCOS, but not in people who take testosterone intentionally?
Author: l1v1ng
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.87
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655282797
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vcpzg6/why_can_hyperandrogenism_cause_insulin_resistance/
Text: I don't know a huge amount about testosterone supplementation or hyperandrogenism, but I do know that hyperandrogenism in females is usually associated with an increased risk of diabetes, obesity, and insulin resistance. 

However, as far as I can tell, those risks are not increased in the case of people, female or otherwise, taking testosterone intentionally. (For example, transgender men who use HRT, or bodybuilders who use steroids that increase testosterone.)

Why is that? Does it have something to do with the conditions that naturally cause hyperandrogenism?

ID: vcr27s
Title: Could a "Wet" or "Humid" desert exist from extreme heat?
Author: Xavion251
Score: 18
VoteRatio: 0.68
CommentCount: 20
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655287481
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vcr27s/could_a_wet_or_humid_desert_exist_from_extreme/
Text: Something I've been thinking about. Generally, if we picture extreme heat wiping out life - we imagine the heat causing evaporation and creating a dry, lifeless desert. 

But hypothetically, if a climate was hot enough - but was still wet/humid/receiving large quantities of rainfall, could you get a "desert" (as in, dead/lifeless) that is still quite wet - but can't support life because of the extreme heat?

In other words, **how hot does it have to get** before plant/animal life can no longer survive **even** in the presence of large quantities of water?

ID: vcrw2g
Title: AskScience AMA Series: We just crunched the numbers on how the transition to a renewable-based future is progressing & we want to talk about it! Go ahead & ask us anything (we're renewable energy experts but we're up for any & all questions)!
Author: AskScienceModerator
Score: 764
VoteRatio: 0.87
CommentCount: 157
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655290832
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vcrw2g/askscience_ama_series_we_just_crunched_the/
Text: "We" are part of [REN21](https://www.ren21.net/)'s team, a network made up of academia, NGOs, industry, govt, and individuals who are supporting the world to transition to renewable energy.

We recently released the Renewables 2022 Global Status Report (#GSR2022) so we're hosting an AMA to talk about renewables, energy, the future, and everything in between.

Multiple people from the team are joining including:

+ Nathalie Ledanois is a Research Analyst & Project Manager of the Renewables 2022 Global Status Report, Nathalie is our expert in anything investment-finance-economy related.
+ Hend Yaqoob is also a Research Analyst at REN21 who led on coordinating the chapter on distributed #renewables for energy access (DREA).
+ Nematullah Wafa is our intern who is a very valued member of the team who brought the #GSR2022 together.

We'll be going live from 11am ET (15 UT), so ask us anything!

Username: /u/ren21community

ID: vcubet
Title: What is the mechanism or process by which dry springs can become active again if the area is reforested?
Author: Altyrmadiken
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655299014
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vcubet/what_is_the_mechanism_or_process_by_which_dry/
Text: 

ID: vcukvg
Title: Does locking your knees while standing actually cause you to pass out?
Author: APoisonousMushroom
Score: 24
VoteRatio: 0.79
CommentCount: 19
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655299804
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vcukvg/does_locking_your_knees_while_standing_actually/
Text: And if so, what is the scientific explanation for this?

ID: vcv6ln
Title: Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology
Author: AutoModerator
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 0
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655301610
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vcv6ln/ask_anything_wednesday_economics_political/
Text: Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on **Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology**

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

**Asking Questions:**

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

**Answering Questions:**

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. [The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/wiki/index#wiki_answering_askscience). In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, [please refer to the information provided here](https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/about/sticky).

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts [can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/search?q=flair%3A%27meta%27&restrict_sr=on&sort=new&t=all). Ask away!

ID: vcvtok
Title: If all forms of elephant went extinct before we came to be, and all we had were fossils, could we figure out that they had long trunks?
Author: markaamorossi
Score: 6870
VoteRatio: 0.95
CommentCount: 441
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655303407
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vcvtok/if_all_forms_of_elephant_went_extinct_before_we/
Text: Assuming any we ever found were *only* bones

ID: vczhdk
Title: How much effect does the concentration of Argon in Earths atmosphere have on the occurrence of lightning strikes?
Author: asmosdeus
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655313194
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vczhdk/how_much_effect_does_the_concentration_of_argon/
Text: 

ID: vczmbn
Title: How did NASA Apollo engineers know that the moon's gravity was 1/6th that of Earth? Without this knowledge, they wouldn't have been able to construct the training vehicles (LLTV, LLRV) used to simulate landing on the moon.
Author: BuzzMonkey
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.8
CommentCount: 14
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655313564
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vczmbn/how_did_nasa_apollo_engineers_know_that_the_moons/
Text: The engineering of the LLRV and LLTV is pretty wild, but in order to construct them, NASA had to be certain of the moon's gravitational force on the actual lunar lander. How did NASA engineers gather knowledge of the moon's gravity prior to the Apollo missions?

ID: vd0pv6
Title: Why does a galvanic cell cause a redox reaction?
Author: AnDraoi
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655316393
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vd0pv6/why_does_a_galvanic_cell_cause_a_redox_reaction/
Text: I understand how the redox reaction works, but I can’t understand why electrons seemingly spontaneously decide to move across the wire to the cathode from the anode.

In the example of zinc and copper in an aqueous solution, it’s obvious why copper oxidizes zinc: they’re in physical contact. However in a galvanic cell they are separated by considerable distance. 

How is it that the cathode just *knows* the anode is there and current starts flowing when there’s no direct interaction between the oxidant and reductant?

ID: vd1n7t
Title: Can Painted turtles live in salt water?
Author: TheActualSoul
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.38
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655318854
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vd1n7t/can_painted_turtles_live_in_salt_water/
Text: 

ID: vd2vy9
Title: Are a ton of animals born intersex, just because of the size of their populations, but we never think of it because we only study such a small percentage of individuals?
Author: FidelisScutum
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.3
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655322279
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vd2vy9/are_a_ton_of_animals_born_intersex_just_because/
Text: 

ID: vd2wrc
Title: Why would someone be prohibited from donating blood after a clinical trial?
Author: Solerien
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.64
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655322354
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vd2wrc/why_would_someone_be_prohibited_from_donating/
Text: 

ID: vd3ky7
Title: Yet another USB cable/charger question: does the USB standard level of the -adapter- also play a role in charge rate?
Author: DeeDee_Z
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.56
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655324148
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vd3ky7/yet_another_usb_cablecharger_question_does_the/
Text: In this case, I am concerned only about charge rate, not data transfer rates; but I understand just enough to grasp that this also depends on USB standard level.

[ELI70:] So, consider the case where there are -four- pieces in the chain: Host, "adapter", cable, device.  Example: in my (old) car, I have a little adapter that plugs into the cig lighter socket; the cable plugs into that; and my phone then charges.  (Until recently, I naïvely thought it was nothing more than a voltage converter.)

* Does EVERY piece need to be at the same level of USB standard in order to get the higher charge rate?  IOW, if the little 12V adapter is 10+ years old, it's probably USB 1.0 and can't possibly deliver 100W even if the cable and device would like it, right?
 * (If that's the case, how does one address this issue?)
* What about these household [combination wall outlets](https://www.acehardware.com/departments/lighting-and-electrical/switches-outlets-and-plugs/outlets/3496551) : What USB version / charge rate will I likely get -- even WITH a USB-C cable?

Many thanks.  Apologies if this has been asked before; I -did- search but didn't recognise anything I could understand 😉 .

ID: vd4m8e
Title: How do the Atomic Clocks in GPS Satellites and Home Clocks account for Light speed lag when syncing with the one in Colorado?
Author: Malkozaine
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 19
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655326957
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vd4m8e/how_do_the_atomic_clocks_in_gps_satellites_and/
Text: 

ID: vd4sgp
Title: How Long Would a Covid Mask Take To Biodegrade?
Author: Johncena1738425
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655327423
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vd4sgp/how_long_would_a_covid_mask_take_to_biodegrade/
Text: I'm talking about one of the blue medical masks mad of plastic.

ID: vd4wzj
Title: Could there ever be a situation where a poisonous/toxic creature could be harmed/killed by its own poisons/toxins?
Author: FanficResearcher
Score: 28
VoteRatio: 0.76
CommentCount: 18
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655327760
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vd4wzj/could_there_ever_be_a_situation_where_a/
Text: 

ID: vd88up
Title: How do the current vaccines prevent severe illness and death against Omicron while showing “no antibody or T-cell recognition”?
Author: tskee2
Score: 20
VoteRatio: 0.66
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655337062
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vd88up/how_do_the_current_vaccines_prevent_severe/
Text: I recently read this preprint, which suggests that triple vaccinated individuals showed zero neutralizing antibodies and zero B- and T-cell recognition of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abq1841

However, real world data clearly show that triple vaccinated individuals are well protected against severe illness and death from all VoCs so far, including Omicron and its subvariants. 

My question is, then, what is the immunological mechanism that provides that protection?

ID: vdfljf
Title: If you were on a submarine underneath the ice of Jupiter's moon: Europa. What would the gravity be like?
Author: CremeCrimson
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 20
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655361694
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdfljf/if_you_were_on_a_submarine_underneath_the_ice_of/
Text: According to the great interwebs Europa has 13.4% of Europe's gravity. Would you feel the 13.4% or would being underwater (assuming there's an ocean underneath the ice sheet) affect that? 

Question is inspired by a game called Barotrauma.

ID: vdhfjv
Title: How much synaptogenesis takes place in the adult brain?
Author: humbug77
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655369433
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdhfjv/how_much_synaptogenesis_takes_place_in_the_adult/
Text: The synaptic density in the human brain supposedly does not change much throughout adult life. And yet i hear there is still some forming of new synapses and elimination of others. How dynamic is this equlibrium? Has the actual level of adult synaptogenesis been quantified?

Thank you!

ID: vdkhky
Title: what development do lungs undergo through between the end of puberty and the ages of 20-25?
Author: Throwaway_Crocheter
Score: 13
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655381237
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdkhky/what_development_do_lungs_undergo_through_between/
Text: I've heard that human lungs finish developing between the ages of 20-25. What sort of additional development do the lungs still have to undergo through after puberty?

ID: vdkij7
Title: Why is the humidity of the air above open ocean not 100%?
Author: kempff
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.79
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655381324
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdkij7/why_is_the_humidity_of_the_air_above_open_ocean/
Text: 

ID: vdkkzc
Title: I've been aware of wet bulb temp, with it's possible danger to mankind for a few years. I never considered it's impact on livestock. How critical is wet bulb temps when it comes to sheep and cattle?
Author: Derelyk
Score: 49
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 14
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655381528
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdkkzc/ive_been_aware_of_wet_bulb_temp_with_its_possible/
Text: I did some quick intertube research and found a vet manual showing sheep and cattle pretty much reach the danger zone from 29 to 33c.. and this map [https://www.weather.gov/tsa/wbgt](https://www.weather.gov/tsa/wbgt) show wet bulb in the midwest exceeding this temp.

&#x200B;

this question was triggered by the 10k dead cattle in kansas headlines today.

ID: vdktvy
Title: Are people with latex allergies allergic to latex house paint?
Author: kempff
Score: 24
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 17
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655382310
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdktvy/are_people_with_latex_allergies_allergic_to_latex/
Text: Do they need to avoid touching walls, for example?

ID: vdl34y
Title: [agriculture] River flooding is that excellent for agriculture?
Author: egnirceravog
Score: 104
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 13
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655383171
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdl34y/agriculture_river_flooding_is_that_excellent_for/
Text: i hear this over and over again in media, tv, books, etc that river flooding is good for agriculture because it deposits sediment, but the flood dont wash away the topsoil? 

afaik rivers have plenty of sand and sand is not very good for agriculture because there is no water retention, do the sediment type differ from one river to another so in some cases can be good but it other case would do harm?


thanks in advance 

*note: there is no flair for agriculture so i picked biology*

ID: vdm9g0
Title: [Organic Chemistry] Can reverse osmosis be used in live fermentation to remove alcohols as they form?
Author: FridaysMan
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.56
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655386778
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdm9g0/organic_chemistry_can_reverse_osmosis_be_used_in/
Text: I've been wondering about non/low alcoholic beer, and how difficult the process to remove (and retain) alcohol could be from a live fermentation process. Would high pressures be possible without stopping the fermentation process? Could it be done in a home/garden environment?

ID: vdmmsc
Title: Can you spray paint in space?
Author: bad8everything
Score: 3824
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 463
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655387870
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdmmsc/can_you_spray_paint_in_space/
Text: I like painting scifi/fantasy miniatures and for one of my projects I was thinking about how road/construction workers here on Earth often tag asphalt surfaces with markings where they believe pipes/cables or other utilities are.

I was thinking of incorporating that into the design of the base of one of my miniatures (where I think it has an Apollo-retro meets Space-Roughneck kinda vibe) but then I wasn't entirely sure whether that's even physically plausible...

Obviously cans pressurised for use here on Earth would probably explode or be dangerous in a vacuum - but could you make a canned spray paint for use in space, using less or a different propellant, or would it evaporate too quickly to be controllable?

ID: vdnm4h
Title: Why don't sealed terrariums explode?
Author: VeggieSmooth
Score: 53
VoteRatio: 0.76
CommentCount: 17
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655390634
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdnm4h/why_dont_sealed_terrariums_explode/
Text: Is it balanced so perfectly that the oxygen released by the plants is utilised by microorganisms that in turn provide carbon dioxide and nitrogen/waste, which feeds the plants and the cycle restarts? I'd just imagine there being some offset that causes gas accumulation eventually causing the glass jar to explode. 

Especially when the animals within, snails and such, piggybacking on the plants I introduce, begin to breed? 

Similarly to when I did sauerkraut that one time and didn't provide a release valve 😅

How can these jars stay sealed for years with no mishap it's amazing!

ID: vdof56
Title: Why does rain (appear to) fall non-uniformly?
Author: cubelith
Score: 43
VoteRatio: 0.7
CommentCount: 28
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655392849
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdof56/why_does_rain_appear_to_fall_nonuniformly/
Text: When driving through extemely heavy rainfall, I noticed that rain appears to have roughly coherent torrents (or "streaks") of higher density (on the scale of meters). Why is that? Is it an optical illusion? The nature of pseudo-randomness (but then why would the "period" be as big as a meter)? Is it some sort of "oscillation" of wind?

I don't think I've ever noticed this with regular rain, so maybe it happens only with very heavy rain? The doplets were definitely big.

ID: vdpqy9
Title: Is opal glass? Do opal exibit glass transition when heated?
Author: Trozuns
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655396456
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdpqy9/is_opal_glass_do_opal_exibit_glass_transition/
Text: I've learned today that obsidian is a type of glass, and was wondering if opal was too. Wikipedia defined "glass" as any solid formed by rapid melt quenching, which would exclud opal, or more generally as any amorphous solid (like opal) that exibits glass transition when heated toward liquid state. So my question is "do opal exibit glass transition?"  


I've tried to look on google, but when I look for "opal" and "glass", I find stuff for "opal glass"...

ID: vdpr0o
Title: How does turpentine/paint thinner/spirits cause the symptoms of oxygen deprivation?
Author: mantitty4416
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.57
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655396461
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdpr0o/how_does_turpentinepaint_thinnerspirits_cause_the/
Text: I know spirits and turpentine can kill, but I've always wondered if the mechanism for that is similar to that of CO and cyanide.

Was reading through this thread: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/4jiwj2/on_a_molecular_level_why_is_inhaling_cyanide_hcn/,

 and looking up the symptoms of inhalant poisoning. A lot of the symptoms of oxygen deprivation (lightheadedness, faint feeling, headache) seemed similar, if not entirely identical to that of CO poisoning. 

Only difference I could find is that turpentine can cause a buildup of fluid in the lungs?

ID: vdpywv
Title: Machine Learning (CNN/RNN/MLP): What is "trained" during training?
Author: badbioinformagician
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.46
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655397056
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdpywv/machine_learning_cnnrnnmlp_what_is_trained_during/
Text: Perhaps this is a dumb question. Recently I've started using programs with machine learning tools and I was posed a question I didn't quite know the full answer to: "what is being trained during model training? ie: what is being modified/adjusted during training"  


If the architecture of the program is CNN into RNN (LSTM) into MLP, is it just the MLP layer that has the weights/connections/etc modified during training?

ID: vdq3kx
Title: Why are some cancers more prevalent in children than in adults?
Author: Angelstone2056
Score: 55
VoteRatio: 0.87
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655397409
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdq3kx/why_are_some_cancers_more_prevalent_in_children/
Text: 

ID: vdr65g
Title: Does the earth gain or lose solid surface area?
Author: BoredDiabolicGod
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655400219
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdr65g/does_the_earth_gain_or_lose_solid_surface_area/
Text: I mean to ask this question both in total with all factors as well as if you disregarded humans transporting earth between different areas and the rising water levels due to climate change (which I guess answers the total, but I am not sure).

What I do know is that volcanoes erupting and the lava cooling down can create new islands, so I wondered whether more earth, sand and mass eroded into the sea or more surfaced due to lava.

When disregarding the continents and only looking at all islands (including new ones) it would also be a very interesting statistic. I have for example heard that the tallest volcano of spain on Tenerife was once a lot taller, but collapsed due to not being stable enough. I would guess that this made the total area over water bigger but reduced the mass over water.

ID: vdrtd8
Title: Is it possible to reverse inflation while increasing minimum wage or creating a "living wage"? If it is possible, how can it be done feasibly?
Author: Zircon_72
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.47
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655401981
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdrtd8/is_it_possible_to_reverse_inflation_while/
Text: 

ID: vds3tw
Title: If Radio Waves bounce off the ionosphere for communications, how can SETI hear anything through the ionosphere?
Author: None
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655402757
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vds3tw/if_radio_waves_bounce_off_the_ionosphere_for/
Text: Wouldn't they need something in space?

ID: vdt5yh
Title: Could you fly a helicopter/drone on Enceladus?
Author: Atothezman
Score: 14
VoteRatio: 0.84
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655405629
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdt5yh/could_you_fly_a_helicopterdrone_on_enceladus/
Text: With NASA's planned Orbilander going to Enceladus, could it host a small rotorcraft like Perseverance did with Ingenuity? I read it does have an atmosphere of water vapor.

ID: vdtead
Title: Could the Quetzalcoatlus and other large Azhdarchid pterosaurs run after prey on land?
Author: chopchunk
Score: 13
VoteRatio: 0.81
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655406244
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdtead/could_the_quetzalcoatlus_and_other_large/
Text: As many of you already know, the Quetzalcoatlus was the largest flying animal to have ever taken to the skies. According to Wikipedia, the Quetzalcoatlus was well adapted for the ground as well as the air. It says that the Quetzalcoatlus's main diet was smaller dinosaurs that it could pluck from the ground, akin to today's stork. However, there is one sentence that really caught my eye:

"Though Quetzalcoatlus, like other pterosaurs, was a quadruped when on the ground, Quetzalcoatlus and other azhdarchids have fore and hind limb proportions more similar to modern running ungulate mammals than to their smaller cousins, implying that they were uniquely suited to a terrestrial lifestyle"

The mention of Quetzalcoatlus's limb structures being similar to known running animals is really fascinating to me. Could a Quetzalcoatlus give chase to a small animal on foot if it had to, galloping after it's prey like a horse?

ID: vdtl7s
Title: How do skin care products work? This is more of a science topic but r/science is only urls.
Author: stoelguus
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655406776
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdtl7s/how_do_skin_care_products_work_this_is_more_of_a/
Text: 
Isn’t the skin waterproof? Also, some say that they restore natural ph levels, ph is -log[H3O^+] and H3O^+ is in a solution. Your skin isn’t a solution, but a solid. Isn’t applying skin care stuff useless, because the matter won’t come in? If this is really off topic I will remove this.

ID: vdvsl1
Title: What is a basic definition of fugacity?
Author: Independent_Cry7562
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.7
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655413086
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdvsl1/what_is_a_basic_definition_of_fugacity/
Text: I’ve just completed my second thermos course and I still am not 100% sure what fugacity is. I know how to apply it and use it in calculations but I realised I can’t give just give a basic definition of what it actually is. I know this topic is a running joke amongst chemical engineers but if actually really like to understand this concept better

ID: vdwkf3
Title: How do we know the amount of carbon in the atmosphere in the past?
Author: KoLobotomy
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.84
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655415161
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdwkf3/how_do_we_know_the_amount_of_carbon_in_the/
Text: I understand ice cores from deep glaciers can tell us the makeup of the atmosphere for the last few hundred thousand years but how do we know what makeup of the atmosphere from before the glaciers existed?

ID: vdxqbk
Title: Does the temperature of a material dissolved in acid affect the speed at which it is dissolved?
Author: Dragon012345
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655418403
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdxqbk/does_the_temperature_of_a_material_dissolved_in/
Text: Like would hot metal dissolve faster than cold metal? (for this example the metal is disolvable)  
To clarify, I am NOT asking if the temperature of the acid affects the dissolving speed, as I know it does.  


(If this Question is removed again it would be very kind if I could be provided a reason because I am not aware of any rules my post should have broken)

ID: vdxvca
Title: Do milk alternatives (Soy, Almond, Oat, etc.) also increase your risk of prostate cancer like regular milk does?
Author: PinkElephantSpy
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.55
CommentCount: 27
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655418800
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdxvca/do_milk_alternatives_soy_almond_oat_etc_also/
Text: I’ve read a couple articles that state studies that show men who drink milk have a ~27% higher risk of developing prostate cancer. I’m debating whether it’s worth paying more for milk alternatives in my protein shake.

ID: vdylir
Title: Does the Adenovirus remain dormant(Latent) in the system after initial infection?
Author: c5608313
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655420973
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vdylir/does_the_adenovirus_remain_dormantlatent_in_the/
Text: Title says it, do adenoviruses remain dormant in the body?

Because I've been taking interest in "latent viruses", I found detailed articles about how the simplex, zoster, hiv and other retroviruses remain in the body (there is even a detailed wikipedia table describing the location of the latency). However I wasn't able to find detailed information regarding the latency of adenoviruses on the same level as I found on herpes viruses and retroviruses.

And do other "common cold"/flu-like viruses do latency?

ID: vee9hp
Title: Does diabetes (or a high PH level) cause your body to excrete pharmaceutical drugs in your urine faster than a normal, healthy individual?
Author: AcademicF
Score: 1961
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 143
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655475552
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vee9hp/does_diabetes_or_a_high_ph_level_cause_your_body/
Text: I had a recent urine test and failed to show any of the medication that should have been present (I had last taken it 30 hours earlier but the internet says it usually stays detectable 48-98 hours.)

Just wondering if a high acidity level in my blood/urine or diabetes itself could cause the medication to excretes faster than normal.

ID: ven5vd
Title: Are all putts on a golf green possible?
Author: cragwatcher
Score: 20
VoteRatio: 0.68
CommentCount: 42
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655491788
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/ven5vd/are_all_putts_on_a_golf_green_possible/
Text: Asked in golf with a large number of 'physics says yes' answers from people who know nothing about physics. 

Are there any conditions where a putt would be rendered impossible. For example, a downhill putt where it is not possible for the ball to roll slowly enough to drop into the hole.

ID: vexl3v
Title: Do rivers ever go uphill?
Author: EverydayPigeon
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.49
CommentCount: 13
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655523913
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vexl3v/do_rivers_ever_go_uphill/
Text: This sounds like a "high thought", and I think the answer is no but I was just thinking earlier: How do rivers traverse the landscape? Do they always go downhill on 100% of their journey from mountain down to sea? When they have obstacles they can go around or underground, but is that the end of the story? 

Can anyone talk around this subject a little? Thanks!

ID: vf1esj
Title: Unpowered cooling mats - how do they work?
Author: mts89
Score: 976
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 114
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655539397
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vf1esj/unpowered_cooling_mats_how_do_they_work/
Text: Just come across one of these in real life.

https://www.rosewoodpet.com/dog/travel/options-cooling-accessories/chillax-cool-pad-large

Lying on it genuinely feels nice and cold. 

How on earth does it work?

ID: vf1tvy
Title: Are wild bee hives better or worse pollinators than beekeeper managed ones?
Author: dkysh
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655541214
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vf1tvy/are_wild_bee_hives_better_or_worse_pollinators/
Text: Beekeepers remove the honey from hives and bees must keep working and keep on pollinating flowers.

But I've read in another thread that wild bee hives don't slack, and once the hive is full of honey, they swarm and start a new hive with a new queen somewhere else.

Which of the two methods is better for the ecosystem? I would dare to guess that beekeept hives are better for orchards and fruit trees, as they keep a hive always nearby at full work, while wild hives are better for the wilderness as the colonies are more spread and and reach a larger area?

Also, aren't bees basically almost clones? Don't wild hives promote genetic diversity and are better posed for survival? (if not for a given hive, at least for a number of hives in the area)

ID: vf670b
Title: Glaciers have been melting for decades now. What conditions would need to happen for them to reform?
Author: XtremeConfusion
Score: 373
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 58
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655558704
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vf670b/glaciers_have_been_melting_for_decades_now_what/
Text: And on a different note, can they even reform? Would the glaciers be new and would they settle in a different place compared to where they were before? Or would they grow from existing ones?

ID: vf6ors
Title: Why was the rise in HIV infection incidence in the Eastern Europe And Central Asia region so much higher than that of any other regions in 2010-2020?
Author: geeleegulu
Score: 1868
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 95
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655560289
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vf6ors/why_was_the_rise_in_hiv_infection_incidence_in/
Text: [https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media/images/Change%20in%20new%20HIV%20infections%20and%20aids-related%20deaths.png](https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media/images/Change%20in%20new%20HIV%20infections%20and%20aids-related%20deaths.png)

This region seems to really stand out in this graph from UNAIDS. Over the last decade, the only other region with a rise in incidence was Middle East And North Africa, but it was only a 7% increase, vs +43% in Eastern Europe And Central Asia.     



[https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media\_asset/2021-global-aids-update\_en.pdf](https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/2021-global-aids-update_en.pdf)

I gathered from this document by UNAIDS that the major disease burden in this region is on IV drug users, and the main hurdles to controlling the disease are punitive laws and social stigma (p.336, 338). But why is this region handling the disease so much worse than other regions, specifically Middle East And North Africa?           

It seems that these 2 regions have similarly oppressive political climate and legislature (Table 18.2 & 19.2). The minorities also appears to be similarly marginalized. And according to the document, Eastern Europe And Central Asia had more resources available than Middle East And North Africa did (\~40% vs 20% of the resource needed for achieving 2025 goals) (Fig. 18.10 & 19.6).      



I understand that this is probably a complicated issue with a myriad of factors at play. And I must admit that I do not know much about the political and cultural situation of these regions. To sum up, my question is: 

>What are the major impetus to the remarkably worse HIV control in Eastern Europe And Central Asia, as compared to Middle East And North Africa, despite having a seemingly similar socio-political environment and higher resource availability?

ID: vf7u91
Title: Why do two lines indicate a negative result in ommunoassay urine drug tests when in most other immunoassay tests two lines indicate a positive result?
Author: throwawayguy2395
Score: 23
VoteRatio: 0.61
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655563901
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vf7u91/why_do_two_lines_indicate_a_negative_result_in/
Text: 

ID: vfanvy
Title: What are the Byproducts of woodgas also known as syngas combustion?
Author: Grinchtastic10
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655572338
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfanvy/what_are_the_byproducts_of_woodgas_also_known_as/
Text: So the main combustible components of well filtered syngas are carbon monoxide, methane, hydrogen, and if i remember correctly butane as well(correct me if i’m wrong). In a normal internal combustion engine, would these materials produce any carbon or other deposits similar to how diesel does in a diesel engine?

ID: vfdtgs
Title: So Petroleum Deposits are Dead Organic Matter... Why did Organic Matter Accumulate this Way?
Author: KillerKowalski1
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.57
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655581757
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfdtgs/so_petroleum_deposits_are_dead_organic_matter_why/
Text: It seems like giant pockets of dead things should be an extremely rare occurrence but we're able to power the planet right now because they exist.

Why for?

ID: vfdwi8
Title: How are plants beneficial to the carbon cycle if they "breathe" out co2 during the night? Is this even true?
Author: flockofgopherboys
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.42
CommentCount: 17
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655582009
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfdwi8/how_are_plants_beneficial_to_the_carbon_cycle_if/
Text: How much of their mass is actually made from carbon that comes out of the air? Am I trapping carbon by growing houseplants?

ID: vfefsj
Title: Why do vaccine providers need to wait for child specific COVID-19 vaccine shipments?
Author: Pedalnomica
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.55
CommentCount: 18
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655583595
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfefsj/why_do_vaccine_providers_need_to_wait_for_child/
Text: If the Moderna and Pfizer COVID vaccines for children 6 months to 5 years are simply lower doses of the same vaccines for older people, why do vaccine providers need to wait to receive shipments before they can begin administering shots? Why can't they just draw a smaller amount from the vials of vaccine they already have on hand for adults?

ID: vfmgmr
Title: do rhizomous plants need genetic diversity like humans do ?
Author: redscarfdemon
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655610073
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfmgmr/do_rhizomous_plants_need_genetic_diversity_like/
Text:  

As I understand it, rhizomous plants look like separate plants but are often more like parts of the same plant, or at least clones. And from what I understand about genetics, historically when groups of people interbreed within a small group it can exacerbate the effects of negative genetic traits.

If I were trying to create and sustain a community of plants, and they happened to be rhizomous--like a yarrow plant--would it be enough to transplant several yarrow from one area (which are probably clones) to the target area? Or would it be necessary to go to separate locations to get "different" yarrow plants to seed an area?

If I just plant several of the clone plants would I have "Habsburg lipped" plants in a few years?

ID: vfmw5s
Title: Why do anti fungal toe medication have the ability to impact kidney functions when they are an external application?
Author: Whole-Counter2371
Score: 1914
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 239
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655611668
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfmw5s/why_do_anti_fungal_toe_medication_have_the/
Text: Do all anti fungal toe medication impact the kidneys or just some?

ID: vfso5l
Title: How do bean sprouts grow with just water?
Author: melocatmom
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 16
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655636176
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfso5l/how_do_bean_sprouts_grow_with_just_water/
Text: Why don't they need soil like other plants? Where are they getting nutrients from to grow? Is it just photosynthesis? I tried Googling but didn't find anything!

ID: vft1j8
Title: Can a higher level of Co2 in the blood cause damage to the brain? | Hypercapnia
Author: Zealousideal_Leg9342
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655637656
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vft1j8/can_a_higher_level_of_co2_in_the_blood_cause/
Text: On the internet I read a lot of things about the cause and symptoms of hypercapnia/hypercarbian (drowsiness, dizziness, confusion, headache, etc.). 

But what are the long term effects? Will a higher level of Co2 in the blood cause damage to the brain? 
(kills brain cells or neurons)

ID: vft295
Title: How does sunscreen protect my skin if it’s clear? It blocks UV— so if I were, say an insect that sees in the UV spectrum, would sunblocked skin look extra bright because UV is reflected, or extra dark because UV is absorbed?
Author: LorenaBobbedIt
Score: 1119
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 209
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655637737
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vft295/how_does_sunscreen_protect_my_skin_if_its_clear/
Text: 

ID: vftgpw
Title: How would someone without ADHD react to ADHD stimulants?
Author: Araknhak
Score: 25
VoteRatio: 0.72
CommentCount: 53
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655639340
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vftgpw/how_would_someone_without_adhd_react_to_adhd/
Text: As someone diagnosed with ADHD myself, I have faced unjust accusations of my diagnosis being false, so I'm here to ask how exactly someone without ADHD would 'generally' react to ADHD stimulants?

Keep is mind that this is just me asking questions, and NOT any attempt to undermine anyones diagnosis at all.

Thank you!

ID: vftic0
Title: Is there research on the mental health effects of virtual windows on workers in confined, windowless spaces for long time periods?
Author: Judgment_Reversed
Score: 61
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655639501
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vftic0/is_there_research_on_the_mental_health_effects_of/
Text: When discussing topics like space exploration, underwater colonization, or even just the future of dense urban living and working, it often gets brought up that people may go insane from being subject to windowless conditions for too long. 

It seems like virtual windows (high-quality displays masquerading as windows to other, presumably more serene environments) would be a solution to this (and often is in science fiction).

I've seen one [study exploring the concept of virtual windows for the elderly](https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-40244-4_45), and another on [stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=J.+Environ.+Psychol.&title=Stress+recoveryduring+exposure+to+natural+and+urban+environments&author=R.+S.+Ulrich&author=R.+F.+Simons&author=E.+Fiorito&author=M.+A.+Miles&author=M.+Zelson&volume=11&publication_year=1991&pages=201-230&), but I either can't find or can't access studies examining the actual effects on people in confined, windowless environments for long time periods.

Is there any research on this? And is there any evidence that it improves mental health?

ID: vfv6pl
Title: Are callouses made of living tissue?
Author: bewchacca-lacca
Score: 1692
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 202
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655645240
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfv6pl/are_callouses_made_of_living_tissue/
Text: 

ID: vfvqlc
Title: Can getting insufficient amount of sleep during puberty impair brain development and intelligence?
Author: ProfessionalSmell528
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655646986
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfvqlc/can_getting_insufficient_amount_of_sleep_during/
Text: 

ID: vfwk5i
Title: Why are lemon seeds seemingly randomly distributed about the center of the lemon?
Author: dilfybro
Score: 875
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 29
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655649424
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfwk5i/why_are_lemon_seeds_seemingly_randomly/
Text: Lemons (which I buy from the market) have a high degree of axial symmetry.  Rotate them around their major axis, and they're usually pretty similar from all angles.  Cut one in half along the minor axis, and the segments are each about the same angular size.  The albedo is pretty circular and uniform, too.   


And then, the seeds.   There are usually fewer than one per segment.   And when that's the case, you just have 1 in one segment, another in another, and they jut off in seemingly random angles.   


Why the absence of azimuthal symmetry for seeds?

ID: vfwwae
Title: What did the world look like two years after the K-T Extinction event?
Author: None
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.61
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655650420
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfwwae/what_did_the_world_look_like_two_years_after_the/
Text: Basically what did the world look like two years after the asteroid impact?

ID: vfy3ma
Title: How can your body/immune system get a vaccine dose and still "remember" it forever later?
Author: MitchKramer1989
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.6
CommentCount: 19
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655653877
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfy3ma/how_can_your_bodyimmune_system_get_a_vaccine_dose/
Text: I received a vaccine dose of the two shot Pfizer series last March, and although it's been 16 months, I've been told that I can get the second dose safely.

How is it that the immune system remembers? Would the vaccines truly still function the same even with a huge distance between them?

Thanks! Just trying to understand how these vaccines work!

ID: vfyn78
Title: Does fighting a viral infection use up minerals and vitamins like zinc and vitamin D, leading to low levels of them? If so how severely?
Author: KidKilobyte
Score: 1868
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 50
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655655403
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vfyn78/does_fighting_a_viral_infection_use_up_minerals/
Text: 

ID: vg23ck
Title: What defines an organic material?
Author: Willing_Childhood_17
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.64
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655665402
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vg23ck/what_defines_an_organic_material/
Text: How can organic materials be defined? Are there any groupings within organic material? 

Are fossil fuels organic? If they are, then is there a way to differentiate them with an unchanged corpse?

ID: vg3m1h
Title: How did different bird calls evolve from a common origin? Do we know how one relates to another, in the same way we know how different human languages are related?
Author: thisishowwedooooit
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655669753
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vg3m1h/how_did_different_bird_calls_evolve_from_a_common/
Text: 

ID: vg9brc
Title: If I got a blood transfusion, then had a dna test done on my blood. Would it be my dna or the blood donors?
Author: DiscombobulatedBank6
Score: 4370
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 305
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655687139
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vg9brc/if_i_got_a_blood_transfusion_then_had_a_dna_test/
Text: My kid has asked me “if I get someone else’s blood and they’re Italian, does that mean I have Italian blood”.  Which raises a good point.  If she needs a blood transfusion and we then did a 23 and me type test but with blood (not the saliva test).  What results are we going to get back?  The donors heritage or hers?  Or a bit of both.  

Whose dna is in that blood?  If she drops some blood at a crime scene and the police swab it for evidence.  Will it match to her dna, will it have both sets of dna?  If it shows as the donors dna in the blood, does it change back to her blood over time?  What about organ donation?  That organ will always have the dna of the donor yes? 

Sorry if formatting is rubbish - I’m in mobile.

ID: vgb6bh
Title: Why are bananas high in potassium?
Author: nemacol
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.65
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655693317
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgb6bh/why_are_bananas_high_in_potassium/
Text: I have often heard that bananas are high in potassium but I am not sure why.  Is it the soil they grow in?  If we grew something else there (like apples or corn) would they be high in potassium? Or is it something about the way bananas extract minerals from the ground? I assume they are not 'creating' the potassium - it has to be in the ground already and being pulled into the fruit from the plant roots. Right?

Thank you for reading.

ID: vgdmpc
Title: did carnivore dinosaurs have symbiotic relationships with other animals like a bird picking a gator's teeth?
Author: ScoreTechnical5397
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655701911
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgdmpc/did_carnivore_dinosaurs_have_symbiotic/
Text: The title

ID: vgdrrx
Title: Do we know approximate lifespans of dinosaurs?
Author: MelonElbows
Score: 17
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655702431
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgdrrx/do_we_know_approximate_lifespans_of_dinosaurs/
Text: I just watched the new Jurassic World movie and while I understand it wasn't scientifically accurate, it made me wonder if dinosaurs actually lived in current times and reproduced, how fast would it take them?

Generally, most things on Earth have lifespans seemingly corresponding to their size.  Some flies live for days while larger animals live for years.  Of course there are exceptions, but its kind of a general rule.  Do scientists know, or can estimate, how long would, for example, a T-Rex take from egg to hatching, and from hatchling to natural end of life?  Are we talking a few decades, a hundred years, more than a hundred?  Something like the Brachiosaurus must take many decades to reach full maturity right?  If someone told me it took them 200 years to grow to that size I would not question it.

ID: vggfir
Title: Why do major mountain ranges in the US predominantly run north-south but not east-west?
Author: showmelongtime
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655712927
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vggfir/why_do_major_mountain_ranges_in_the_us/
Text: 

ID: vggqig
Title: Which vitamin or mineral supplements actually have evidence for benefits?
Author: jammerjoint
Score: 103
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 121
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655714238
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vggqig/which_vitamin_or_mineral_supplements_actually/
Text: I've always heard 90% or more is bogus marketing, and the literature can be somewhat vague on this subject.  I have heard that zinc is effective for immune function even if taken after symptoms start, is this true?  Also, are there any that can benefit even if taken to surplus?

ID: vgh5xw
Title: Does Omega Centauri have exo-planets?
Author: SUPER_SECRET_AGENT_Q
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.64
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655716042
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgh5xw/does_omega_centauri_have_exoplanets/
Text: I don't mean habitable planets. I'm just asking about any kind of terrestrial planets or gas-giants. I tried looking it up and couldn't find confirmation on the existence of exo-planets in the globular cluster. I was hoping there might be some astronomers out there with an answer.

ID: vghqvu
Title: Why do humans only create their own vitamin D?
Author: T_Lawliet
Score: 9
VoteRatio: 0.68
CommentCount: 15
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655718526
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vghqvu/why_do_humans_only_create_their_own_vitamin_d/
Text: Why don’t we synthesize other vitamins and minerals?

ID: vgir4n
Title: how does the body wake itself up during a nightmare?
Author: netflixandchild
Score: 63
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 22
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655722584
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgir4n/how_does_the_body_wake_itself_up_during_a/
Text: i used to struggle with chronic nightmares. today, they only happen on occasion. whenever the nightmare seems to reach its “peak”—before death or some kind of attack, etc.—i wake up. how is my body able to wake itself up during these moments?

ID: vgjdxl
Title: Do cross links or lesions in DNA prohibit accurate next gen sequencing of those regions?
Author: StarkLMad
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655724884
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgjdxl/do_cross_links_or_lesions_in_dna_prohibit/
Text: 

ID: vgjo4u
Title: Can skin detect different “colours” of infrared light?
Author: rruckley
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655725873
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgjo4u/can_skin_detect_different_colours_of_infrared/
Text: I understand that infrared wavelengths are felt as heat but is there different sensations (ignoring temperature) that would allow one to determine different “colours”? Thought came about from experiencing my cars heated seats and feeling that it felt different to how my heater at home would feel. Perhaps a different bandwidth of infrared?

ID: vgk41y
Title: Are mental disorders associated with higher socioeconomic status?
Author: Ry_uk
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.63
CommentCount: 18
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655727318
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgk41y/are_mental_disorders_associated_with_higher/
Text: Some papers claimed that if you have low latent inhibition and a high IQ, you are creative or a hypergenius. In the past I also read (or misread) an other paper claiming high IQ is associated with higher income.  


Are there any studies that link mental disorders with higher income?

ID: vgl6ch
Title: Do CAM plants open their stomata right at sundown, or do they wait until total darkness?
Author: Karmacological
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 0
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655730611
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgl6ch/do_cam_plants_open_their_stomata_right_at_sundown/
Text: I'm wondering about Cactaceae specifically. Thanks in advance!

ID: vgm0au
Title: How do we know the COVID vaccine does anything if we can still get COVID after having it?
Author: mangoappleorange
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.33
CommentCount: 37
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655733122
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgm0au/how_do_we_know_the_covid_vaccine_does_anything_if/
Text: I and many others I know who have already had the vaccine still got COVID, so it seems like there's still a good chance of getting COVID after having the vax. So what's the point if you can still get infected?

ID: vgmil4
Title: How does indexing work in the brain?
Author: ExtraProfound
Score: 9
VoteRatio: 0.8
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655734569
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgmil4/how_does_indexing_work_in_the_brain/
Text: What are the best current theories on how a human brain indexes interconnected ideas?

Example of the type of indexing to which I'm referring: my mind will often unconsciously start playing music related to something which I've just seen.  Sometimes, I'll realize that I'm remembering a song without having noted the trigger, but by reviewing what the song is and what I just did, I can guess what the trigger is.  E.g., I read the word "aquarium" and hear the music for Jolly Roger Bay.

ID: vgmvvf
Title: How do proteins made by mRNA vaccines get to where they need to go?
Author: Twink_Ass_Bitch
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655735608
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgmvvf/how_do_proteins_made_by_mrna_vaccines_get_to/
Text: The technology/strategy behind mRNA vaccines is truly remarkable, but many explanations I've read seem to skip over a crucial logical step that is the basis of my question.

Once the mRNA enters a cell and the cell begins producing the protein that the mRNA encodes for, what are the processes between this stage and the stage of the immune system interacting with it? The state of affairs at this stage is a foreign protein inside the cell and it needs to end up in the "hands off the immune system". If the protein in question is say the so-called "spike protein" of COVID-19, how does it get outside of the cell or to the surface of the cell? 

Cells are complicated^citation ^needed and usually have many interconnected parts like proteins helping other proteins get where they need to go or to fold in a particular way. Does the inherent shape/structure of the spike protein in this case make it thermodynamically favorable to embed itself in the cell's membrane and express itself outward? Proteins don't generally just leak out of cells so my current best guess is that it's presented by the cell in some way. Assuming this is the case, does that immune system now recognize that cell as foreign and destroy it (and thus 'read' the spike protein)?

Thanks for anyone's time.

ID: vgou4d
Title: Why is having high blood pressure bad for you?
Author: Tales_of_Ba_Sing_Se
Score: 18
VoteRatio: 0.79
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655740855
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgou4d/why_is_having_high_blood_pressure_bad_for_you/
Text: 

ID: vgp9e6
Title: How is AN SHBG test done?
Author: Complex-Opening-9638
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655741947
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgp9e6/how_is_an_shbg_test_done/
Text: When I always search for answers the internet just tells me that is done by a blood sample and using a needle.

What I'm looking for is the scientific procedure, what is used, a microscope, some type of machine, a mathematical formula... ?

How do you go from having the blood to having a particular number and result on a paper.

And as well I would appreciate if somebody told me how to search for this type of more specific I formation on the future, what should I type on the Google bar search to find this information.

Kind regards.

ID: vgpjbc
Title: How big dogs have much shorter lifespans than smaller dogs, is it the same for humans? Say a 6' 7" inch man vs a 5' 5" man?
Author: Quinfluenza
Score: 5816
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 344
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655742658
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgpjbc/how_big_dogs_have_much_shorter_lifespans_than/
Text: 

ID: vgryi1
Title: Is a virus’s mutation rate independent from their host cell?
Author: ShadowVortex888
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655748913
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgryi1/is_a_viruss_mutation_rate_independent_from_their/
Text: Excluding any environmental mutation factors, do virus partially or wholly inherit any mutations based on the host cell’s replication machinery?

ID: vgvge6
Title: Stable Cell Line transfection, with non viral naked plasmid MOA?
Author: ontheceiling315716
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655758202
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgvge6/stable_cell_line_transfection_with_non_viral/
Text: Something I have never understood. How do nonviral plasmids incorporate stably into cellular genomic dna of a cell. I understand viral plasmid delivery systems but how do regular plasmids get stably incorporated. My understanding is that they do but it's very low rate of  occurrence and it happens somewhat randomly.

Thanks

ID: vgvoqw
Title: By what mechanism does the phosphorylation of BK(CA) alpha subunits modulate calcium sensitivity in cavernosal smooth muscle cells?
Author: LilamJazeefa
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.57
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655758810
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgvoqw/by_what_mechanism_does_the_phosphorylation_of/
Text: I am teaching myself about the processes by which penile tumescence occurs and is maintained.  I have found that part of the process of Ca^2+ sensitization that occurs in cavernosal smooth muscle cells is by the action of Src tyrosine kinases acting on BK(Ca) receptors by phosphorylating the alpha subunits.

However, what I don't understand is how exactly that phosphorylation winds up affecting the calcium levels?  Does it activate the ion gate?  Does it hyperpolarize the surrounding membrane?  Are other chemicals like cAMP or DAG involved? I am not a biochemist and I am but a humble physicist.  The publications on the matter seem to overlook this little detail as prerequisite material, so I'm at a bit of a loss.  I see how this works in Na ion channels as well as in vascular smooth muscle cells, but those seem to be operating by a different mechanism.

ID: vgwj2j
Title: what happens to water when land dries up?
Author: longstrokesharpturn
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.64
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655761011
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgwj2j/what_happens_to_water_when_land_dries_up/
Text: We hear more often that countries become more dry. Iran for instance is dealing with an enormous water scarcity. But what happens to the water? Where does it go? Does it just move to another place?

ID: vgynka
Title: How would world climate and weather patterns change if part of Central America was missing and the Pacific and Caribbean were connected?
Author: MSeanF
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.56
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655766801
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vgynka/how_would_world_climate_and_weather_patterns/
Text: 

ID: vh0vfd
Title: How resilient is modern electrical infrastructure to a major Coronal Mass Ejection such as The Carrington Event?
Author: BiggieSlonker
Score: 13
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655773406
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vh0vfd/how_resilient_is_modern_electrical_infrastructure/
Text: It is said the massive "Carrington Event" solar storm of 1859 was so powerful it caused telegraph stations to catch fire.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrington_Event

If a coronal mass ejection of equal or greater strength were to hit Earth today, what kind of effects would it have across the globe?

ID: vh27z1
Title: What dictates how much or fast a virus will mutate?
Author: Next_Doughnut2
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.56
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655777597
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vh27z1/what_dictates_how_much_or_fast_a_virus_will_mutate/
Text: 

ID: vh296d
Title: How is crude oil/petroleum highly flammable, but asphalt (made out of petroleum) not flammable at all?
Author: badkey82
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655777707
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vh296d/how_is_crude_oilpetroleum_highly_flammable_but/
Text: 

ID: vh2q1n
Title: If an animal consumes something, and then I consume that animal, will I be affected by the thing the animal consumed?
Author: Lumpy-Upstairs3755
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655779188
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vh2q1n/if_an_animal_consumes_something_and_then_i/
Text: Asking for a friend.  Google was no help.  Friend has an oat allergy that manifest as eczema, and sometimes (not all times) they break out when eating eggs or chicken or other meat.  Could they be affected if the animal ate oats? They put this question to me, and I thought it might be okay to ask here.  I am interested to learn if there is some sort of nutritional pass-along that comes from the food that the animals eat.

ID: vh38ek
Title: How did the middle stages of evolution occur?
Author: ERDRCR
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655780807
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vh38ek/how_did_the_middle_stages_of_evolution_occur/
Text: At one end of development we know that amino acids can form spontaneously. Peptides aren’t that much of a stretch after that.
At the other extreme, the strongest produce more offspring and the genes multiply.

How did we get from peptides to a self-reproducing code that leads to the production of peptides that make more copies of the original code?

Has anyone proposed intermediate complexity structures and then organisms that would then lead to simple single cell organisms?

ID: vh4xx9
Title: Do sealed terrariums increase in energy or mass over time due to sunlight?
Author: PhilNHoles
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655786492
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vh4xx9/do_sealed_terrariums_increase_in_energy_or_mass/
Text: 

ID: vh6c7x
Title: how does plants create food using photons. i.e light? I just don't get it. can someone explain the process?
Author: con86ra
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655791505
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vh6c7x/how_does_plants_create_food_using_photons_ie/
Text: 

ID: vhdj0e
Title: Where do old satellites go when dead?
Author: VagueViper88
Score: 1106
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 145
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655818615
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vhdj0e/where_do_old_satellites_go_when_dead/
Text: After satellites have finished there designed function, what happens to them? Do they float in orbit completely obsolete, thusted of out into deep space or controlled landing back to earth? Side note, is there a possibility all satellites falling out of orbit at the same time and what would be the ramifications of the theoretical senario be? Would it cause an ELE based the amount of satellites?

ID: vhfduv
Title: Are claims that the electromagnetic field of the heart is 100 times stronger than that of the brain true? Is it even capable of emiting such large fields?
Author: roiseeker
Score: 268
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 92
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655823776
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vhfduv/are_claims_that_the_electromagnetic_field_of_the/
Text: So I've been trying to investigate these New Age claims that say our heart is basically an EMF transmitter but didn't find any convincing proof that this is actually true.

Obviously the heart operates through all sorts of phenomena, electricity being involved as well. Where there is current, there are electromagnetic fields. So it's obvious that SOME field could be detected if we would have a sensitive enough device.

But the problem is their claims seem especially outlandish. The research linked below argues that this EMF can even be detected several feet away, which sounds a bit crazy. If the heart would've had such a strong EMF, it would've been more common knowledge in our society. I mean, maybe they are kind of right. After all, they aren't mentioning any concrete values, they just say it's 100 times stronger than the brain's field (which I also doubt).

[https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-hearts-magnetic-field-which-is-the-strongest-rhythmic-field-produced-by-the-human\_fig11\_293944391](https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-hearts-magnetic-field-which-is-the-strongest-rhythmic-field-produced-by-the-human_fig11_293944391)

I first heard about this claim here: [https://youtu.be/ta4w28IlzPE?t=1410](https://youtu.be/ta4w28IlzPE?t=1410)

This man named Joe Dispenza was making a lot of sense up to the timestamp I've selected.  
When he said the heart produces something similar to a WiFi signal, 3 meters wide, that's when my "quack alarm" started going off.

What's your opinion? Is all of this pseudoscience or is there any truth to it?  
Do you have any research to back up these claims?

ID: vhivqy
Title: How do chimeric animals avoid organ rejection or other autoimmune disorders?
Author: I_make_things
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.62
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655833176
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vhivqy/how_do_chimeric_animals_avoid_organ_rejection_or/
Text: 

ID: vhojrq
Title: Why do people sneeze when first going into the bright sunlight or look into a glare of sunlight?
Author: phenols
Score: 2958
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 454
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655848107
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vhojrq/why_do_people_sneeze_when_first_going_into_the/
Text: 

ID: vhpew4
Title: What will happend with the light that goes through an medium, if the medium travels faste than it's phase velocity?
Author: shtefhan
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655850448
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vhpew4/what_will_happend_with_the_light_that_goes/
Text: Let's say if i have a piece of glass or transparent medium that goes through space with a speed higher than the phase velocity and light reaces the medium from the back, can it go through, is it reflected or is absorbed?

ID: vhpihk
Title: Why do some people develop allergies with repeated exposure to an external stimulus vs. some people developing immunity to said stimulus?
Author: qxzsilver
Score: 2524
VoteRatio: 0.95
CommentCount: 155
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655850717
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vhpihk/why_do_some_people_develop_allergies_with/
Text: I’ve noticed watching documentaries or random videos online as well as medical websites that some people may develop allergies to bee stings after getting stung one too many times. However, some people who harvest honey from bees without any protection (one example is the Gurung people of Nepal) seem to develop immunity to bee stings.

Other examples may be exposure to natural stimuli such as pollen, snake bites, certain molds, or food items. How does this happen? What can make someone more likely to develop an allergy vs. more likely to develop immunity?

ID: vhq4uv
Title: Is it at all possible that ‘life’ may accidentally have been brought to Mars by the various rovers sent from Earth?
Author: Just_want_to_log_in
Score: 21
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655852483
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vhq4uv/is_it_at_all_possible_that_life_may_accidentally/
Text: And if so, is there a chance it may thrive and/or impact the local environment in any way?

ID: vhrx8k
Title: Is there any way to teach the immune system to not attack an implant?
Author: Catvanbrian
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655857785
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vhrx8k/is_there_any_way_to_teach_the_immune_system_to/
Text: As in convince the system to treat or even see the implant as ‘self’ or at least a new part of ‘self’?

ID: vhwse5
Title: Why are there so many different types of venoms?
Author: TigreSauvage
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.66
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655873269
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vhwse5/why_are_there_so_many_different_types_of_venoms/
Text: For example, there are different types of snakes. Of the venomous ones, how did their venoms go about evolving in potency and effects?

ID: vhxdu3
Title: What is the highest temperature any solid material/element can take without changing states?
Author: kinjame
Score: 80
VoteRatio: 0.85
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655875372
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vhxdu3/what_is_the_highest_temperature_any_solid/
Text: Im not talking just melting point either. Sublimation too. I know tungsten has the highest known melting point of any *pure* element at 3695 K, but I read somewhere that there are also other alloys that can take hotter temperature. I know carbon sublimes at around 4098 K so i'm wondering if there is anything that can go beyond those temperatures without a phase transition. Compounds are allowed too.

Edit: Under earth's atmospheric pressure at sea level.

ID: vhxl0p
Title: If skin is constantly shedding and being regrown, why does moisturizing and avoiding direct sunlight when you’re young help with your skin long term?
Author: Swimming_Leeks
Score: 393
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 70
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655876091
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vhxl0p/if_skin_is_constantly_shedding_and_being_regrown/
Text: 

ID: vi1jv3
Title: How closely related are Jaguar and Leopards?
Author: hipponuggets_
Score: 31
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 17
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655891749
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vi1jv3/how_closely_related_are_jaguar_and_leopards/
Text: I understand that they both belong to the *Panthera* genus, but are they any more closely related than to their other cousins like lions and tigers? Or did they just *happen* to have evolved similarly in terms of looks?

ID: vi3b7r
Title: Is it possible to solve a Rubiks Cube without ever having to turn one of the faces?
Author: KarmaWhoreRepeating
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.57
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655898415
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vi3b7r/is_it_possible_to_solve_a_rubiks_cube_without/
Text: Just for the sake of curiosity, what I mean is:  Is there an algorithm that can give me a solution to solve any Rubiks cube configuration, but it never rotates the yellow face (for instance)

ID: vi3igi
Title: how would a modern day person likely fare against spanish flu?
Author: dondi01
Score: 14
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 14
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655899119
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vi3igi/how_would_a_modern_day_person_likely_fare_against/
Text: Would it be as deadly as in the past? Would it be milder? Would we be able to immediately deal with it or there is no specific vaccine or medication?

ID: vi4fic
Title: Analogous to pupils dilating and constricting with light, does the human ear physically adjust in response to volume levels?
Author: aroundtheworldtoday
Score: 2790
VoteRatio: 0.95
CommentCount: 393
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655901913
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vi4fic/analogous_to_pupils_dilating_and_constricting/
Text: 

ID: vi4s3d
Title: Are there any academic (or even wild) guesses how important colder climate and ice age was for the development of agriculture in general?
Author: apposnollah
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655902978
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vi4s3d/are_there_any_academic_or_even_wild_guesses_how/
Text: Last ice age in Norhern Europe ended some ~10 000 years ago. Agriculture was developed around the same time, and the area of Fertice Crescent in Middle East is often pointed out here. In present day this area is rather dry, except the areas in Turkey and the river banks in Iran, Iraq and Egypt.

What are the estimates what kind of climate there was in those areas 10 000 years ago? They were probably much more fertile due to lower temperature. I would also guess that a large ice cap in Norhern Europe would have lowered the temperature even more, and also affected on the precipitation in the area.

ID: vi58qq
Title: If it takes more energy to hit the sun than leave the solar system, would it also be equally hard to hit a black hole?
Author: kickin-it-studios
Score: 14
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 28
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655904363
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vi58qq/if_it_takes_more_energy_to_hit_the_sun_than_leave/
Text: Would we slingshot past it? Do we just need really good aim? 

Or is the sun hard to hit only because we are launching rockets from earth which is moving extremely fast around the sun?

ID: vi5y3b
Title: Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science
Author: AutoModerator
Score: 149
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 130
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655906412
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vi5y3b/ask_anything_wednesday_physics_astronomy_earth/
Text: Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on **Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science**

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

**Asking Questions:**

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

**Answering Questions:**

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ID: vi7aaa
Title: How do they Detect viruses in sewerage?
Author: AndrewTheAverage
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.57
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655910129
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vi7aaa/how_do_they_detect_viruses_in_sewerage/
Text: Often we see that a virus is detected in sewerage. This happened a lot during Covid but Polio has been discovered in sewerage in England.

How is it actually detected?

As in, the amount of virus must be  infinitesimally  small compared to the volume of sewerage. Does the virus grow/replicate to a point where it is detected easily?

I just dont understand how a small sample could detect it unless there was a major outbrake

ID: vi95b3
Title: Have our lungs any way of cleaning themselves?
Author: Misco28
Score: 14
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655915125
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vi95b3/have_our_lungs_any_way_of_cleaning_themselves/
Text: So, we are constantly inhaling things that are not air into our lungs, specially small solid particles. I assume most of them go out by just breathing out, but its not hard for some particles to get stucked in the web of ducts we have there. Is there something curious about that or im just asking a dumb question?

ID: vibbzu
Title: Have our immune systems lost the ability to fight smallpox now that it is eliminated?
Author: Critical_Reveal6667
Score: 26
VoteRatio: 0.7
CommentCount: 20
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655920964
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vibbzu/have_our_immune_systems_lost_the_ability_to_fight/
Text: 

ID: vic6ui
Title: How many single viruses are in an infected person's body?
Author: Lornedon
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.62
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655923266
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vic6ui/how_many_single_viruses_are_in_an_infected/
Text: I read that you can get infected from HIV with only one virus, and for Covid you need to have about 500 viruses enter your body.

I get that it probably varies from virus to virus and from person to person, but can you give me a ballpark estimate?

ID: vic7fu
Title: Why don't viruses spread throughout your entire body?
Author: Se7enineteen
Score: 20
VoteRatio: 0.72
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655923312
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vic7fu/why_dont_viruses_spread_throughout_your_entire/
Text: I have viral conjunctivitis and I was cautioned about washing my hands and not sharing towels etc.

But it got me thinking, what makes certain viruses only spread via a particular vector?

For example AIDS and blood/sex, Coronavirus is airborne/fomite tramissions, etc.

Logically, it seems once you get a virus, any bodily function should be able to spread it. Why do viruses behave the way they do?

Thanks in advance for your time.

ID: vif1ls
Title: Why are eyes horizontally arranged and not vertically?
Author: EatTheBiscuitSam
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.72
CommentCount: 59
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655930810
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vif1ls/why_are_eyes_horizontally_arranged_and_not/
Text: One would think that there would be a bunch of creatures that would have eyes in a vertical arrangement. Why isn't there more diversity in eye location?

ID: vijj8f
Title: How hot was the earth 30 million years ago?
Author: Doodlebobisright
Score: 36
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 27
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655943237
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vijj8f/how_hot_was_the_earth_30_million_years_ago/
Text: 

ID: vijndx
Title: When an astronaut in space talks to Houston, what is the technology that makes the call?
Author: jrjocham
Score: 2564
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 316
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655943573
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vijndx/when_an_astronaut_in_space_talks_to_houston_what/
Text: I'm sure the technology changed over the years, so I'll ask this in a two parter with the technology of the Apollo missions and the technology of today. Radio towers only have a certain distance on Earth they can broadcast, and if the space shuttle is currently in orbit on the exact opposite side of the Earth as the antenna, the communications would have cut out. So back when the space program was just starting, what was the technology they used to talk to people in space. Was it a series of broadcasting antennas around the globe? Something that has a strong enough broadcast range to pass through planetary bodies? Some kind of aimed technology like a satellite dish that could track the ship in orbit? What was the communication infrastructure they had to build and how has it changed to today?

ID: vikaba
Title: How do birds react in a micro-gravity environment?
Author: toy_boat_toy_boat
Score: 23
VoteRatio: 0.84
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655945567
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vikaba/how_do_birds_react_in_a_microgravity_environment/
Text: I ask this thinking that some test or tests might have been done to determine how birds adapt to micro-gravity. Not in a vaccuum, of course. 

Can birds adapt? Can they learn to navigate in this environment? I think of water birds, who can dive and swim underwater. If any tests showed chaotic results, should one anticipate that they would normalize over time? 

Sorry if I'm asking some easy questions in the course of asking my main one.

ID: vila0l
Title: What makes different plastics recyclable or non-recyclable?
Author: Zombieff
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655948596
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vila0l/what_makes_different_plastics_recyclable_or/
Text: 

ID: vimqe8
Title: how many neurons on a single hypercolumn on average?
Author: mister_chuunibyou
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655953210
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vimqe8/how_many_neurons_on_a_single_hypercolumn_on/
Text: And also how many motor units can one drive?

Is there any scientific estimate?

I tried searching for this information but couldnt find much.

ID: vimxqv
Title: What causes satellites to be tidally locked?
Author: rivernoa
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.64
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655953847
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vimxqv/what_causes_satellites_to_be_tidally_locked/
Text: I know that the moon is tidally locked to earth, but why isn’t earth tidally locked to the sun? And what conditions would cause that to happen?

ID: vin17g
Title: What is the concentration of salt that needs to be in water for it to become undrinkable/unhealthy for human consumption?
Author: Primary_Hawk3
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655954167
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vin17g/what_is_the_concentration_of_salt_that_needs_to/
Text: 

ID: virtn3
Title: Why dont proton proton fusion or CNO cycle used in thermo nuclear weapon?
Author: sepientr34
Score: 72
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 42
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1655972005
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/virtn3/why_dont_proton_proton_fusion_or_cno_cycle_used/
Text: Both reactions use hydrogen 1 or carbon 12 which are easier to find on earth why deuterium-tritium fusion is used instead

ID: vj0c3d
Title: How long would it take a drop of water to flow from Parting of the Waters to the Atlantic Ocean?
Author: omgyouresexy
Score: 1111
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 90
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656000234
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vj0c3d/how_long_would_it_take_a_drop_of_water_to_flow/
Text: I just got done watching a video about Parting of the Waters in Moran, WY. There is a unique feature here in which a creek running along the continental divide splits and half runs to the Pacific while the other half runs to the Atlantic. The title of the video is "The Creek that Flows to Two Different Oceans" if anyone wants to check it out for more context.

Anyway, it got me thinking: Assuming no evaporation, absorption into the soil, or any other means of exiting the continuous flow, how long would it take a drop of water to flow from that location all the way to the Atlantic Ocean?

There are overlapping issues like estimating actual path lengths of the creeks and rivers, different flow rates that depend on precipitation and water levels, fluid dynamics, and I'm sure a bunch other stuff I'm not even thinking of. Seems like such a cool multi-disciplinary problem. Is it possible to simplify it enough to get a rough answer? I'd love to hear everyone's take!

ID: vj6766
Title: Temperature and Heat Questions?
Author: Kipkeny
Score: 32
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656015801
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vj6766/temperature_and_heat_questions/
Text: I have recently developed an interest in statistical mechanics and would really like to solidify my understanding of temperature and heat before I continue. Feel free to answer all or some of these questions. Thank you!

1. Does temperature measure translational, rotational, and vibrational motion?

2. If temperature measures average kinetic energy, couldn’t it just be expressed in terms of joules?

3. Is there a strict linear relationship between energy input and change in temperature? If not, why?

4. Does particle mass affect specific heat? If not why do particles have different specific heats?

5. What is the relationship between specific heat and specific entropy? Why do they have the same units?

6. If joules and kelvin both measure energy, then is entropy dimensionless?

ID: vjct7t
Title: Does the water from a tsunami become desalinized as the land absorbs it?
Author: DaSpawn
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.76
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656035033
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vjct7t/does_the_water_from_a_tsunami_become_desalinized/
Text: 

ID: vje6n1
Title: How does lemon juice turn your urine alkaline?
Author: Sinzari
Score: 1983
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 334
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656039371
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vje6n1/how_does_lemon_juice_turn_your_urine_alkaline/
Text: I had heard that lemon juice makes your body alkaline, which made no sense to me, so I did some googling. I found that it was not true, as I anticipated (since your body regulates your blood's pH level), but what I couldn't find a solid conclusion for in either direction was whether or not lemon juice creates alkaline byproducts in digestion. 

I found many semi-reputable sources (https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/lemon-juice-acidic-or-alkaline for example) that seemed to agree with that, and say that while it doesn't affect your body or blood's pH level, it can make your urine more alkaline. Most of the people I'd seen refuting it where simply saying that lemon juice can't turn your body alkaline and that it's pseudoscience hogwash, rather than specifically talking to the point that it does or doesn't make alkaline byproducts during digestion.

So my question is: Does lemon juice produce alkaline byproducts during digestion and make your urine more alkaline, and if it does, what's the process that occurs to make this happen and what is happening to all the acid? Where are the extra Hydrogen ions going?

EDIT: Thanks for all the replies! Got some really good ones that answered my question with academic sources! Just wanted to note that as I mentioned, I know that your body regulates pH and that trying to turn your body or urine "more alkaline" doesn't have any health benefits, was just curious on this specific point of urine/alkaline byproducts because I couldn't find an explanation but saw relatively reputable sources suggest it's true.

Still, always good to include that as part of the explanation for others who may not know that it gives no health benefits.

ID: vje8tr
Title: I'm predicting 60 events to happen over 30 days, randomly distributed. How many days with zero events can happen in a row before I'm statistically unlikely to meet my target? Is this something the Poisson distribution applies to and how can I calculate it?
Author: crimsonengine
Score: 362
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 18
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656039568
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vje8tr/im_predicting_60_events_to_happen_over_30_days/
Text: 

ID: vjl4k8
Title: During the age of the dinosaurs was there a comparable level of biodiversity (in terms of species diversity) as today?
Author: SeldonCrises
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.65
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656065877
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vjl4k8/during_the_age_of_the_dinosaurs_was_there_a/
Text: 

ID: vjms6o
Title: Could someone help me out with the maths behind the estimated number of unique IgG antibodies?
Author: gotasciencequestion
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.7
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656071966
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vjms6o/could_someone_help_me_out_with_the_maths_behind/
Text: I’m sure I’m missing some very basic bit of knowledge on antibodies here but I wanted to get a very rough estimate of the number of unique IgG antibodies. My current working is:

Vh chain - 65 variable * 27 diversity * 6 joining

Vl(kappa) chain - 40 variable * 5 joining

Multiplying these numbers gives me just over 2 million unique sequences but I expected it to be far greater than that.

I’m using Immunology: The immune system in health and disease for the numbers of gene segments.

Thank you for the help!

ID: vjojox
Title: How do limbs grow in utero ? how do the cells know to not be a part of the arm and start being part of the wrist etc.
Author: Total_Bag7240
Score: 27
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656077492
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vjojox/how_do_limbs_grow_in_utero_how_do_the_cells_know/
Text: I understand how plant seeds know how to grow the right way up (gravity) and I understand how a zygote/foetus' cells determine left from right using rotating cilia. How do the cells know when to stop arm or leg growth and become hands or feet? I'm guessing some sort of chemical gradient but could someone point me in the direction of a concrete source

ID: vjq4dk
Title: Why does lithium react so violently with water?
Author: t0gi_
Score: 39
VoteRatio: 0.8
CommentCount: 19
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656081962
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vjq4dk/why_does_lithium_react_so_violently_with_water/
Text: I've seen somebody put lithium in water, obviously it started crackling and creating sparks but I wanted to know why.

ID: vjq63t
Title: Can you see a superior mirage with a thermal camera?
Author: UnIntelligent_Lemon5
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.62
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656082103
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vjq63t/can_you_see_a_superior_mirage_with_a_thermal/
Text: 

ID: vjsshw
Title: How do we know what exoplanets look like?
Author: bl4ck4nti
Score: 314
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 48
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656089243
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vjsshw/how_do_we_know_what_exoplanets_look_like/
Text: If the planets are hundreds and thousands of light-years away, how do we know what they look like and their characteristics? Also because of how long it takes for the light to reach us, is there a possibility that we are looking at a planet that may not exist in present time?

ID: vjt9eb
Title: I get how myosin pulls actin to contract a muscle. But how does a muscle strecthes back?
Author: IonizingBRadiation
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 15
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656090482
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vjt9eb/i_get_how_myosin_pulls_actin_to_contract_a_muscle/
Text: 

ID: vju1wd
Title: How does digestion change in space when your stomach acid is floating around in your stomach?
Author: WarPig262
Score: 14
VoteRatio: 0.8
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656092621
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vju1wd/how_does_digestion_change_in_space_when_your/
Text: 

ID: vju44u
Title: Are there animals that have patterned skin / fur in wavelengths that humans can't see?
Author: ChoopAdoop
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656092786
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vju44u/are_there_animals_that_have_patterned_skin_fur_in/
Text: I feel like the answer is probably yes, but I'm curious to what degree these animals exist. Are there fish that have zebra-like patterns, but only if you can see more than the RGB that humans can see?

ID: vjy0lg
Title: What would happen to a sealed tin can in space?
Author: chazwomaq
Score: 2035
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 391
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656103592
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vjy0lg/what_would_happen_to_a_sealed_tin_can_in_space/
Text: Would it explode? Is the metal strong enough to resist the pressure differential? Does it depend on the temperature? What if it were filled with water vs air at 1 atmosphere pressure?

ID: vk01ly
Title: Which mammal grows the FASTEST between birth and adulthood, as a percentage of its birth body mass?
Author: 4thDevilsAdvocate
Score: 26
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656109287
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vk01ly/which_mammal_grows_the_fastest_between_birth_and/
Text: Note that I'm not talking about "growing the *most*" (i.e. smallest baby size to adult size ratio). I'm talking about "growing the *fastest*".

As of right now, I think it's the red kangaroo.

[This](https://www.nwf.org/Magazines/National-Wildlife/2010/Worlds-Fastest-Growing-Animal) and [this](https://www.ferris.edu/card-riley-center/Kids_Corner/marsupials.htm) say a red kangaroo is 1 gram at birth, and [the red kangaroo's Wikipedia page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_kangaroo) [states that female red kangaroos can be of reproductive age (i.e. "adulthood") as soon as 18 months](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_kangaroo#Reproduction) (but [that they weigh, at most, 88 pounds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_kangaroo#Description)).

Using this information, let's say the following:

1. 1 year = 12 months = 365 days
2. 18 months = 365 \* 1.5 days = 547.5 days
3. 88 pounds / 1 gram = 39,916.1286

Plugging these values into [this exponent calculator](https://www.omnicalculator.com/math/exponent) tells me that, for a female red kangaroo to grow from its birth weight to its weight at adulthood in 547.5 days, it must multiply its body weight by 1.01954x (101.954%) per day.

Alternative, reversing this, and assuming the upper bound of red kangaroo reproductive age (5 years/1825 days), and the lower bound of female red kangaroo body weight (40 pounds), that means said female red kangaroo must multiply its body weight by 1.005387x per day (100.5387%) in order to grow from 1 gram to 40 pounds in 1825 days.

**Are there any mammals** **^((not animals,)** [***^(mammals)***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal)***)*** **that grow faster than this?** Right now, I think the red kangaroo takes the cake, seemingly growing 7.1x to *\~1,170x* its body weight within a year.

ID: vk1h7x
Title: What determines sunspot location?
Author: piedamon
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656113560
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vk1h7x/what_determines_sunspot_location/
Text: I imagine there’s a fairly chaotic underlying system, so I’m curious what factors are at play in why a sunspot appears in the place it does. The sun seems so uniform, so I’m wondering if this is an example of “the butterfly effect” so to speak.

ID: vk7ucw
Title: Do hearts vary a lot among vertebrates?
Author: The_Middler_is_Here
Score: 152
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 36
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656135022
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vk7ucw/do_hearts_vary_a_lot_among_vertebrates/
Text: I learned recently that mammalian four-chambered hearts are more efficient than reptilian three-chambered hearts. Are mammals special as far as hearts go?

ID: vkbelq
Title: What's "worse", longterm, for the greenhouse effect, CH4 or CO2?
Author: polidrupa
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.56
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656149697
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkbelq/whats_worse_longterm_for_the_greenhouse_effect/
Text: CH4 has a much larger greenhouse effect than CO2, but CO2 stays in the atmosphere much longer than CH4. So, if I had CH4 emissions and I had only two options, would it be better to burn them (emitting CO2) or leave the CH4 go freely to the atmosphere? What do simulations say?

ID: vkcvvv
Title: what evidence do we have that (booster) vaccines protect others and slow the spread?
Author: Novel_Ad8758
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.45
CommentCount: 28
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656155881
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkcvvv/what_evidence_do_we_have_that_booster_vaccines/
Text: This question is specifically aimed at showing how asking high quantities of a population to take the vaccine stops the spread at a population level.

I would assume the following things to be relevant

1. chance of people who get infected that are vaccinated
2. chance of then infecting others, modulated by length of illness, viral load and symptoms (coughing)
3. how good the immunity is from infection + vaccine, i.e. how often vaccinated people get reinfected vs unvaccinated

Im asking this because its pretty frustrating that people always pull a specific country with high vaccination rates and high cases and then say young people getting the vaccine doesnt help others at all. I have the suspicion that their view is limited, but I would like to see evidence or more professional perspectives on the matter :)

ID: vkd1hc
Title: Is there a public toxicological database detailing substances' adverse health effects?
Author: PCRnoob
Score: 70
VoteRatio: 0.85
CommentCount: 44
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656156507
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkd1hc/is_there_a_public_toxicological_database/
Text: Similar to pharmacological databases where you can look up a certain medicament and handily find information on dose ranges, formulations, routes of administration, etc. is there an easily accessible toxicological database with detailed toxicological information for particular substances. I.e. known adverse health effects, dose-response relationships, etc.?

ID: vkh8wj
Title: Have we ever seen a new species come into existence?
Author: _LouSandwich_
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.74
CommentCount: 20
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656170332
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkh8wj/have_we_ever_seen_a_new_species_come_into/
Text: 

ID: vkhjtp
Title: How much of our water needs to we meet though the breakdown of hydrocarbons in our bodies?
Author: Professional_Call
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.54
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656171239
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkhjtp/how_much_of_our_water_needs_to_we_meet_though_the/
Text: While we get most of water through food and drink, the breakdown of hydrocarbons in H2O and CO2 must contribute some, too. What proportion of our water need is met through this process?

ID: vkhtix
Title: If somatic cells can only divide up to the Hayflick limit, how do people live longer than a few decades?
Author: insanelylogical
Score: 154
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 18
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656172007
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkhtix/if_somatic_cells_can_only_divide_up_to_the/
Text: I know not all cell types divide that frequently, but some like skin cells divide daily. It seems that it would not be that long before all skin cells have reached the Hayflick limit and eventually our skin will cease to function. 

Even if we replace skin cells with stem cells, I imagine that our source of stem cells is really limited.

ID: vkhz5z
Title: What advantage does the eye's (or brain's) white-balance-like system give, and how does it work?
Author: A-Delonix-Regia
Score: 2032
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 106
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656172460
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkhz5z/what_advantage_does_the_eyes_or_brains/
Text: So I have noticed that when I close my right eye for a while and keep my left eye open in broad daylight, I see warmer colours in my left eye and see cooler colours in my right eye when I open it. This is similar to the white balance in smartphone cameras.

But is there any evolutionary advantage to this? And how does it work?

ID: vkietu
Title: On what does it depend if invertebrates (or other animals) have oesophagus or gullet or both of them?
Author: Gloomy_Efficiency196
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656173693
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkietu/on_what_does_it_depend_if_invertebrates_or_other/
Text: Hey, recently I've been repeating my biology material related to invertebrates and I noticed that, when we were talking about theirs digestive systems some of them have throats (faucets/gullet), while others have oesophagus, or they have both of these structures. Is there here someone knowledgeable  in this topic?

ID: vkj294
Title: Why can't the pythons found in Florida be relocated back to Burma were they are endangered?
Author: ibs2pid
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.58
CommentCount: 16
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656175568
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkj294/why_cant_the_pythons_found_in_florida_be/
Text: I know they have a sort of "homing" that leads them to try and get back to where they were born but does it really work half a world away? If not, they wouldn't make it very far anyway across the oceans. What is keeping us from from just doing a mass capture/relocation for the Everglades pythons to help bolster the population in their native habitats? I know zoos have breeding and reintroduction programs for all sorts of animals. Why couldn't this be used for the python?

ID: vkj8gx
Title: if you have a circuit with an insulator, like rubber, in the middle of it, is it possible for the electricity to jump THROUGH the rubber and complete the circuit?
Author: DuckoPond
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.6
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656176050
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkj8gx/if_you_have_a_circuit_with_an_insulator_like/
Text: Like, say I have a wire running into a 5mm thick plate rubber plate that is floating on top of water. Is there any situation the electricity would be able to travel through the plate, and into the water?

ID: vkjiq0
Title: Does a candle lit in a room that has methane gas dispersed at a lower concentration than LFL gradually combust the methane molecules?
Author: NoStripeZebra1
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656176845
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkjiq0/does_a_candle_lit_in_a_room_that_has_methane_gas/
Text: LFL= Lower Flammability Limit

ID: vkjs11
Title: Does asexual reproduction causes the same genetic problems as incest?
Author: 5L91N
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656177610
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkjs11/does_asexual_reproduction_causes_the_same_genetic/
Text: 

ID: vkkapg
Title: How do explosions work? And what is deadly about them? Heat or air waves?
Author: Eggcellent_DTR
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.33
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656179119
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkkapg/how_do_explosions_work_and_what_is_deadly_about/
Text: 

ID: vkkh0e
Title: Why does added sugar seem to make us obese more than other foods?
Author: WoodPecker_69
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.66
CommentCount: 27
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656179635
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkkh0e/why_does_added_sugar_seem_to_make_us_obese_more/
Text: So I was reading this news article: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/aug/15/age-of-obesity-shaming-overweight-people. 

The author seems to suggest that between 1970 and today, sugar consumption in the USA has increased 39 times, and attributes this as a major cause the obesity epidemic. He pointed out that in 1970 people consumed slightly more calories but yet were thin.

I completely cut out all sweet tasting products from my life. I still eat around the same number of calories and yet in 6 months I've lost 40lbs of weight. Even when I was dieting and in calorie deficit but still consuming sugar, I struggled to lose weight. So I think there could be something true about this, as I don't even think about dieting nowadays and yet the weight just comes off anyway.

Does anyone here know why or how added sugar specifically would lead to rapid weight gain?

ID: vkkzac
Title: can phospholipids form micelles in water if agitated?
Author: futurettt
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.33
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656181095
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkkzac/can_phospholipids_form_micelles_in_water_if/
Text: Question in title. Since phospholipids naturally form bilayers, I was surprised by a study I found using phospholipid micelles to shield sperm in utero. 

The study for those interested:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29856778/

ID: vkkzr7
Title: What does net zero emissions mean?
Author: solipsistrealist
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.62
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656181133
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkkzr7/what_does_net_zero_emissions_mean/
Text: I continue seeing ads, reading articles, and more, surrounding companies meeting net zero emissions by a certain year. But this doesn’t sound like producing zero pollution. What does being a net zero emission company or country actually mean?

ID: vklldh
Title: Is kidney damage caused by acyclovir reversible?
Author: blmb_runt
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.6
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656182880
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vklldh/is_kidney_damage_caused_by_acyclovir_reversible/
Text: Also known as Valacyclovir, causes crystal deposits in kidney and blockage. It can even cause acute failure. So in case it's not acute is damage permanent?

ID: vklloc
Title: Is it possible that a planet somewhere has a serious variation in its rate of rotation during its orbit and what would be the effects?
Author: Sub7
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656182900
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vklloc/is_it_possible_that_a_planet_somewhere_has_a/
Text: 

ID: vkmn7b
Title: Patients with Locked-In Syndrome can move their eyes up and down, but not side to side. What is the difference in these neural systems that results in the divide?
Author: WaitForItTheMongols
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656185925
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkmn7b/patients_with_lockedin_syndrome_can_move_their/
Text: I would think the up/down and left/right movement systems would have a high degree of similarity, such that you should always be able to move either both or neither. Why is there this split where the eye movement is cut in half, where only the sideways movement is knocked out by the neurological conditions that generate Locked In Syndrome?

ID: vkmpoo
Title: Do creamer pitchers slow the growth of microbes in milk?
Author: FiercelyProud
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656186124
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkmpoo/do_creamer_pitchers_slow_the_growth_of_microbes/
Text: I work at a coffee shop and we are discussing keeping half n half from one day to the next after it's been sitting in a container that's partially closed. I've always been told most foods start to develop microbial colonies after about 4 hours, so I don't think it's a great idea, even if it's in the fridge overnight.

ID: vkmxvc
Title: What is the modern position of geneticists on Francis Galton's hypothesis about there being a dysgenic trend affecting human intelligence?
Author: danielgarciaromano
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656186802
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkmxvc/what_is_the_modern_position_of_geneticists_on/
Text: I was hearing people the other day claim that the accumulation of mutations caused by lower mortality rates (thus causing a wider variety of individuals with mutations to survive and reproduce) would result in an overall reduction of average human intelligence, over time.

Just wanted to get feedback from actual geneticists on that claim, as it is expounded more or less in this paper: [https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00361](https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00361). I think this sounds like a load of eugenic bullshit (and that the idea of a co-ocurrence of a dysgenic trend with the Flynn effect is methodologically unsound), but I don't think I have enough knowledge of the subject to actually assert so. 

Is this a fringe theory, or is there any support for it in current genetic studies?

ID: vkn7qa
Title: How did the red fox evolve to remain largely the same species in North America as in Europe?
Author: kattmedtass
Score: 101
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 19
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656187590
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkn7qa/how_did_the_red_fox_evolve_to_remain_largely_the/
Text: 

ID: vkpjho
Title: Why does low blood pressure make you shaky?
Author: Someragingpacifist
Score: 16
VoteRatio: 0.76
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656194446
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkpjho/why_does_low_blood_pressure_make_you_shaky/
Text: Everything I can find is just listing shakiness as a symptom of low blood pressure, but what is actually happening at a cellular level that causes your muscles to not work as well?

ID: vkpvmw
Title: How much do we understand about how different ethnicities in highly diverse societies display greater or lesser susceptibility to the health effects of every day life?
Author: stamosface
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.87
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656195461
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkpvmw/how_much_do_we_understand_about_how_different/
Text: As a Yemeni-American, I've noticed trends in how other first-gens from (loosely) similar regions and genetic backgrounds show greater susceptibility to certain diseases. 

I understand that we know, for example, that certain populations don't react well to alcohol on a genetic level, and have a greater propensity for addiction. Then, after enough generations of that, that population's gene pool has a greater physical tolerance or resistance to some of the negative effects of alcoholism. Yemen is an interesting case because many parts of it are inhabited by people who've resided there for such a long time and with so little mixing, relative to many other places.

Then of course there are the stark differences in lifestyles, and certain morphological or physiological advantages or disadvantages can become the opposite.

Do we understand more than this? I've read that genetics will require a quantum leap before we can more accurately analyze and predict disease susceptibility based on genetic markers, so I guess I'm just trying to get a read on how well we *actually* understand these topics, or even how we come to the conclusions we *can* draw.

ID: vkq2hf
Title: How are the amount of calories burned for any given activity calculated?
Author: NuevoLucha
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656196029
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkq2hf/how_are_the_amount_of_calories_burned_for_any/
Text: While I roughly grasp the concept of expressing energy through calories as a unit of measurement, I’m curious how scientifically one can reliably estimate calories “burned” for swimming compared to day cycling?

ID: vkrt2x
Title: What is the basis for having a sense of rhythm?
Author: Selfeducated
Score: 76
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 24
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656201466
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkrt2x/what_is_the_basis_for_having_a_sense_of_rhythm/
Text: It seems to be more involved than just good coordination. Has neuroscience ever studied it?

ID: vkrt60
Title: Is there any particular reason we ordered the human chromosome pairs the way we did?
Author: Anonymous_001307
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.6
CommentCount: 16
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656201474
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkrt60/is_there_any_particular_reason_we_ordered_the/
Text: 

ID: vks1m3
Title: We all know that gaining weight can be attributed to excessive caloric intake, but how fast does weight gain actually happen? Can we gain a pound or two in fat content over night? Does it take 24 hours for this pound or two to build up?
Author: HavokSTL
Score: 3339
VoteRatio: 0.95
CommentCount: 406
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656202234
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vks1m3/we_all_know_that_gaining_weight_can_be_attributed/
Text: 

ID: vks441
Title: How are foods/drinks analyzed for nutrition to be added to labels?
Author: cheers761
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.74
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656202472
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vks441/how_are_foodsdrinks_analyzed_for_nutrition_to_be/
Text: 

ID: vksgta
Title: What happens to the body exactly if someone is given a transfusion of the wrong blood type?
Author: mrwonderfull_
Score: 880
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 178
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656203654
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vksgta/what_happens_to_the_body_exactly_if_someone_is/
Text: Hello! 

I read a case recently where a young girl was given a lung and heart transplant, except the transplanted organs were of a completely wrong blood type then the patient. I was wondering what exactly happens if someone it given a pint (or more) of the wrong type of blood. 

And to step it up a notch further, what would happen to the body if all the blood in the body were to become a different type? Would the affect change with one blood type over another? 

Thanks for your responses in advance.

ID: vkstzp
Title: How exactly does an organism evolve?
Author: Glittering_Job_9536
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.6
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656204891
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkstzp/how_exactly_does_an_organism_evolve/
Text: I think this is for paleontologists? I'm not too sure honestly. 
I don't really have grasp on the process.
Is it just trying something over and over until it slowly appears. 
Or is the DNA somehow incentivised to do something for better or threatened procreation? 
Could someone provide me the proper key points?
Thank you for reading.

ID: vktgcp
Title: What allows animals with shorter life spans than humans (eg. Cats and dogs) to develop age related illnesses like arthritis and mental degradation in much shorter time spans?
Author: dundoniandood
Score: 20
VoteRatio: 0.72
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656207023
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vktgcp/what_allows_animals_with_shorter_life_spans_than/
Text: For example a 15 year old dog may suffer from arthritis or dementia, but it would take an average human a way longer time to start developing those issues typically.

ID: vktlsa
Title: Are physical formulas like T=0.5*mv^2 literally that precise in reality or is it simplification? Why is it ^2 and not ^1.99999 or ^2.00001?
Author: Ravery-net
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.66
CommentCount: 21
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656207540
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vktlsa/are_physical_formulas_like_t05mv2_literally_that/
Text: Important formulas in physics often have very "easy" coefficients and exponents. They seem so elegant, when otherwise the universe seems full of chaos and side-effects.

ID: vktwkx
Title: Are there good case studies of neural net interpretation leading to novel scientific theory/insight?
Author: Laddenvore
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656208594
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vktwkx/are_there_good_case_studies_of_neural_net/
Text: To clarify my question with a (semi) made up example: say we trained a DL model to take some input data to predict some outcome (eg. amino acid sequence to predict protein conformation). Say we also have very little idea how to relate the outcome to the predictors. Then we did some form of interpretability on the DL model and this led to novel theory/insight (eg. certain amino acid subsequences are highly likely to appear on the surface of the protein once it is folded). 

Are there good case studies of this sort of thing happening? Links to papers would be super appreciated.

(Disclaimer: I know very little biochemistry so my example might be wrong/nonsense/known without DL)

ID: vkuknn
Title: Why do deep-sea divers use mixed gases?
Author: xuuoR
Score: 72
VoteRatio: 0.85
CommentCount: 55
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656210870
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkuknn/why_do_deepsea_divers_use_mixed_gases/
Text: When I look this up I get the answer of "Gasses are greatly compressed underwater from the weight of all the water above, so while diving we are breathing compressed air"

I understand this concept but isn't a tank of air a closed loop? How does the water on the outside of the tank compress gas if the metal itself is the same shape? Sorry if I'm missing something.

Thanks.

ID: vkus7x
Title: Why does the moon seem to have significantly more craters at the poles?
Author: MovingOnYourLeft
Score: 36
VoteRatio: 0.79
CommentCount: 28
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656211601
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkus7x/why_does_the_moon_seem_to_have_significantly_more/
Text: 

ID: vkvwi3
Title: What exactly are instincts ?
Author: overthinkingtodeath
Score: 20
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656215519
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkvwi3/what_exactly_are_instincts/
Text: It is a beavers instinct to build a dam, okay, but what does that MEAN!!?? Like what part of the brain just goes “BEAVER BUILD DAM!!” How does that work, how can a part of your brain encode for building dams. I am a computer engineer and I’m thinking of it like someone codes into beavers brain to build dam BUT HOW IS IT PHYSICSLLY CODED BC THIS IS A BEAVER NOT A COMPUTER !!

ID: vkwbpe
Title: is the infinite amount of numbers between 0 and 1 smaller than the infinite amount of numbers between 0 and 2?
Author: thneeed
Score: 25
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 43
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656217027
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vkwbpe/is_the_infinite_amount_of_numbers_between_0_and_1/
Text: my sister and i are going back and forth about this and i’m interested who is right or if we both are.

ID: vl5x7c
Title: More than 80 % of the ocean has never been mapped, explored, or even seen by humans. How we could benefit from discovering our aquatic world?
Author: Jenda_Smerda
Score: 13
VoteRatio: 0.68
CommentCount: 14
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656253740
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vl5x7c/more_than_80_of_the_ocean_has_never_been_mapped/
Text: Do you have some examples (in science, everyday life), how we could benefit from discovering our aquatic world?

ID: vl5ywo
Title: Can hamsters sense red light and infrared light?
Author: p90fans
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.72
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656253872
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vl5ywo/can_hamsters_sense_red_light_and_infrared_light/
Text: As per the title, I googled that but cannot find a source that gives a concrete answer. You may also teach me how to find of the answer of this question,

ID: vl6zg8
Title: Does someone lose the ability to digest milk if they don't drink it?
Author: Kelekona
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 13
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656256740
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vl6zg8/does_someone_lose_the_ability_to_digest_milk_if/
Text: I have a fictional character whose grandparents got a lot of their calories from cheese, but then his culture lost access to grazing animals so he hadn't had any milk since he was weaned.  If he started eating cheese at say ten years old, would he get sick?  Could it be corrected by seeding his gut with the right bacteria?

ID: vl8fio
Title: What caused this ring of flat land circling the end of the Appalachian range?
Author: rounding_error
Score: 366
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 23
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656260750
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vl8fio/what_caused_this_ring_of_flat_land_circling_the/
Text: From Corinth, Mississippi to Montgomery, Alabama, there is a large arc of flat land which stands out on satellite photos because it is mostly farms, surrounded by hilly, forested land.  It seems to perfectly encircle the southern end of the Appalachian mountain range, suggesting it was somehow created when the mountain range formed.  It's not a river valley because a few rivers seem to cross through it without following it.  What is it?

I've circled it here:  [https://i.redd.it/3ly4yk8flw791.png](https://i.redd.it/3ly4yk8flw791.png)

ID: vl8yjt
Title: Death Valley is 282’ below sea level. Would it offset the rising ocean to build a canal and create the Death Valley Sea?
Author: Smartnership
Score: 7800
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 160
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656262193
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vl8yjt/death_valley_is_282_below_sea_level_would_it/
Text: 

ID: vla426
Title: Does phosphorylation of CTD condition binding of RNA polymerase II with preinitiation complex?
Author: SneakyChada
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656265382
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vla426/does_phosphorylation_of_ctd_condition_binding_of/
Text: Does it or does it not is it phosphorylation or dephosphorylation?

ID: vlah4e
Title: Why is some cheese soft and elastic (like mozzarella), while other is hard and brittle (like parmesan)? What is the difference?
Author: iammerp
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656266397
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlah4e/why_is_some_cheese_soft_and_elastic_like/
Text: 

ID: vlbe7d
Title: How does a fetus develop stomach bacteria?
Author: None
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.8
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656268937
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlbe7d/how_does_a_fetus_develop_stomach_bacteria/
Text: 

ID: vlcbc6
Title: Does ingesting prostaglandin analogues reduce the body's own synthesis of prostaglandin?
Author: Acceptable_Clothes_9
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656271518
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlcbc6/does_ingesting_prostaglandin_analogues_reduce_the/
Text: I am wondering if it is similar where if you ingest certain vitamin supplements of which the body can synthesize on its own, there is plenty in the blood so the body doesn't synthesize the vitamin on its own anymore or as much.

ID: vlcjrz
Title: How do you determine coefficient of friction in different materials?
Author: aer0_nerd
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656272186
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlcjrz/how_do_you_determine_coefficient_of_friction_in/
Text: Generally referencing wheels on cars/things that spin

ID: vlcr67
Title: Does an equation or set of equations exist which would predict accurately the position of the sun in the sky at any time for any day of the year, for a given latitude, longitude, and elevation?
Author: Flurbybox
Score: 18
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656272769
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlcr67/does_an_equation_or_set_of_equations_exist_which/
Text: Solar panel sun tracking is why I ask. There are active trackers which use light sensors to change the angle of solar panels in order to maximize their efficiency. As an alternative if setting up a panel at a particular location, that locations position variables could be set statically and using date and time point the solar panel toward the predicted location of the sun in the sky.

I'm wondering if those functions/equations already exist.

ID: vldnc6
Title: What makes light able to pass through solid transparent materials?
Author: Cocoamix86
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 13
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656275335
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vldnc6/what_makes_light_able_to_pass_through_solid/
Text: You could have a foot of solid glass and light will still traverse through it, and yet a thin sheet of paper will block most of it.

ID: vle38h
Title: Why isn't balance a sense like smell or touch?
Author: BicephalousFlame
Score: 14
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 56
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656276568
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vle38h/why_isnt_balance_a_sense_like_smell_or_touch/
Text: 

ID: vlf0cx
Title: How does rabies evade the immune system?
Author: SciNonFi01
Score: 41
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656279153
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlf0cx/how_does_rabies_evade_the_immune_system/
Text: 

ID: vlfssd
Title: How long does monkeypox last on surfaces?
Author: janedoecurious
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.47
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656281433
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlfssd/how_long_does_monkeypox_last_on_surfaces/
Text: 

ID: vlghwh
Title: What is the slowest speed of movement a human eye/brain can perceive?
Author: LunacyNow
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656283510
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlghwh/what_is_the_slowest_speed_of_movement_a_human/
Text: We can see something like a snail move across the sidewalk but don't really notice something like a leaf growing. What is slow but fast enough for us to observe while watching it?

ID: vljacs
Title: Are there any retroviruses that infect bacteria?
Author: o-rka
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.6
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656292209
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vljacs/are_there_any_retroviruses_that_infect_bacteria/
Text: I'm wondering if there are any RNA viruses that infect bacteria.  All of the examples I know infect eukaryotes.

ID: vlk39p
Title: Would there be any treatment for radium poisoning if it happened today?
Author: Gloomy_Astronaut_570
Score: 41
VoteRatio: 0.84
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656294778
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlk39p/would_there_be_any_treatment_for_radium_poisoning/
Text: Just finished reading [Radium Girls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium_Girls) which is about girls in the 1920s who painted watch details using radium-laced paint, essentially ate the paint as part of the painting process, and then developed horrific effects in their bones, especially jaws. There was pretty much no treatment at the time, and I know that even in today there aren't many options to treat radiation sickness from like an attack, but would there be anything that could be done for cases like these? They lived in horrific pain for years after they more or less knew what was going on, making multiple women understandably suicidal.

ID: vlkeg1
Title: Where did the parietal eye originate?
Author: Billiam_Ball
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656295742
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlkeg1/where_did_the_parietal_eye_originate/
Text: Was there just a third patch if photoreceptive cells on the head of ancestral craniates, or is it more complex? Could this have theoretically evolved into a third “proper” eye?

ID: vlkkld
Title: Why is there a window in the absorption spectrum of Earth's atmosphere at a wavelength of 4 μm?
Author: 4thDevilsAdvocate
Score: 9
VoteRatio: 0.85
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656296279
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlkkld/why_is_there_a_window_in_the_absorption_spectrum/
Text: Looking at [the Wikipedia page for absorption bands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_band), it seems to me that there's a sizable window - i.e. a [local minimum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxima_and_minima) \- in the graph for [electromagnetic radiation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation) absorption, as per [this image](https://i.stack.imgur.com/jOhUm.png).

[Water vapor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_vapor), [oxygen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen), [ozone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone), and [methane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane) appear to be entirely transparent to radiation of 4 μm wavelength, [carbon dioxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide) only appears to start absorbing it *after* that point, and even [nitrous oxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxide) has a window there. Moreover, [Rayleigh scattering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayleigh_scattering) is also minimal there.

On top of *that*, [this Earth Science Stack Exchange answer](https://earthscience.stackexchange.com/questions/13620/does-anyone-have-absorption-coefficients-at-different-wavelengths-for-sulfur-dio/13621#13621) and [its source](https://earthscience.stackexchange.com/questions/13620/does-anyone-have-absorption-coefficients-at-different-wavelengths-for-sulfur-dio/13621#13621) show minimal (sub-0.5%) absorbance of [sulfur dioxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide) at that wavelength. Why is this? It seems like a rather odd coincidence for so many things to be transparent to 4 μm (a specific wavelength of mid-wavelength infrared) EM radiation.

As a coincidence, this is one of many parts why global warming is a thing, IIRC: mid-range infrared comes in through the 4 μm gap, gets soaked up by the Earth, and later gets re-radiated at different wavelengths that *do* get soaked up by the atmosphere.

I just don't know *why* there's a 4 μm gap there.

ID: vlkm5q
Title: Could someone explain qualitatively *why* atoms seek to fill their orbitals and become more stable when they do so?
Author: diprosyum
Score: 47
VoteRatio: 0.85
CommentCount: 17
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656296414
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlkm5q/could_someone_explain_qualitatively_why_atoms/
Text: For example, in terms of stability, what’s stopping a hydrogen atom from filling up its 2s orbital and remaining that way?

ID: vlls90
Title: How do Spacecraft and Satellite Electronics Deal With the Inability to Ground Themselves?
Author: JOSmith99
Score: 16
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656300152
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlls90/how_do_spacecraft_and_satellite_electronics_deal/
Text: I know that electronics can function without grounding, but I am curious how high-reliability electronics are made when grounding isn't an option.

ID: vlmhpe
Title: Why does taro root turn purple when cooked?
Author: InfinityCat27
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656302471
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlmhpe/why_does_taro_root_turn_purple_when_cooked/
Text: 

ID: vlmm8b
Title: Why do some birth controls stop your period?
Author: obamababe
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.79
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656302894
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlmm8b/why_do_some_birth_controls_stop_your_period/
Text: I was wondering why some birth controls lessen or completely get rid of your period. From what I understand some do this while others don’t. What’s the biological reason for this and what in birth controls causes it? Sorry is this is a dumb question, thanks a bunch 💜

ID: vlqlqe
Title: How does DNA control how an embryo grows?
Author: silver202m
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.79
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656318337
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlqlqe/how_does_dna_control_how_an_embryo_grows/
Text: I googled it and can’t figure it out, when a zygote starts developing into an embryo( I think that’s how it works) it’s one cell that’s starts dividing and dividing until you have a whole baby right, how does DNA show the way for all the cells to know how to divide? Develop?

ID: vlr8p0
Title: Can water erode rocks?
Author: MustBeHere
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.45
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656321062
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlr8p0/can_water_erode_rocks/
Text: Can clean water slowly erode rocks?  
I've oftentimes head of erosion due to river flow or ocean waves but I was wondering if it's the water itself or perhaps sand/rocks tumbling and hitting against each other that causes the erosion.

ID: vlv9bt
Title: Is there a difference between electrical impulses sent to the brain by different sensory organs (say, between an impulse sent by the inner ear and one sent by the optic nerve)?
Author: Savinsnsn
Score: 449
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 66
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656335674
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlv9bt/is_there_a_difference_between_electrical_impulses/
Text: Or are they the same type of electrical signal and the brain somehow differentiates between them to create different representations?

ID: vlvrxt
Title: Do animals have episodic memory?
Author: ScrollWithTheTimes
Score: 444
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 61
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656337225
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlvrxt/do_animals_have_episodic_memory/
Text: I was driving past an equestrian place the other day while there was a show happening. I drove past again the next day and all the horses were back in their fields quietly munching grass, and it got me wondering whether they had any memory of the previous day's events.

We know that animals are able to remember which plants or other animals are good to eat, and which ones are dangerous, but I wouldn't call this episodic memory. We also know that many animals can be trained to perform a certain action which they associate with a reward, but I doubt a dog is remembering what happened in training when told to sit - it's become an instinct. Conversely we know that abused dogs will exhibit fear of humans, of men, or of particular objects because of negative experiences associated with these things, but are the dogs remembering specific times that they were hurt by these things, or is it again just a learned instinct?

When we as humans recall a memory, we are to all intents and purposes experiencing a dulled down abbreviated version of the original sensory inputs that created it (although obviously the sensory neurons from the body aren't involved this time). We know that it's only a memory, but I'm wondering whether an animal would be able to make this distinction. Perhaps the horses in my introduction would become really confused as to why they were eating grass but at the same time being ridden around, hearing a crowd but at the same time not seeing one, then suddenly seeing a crowd but not hearing any noise, then chewing on grass again but at the same time feeling a bit in their mouths. Do animals possess the intelligence to distinguish memories from live experiences, or is this a reason why they can't possess episodic memory, because it would mess with their heads too much?

ID: vlw4yx
Title: Do viruses have any beneficial function at all for the ecosystem?
Author: navpirx
Score: 3442
VoteRatio: 0.95
CommentCount: 417
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656338313
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlw4yx/do_viruses_have_any_beneficial_function_at_all/
Text: 

ID: vlyx4q
Title: What is the CMB scattering or reflecting off of for us to see it?
Author: Nemarus
Score: 9
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656345818
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vlyx4q/what_is_the_cmb_scattering_or_reflecting_off_of/
Text: When we see a distant star or galaxy, we are seeing light that is coming toward us from a luminous source.

When we see a planet, we are seeing light reflected back at us after scattering on the planet's surface.

But I've never understood how we 'see' the CMB. If it represents the early universe before any luminous structures existed (i.e. "background"), and that early universe is expanding away from us, what surface sent those photons toward us? Are they just flying in every random direction? 

I suspect I am just thinking about universal expansion incorrectly, but would love some clarification. Thanks!

ID: vm2aup
Title: Would childhood obesity make losing weight as an adult more difficult because of higher fat cell count or anything as as a result of it?
Author: TheTwelveYearOld
Score: 24
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656354491
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vm2aup/would_childhood_obesity_make_losing_weight_as_an/
Text: (I didn't get any answers on r/loseit and a mod on r/nutrition recommended to post this here)

I'm not going to quote any sources but correct me if I get anything wrong. I did some googling and reading on Reddit, and heard that when you grow up obese, your body makes more fat cells to store fat and that number gets locked in after adolescence, or they won't be made except under extreme circumstances afterwards. Also that generally childhood obesity makes the body have a tendency / more "biologically wired" to store fat or more fat.

Let's say I have person A and person B. A had childhood obesity while B didn't, and both have the same stats that would be put in a TDEE calculator like [this one](https://www.freedieting.com/calorie-calculator) (sex, age, physical activity, etc.) except for weight, but if they enter in the same weight, both would get the same TDEE Result. If they both ate, let's say 2000 calories a day, would person A weight noticeably more, or they weigh about the same (and any difference would just be the result of being 2 different people)?

ID: vm7vv8
Title: Why are clade diagrams structured the way they are?
Author: Catvanbrian
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656370552
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vm7vv8/why_are_clade_diagrams_structured_the_way_they_are/
Text: why is it always two divergences between clades? can a three-way divergence (three clades split from one at the same time) be made and what would that look like?

ID: vm7xzo
Title: Is it possible to have solid that absorbs only 1 type of liquid?
Author: Sain_x
Score: 30
VoteRatio: 0.74
CommentCount: 23
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656370716
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vm7xzo/is_it_possible_to_have_solid_that_absorbs_only_1/
Text: My friend asked me a question: 

I was wondering if we could made a solid that would suck the water but not the other liquids..

Honestly that made me think and I don’t have an answer…
Is it possible?

ID: vm7yzu
Title: 2 years later, do we have any data or suggestion on why people react so wildly differently to COVID?
Author: sadhukar
Score: 2984
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 418
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656370797
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vm7yzu/2_years_later_do_we_have_any_data_or_suggestion/
Text: How come most people get mild or no symptoms at all, and other people die? That's quite a range of afflictions. Do we know anymore than 2 years ago?

ID: vmewqr
Title: Why isn't everyone O blood type by now?
Author: Not_as_witty_as_u
Score: 25
VoteRatio: 0.81
CommentCount: 16
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656392317
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vmewqr/why_isnt_everyone_o_blood_type_by_now/
Text: "Two O blood type parents can produce a child with only O blood type. Two parents with A blood type can produce a child with either A or O blood types. Two parents with B blood type can produce a child with either B or O blood type. One parent with A and another with B can produce a child with A, B, AB or O blood types. If one parent has A and another has AB, they can either produce a child with A, B or AB blood types. If one parent has A and another has O, they can either produce a child with A or O blood types."

If most parental combinations can produce an O baby and two O's can only produce O, why isn't everyone O?

ID: vmn46h
Title: The Credibility and Ramifications of Ocean Fertilization Reducing Carbon?
Author: unsolicited_decency
Score: 37
VoteRatio: 0.79
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656422335
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vmn46h/the_credibility_and_ramifications_of_ocean/
Text: [The Highly Controversial Plan To Stop Climate Change](https://youtu.be/i4Hnv_ZJSQY)

I am not an environmental scientist, a climate scientist, nor a resource scientist, but I do have a fairly robust understanding of our current predicament in regards to climate change. The video I’ve linked presents Russ George, who claims that based upon his research, a planet wide bloom of phytoplankton could absorb a significant percentage of the world’s carbon. I have several questions about this.

Based on what I’ve seen, his message is backed by research. However, I’m unaware whether or not it is peer reviewed, or even seriously considered by others within his field. If it were to be true, then I would imagine climate scientists would be talking about this nonstop, but I’ve only just heard about it. I can’t tell, and any clarity on whether or not his work and claims are credible would be helpful.

If it is credible, then I have several further questions. What would be the ecological ramifications of having a phytoplankton bloom on a global scale? Beyond that, how much time would it buy humanity to switch over to carbon neutral methods of energy production?

Thank you in advance for any insight into this issue.

ID: vmnk7l
Title: What did the mile-high ice sheet covering North America look like?
Author: lightsong1610
Score: 355
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 37
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656423675
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vmnk7l/what_did_the_milehigh_ice_sheet_covering_north/
Text: I’ve read lots of references to the Laurentide ice sheet being a mile thick layer of ice covering Canada and part of the US but I’m struggling to visualize what this would look like. 

Did it eventually slope down to ground/sea level at its edges? Or could you walk on dry ground next to it with open air on one side and a mile high wall of ice on the other? 

What happened when it encountered mountains? Did the ice move like glaciers or did the sheet just add and lose ice at the edges? 

How did weather work over the ice sheet if for thousands of miles in any direction, the “ground” was a over 5,000 feet higher than the rest of the continent and surrounding oceans? Did clouds run into it and get stuck? Did they exist over it?

ID: vmp5ol
Title: Why does a woman’s risk of having a baby with Down Syndrome increase with her age, when women are born with all the eggs they will ever ovulate?
Author: heinz_inthecity
Score: 6632
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 471
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656428089
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vmp5ol/why_does_a_womans_risk_of_having_a_baby_with_down/
Text: I just don’t understand why the risk of “producing” an egg - or ovulating an egg - with an extra copy of chromosome 21 increases with age, when the woman has all her fully formed eggs in her ovaries at birth? 

Or do the ovaries for some reason start to ovulate more eggs with the extra chromosome 21 as a woman ages?

ID: vmz88a
Title: What is happening is physiologically happening in the brain when a person experiences brain zaps?
Author: ty88-1
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656453901
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vmz88a/what_is_happening_is_physiologically_happening_in/
Text: 

ID: vn3u6a
Title: Theoretically, can someone have one healthy lung and one asthmatic lung?
Author: RoseXing1007
Score: 74
VoteRatio: 0.85
CommentCount: 32
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656467430
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vn3u6a/theoretically_can_someone_have_one_healthy_lung/
Text: This is a completely hypothetical question with no real world applications, coming from spiraling about donating blood, then plasma, then organs. 

If someone with asthma had other underlying health conditions and needed a lung transplant, but only one, and got a healthy lung--- Would they then have one healthy lung and one lung with asthma? 

Where does asthma reside in the body? In the lungs themselves or is there a 'control center' somewhere, where the healthy transplanted lung would also 'get' asthma? 

If not, how would the lungs function in an asthma attack? Would they breathe differently? Can lungs breathe independently of each other?

ID: vn6tym
Title: Is creatinine kinase included in total protein levels?
Author: Careless-Tie-5005
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656476569
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vn6tym/is_creatinine_kinase_included_in_total_protein/
Text: pathology question: I was wondering whether or not high CK would cause a high total protein or if total protein doesn’t include CK.

ID: vn6wtl
Title: Does air density change based on temperatures?
Author: FoFfEvErYoNe
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 22
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656476827
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vn6wtl/does_air_density_change_based_on_temperatures/
Text: In Baseball, it is commonly stated that the ball will travel more (distance) once the weather warms up.  My curiosity is if that 1. Is actually true 2. Does having an enclosed stadium with a roof and controlled environment change this factor?

ID: vnaivi
Title: Are there any extremophiles that could survive on somewhere like titan?
Author: Original-Passenger75
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.65
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656490176
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnaivi/are_there_any_extremophiles_that_could_survive_on/
Text: And if they were to survive given enough time would that lead to the developing of extremely diverse and complex life such as the ones found here on earth?

ID: vncch9
Title: How does calcium overload lead to cell death (e.g. neurons)?
Author: greekFoodRocks
Score: 16
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656497637
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vncch9/how_does_calcium_overload_lead_to_cell_death_eg/
Text: 

ID: vncfwt
Title: Why do RBC's get bigger or smaller depending on whether Vitamin B12 or Iron is deficient?
Author: AadiRimal_5
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656497982
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vncfwt/why_do_rbcs_get_bigger_or_smaller_depending_on/
Text: I have studied that in Vitamin B12 deficiency, there is macrocytic (big celled) RBC production, whereas when there is a lack of iron, there is a microcytic (small celled) RBC production.

I know that vitamin B12 is required for DNA synthesis, and iron is required as a part of the heme group of hemoglobin, but why do the deficiencies have such different outcomes?

ID: vncqpf
Title: What does "the brain finishes developing at 25" really mean?
Author: Amazing-Steak
Score: 4124
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 393
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656499104
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vncqpf/what_does_the_brain_finishes_developing_at_25/
Text: This seems to be the latest scientific fact that the general population has latched onto and I get pretty skeptical when that happens. It seems like it could be the new "left-brain, right-brain" or "we only use 10% of our brains" myth.

I don't doubt that there's truth to the statement but what does it actually mean for our development and how impactful is it to our lives? Are we effectively children until then?

ID: vnd6zl
Title: If a baby was removed with the umbilical cord and placenta intact and somehow kept it from going bad - could the born baby absorb oxygen from water through the placenta - being able to breathe underwater?
Author: mudplugg
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.49
CommentCount: 19
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656500825
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnd6zl/if_a_baby_was_removed_with_the_umbilical_cord_and/
Text: 

ID: vndcfx
Title: Why is titanium dioxide used in supplements?
Author: PrOxyMoron21
Score: 34
VoteRatio: 0.85
CommentCount: 16
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656501389
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vndcfx/why_is_titanium_dioxide_used_in_supplements/
Text: What other purposes would Titanium dioxide serve in a supplement other than colour enhancement/ whitener?

ID: vne2yw
Title: Is DLCO affected by changes in perfusion?
Author: MedSJO
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.56
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656503903
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vne2yw/is_dlco_affected_by_changes_in_perfusion/
Text: I am a medical student and I am currently going through pulmonary physiology. I understand the concepts of diffusion and perfusion-limited gases, but there is one point in my physiology textbook which I cannot seem to understand.

When discussing DLCO, the textbook states that CO is a diffusion-limited gas. It then goes on to discuss the effects of changes in flow (Q) on DLCO and how doubling or halving flow does not impact DLCO, supporting that it is a diffusion not perfusion-limited gas. But I do not get why changing Q would not affect DLCO. Here is my take on it: Arterial CO pressure does not equilibrate with alveolar CO pressure by the end of the pulmonary capillary (i.e., diffusion-limited), but it still does rise slightly to some value lower than that of the alveoli. So wouldn’t increasing flow decrease contact time and thus cause an even lower arterial CO pressure throughout the pulmonary capillary and thus the gradient for CO diffusion would be greater than at lower flow rates? And therefore, a higher DLCO?

In support of my understanding, increased DLCO can be observed in obesity and is attributed to increased pulmonary blood flow in these patients.

Noteworthy to mention, the textbook does assume that pulmonary capillary dimensions are constant with changing flow. But still, I do not believe this would make the above reasoning false.

Thank you in advance!

ID: vnf4jc
Title: Do birds like Flamingos that don't have quill knobs (but still have feathers) have some other structures that indicate the presence of feathers?
Author: VoteForGodzilla
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656507193
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnf4jc/do_birds_like_flamingos_that_dont_have_quill/
Text: If a group of people, who don't know anything about this bird, were to find its bones then how would they determine whether it had feathers or not???

ID: vngi7a
Title: Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science
Author: AutoModerator
Score: 137
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 85
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656511213
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vngi7a/ask_anything_wednesday_engineering_mathematics/
Text: Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on **Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science**

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

**Asking Questions:**

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

**Answering Questions:**

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. [The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/wiki/index#wiki_answering_askscience). In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

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ID: vnoot1
Title: How do USB devices communicate their purpose with computers?
Author: MinecraftSplashText
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.7
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656532739
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnoot1/how_do_usb_devices_communicate_their_purpose_with/
Text: How does a mouse tell a computer that it is a mouse, and not a USB cord trying to charge something?

How does a USB charging cable tell a computer whether it wants to charge a device or transmit data?

ID: vnqfpw
Title: How do urine drug tests work? In particular, how come the presence of two bands (test + control) means there is NO drug present
Author: britainpls
Score: 85
VoteRatio: 0.81
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656537189
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnqfpw/how_do_urine_drug_tests_work_in_particular_how/
Text: Urine drug tests that rely on dipsticks seem really counterintuitive. There, the presence of two bands (test + control), no matter how faint, means that the sample is **negative** for the drug tested. On the other hand, the absence of a band in the test area means the sample is **positive**. 

This is of course the 'opposite' of how COVID-antigen tests work. Moreover, if the test is detecting the drug (or a secondary metabolite) through immunocolorimetry, the way these tests work make little sense.

Could anybody explain? It'd be greatly appreciated.

ID: vnr9az
Title: How does the autism test on adults work?
Author: jorgebascur
Score: 16
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656539309
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnr9az/how_does_the_autism_test_on_adults_work/
Text: I've recently seen a post about a female singer I follow, and how she recently was diagnosed with autism, and I'm curious about how the adult testing is related to the infant testing: their similarities and differences.

I gave that example of the female singer, but eventually I would like to test myself, and I'd like to have the info available, to consider.

ID: vnrau5
Title: Is mental acuity the same as we age?
Author: thoro36
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656539423
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnrau5/is_mental_acuity_the_same_as_we_age/
Text: Hi, i'm asking if the brain,mind is the same for someone at 16 and for 28 in mental ability(focus,memorization,mental sharpness etc..) without any change in general health? (for a healthy person)

ID: vns1bt
Title: How did pre-modern Plains inhabitants survive tornadoes?
Author: shibbster
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.8
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656541352
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vns1bt/how_did_premodern_plains_inhabitants_survive/
Text: I'm talking about folks that lived in "Tornado Alley" before basements or "hard buildings" existed. How did pre-Colombian Native Americans survive the severe weather that is relatively unique to the American heartland? How did the first, second, or third generation of European colonists survive some of the most destructive weather on our planet with little to no warning? I'm aware that weather has gotten more severe after industrialization but I really don't know how the random nomadic Native tribe managed to not get killed when an EF2 dropped down a mile away

ID: vnu2nq
Title: Did we know about dinosaurs before fossils?
Author: Stars2dust
Score: 22
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 16
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656546869
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnu2nq/did_we_know_about_dinosaurs_before_fossils/
Text: Were dinosaurs theorized to have existed before fossil evidence was found?

ID: vnuzbi
Title: Do elephants have a sense of smell proportionate to the size of their trunk?
Author: Happy1327
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.68
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656549566
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnuzbi/do_elephants_have_a_sense_of_smell_proportionate/
Text: How good is their sense of smell compared to other animals with an excellent sense of smell. Do they have a keen sense of smell as dogs or cats or pigs for instance?

ID: vnvx6n
Title: How can bones last so long outside the body (such as a skeleton after the person/animal dies) yet become brittle and weak with age during a shorter period in the body (e.g. dogs in 15 years)?
Author: Garglebarghests
Score: 375
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 44
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656552359
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnvx6n/how_can_bones_last_so_long_outside_the_body_such/
Text: Update: this blew up more than I thought!! Thank you so much for everyone providing explanations!

ID: vnw6y7
Title: Any proof that getting waxed actually ‘lessens hair growth’—or effect it at all?
Author: writepielie
Score: 875
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 181
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656553153
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnw6y7/any_proof_that_getting_waxed_actually_lessens/
Text: 

ID: vnwa06
Title: Does a having a high school pep rally before a football game increase the odds of winning the game in any measurable way?
Author: pleaseatme
Score: 39
VoteRatio: 0.72
CommentCount: 14
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656553410
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnwa06/does_a_having_a_high_school_pep_rally_before_a/
Text: 

ID: vnwnq4
Title: Does the brain go through any physiological changes when the person is in coma? And are there any differences between medically induced coma?
Author: les_ignorantt
Score: 889
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 46
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656554543
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnwnq4/does_the_brain_go_through_any_physiological/
Text: 

ID: vnxfy1
Title: Do the least advanced animals, speaking in terms of intelligence, have or employ a primitive way of counting?
Author: param_T_extends_THOT
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 15
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656556892
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnxfy1/do_the_least_advanced_animals_speaking_in_terms/
Text: For example, does one fish in a school of fish -- no pun intended --  have a concept of numbers by seeing how populated by other fishes his  immediate surroundings are and "feeling lonely" or "in danger" if there  are not as many fishes?

ID: vnxpva
Title: What does having more SNPs for the genetic pathways mentioned in this paper by Nature mean?
Author: abracadabra_iii
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656557733
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnxpva/what_does_having_more_snps_for_the_genetic/
Text: https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/36/1/127/5146762

Nature published this article which basically takes a look at the change in # of snips within various genetic pathways between Neolithic/Bronze Age Europeans and modern Europeans.

Certain pathways clearly lost associated SNPs while others gained some. What does this mean for these genetic pathways to have more or less associated SNPs?

Does each pathway correspond to a singular trait or set of traits?

Does having more SNPs mean these traits are expressed to a higher degree / magnitude?

For example, hsa04114 	Oocyte meiosis

Or 

hsa04740 	Olfactory transduction

And 

hsa05204 	Chemical carcinogenesis 


Thanks for any help / input

ID: vnziq5
Title: How do scientists measure a persons "energy" (endurance, alertness / opposite of tired / fatigue)?
Author: GodOfTheThunder
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.65
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656563438
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnziq5/how_do_scientists_measure_a_persons_energy/
Text: 

ID: vnzitf
Title: Are there any studies on linguistic similarities between geographically separate cultures?
Author: SkumPunk
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.63
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656563447
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnzitf/are_there_any_studies_on_linguistic_similarities/
Text: Example: similarities in how words are formed in indigenous languages of the americas and the indigenous languages of African cultures.

ID: vnzlfa
Title: Why do forehead thermometers need to point in the direct center of the forehead? Why can’t we take readings on other parts of the forehead?
Author: sgrams04
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.43
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656563683
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnzlfa/why_do_forehead_thermometers_need_to_point_in_the/
Text: The instructions on my thermometer show a very specific point to take a reading. Why is that? I’ve noticed the areas on the outside boundary of my forehead do read warmer, but for what reason is that not the true reading and the middle is?

ID: vo08oe
Title: What is the Difference between Internal Energy and the other Energies (Enthalpy, Helmholtz, Gibbs)?
Author: Kipkeny
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656565877
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vo08oe/what_is_the_difference_between_internal_energy/
Text: I am aware of the definitions of each of the energies (H=U+PV, F=U-TS, G=U+PV-TS), but I am still not sure what information you gain from these. If U has a different value at different values of P and T why would that include the energy necessary to bring it to that state? I feel like I’m missing something basic here. What is the use of these other forms?

ID: vo5n83
Title: AskScience AMA Series: We're NASA asteroid experts! ¡Somos expertos en asteroides de la NASA! Ask us anything (in English and Spanish/en inglés y en español) about near-Earth objects and how we're working to protect Earth from potentially hazardous asteroids!
Author: AskScienceModerator
Score: 1334
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 215
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656586803
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vo5n83/askscience_ama_series_were_nasa_asteroid_experts/
Text: ¡Somos expertos en asteroides de la NASA! ¡Pregúntanos cualquier cosa (en inglés y en español) sobre objetos cercanos a la Tierra y cómo trabajamos para protegerla de asteroides potencialmente peligrosos!

-----


Today, June 30, is International Asteroid Day-but at NASA, every day is asteroid day!

Asteroids are rocky, airless remnants left over from the early formation of our solar system about 4.6 billion years ago and NASA and our partners are always looking to the skies to study these ancient time capsules. From our missions [to explore the Trojan asteroids in Jupiter's orbit](https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/lucy/in-depth/) and [bring a piece of an asteroid back to Earth](https://www.nasa.gov/osiris-rex), to our [efforts to find, track and monitor asteroids](https://www.nasa.gov/specials/pdco/index.html) and other near-Earth objects to protect our planet from potential impact hazards, we're uncovering the history of our solar system while working to keep our future safe.

Ask our experts anything about what we're learning from asteroids, how we're protecting the Earth, and much more!

Talent:​

+ Lindley Johnson, NASA Planetary Defense Officer, NASA Headquarters
+ L.A. Lewis, FEMA Detailee, NASA Planetary Defense Program Officer, NASA Headquarters
+ Dr. Shantanu Naidu, Navigation Engineer, NASA Center for Near-Earth Object Studies (CNEOS)
+ Dr. Joe Masiero, NEOWISE Deputy Principal Investigator & NEO Surveyor team member, Caltech
+ Dr. Carolyn Ernst, DRACO Instrument Scientist, JHU APL
+ Prof. Vishnu Reddy, Associate Professor, University of Arizona
+ Dr. Lucas Paganini, Program Scientist, NASA Headquarters - Spanish-Speaking Expert

-----

Hoy, 30 de junio, es el Día internacional del asteroide, pero en la NASA, ¡todos los días son días de asteroides!

Los asteroides son restos rocosos sin atmósfera que quedaron de la formación temprana de nuestro sistema solar hace unos 4.600 millones de años. La NASA y sus socios miran constantemente al cielo para estudiar estas antiguas cápsulas del tiempo. Desde nuestras misiones para explorar los asteroides troyanos en la órbita de Júpiter y traer un trozo de asteroide de vuelta a la Tierra, hasta nuestros esfuerzos para encontrar, rastrear y monitorear asteroides y otros objetos cercanos a la Tierra para proteger nuestro planeta de posibles peligros de impacto, estamos descubriendo la historia de nuestro sistema solar mientras trabajamos para mantener nuestro futuro seguro.

Pregunta a nuestros expertos cualquier cosa que quieras saber sobre lo que estamos aprendiendo de los asteroides, cómo estamos protegiendo a la Tierra y mucho más.

Talento:

+ Lindley Johnson, Oficial de Defensa Planetaria de la NASA, Sede de la NASA
+ L.A. Lewis, Oficial del Programa de Defensa Planetaria de la NASA, Sede de la NASA
+ Dr. Shantanu Naidu, Ingeniero de navegación, Centro de estudios de objetos cercanos a la Tierra de la NASA (CNEOS)
+ Dr. Joe Masiero, Investigador principal adjunto de NEOWISE y miembro el equipo del telescopio NEO Surveyor, Instituto de Ciencia Planetaria
+ Dra. Carolyn Ernst, científica del instrumento DRACO, JHU APL
+ Prof. Vishnu Reddy, Profesor Asociado, Universidad de Arizona
+ Dr. Lucas Paganini, Program Scientist, NASA Headquarters - Experto hispanohablante

-----

Our guests will be joining us at 12:00 - 1:30 p.m. EDT. Please forgive the moderator over formatting difficulties.

Nuestros invitados llegan a las 12:00 a 1:30 p.m. (UTC-4). Por favor, perdone al moderador por las dificultades de formato.

Username/Usuario: /u/nasa


-----

**EDIT**: That’s a wrap for this AMA – thanks to everyone for your great questions! You can learn more about asteroids on NASA’s [Asteroid Watch](https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/asteroid-watch) and [Planetary Defense Coordination Office](https://www.nasa.gov/specials/pdco/index.html) websites – and follow us on Twitter at [AsteroidWatch](https://twitter.com/AsteroidWatch) and [NASASolarSystem](https://twitter.com/NASASolarSystem).

ID: voaibc
Title: Does the abundance of heavy metals in coal imply that they used to be more abundant in the biosphere?
Author: SpikeMF
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656601358
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/voaibc/does_the_abundance_of_heavy_metals_in_coal_imply/
Text: One of the (many) environmental considerations of burning coal is the release of heavy metals, specifically lead and mercury.  Since coal is the compressed remains of (mostly plant) organisms in the distant past, does that mean that such metals used to be much more abundant in the tissue of life on earth?

If not, is the process of how they got there understood?  If so, does that imply that life on earth used to be more adapted to elevated levels of heavy metals?

ID: voc4on
Title: Is psilocin a full or partial 5-HT2A agonist?
Author: OutliersOutlier
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.43
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656605502
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/voc4on/is_psilocin_a_full_or_partial_5ht2a_agonist/
Text: I've seen it described as both in the literature. Is there a definitive answer somewhere?

ID: vocgvs
Title: When we take “pictures” of atoms, what are we actually seeing?
Author: declan_B
Score: 35
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656606358
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vocgvs/when_we_take_pictures_of_atoms_what_are_we/
Text: As far as what I’ve been taught, atoms are almost entirely empty space. So when the “pictures” are taken (I know that they aren’t technically pictures) what are we looking at? The nuclei? The valence shells? What is actually bring seen? [Here is an example of a picture that I am talking about.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/A_Boy_and_His_Atom_Movie_Stills_%288675821573%29.jpg)

ID: vocu1v
Title: Is it really true that permafrost actually holds some ancient microorganism and how dangerous it is in our era today ?
Author: KeyCompetition8534
Score: 16
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656607306
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vocu1v/is_it_really_true_that_permafrost_actually_holds/
Text: 

ID: voef3y
Title: Does opening medicine container (pills) affect expire date?
Author: djm2467
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.6
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656611475
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/voef3y/does_opening_medicine_container_pills_affect/
Text: Once a container with pills is opened (only opened once, than closed after about a minute), does that have any effect on the expiry date of the drug? Or does it remain the same regardless of whether the container has/hasn’t been opened at all

ID: voeh07
Title: How sustainable and efficient are hydrogen fuel and hydrogen fuel systems, and what is the resulting byproduct from its production?
Author: Tempura_Daddy
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 19
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656611615
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/voeh07/how_sustainable_and_efficient_are_hydrogen_fuel/
Text: 

ID: voeknm
Title: How far could a modern human go back though evolution and still be able to reproduce successfully with said ‘earlier humans’?
Author: writepielie
Score: 207
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 62
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656611884
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/voeknm/how_far_could_a_modern_human_go_back_though/
Text: 

ID: vofcy8
Title: Does all life on earth originate from the same source? In other words, do humans and cabbages share a common ancestor?
Author: BeardSpock
Score: 580
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 132
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656613895
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vofcy8/does_all_life_on_earth_originate_from_the_same/
Text: 

ID: voifrk
Title: Does the chemical balance of the brain cause depression or is it an expression of it?
Author: Tokentaclops
Score: 20
VoteRatio: 0.74
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656621952
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/voifrk/does_the_chemical_balance_of_the_brain_cause/
Text: How would we know the difference? 

It seems a very important point to understand how to prevent and treat depression. The extend to which depression is being talked about almost as a purely physical ailment like a broken leg or a weak heart in modern culture has helped destigmatize it but it just makes me wonder if this is really the right way to think about it. 

Thinking about it as a syndrome seems to put the problem on the shoulders of the individual rather than their enviroment (and vice versa).

Any input would be appreciated. Maybe some neurobiological insight?

Edit: arguably this is a psychology or even philosophy question but I'm specifically interested to know if any neurobiological research has been done on this.

ID: vojocu
Title: Why do we have baby teeth and adult teeth?
Author: r_f4h4d_
Score: 263
VoteRatio: 0.87
CommentCount: 199
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656625209
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vojocu/why_do_we_have_baby_teeth_and_adult_teeth/
Text: What's the difference in composition between the two sets? Is there a reason why we can't develop adult teeth in replace of baby teeth and only live with the one set?

I imagined that perhaps as your increased calcium intake had something to do with it. Are there any conditions that can affect this transition, is it even necessary?

TIA

ID: vojx5o
Title: There are a lot of articles about how lead poisoning (especially from fumes of motorcicle exhausts) affected US citizens. what about the rest of the world?
Author: se_nicknehm
Score: 2647
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 285
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656625849
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vojx5o/there_are_a_lot_of_articles_about_how_lead/
Text: i know for a fact that fuel enriched with lead was also used outside of the USA. yet, i realy can't find anything about it. my last post was completely ignored. i'd appreciate any info

ID: voqnw6
Title: How much does your quantity of blood fluctuate on a day to day basis?
Author: AnarchyPigeon2020
Score: 17
VoteRatio: 0.74
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656645583
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/voqnw6/how_much_does_your_quantity_of_blood_fluctuate_on/
Text: So I read that your body generates on average 50mL of blood every day. So what happens to the old blood? Where does it go? 

So blood cells die and deteriorate just like any other type of cell, but what happens to the blood then? Do your other cells absorb the collapsed blood cells? 

I guess I'm also meaning to ask, if your circulatory system is, for the most part, a closed loop system, what happens to blood cells when they die? Where do they go? 

And, this may be the weirdest question of all, what are the long term effects of blood doping? 

So your body has roughly 10 pints of blood in it. You take out a pint and refrigerate it, then wait for your body to regenerate 1 pint worth of blood, bringing your total back up to 10. 

Then you put that first pint *back* into your body. Does your body just permanently have more blood now? Does it sense that there's more than usual and stop producing new blood until the amount returns to normal? What happens there?

ID: vor4qm
Title: What are electrolytes? I know what they DO, but I don't know what they ARE.
Author: Gratuitous_Nerdity
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.85
CommentCount: 18
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656647046
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vor4qm/what_are_electrolytes_i_know_what_they_do_but_i/
Text: Are they minerals? Vitamins? Tiny alien symbiotes? Some sort of fancy salt?

ID: votfji
Title: Does pressure affect the way atoms bond? Are there any compounds/reactions that are not possible at NTP but could be if the reactants are placed in a chamber with a higher/lower pressure?
Author: ModernVintage15
Score: 27
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656654875
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/votfji/does_pressure_affect_the_way_atoms_bond_are_there/
Text: We all know how pressure affects intermolecular forces, but how about *inner* molecular forces?

ID: votl52
Title: Can someone explain to me the science behind tanning oils "lowering the refractive index of the skin"?
Author: GhostJY7
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656655401
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/votl52/can_someone_explain_to_me_the_science_behind/
Text: I'm doing some research on the effects of UV radiation on skin and found that there is not much literature on exactly how tanning oils help the skin to darken faster/better. After reading around, the common phrase I come across is that it "lowers the refractive index of the skin" to permit greater penetration of radiation, but what does that phrase mean??

My thought is more inclined to the tanning oil refracting light like how immersion oil in light microscopy would refract light, but what does that have to do with the refractive index of skin?

The other explanation is in the moisturizing property of the oil sustaining the substrate accumulation for the melanocytes.

\*correct me if I'm wrong\*

ID: votq8u
Title: Gases and liquids are fluids, but solids aren’t. Does plasma, the fourth state of matter, count as a fluid?
Author: Ninjas-and-stuff
Score: 148
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 44
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656655899
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/votq8u/gases_and_liquids_are_fluids_but_solids_arent/
Text: Most of my search results are giving me information on blood plasma, and I’m not finding a clear yes or no about the kind of plasma I actually want to know about. Is the definition of fluid absolutely applicable to plasma the same way it is for liquids and gases, or is it just used as a theoretical condition to lay down a framework for studying its behavior? Or, is it a “yes, but more complicated” situation kind of like how light is both a particle and a wave?

ID: vov99e
Title: Is it possible that life on earth originated from extraterrestrial origins? Such as Eukaryotic/Prokaryotic cells attached to a meteor that hit earth?
Author: -tarinitup-
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.74
CommentCount: 18
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656661780
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vov99e/is_it_possible_that_life_on_earth_originated_from/
Text: 

ID: vovcpg
Title: Is nuclidic stability impacted by environmental factors (e.g. temperature, pressure, gravity, etc.) or purely a consequence of nucleus composition?
Author: nicholasdwilson
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.6
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656662177
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vovcpg/is_nuclidic_stability_impacted_by_environmental/
Text: i.e. are there any conditions under which heavier elements do not undergo radioactive decay?

ID: voz867
Title: How are cancer rates going up when we've made regulations on regulations to control carcinogen use?
Author: matthewv1998
Score: 309
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 150
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656677097
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/voz867/how_are_cancer_rates_going_up_when_weve_made/
Text: as the title says, it just seems like cancer rates are going up, but we've made tons of regulations, warnings and other things to show, limit or stop use of carcinogens. to me this means cancer rates should trend down. but they're not?? what would cause this in modern society???  are genes less healthy?? is our food worse?? are products really not that clean??

ID: vp0rp9
Title: How can the liver break down so many different chemicals?
Author: TheCoop1986
Score: 56
VoteRatio: 0.79
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656681802
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vp0rp9/how_can_the_liver_break_down_so_many_different/
Text: The liver is where a lot of chemical compounds are broken down into useful or waste compounds. But how does the liver correctly handle so many different compounds? There are literally thousands and thousands of different compounds we can ingest, how do the liver cells know how to deal with each one correctly?

ID: vp0tcz
Title: What’s the minimum density needed to form a black hole?
Author: Dagreifers
Score: 1325
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 317
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656681934
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vp0tcz/whats_the_minimum_density_needed_to_form_a_black/
Text: Is this a stupid question? Or does it depend? I thought that the answer is constant, but when I googled it I couldn’t find the answer, only irrelevant things, can someone answer this question?

Edit: aight guys this is solved thanks for the help.

ID: vp2s8l
Title: Are there differences between genetic modification of animals and plants??
Author: TheBananaBagel
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.56
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656687401
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vp2s8l/are_there_differences_between_genetic/
Text: Hi there, confused EPQ student here.

I'm researching genetic modification and I'm just wondering about the differences between the GM of plants and animals, if there even are any. It wouldn't be a big deal if not, I just wanted to make a clarification at the start of the section I'm writing as I'm only covering cattle GM.

Thanks in advance!

ID: vp3wcu
Title: The behavior of dogs towards humans has changed as they have been domesticated. Has their behavior towards other dogs changed as well?
Author: f0rgotten
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.81
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656690321
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vp3wcu/the_behavior_of_dogs_towards_humans_has_changed/
Text: Basically the title, not sure how to elaborate.

ID: vp7luv
Title: How does mixing magmas of different types cause large explosive volcanic eruptions?
Author: Charyou-Tree
Score: 152
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656700288
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vp7luv/how_does_mixing_magmas_of_different_types_cause/
Text: I've read from several different sources that when a fresh injection of basaltic magma intrudes into a more silica-rich magma chamber under a volcano, some sort of reaction happens that ultimately leads to a large explosive eruption. I've specifically heard this implicated for the 19th century Krakatoa eruption, where people point to volcanic rock of varying color bands indicating partially mixed magmas that cooled preserving the different rock types. 

However, these sources don't mention a mechanism for this. Is there some sort of chemical reaction between the different magmas? Is it a physical reaction relating to different temperature/density/viscosity/gas content/something else?

What leads two bodies of relatively stable magma to generate immense pressure and explode when mixed together?

ID: vpdtn8
Title: Can a gun firing bullets conduct electricity in a direction like how ocelot does in mgs3?
Author: virgilthemonk
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.28
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656717429
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpdtn8/can_a_gun_firing_bullets_conduct_electricity_in_a/
Text: In this clip https://youtu.be/tzODRWtEsXs at 14:35 volgin shoots electric bolts and ocelot literally shoots them away from him. While i am aware of how incredibly stupid the question and the source of the question are in terms of reality, is it possible to conduct electrical discharges away from you by firing a gun?

ID: vpdumo
Title: Will a small puncture at a vein cause more bleeding than a puncture elsewhere through the skin?
Author: Proper-Slide-6095
Score: 2572
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 136
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656717512
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpdumo/will_a_small_puncture_at_a_vein_cause_more/
Text: I was trimming bushes when I noticed a small thorn stuck itself into my knuckle. My finger looked normal and didn't hurt, so I removed the small thorn and continued trimming. 30 seconds or so later I raise the same hand up again and noticed I had blood all over the finger, and some had dripped onto my pants. By the time I noticed this it had already stopped bleeding.

Did the thorn hit a vein or something, and removing it caused the area to bleed so much until it clotted? The area now has a bruise around a half inch in diameter.

This thorn was incredibly small, and the puncture isn't even noticeable. It's really hard for me to believe such a small "injury" could cause so much blood. How could that much blood escape an invisible little puncture in only 30 seconds?

I'm disappointed I didn't get to witness it.

Edit: I'm glad this post got more attention than my popular comment about shirtless Li Shang from Mulan and the sexual awakening it inspired in me as a kid

ID: vpduvd
Title: What happens after a hormone binds with a receptor?
Author: ASpiderling
Score: 230
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656717531
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpduvd/what_happens_after_a_hormone_binds_with_a_receptor/
Text: For example: Insulin binds to the insulin receptor, which causes a chain of events to happen to ultimately move GLUT4. 

After insulin binds to the receptor, what happens to insulin itself? Does it get released from the receptor? Absorbed? Does it change/get recycled? Break down?

ID: vph2ke
Title: Normally in the body fluids and minerals in those fluids flow from areas of high concentration to low concentration. However the kidneys are able to remove minerals/toxins from your blood and concentrate them into urine which is much more concentrated. How does it do this?
Author: Careless_Bat2543
Score: 722
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 45
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656727799
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vph2ke/normally_in_the_body_fluids_and_minerals_in_those/
Text: 

ID: vpmigb
Title: How do hot-spot volcanoes erupt after they are no longer connected to the hotspot?
Author: Noise_Used
Score: 14
VoteRatio: 0.79
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656748076
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpmigb/how_do_hotspot_volcanoes_erupt_after_they_are_no/
Text: For example - Haleakala on the island of Maui in Hawaii. It has had several eruptions within the past 10,000 years - and one as recent as 500 years ago. Isn't it far removed from the hotspot, or any connection to it? How could it still erupt?

ID: vpqiqy
Title: If a Tunguska-like meteoroid impact event happens every few hundred years, then what are some others from our recent recorded history?
Author: questions1223232
Score: 156
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 27
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656764114
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpqiqy/if_a_tunguskalike_meteoroid_impact_event_happens/
Text: Everywhere I look up the Tunguska event of 1908, it seems to suggest that a meteoroid of this size impacts Earth every few hundred  years. Some go so far as to put it at around every three hundred years. But I couldn't find references to any other impact event of this scale from the last two millennia. What am I missing?

ID: vpsp1q
Title: If infected with Covid BA.4 or BA.5, how soon can reinfection occur?
Author: purpletwinkletoes
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.53
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656771243
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpsp1q/if_infected_with_covid_ba4_or_ba5_how_soon_can/
Text: 

ID: vptiys
Title: Will the universe turn out to be very different for different speeds of light?
Author: dhanush_ram
Score: 801
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 81
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656773704
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vptiys/will_the_universe_turn_out_to_be_very_different/
Text: What if the speed of light is much slower or much faster than it is? Would the universe turn out to be different? My guess is that the speed is an arbitrary constant and its value may not matter but I am not sure.

ID: vpusl0
Title: how the fed knows how much points it need to raise interest rate?
Author: usernameisafarce
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.41
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656777422
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpusl0/how_the_fed_knows_how_much_points_it_need_to/
Text: 

ID: vpvdil
Title: Why might a community, who has not experienced more than two earthquakes in the past decade, have around 30 in six months, localized in a space of around 15 miles?
Author: kanondreamer
Score: 9
VoteRatio: 0.7
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656778989
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpvdil/why_might_a_community_who_has_not_experienced/
Text: 

ID: vpwj0d
Title: Can AlphaFold predict protein-protein binding affinities?
Author: SutttonTacoma
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656782292
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpwj0d/can_alphafold_predict_proteinprotein_binding/
Text: 

ID: vpxsx9
Title: What is denser: A black hole or a neutrons star?
Author: AZG2275
Score: 265
VoteRatio: 0.84
CommentCount: 73
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656785994
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpxsx9/what_is_denser_a_black_hole_or_a_neutrons_star/
Text: Thank you.

ID: vpxv1k
Title: This may sound a bit silly, but how does the sun not fall apart if it's entirely made out of gas?
Author: SilenttWasTaken
Score: 3863
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 549
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656786168
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpxv1k/this_may_sound_a_bit_silly_but_how_does_the_sun/
Text: 

ID: vpy11e
Title: How are some birds so smart?
Author: LodlopSeputhChakk
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656786651
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpy11e/how_are_some_birds_so_smart/
Text: Think about all the animals we consider reasonably intelligent.  Apes, dolphins, whales, elephants. All mega fauna.  Basically you have to be large to house a large brain.

Then there’s birds.

Some birds, like parrots and crows, are extremely intelligent. They use language, make tools, and have complex problem-solving abilities.  How can they fit all that into a tiny bird brain, while the rest of us have to have a giant head?

ID: vpyodu
Title: Are there benefits in initiating dialysis before renal failure, for patients undergoing uremic hemolytic syndrome?
Author: luisvel
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656788567
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpyodu/are_there_benefits_in_initiating_dialysis_before/
Text: 

ID: vpyy6o
Title: How does the universe expand?
Author: JammingScientist
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.66
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656789366
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpyy6o/how_does_the_universe_expand/
Text: Is it expanding from a central point? Does it expand in a certain shape? Does if expand at the same rate at all sides? What is it expanding into? How does it expand if matter cannot be created?

ID: vpz14y
Title: How do cells ensure crossover during meiosis doesn't result in fatal mistakes?
Author: 0hmyscience
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656789613
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpz14y/how_do_cells_ensure_crossover_during_meiosis/
Text: I am currently reading [The Selfish Gene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Selfish_Gene), and during one chapter he lightly touched on crossover during meiosis. I started thinking about crossover and I have a lot of questions that I can't really find the answer to. It seems like most places just touch on crossover as a step during meiosis, but don't really elaborate much. Anyway, here are my questions I hope someone can help me wrap my head around this:

* First of all: does crossover only happen (at most) once per chromosome? All diagrams look somewhat like [this](https://ib.bioninja.com.au/_Media/crossing-over_med.jpeg), which indicate that they swap only the ends. Is that the case, or are those diagrams an oversimplification and more than one "pieces" that are crossed over?

* If the answer to the above is yes, then I want to move onto this [meiosis diagram](https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Overview-of-meiosis-I-and-II-1200x1034.png). Is it true to assume then that we all likely possess entire chromosomes that came directly from our grandparents? In the diagram, each of the 4 cells has 2 chromosomes, one that's intact, and one that's crossed over. So for example, if my dad passed an "intact" chromosome 1 to me, there's a 1/4 chance that I'll pass that intact chromosome 1 to my son. Is that correct?

* How does crossing over work with the sex chromosomes? In the case of eggs, there's always two Xs, do those crossover? In the case of sperm, there's one X and one Y, do those crossover in anyway, or are they left alone?

* If the answer to question 1 is yes, then is there a pre-determined (approximate or accurate) length that's exchanged? If so, how is it determined? If it's random, what determines it? 

* Is the number of base pairs in an exchange the same on each side? Also, this question and the above assume it's done by number of base pairs. Is it "calculated" differently perhaps? Number of genes? Something else?

* Now, the question in the title: how does the process ensure that no really bad errors are introduced? If I understand correctly, it's not necessary that the two homologous chromosomes are the same length. One may have mutations the other doesn't, and vice versa. It's also likely those mutations are fine independently. But when mixed together, they could break things... so why doesn't it?

* And lastly: if question 1 is yes, has the existence of the crossover process lead to "less important" (or "more ok to mutate) genes to be at the tips, and "more important" genes to be towards the middle? For example, per the question above, I imagine that eye color genes or genes that contribute to my face shape or skin color or traits like that are more "ok" to be mutated, where as for example, the gene for hemoglobin... you don't want to mess with that one.


Thanks for looking at my wall of text. I'm happy to restate questions if they don't make sense. Hope someone or many of you can help me with this.

Thanks again!

ID: vpz83q
Title: Can we know anything about the older star that created our sun?
Author: dynastylobster
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656790210
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vpz83q/can_we_know_anything_about_the_older_star_that/
Text: the solar system (along with other stars) were created by a cloud of gas and dust formed by the nova of a previous star. is there anything we can learn or find out about what that "parent" star system was like? like.. theres gotta be some kind of evidence. Can we find clues as to what kind of planets were around it when this old star existed? what kind of star it was?

ID: vq9sr0
Title: Does gravity affect sound? Would musical instruments sound the same on different sized planets, if they all had the same atmosphere?
Author: moustache4you
Score: 63
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 21
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656824177
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vq9sr0/does_gravity_affect_sound_would_musical/
Text: 

ID: vq9vbt
Title: How do we know how ancient languages sound?
Author: HubrisPersonified
Score: 25
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 22
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656824420
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vq9vbt/how_do_we_know_how_ancient_languages_sound/
Text: Like the title suggests, how do people who study ancient languages like Latin or Ancient Greek know how the letters are pronounced? Do they just compare it to modern languages, or is there another way?

ID: vqcqwe
Title: Why can't you make beverages 'sparkly' using pressurized air? Why do we use pressurized CO2 instead?
Author: yusoglad
Score: 89
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 75
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656836004
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vqcqwe/why_cant_you_make_beverages_sparkly_using/
Text: 

ID: vqdyvf
Title: Are pacemakers able to adjust their "heart rate" based on the exertion of the person they belong to? Do they support a feedback system with the body?
Author: beacheytunez_
Score: 1476
VoteRatio: 0.95
CommentCount: 184
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656841303
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vqdyvf/are_pacemakers_able_to_adjust_their_heart_rate/
Text: I was thinking about this today, since someone's heart rate fluctuates even as they just stand up, do pacemakers have a way of dealing with such fluctuation? And if they can, to what extent can they support changes in heart rate? Could a pacemaker patient go for a run, or participate in extreme sport, for example?

ID: vqe8sr
Title: I recently found out that with enough time, you can dissolve (up to a certain point of) salt into water without ever heating or stirring it. Does this rule also apply to non-crystalline rocks? If you left granite in water for a really long time, would that make it eventually disintegrate as well?
Author: unlikelyrisktaker
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.58
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656842474
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vqe8sr/i_recently_found_out_that_with_enough_time_you/
Text: 

ID: vqhf8t
Title: How do deep-sea creatures MOVE in the sea with all that pressure?
Author: __Questioner__
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656854203
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vqhf8t/how_do_deepsea_creatures_move_in_the_sea_with_all/
Text: I'm not talking about how they can withstand the pressure. I understand the internal pressure is the same as the outside. 

But how do they like move their fins to move thru the water shouldn't it be harder to move with all the pressure. Are their muscles stronger or do they just move slowly or what?

ID: vqhpzi
Title: Does dental plaque fossilize?
Author: ackzilla
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656855168
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vqhpzi/does_dental_plaque_fossilize/
Text: I don't recall ever seeing a fossil skull with anything like dental plaque on it, do scientists simply clean it right off along with the other debris or is plaque an entirely modern thing?

ID: vqmsgv
Title: In species where only the strongest male gets to breed, or kills non-offspring babies, how does the species maintain genetic diversity?
Author: NASA_official_srsly
Score: 2557
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 175
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656869883
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vqmsgv/in_species_where_only_the_strongest_male_gets_to/
Text: How do they manage to not all end up inbred in a couple of generations?

ID: vqmuwe
Title: Is there an analogous condition to color blindness in hearing?
Author: Elviejopancho
Score: 39
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 47
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656870074
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vqmuwe/is_there_an_analogous_condition_to_color/
Text: T.L.D.R.: Is there any medical condition that make two clearly different tones indistinguishable from each other?

Take in acount that color blindness is very different to tone deafness because listening silence is like seeing black and not like confusing different types of light. I know that hearing are sight are very different processes for analogous physical phoenomena, but you should get what I am asking.

ID: vqnfvv
Title: Are there any vertebrates that can see significantly far into the infrared range?
Author: Billiam_Ball
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.79
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656871805
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vqnfvv/are_there_any_vertebrates_that_can_see/
Text: 

ID: vqofeq
Title: Do viruses evolve faster than humans?
Author: okami_xaero
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.43
CommentCount: 31
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656874727
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vqofeq/do_viruses_evolve_faster_than_humans/
Text: Like in the title, do viruses evolve faster than humans? Or, more in general, faster than mammals? And what about bacteria?

ID: vqrh9a
Title: Is there any practical use for laminar flow in liquids, or is it purely a neat aesthetic phenomenon?
Author: DakotaMaker
Score: 37
VoteRatio: 0.8
CommentCount: 34
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656883501
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vqrh9a/is_there_any_practical_use_for_laminar_flow_in/
Text: 

ID: vqus6f
Title: Is stable, short term axial tilt oscillation possible?
Author: DownvoteThisTempAcc
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.57
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656893863
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vqus6f/is_stable_short_term_axial_tilt_oscillation/
Text: Earth's axis averages 23.5 degrees, but it can range from 22 to 24.5 and only changes in tens of thousands of years. Is shorter term oscillation possible in thousand or hundred year timescales for other (real or hypothetical) planetary objects?

ID: vr1urh
Title: In your gut how do Dandritic cells differenriate between commensal and pathogenic bacteria?
Author: Abriv12
Score: 22
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656919699
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vr1urh/in_your_gut_how_do_dandritic_cells_differenriate/
Text: I have been wondering this, I mean can they differentiate. Dandritic cells penetrate their membrane extensions through epithelial cells of gut and react immediately if the sense a pathogenic bacteria, does it react the same way if it senses commensal bacteria??

ID: vr3uzj
Title: How is it that we so reliably have a new influenza vaccine ready each year? What's our process?
Author: beacheytunez_
Score: 14
VoteRatio: 0.66
CommentCount: 17
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656928454
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vr3uzj/how_is_it_that_we_so_reliably_have_a_new/
Text: I guess firstly I wanna know a few logistical things:  

How do we discover what the new strand of the flu is?

How long does it take to develop a vaccine for it?

Why is this faster than other vaccines?

How do we verify that it works and is safe for patients in less than a year?

How effective is the vaccine, and if it's really effective, how is it made to be so effective year after year?

&#x200B;

I feel like there's a "How to Make a Flu Shot This Year" handbook out there.

Are there any other viruses out there that we update our vaccines for so regularly? Thanks in advance!

ID: vr7tbu
Title: What is the relevance of the Poincaire group and the SU1xSU2xSU3 group in Quantum Field Theories?
Author: fbi767
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.8
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656942425
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vr7tbu/what_is_the_relevance_of_the_poincaire_group_and/
Text: What I know is that the Poincaire group is characterised by, like, 9-10 commutation relations. And every field, before quantisation, is a vector space on which there must be representations of the Poincaire group defined as operators.

For instance, the operator e^(xd/dy-y/d/dx) is a representation of a member belonging to this group, and this operator acts on the vector space of fields, causing to rotate them. e^(d/dx) is another member of this group. Another member would be the exponentiation of Pauli matrices. Those don't operate on infinite dimensional fields, but rather on 2- component objects. Another member of this group could be 4x4 Lorentz transformations, which operate on 4 vectors. Bottom line : **every field that we quantise must have operators of this group defined on them.**

About SU1xSU2xSU3, I know that these are used as gauge groups. But idk much more than that. 

Have I understood them right? And **is there any connection between what these two groups have to do with physics?** Or are just important but independent ideas?

ID: vr808v
Title: Do we know when, in human evolution, menstruation appeared?
Author: rasputinette
Score: 3556
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 365
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656943037
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vr808v/do_we_know_when_in_human_evolution_menstruation/
Text: I've read about the different evolutionary rationales for periods, but I'm wondering *when* it became a thing. Do we have any idea? Also, is there any evidence whether early hominins like *Australopithecus* or *Paranthropus* menstruated?

ID: vr8ff8
Title: Is there an animal that primarily subsists on eating members of its own species/cannibalism?
Author: Makurabu
Score: 702
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 217
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656944241
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vr8ff8/is_there_an_animal_that_primarily_subsists_on/
Text: 

ID: vrb1kq
Title: how does the body fight infections on its surface parts?
Author: None
Score: 29
VoteRatio: 0.76
CommentCount: 18
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656951473
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrb1kq/how_does_the_body_fight_infections_on_its_surface/
Text: The back of your throat, or on your tongue, stuff like that.
Does the common cold have to die on its own on the surface of my throat? 
I had my tonsils removed. 
Does bad stuff just live there until I get too stressed and I catch an infection I was always carrying?
Are there tiny holes where my blood can get to the surface?

ID: vrc1w0
Title: Are CMEs more likely from certain areas of the sun?
Author: _bobby_tables_
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656954194
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrc1w0/are_cmes_more_likely_from_certain_areas_of_the_sun/
Text: Is it more likely that CMEs originate in an equitorial region of the sun?  Or are CMEs as likely from the poles?  Has CME origin location been statistically studied and mapped?

ID: vrc5dh
Title: How was the Japanese Archipelago formed?
Author: atmdk7
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.79
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656954462
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrc5dh/how_was_the_japanese_archipelago_formed/
Text: I’ve always though Japan was formed as volcanic islands along the subduction zone of the Asian Plate and Pacific Plate. However, I’ve recently learned that Japan used to be connected to the mainland and the Sea of Japan was formed relatively recently, around 10 million years ago I think, as Japan was pulled away. But I could find any answer (that I fully understood) as to why this happened.

What’s going on there?

ID: vrdvei
Title: Have atoms ever been observed to quantum tunnel out of a weak chemical bond (Such as hydrogen bonds)?
Author: the-antiredditor
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.8
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656959146
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrdvei/have_atoms_ever_been_observed_to_quantum_tunnel/
Text: Bonds are sort of like potential energy wells, so that means they can be quantum tunneled out of, right? I've never heard of this being reported though, so is it just very rare or is it not possible. If not possible, why do you think/know so?

ID: vrexi0
Title: Did Marie Curie ever wonder if the radiation she was studying was dangerous?
Author: ReasonablyConfused
Score: 3321
VoteRatio: 0.95
CommentCount: 349
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656961992
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrexi0/did_marie_curie_ever_wonder_if_the_radiation_she/
Text: 

ID: vrigax
Title: Theoretically, can you gain energy through nuclear fusion then gain energy through fission of the same material?
Author: TheGermanMoses1
Score: 49
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 46
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656971858
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrigax/theoretically_can_you_gain_energy_through_nuclear/
Text: 

ID: vriuq5
Title: Why is sunlight bad for scars?
Author: CJWard123
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.8
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656972982
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vriuq5/why_is_sunlight_bad_for_scars/
Text: So I’ve been told that sunlight is especially bad for scars because it can cause “hyper-pigmentation”, among other things. Yet, I’ve yet to see exactly why this is. What is it about scars that make them vulnerable to sunlight?

ID: vrmgnu
Title: How the HIV expanded in world? What was the firsts causes to HIV being globalized? And where was the first evidence in the history of the virus?
Author: aka_augusto
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.6
CommentCount: 17
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656984665
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrmgnu/how_the_hiv_expanded_in_world_what_was_the_firsts/
Text: 

ID: vrn69w
Title: do fireworks inhibit bats echolocation?
Author: front_yard_duck_dad
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.7
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656987115
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrn69w/do_fireworks_inhibit_bats_echolocation/
Text: I love watching the bats in my yard eat mosquitoes and I do it almost every night in the summer. The last few nights with all of the fireworks and I mean it is pretty crazy here right now I feel like the flight of the bats looks off. The turns looks almost clumsy. Is this possible?

ID: vrnhis
Title: Although the main driver of our seasons is the Earth's tilt, do the aphelion and perihelion have any calculable effect?
Author: seanbrockest
Score: 41
VoteRatio: 0.8
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656988166
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrnhis/although_the_main_driver_of_our_seasons_is_the/
Text: I understand that exposing a larger chunk of a hemisphere to the sun has an incredible effect on the amount of the sun's energy which is able to impact the planet, I have to assume that the elliptical nature of our orbit has some effect as well. Is it at least calculable?

Naturally the reason I'm asking is because the Earth reached aphelion today, meaning we are at the furthest point from the Sun in this orbit, meanwhile we are also very close to the first day of summer, when our tilt puts the northern hemisphere in full view of the Sun.

ID: vro08j
Title: How long is the LHC at CERN on for at a time? How long does it take before a test will be done?
Author: the0nerealm
Score: 218
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 46
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656989912
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vro08j/how_long_is_the_lhc_at_cern_on_for_at_a_time_how/
Text: Does it take a long time to actually charge up? Somebody told me it’ll take months before anything actually happens after they turn it on today, but I wanted to ask here if that’s how it works.

ID: vrpfdm
Title: Are there any species where the parents contribute non-equal numbers of chromosomes to their offspring, or does it have to be the same number from each?
Author: wickermanmorn
Score: 56
VoteRatio: 0.79
CommentCount: 26
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1656994878
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrpfdm/are_there_any_species_where_the_parents/
Text: 

ID: vrsld6
Title: If Jupiter has 79 moons, why are they rarely seen in photos of the planet?
Author: bl4ck4nti
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.7
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657007543
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrsld6/if_jupiter_has_79_moons_why_are_they_rarely_seen/
Text: 79 is a lot and I'm puzzled why we never see them in photos of Jupiter. Are they farther away than the satellites/probes that have taken the images of Jupiter? Are they digitally removed?

ID: vrtjl3
Title: How fast did the temperature increase in the Roman and Medieval Warming Periods, and how does that differ to the rapid temperature increase in recent decades?
Author: Aussie_Stalin
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657011767
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrtjl3/how_fast_did_the_temperature_increase_in_the/
Text: I know anthropogenic climate change is happening and I don't post this with bad intentions, I'm just curious to know the answer, since I can't seem to find a definitive number (if there is one) on the rate of temperature increase during the 2 periods anywhere on Google. Any help would be much appreciated.

ID: vrtlqy
Title: Why do minerals become more disordered (crystallographically) as temperature of formation decreases whereas matter should be perfectly ordered as the temperature reaches Absolute zero?
Author: MayureshMJ
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.65
CommentCount: 13
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657012019
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrtlqy/why_do_minerals_become_more_disordered/
Text: General physics i learnt in highschool taught me that as any material reaches Absolute zero temperature the defects and flaws in it are removed and it becomes perfectly ordered in structure.
While when i am studying mineralogy and crystallography i see that many mineral's higher temperature polymorphs are more ordered than the low temperature. For example Akali feldspars high temperature polymorphs (Sanidine and Orthoclase) are Monoclinic in symmetry and the lower temperature polymorph (microcline) is in Triclinic symmetry.

As far as i understand monoclinic is supposed to be more ordered than triclinic. So what am i misunderstanding here? Why are these two things counter intuitive?

ID: vrtptk
Title: AskScience AMA Series: We're infectious disease experts here to answer your questions about monkeypox. AUA!
Author: AskScienceModerator
Score: 1045
VoteRatio: 0.87
CommentCount: 210
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657012512
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrtptk/askscience_ama_series_were_infectious_disease/
Text: In early May, reports began circulating about confirmed cases of monkeypox, an orthopoxvirus similar to smallpox. As of mid-June, there were over 2100 reported cases of monkeypox in dozens of countries. While a great deal is already known about the science of the monkeypox virus, this outbreak has raised several new questions about its transmissibility and impact on human health in both the short and long terms. With the world's attention heightened to such disease outbreaks due to the COVID-19 pandemic, this seems like a good opportunity to provide answers and help alleviate concerns.

We are experts in infectious diseases who are here to provide the facts about monkeypox and counter the mis-information that has been spreading about this disease. Join us today at 2 PM ET (18 UT) for a discussion, organized by the American Society for Microbiology, about the monkeypox outbreak. We'll answer your questions about the symptoms of monkeypox and how it spreads, current strategies for treatment and prevention, and what can be done to contain this (and future) outbreaks. Ask us anything!

With us today are:

+ Dr. Christy Hutson, Ph.D., M.S. (u/CHutson_CDC)- Branch Chief, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
+ [Dr. Reeti Khare, Ph.D., D(ABMM)](https://www.nationaljewish.org/doctors-departments/providers/researchers/reeti-khare) (u/DenverIDLab)- Director, Infectious Disease Laboratory, National Jewish Health
+ Dr. Rodney E. Rohde, Ph.D., MS, SM(ASCP)CM, SVCM, MBCM, FACSc (u/DocMicrobe)- Regents' Professor, Texas State University System, University Distinguished Chair & Professor, Clinical Laboratory Science
+ [Dr. Rachel L. Roper, Ph.D.](https://microbiology-immunology.ecu.edu/rachel-l-roper/) (u/RroperECU)- Professor, Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University

Links:

+ [Monkeypox: What We Do and Don't Know About Recent Outbreaks](https://asm.org/Articles/2022/May/Monkeypox-What-We-Do-and-Don-t-Know-About-Recent-O)
+ [Monkeypox Clinical Update with Dr. Daniel Griffin](https://asm.org/Podcasts/TWiV/Episodes/Monkeypox-Clinical-Update-with-Dr-Daniel-Griffin)
+ [CDC Monkeypox page](https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/index.html)
+ [WHO Monkeypox page](https://www.who.int/emergencies/situations/monkeypox-oubreak-2022)

Please note that we will NOT be making medical diagnoses or recommending any medical treatments or procedures for individuals.

ID: vrufw5
Title: Mint tea and low blood pressure, how?
Author: Bachpipe
Score: 9
VoteRatio: 0.72
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657015644
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrufw5/mint_tea_and_low_blood_pressure_how/
Text: Hello Reddit!    


I'm not looking for medical advice, but I am looking for an explanation! I just read some articles about mint tea and in almost all the articles it's written that you shouldn't drink mint tea if you're on low blood pressure medication, because it will enhance said medication. But none of the articles explain WHY it does! And then I thought; the Science Reddit  probably knows this. So, is there someone here who can explain to me why this is an effect that mint has?

ID: vrxmls
Title: Why isn’t cloud seeding used to fight the droughts currently happening in the world?
Author: ThrowAwayMyLife2341
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.59
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657026954
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrxmls/why_isnt_cloud_seeding_used_to_fight_the_droughts/
Text: It is my understanding that cloud seeding is an effective way to make it rain in certain areas. Why isn’t this being used in a country such as Italy or the US west to try to combat the droughts?

ID: vryrlk
Title: Would there be higher gravity if Earth didn't spin?
Author: DirtSeth
Score: 2017
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 263
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657030214
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vryrlk/would_there_be_higher_gravity_if_earth_didnt_spin/
Text: Does the Earth's spin cause an outwards centrifugal force. Theoretically if there was a planet with earth's mass that didn't spin or span slower would it have a higher gravity? I assume that if there is a difference its negligible though.

ID: vrytb5
Title: Are there distinct protons/neutrons in a nucleus, or is it just a "soup" of quarks?
Author: vilhelm_s
Score: 352
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 23
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657030352
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrytb5/are_there_distinct_protonsneutrons_in_a_nucleus/
Text: When the nucleus decays there are definite nucleons coming out, but what about the bound nucleus itself? And can you somehow demonstrate that there are distinct nucleons inside it, similar to how Rutherford's gold foil experiment shows that there's a distinct nucleus inside an atom?

ID: vrzpvd
Title: Are pictures taken by a telescope colour-corrected for redshift?
Author: Mr-Cas
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.8
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657032855
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vrzpvd/are_pictures_taken_by_a_telescope_colourcorrected/
Text: Hey there

In general, stars are moving away from us and, in combination with the doppler effect, this gives us redshift. When we look at stars with our eyes, they look more red than they actually are. When a picture is taken, the star looks more red than it actually is. This leads to two ways to represent a star in a picture (like [this one](https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/NXmL6bbh7QMA3xxfuu56uZ.png)):

1. The way a star looks for a human on earth (non-colour corrected for redshift)
2. The way a star *actually* looks (colour corrected for redshift). It would display the colour of a star like the star actually sends out.

And so rises my question: are pictures of stars colour-corrected for redshift? Do the pictures display a star like a human would see it, or how it looks in reality (as if you were right next to it)?

For example, in the picture linked above, the star at the centre is just a white spot. But let's take the orange star to the left bottom of the middle. Is it actually that red (colour-corrected)? Or does it look that red because of red shift (not colour-corrected)?

In school, in dutch, I learned the term "Emission spectrum" of a star (almost always hydrogen is used). I think the official english term is RVS? You can use that and the default ("recorded" on earth) to calculate the amount of redshift. If you know how much redshift there is, you can colour-correct a picture for redshift. So if you supply a picture of a star and it's RVS, you can do some calculations and color-correct a picture. However, when searching the web, I didn't find a single "tool" that could do this. Why isn't there any?

I just had this topic in physics class at school and I came up with these questions after his lesson and my teacher didn't know the answer, so here I am, asking it to you people. I hope you can shed some light!

ID: vs00dw
Title: When has an animal evolved enough to be classified as a new species?
Author: julianapauki
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.6
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657033613
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vs00dw/when_has_an_animal_evolved_enough_to_be/
Text: We classify animals according to species but isn’t evolution more like a continious process? If that is true, why do classify them like this and when do we see an animal as a new species? For example. Species A exists today, but has an ancestor species B which existed 100k years ago. At what point does an animal of species B differ so much that it is seen as a new species A?

ID: vs3z8r
Title: Would tides have been more ferocious a billion years ago, when the moon was closer to Earth?
Author: BrewsCampbell
Score: 206
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 21
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657043994
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vs3z8r/would_tides_have_been_more_ferocious_a_billion/
Text: 

ID: vs51cb
Title: Is brilliant green (zelyonka) actually an antiseptic?
Author: kittenco
Score: 108
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 19
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657046825
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vs51cb/is_brilliant_green_zelyonka_actually_an_antiseptic/
Text: I don't think this is used in Western countries, but nations that were part of the former USSR seem to still use a [liquid brilliant green solution](https://russianlife.com/sites/default/assets/Image/417px-Brilliant_green_1a.jpeg) as a wound treatment (similar to/as well as iodine).

It's something I grew up with and never really thought about, but when I looked it up today, I'm not really understanding if the dye itself has any active ingredients. Per my understanding, over-the-counter zelyonka is just the brilliant green dye crystals dissolved into diluted alcohol, so... Is it only antiseptic because of the alcohol? Or does the brilliant green actually have antiseptic properties on its own?

ID: vs5top
Title: What electrode material is used in industrial hydrogen production using electrolysis?
Author: EqualTransit
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.99
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657048884
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vs5top/what_electrode_material_is_used_in_industrial/
Text: I have messed around quite a bit electrolyzing materials in order to generate hydrogen, oxygen and chlorine. I had very limited means and it was just a hobby project, but a consistent problem I had and I saw others having on the internet is the corrosion of the anode. Even stainless steel or graphite could not stand the test of time and I can imagine platinum electrodes are prohibitively expensive for industrial scale. Other options such as Mixed-metal-oxide seems too expensive for gigawatt scale production as well. Most hydrogen manufacturing websites only mention marketing buzzwords ("ultra high density" / "innovative corrosion resistance") and no technical details. Perhaps it's all a bit of a trade secret, but I am quite curious!  


Sidenote, I can imagine it getting messed up when messing with NaCl electrolysis with chlorine and carbon steel electrodes. But if I recall correctly even NaOH solutions with stainless corroded after some time. So my question focusses specifically on hydrogen production.

ID: vs82y0
Title: How are neurotransmitters in a brain measured?
Author: spiffyhandle
Score: 45
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657054808
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vs82y0/how_are_neurotransmitters_in_a_brain_measured/
Text: I've heard things like "adenosine increases while awake and decreases when sleeping". How is adenosine (and other NTs) measured in a living human? My understanding is the only way to measure neurotransmitters is to cut open the brain, which you can't do on a living person.

ID: vsa6rn
Title: Can vultures drink stagnant water?
Author: TheMailMan92
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657060315
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsa6rn/can_vultures_drink_stagnant_water/
Text: After a heavy rain, I saw a vulture in the ditch drinking fresh rain water. That made me wonder if vultures are picky about their water intake. Can their stomach acid/immune system handle the many bacteria found in stagnant water without them getting sick? Obviously fresh water is preferred.

ID: vsaid9
Title: Does humidity affect animals that don’t sweat to cool themselves in a similar way as it does humans?
Author: 0010MK
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657061199
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsaid9/does_humidity_affect_animals_that_dont_sweat_to/
Text: Do animals that don’t sweat to cool themselves feel hotter on humid days, like we do (all else being equal)? Or is this sensation unique to animals that sweat, because humidity reduces our ability to cool ourselves?

ID: vse7u0
Title: If light has no mass, why is it affected by black holes?
Author: General-Pea2016
Score: 3817
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 824
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657072003
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vse7u0/if_light_has_no_mass_why_is_it_affected_by_black/
Text: 

ID: vsel2w
Title: Why are fungi classified as a different kingdom from plants? They seem very similar.
Author: MinecraftSplashText
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657073117
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsel2w/why_are_fungi_classified_as_a_different_kingdom/
Text: 

ID: vsg1nm
Title: Can resistant bacteria evolve to become no more resistant to old antibiotics?
Author: Golitan11
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.63
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657077543
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsg1nm/can_resistant_bacteria_evolve_to_become_no_more/
Text: Say some bacteria became 100% resistant to antibiotic A 20 years ago, is now 50% resistant to antibiotic B and 10% resistant to antibiotic C. Since antibiotic A is no longer effective, B and C are being administered instead. Fast-forward to 2050, the same bacteria has become resistant to B and C, and new antibiotics are being used instead. Since antibiotic A has been deprecated a while ago and the bacteria has evolved multiple times because of other antibiotics, would antibiotic A ever become a viable treatment again?

ID: vsgy0f
Title: Why don't we feel the heat from the core/mantle?
Author: Nome_Qualquer
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657080382
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsgy0f/why_dont_we_feel_the_heat_from_the_coremantle/
Text: Most if not all heat we experience on the surface comes from the Sun, but the core and mantle are also very hot, much closer to us and they have been around for a really long time, so how can the crust be so much colder?

ID: vsh3sx
Title: Are the calories in fruits spread out evenly?
Author: YOSH_97
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657080907
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsh3sx/are_the_calories_in_fruits_spread_out_evenly/
Text: Do the calories in fruits change based on their proximity to say the seed/pit? Or for any other reason? 

If that doesn’t make sense, for example gram for gram does the calorie content change in say an apple the closer it is or further it is from the core?

ID: vsibcv
Title: Why does the sky seem to turn green during a thunderstorm?
Author: lorgskyegon
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657085100
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsibcv/why_does_the_sky_seem_to_turn_green_during_a/
Text: 

ID: vsj3h1
Title: how do scientists observe what's happening inside the LHC?
Author: Eazy_MF_E
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657088037
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsj3h1/how_do_scientists_observe_whats_happening_inside/
Text: With the recent discovery of tetraquarks and pentaquarks at CERN, how are scientists able to “see” what’s happening inside the collider? Is it a bunch of data that’s analyzed and an inference is made? And what instruments detect what’s happening?

ID: vsjr0s
Title: Why did all the extinct ice age megafauna die out at the start of this current interglacial period when they presumably survived multiple previous interglacial periods? Surely humans could not have killed all the mammoths in Eurasia and North America?
Author: LanKstiK
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657090776
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsjr0s/why_did_all_the_extinct_ice_age_megafauna_die_out/
Text: Thanks

ID: vsjzaj
Title: Are all dioecious plants able to be feminized?
Author: Damnoneworked
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 0
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657091695
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsjzaj/are_all_dioecious_plants_able_to_be_feminized/
Text: In cannabis, you can force female seeds with colloidal silver. Is this possible in other dioecious plants? Would colloidal silver be used for all dioecious plants or would you need another chemical or process? 

Say you wanted to feminize a kiwi vine, how might you do this?

ID: vskyb6
Title: Where does water come from?
Author: Grand_Afternoon7166
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.57
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657095892
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vskyb6/where_does_water_come_from/
Text: There's alot of thoery surrounding where does the water on earth come from. But what is the most plausible theory now? Is there any proven theory?

ID: vsmetu
Title: How did cells evolve receptors for pathogens?
Author: nextleveldumbness
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.54
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657101865
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsmetu/how_did_cells_evolve_receptors_for_pathogens/
Text: Hello everyone hope you have a great day. So I just began studying the immune system and I have some questions. 
So if I understand it correctly so far, when pathogens enter the body they have to get recognized somehow, so the body can destroy them. So pathogens have these pamp (pathogen associated molecular patterns) that get recognized by the phagocytes with the help of "toll like receptors". Also my textbook says something about opsonins, chemical compounds that " mark" the pathogens so phagocytes can recognize and destroy them. 

My questions are:
1) How did the cell evolve those toll receptors? Was it randomly but they stayed bc they are useful? Let's say you have a cell that no pathogen has ever interacted with it. So logically, the cell hasn't any receptor for it (or it has but it was a random generation-im not sure how it works). 
2) From my understanding, opsonins bind to the pathogen somehow and help the phagocyte recognize it. So opsonins have a lock-key relationship with phagocytes? It would make sense for the cell to recognize molecules that are part of the cell. But how do opsonins bind to the pathogens? My textbook isn't going on detail. 

Thank you for reading so far and sorry if my questions are stupid. Also sorry for any grammar or spelling mistakes, English isn't my first language.

ID: vsmzhi
Title: Does freeze drying damage paper? If not, why?
Author: efdhfbhd2
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.59
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657104093
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsmzhi/does_freeze_drying_damage_paper_if_not_why/
Text: Recently there was a heavy downpour and I was told that the nearby library had to freeze dry books/papers in their magazine. Apparently, there had been a small water leak and parts of their inventory got wet.

I have then been searching online, how the process of freeze drying actually works and found several sources. However, while reading I began wondering: These processes usually create ice crystal inside the material they want to dry. How does paper survive this process?

I can imagine, that the paper isn't too rigid, it can bend and deform given pressure unlike cell walls. Cell walls seem to be rather fragile as ice crystals can break them. However, if paper had been completely drenched/soaked in water, I would expect at least some damage to the paper. But apparently, freeze drying seems to be a very safe method, why is that?

ID: vso7v0
Title: Why is a bone marrow transplant not always 100% effective at curing blood cancers?
Author: beacheytunez_
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.74
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657108486
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vso7v0/why_is_a_bone_marrow_transplant_not_always_100/
Text: I was reading earlier today about the kinds of ailments that bone marrow transplants are used to treat (as I am thinking about signing up on the registry to donate), and I noted that in the case of leukaemia, chemotherapy or radiotherapy is used to completely destroy the recipient's immune system first.

However, whilst relatively good, there are still figures that suggest that survivability over the years following treatment is not always that high, some still slip through the gaps.

But what causes these deaths after transplants over a long time since the procedure? Do the recipients somehow reject and attack the donated marrow? Does the new marrow eventually fail? But the recipient's immune system was destroyed, why can't the received marrow/immune system exist indefinitely, or a repeat/follow-up transplant procedure performed further down the line?

A follow-up question I have is are there grounds for marrow transplants to be used to treat immunodeficiency disorders such as CVID? I also read that some investigation has been performed into treating MS with bone marrow transplantation.

This is a long one, thanks in advance!

ID: vsojh8
Title: Why do different acids (citric, malic, lactic, etc.) taste different?
Author: Marssunrise
Score: 14
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657109453
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsojh8/why_do_different_acids_citric_malic_lactic_etc/
Text: From what I've heard, we have 5 or 6 different types of taste buds, one of them being able to detect acids in food. Why do different acids such as malic, citric and lactic acids have a distinct taste to them? Does it have to do with aromatics or do we have different varieties of acid taste buds that can distinguish between acids?

ID: vsooob
Title: Why does Australia have such high concentrations of uranium?
Author: PHealthy
Score: 266
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 69
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657109918
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsooob/why_does_australia_have_such_high_concentrations/
Text: 

ID: vsp0i8
Title: Can an embalmed human body be preserved in epoxy resin?
Author: Dong-Konkey
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.72
CommentCount: 16
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657110968
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsp0i8/can_an_embalmed_human_body_be_preserved_in_epoxy/
Text: As in it would continue to physically appear the same as the day it was embalmed. Like if I had an aquarium fish tank the size of a room, and filled it entirely with resin, the body at the center, would it continue to appear the same 100+ years from now?

ID: vsqp6p
Title: Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology
Author: AutoModerator
Score: 28
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 14
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657116009
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsqp6p/ask_anything_wednesday_biology_chemistry/
Text: Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on **Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology**

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

**Asking Questions:**

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

**Answering Questions:**

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. [The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/wiki/index#wiki_answering_askscience). In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, [please refer to the information provided here](https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/about/sticky).

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts [can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/search?q=flair%3A%27meta%27&restrict_sr=on&sort=new&t=all). Ask away!

ID: vsrwcc
Title: Does earth's specific gravity facilitate life or do all the other variables dictate that life would have prospered anyway and adapted to almost whatever gravity our planet had.?
Author: Irishane
Score: 217
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 63
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657119298
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsrwcc/does_earths_specific_gravity_facilitate_life_or/
Text: i.e. is our gravity also in a Goldilocks zone?

ID: vss0b4
Title: Why can CTE only be diagnosed by autopsy, and is there a chance this could change anytime soon?
Author: ChalkDstTorture
Score: 3743
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 385
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657119598
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vss0b4/why_can_cte_only_be_diagnosed_by_autopsy_and_is/
Text: 

ID: vsxj6i
Title: If the 96.5% carbon dioxide atmosphere of Venus was reduced to 20.95% oxygen (i.e. earth equivalent %) and 75.55% carbon dioxide, would the air be breathable?
Author: Moltress2
Score: 854
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 171
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657133858
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsxj6i/if_the_965_carbon_dioxide_atmosphere_of_venus_was/
Text: 

ID: vsy0bi
Title: Why are "other" intensities so low in compton scattering curve?
Author: 418397
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657135069
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsy0bi/why_are_other_intensities_so_low_in_compton/
Text: If we look at the intensity vs wavelength graph in compton scattering experiment...,we see two peaks, one due to scattering from free electrons and the other due to scattering from tightly bound electrons.

But that doesn't make the intensities at other wavelengths zero... They are there, non zero but small... I suspect they appear due to scattering from no so tightly bounded electrons. 

But my question is why should they be so low? Like why is the concentration of free electron scattering and tight electron scattering so high compared to the rest(the no so tight electron scattering)...?

ID: vsy2sj
Title: How were we able to eradicate some diseases, with vaccines, and not others?
Author: highxv0ltage
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657135249
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vsy2sj/how_were_we_able_to_eradicate_some_diseases_with/
Text: The way I understand it, vaccines use a dead, or weakened, virus. Some vaccines use only parts of a virus (or bacteria). And in the case of the Covid vaccines, they use mRNA technology. 

Now, the way I understand it, once this is introduced into the body, the immune system reacts and neutralizes the antigen. So, when the antigen enters the body a second time, the immune system reacts much quicker. I also understand that microbes can mutate, which has an effect on the vaccine's potency. This is why we have to get a flu shot every year, because the virus mutates. 

However, in the cases of Smallpox and Polio, we have managed to eradicate these diseases by way of vaccines. So, my question is it possible that, with vaccines, we were able to eliminate some diseases with vaccines, but not others? Did these other viruses just not have a chance to mutate? How would we get to the point where we don't let the flu or Covid to mutate? 

Please no "Big Pharma" conspiracies. I just want to know people's thoughts from a scientific standpoint. Thanks.

ID: vt0aq6
Title: What does Pixel to Pixel rms mean within the context of photometric astronomy?
Author: DaybreakHonor
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.6
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657140846
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vt0aq6/what_does_pixel_to_pixel_rms_mean_within_the/
Text: 

ID: vt120m
Title: Does the sun spin around it's own axis like the rest of the planets?
Author: taracus
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.66
CommentCount: 23
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657142799
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vt120m/does_the_sun_spin_around_its_own_axis_like_the/
Text: 

ID: vt3hrq
Title: If a fully vaccinated person is unequivocally exposed to covid but never develops symptoms, is their immune response now greater for having fought off the virus, or reduced for having had to wage war on it?
Author: elbeees
Score: 94
VoteRatio: 0.81
CommentCount: 21
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657149180
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vt3hrq/if_a_fully_vaccinated_person_is_unequivocally/
Text: As the title states. Trying to discover if there's a boost to the body's immune response or if the immune response is depressed each time it fights off the virus.

ID: vt414e
Title: Are viruses more prevalent in wild animals and how come our hunter gatherer ancestors dont suffer from great plague all the time?
Author: MyNameIsNonYaBizniz
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.62
CommentCount: 16
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657150654
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vt414e/are_viruses_more_prevalent_in_wild_animals_and/
Text: 

ID: vt72j6
Title: Are plastic containers (with or without BPA) relatively safe as long as they're not used to store/heat up food?
Author: fullsunset
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657159497
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vt72j6/are_plastic_containers_with_or_without_bpa/
Text: I'm into organizing, and plastic containers, storage boxes, and trays are the most commonly available items for that. I've recently become aware of the dangers of BPA (Bisphenol A), as well as BPS (Bisphenol S) (which is not flagged equally but considered just as dangerous) as endocrine disruptors and carcinogens. I've learned that it is strongly recommended to replace plastic when it comes to food containers. However, I have a few questions about the use of plastics in every day life that I have found opposing answers for when searching and I'd appreciate your take on:

1. Are plastic containers relatively safe (with or without BPA) as long as they're not used to heat up food? Is not using them for storing food in the fridge or at room temperature still highly recommended or are the risks exaggerated?
2. Do plastic containers/trays/storage bins (with or without BPA) for clothes, personal items, and paper pose similar risks? Should plastic be avoided to store and organize items in desks, closets, shelfs, etc, too?
3. Do the risks of doing 1 and 2 increase for a person with actual hormone problems?

ID: vt77lz
Title: How long does California have before it becomes an island or a crunched-up mountain range?
Author: Luigifan18
Score: 31
VoteRatio: 0.8
CommentCount: 14
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657159913
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vt77lz/how_long_does_california_have_before_it_becomes/
Text: I vaguely recall hearing that California is on a different tectonic plate than the rest of the landmass that is currently North America. I don't recall if California's tectonic plate is moving away from or into the rest of North America, but it's only a matter of time before it's no longer part of America as we know it. The question is, how long is it going to be before we have to start building literal bridges between California and the rest of North America?

ID: vt86nb
Title: Does produce absorb pesticides directly or though water?
Author: mikesalami
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657162782
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vt86nb/does_produce_absorb_pesticides_directly_or_though/
Text: So eating pesticides isn't good. I wash my stuff in baking soda usually to try to get off what I can.

I'm curious however if plants absorb pesticides directly into their flesh?

For example avocado... can you spray avocados with pesticides all you want and it will be safe to eat because you are removing the thick external cover? Or will the pesticide leach into the water, and then be absorbed by the plant, then eaten by you?

Or does it perhaps get absorbed directly through the skin?

Just curious!

ID: vtai3g
Title: Why are virus capsids usually icosahedrons?
Author: CarelessVirus2
Score: 14
VoteRatio: 0.7
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657170304
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtai3g/why_are_virus_capsids_usually_icosahedrons/
Text: 

ID: vtby0u
Title: What is the *chemical* structure of depleted uranium?
Author: 4thDevilsAdvocate
Score: 21
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657175529
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtby0u/what_is_the_chemical_structure_of_depleted_uranium/
Text: For instance, see [this picture of a 30-millimeter depleted uranium armor penetrator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depleted_uranium#/media/File:30mm_DU_slug.jpg), which I shamelessly stole from [the Wikipedia page on depleted uranium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depleted_uranium). 

What's the *chemical* structure of the uranium compound used in that round? 

I know depleted uranium has less [uranium-235](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235) than [natural uranium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_uranium), since said U-235 has been refined out and used in a nuclear reactor or weapon, but I don't know what all the [uranium-238](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-238) left over has bonded to. Is it an oxide? A carbide? Pure uranium metal? An alloy of pure uranium metal mixed with something else?

ID: vtc4t2
Title: Why do some plants bloom for only one night?
Author: PremiumPrimate
Score: 9
VoteRatio: 0.85
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657176261
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtc4t2/why_do_some_plants_bloom_for_only_one_night/
Text: There are a number of plants that bloom for just one night per year. It seems reasonable to think that a mutated variant blooming for two nights would eventually out-compete the one-nighters, but since that hasn't happened I guess that's not the case. Why?

ID: vtdpph
Title: Why are some lakes clear and others murky?
Author: ProtagonistForHire
Score: 9
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657182704
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtdpph/why_are_some_lakes_clear_and_others_murky/
Text: Even if the water is still. Won't all the sediment settle to the bottom eventually and become clear.

ID: vtfuh7
Title: Why do we have kneecaps but no elbow caps?
Author: TophsYoutube
Score: 4148
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 277
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657191202
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtfuh7/why_do_we_have_kneecaps_but_no_elbow_caps/
Text: And did we evolve to have kneecaps or did we lose elbow caps somewhere along the way?

Edit: Thank you everyone for the insightful answers! Looks like the answer is a lot more complicated than I thought, but I get the impression that the evolutionary lineage is complicate. Thanks!

ID: vtjw2v
Title: If all precipitation stopped, how long would it take for all the rivers to empty into the oceans?
Author: whidzee
Score: 1656
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 79
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657203883
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtjw2v/if_all_precipitation_stopped_how_long_would_it/
Text: 

ID: vtl3in
Title: How do Mosquitoes Suck?
Author: SpaceMangos
Score: 111
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 51
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657207236
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtl3in/how_do_mosquitoes_suck/
Text: I've briefly read about the 6 needles they use in their proboscis, but I want to know how the blood is moved from the bloodstream to the mosquito and cannot find anything. How similar is it to how we suck through a straw where we create a lower pressure environment in our mouth and the liquid moves to fill a pressure difference? Can a mosquito mouth do what we do?

ID: vtm1jf
Title: When was it realized/ proposed that modern birds were actually dinosaurs?
Author: A_HECKIN_DOGGO
Score: 247
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 53
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657209759
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtm1jf/when_was_it_realized_proposed_that_modern_birds/
Text: Was there a specific year when it was first theorized that dinosaurs and birds were the same group of animals? Or was there more of a gradual process where bits and pieces of information were gradually added together to come up with a tentative suggestion that there may have been a link between the two groups which has steadily grown over time?

Also, was there anybody in particular who influenced this theory?

ID: vtq2ww
Title: Was junk DNA always junk or is it vestigial?
Author: LurkerFailsLurking
Score: 22
VoteRatio: 0.7
CommentCount: 18
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657220195
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtq2ww/was_junk_dna_always_junk_or_is_it_vestigial/
Text: I know that random mutations will produce "nonsense" and assume that at least some of the "junk DNA" we carry can be attributed to that, but I was wondering if some of it are fragments of vestigial DNA from our distant ancestors?

If it exists, can we tell the difference between those two categories of DNA and has any of that vestigial DNA been traced to its origin? I'm imagining that it's possible that we and chimpanzees share some junk DNA that's been hanging out since our ancestors diverged a relatively short time ago. Is this true?

Thanks.

ID: vtt8qh
Title: How much would a COVID variant have to mutate before current COVID tests wouldn't properly detect it?
Author: darthjoey91
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.61
CommentCount: 16
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657228379
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtt8qh/how_much_would_a_covid_variant_have_to_mutate/
Text: Like how the current batch of vaccines didn't protect against infection from the Omicron variants, could a variant sufficiently mutate to not be able to be detected by either a PCR or an antigen test? And if it reached that point, would it still be COVID 19, or instead of evolved to the point where it probably deserves a different name?

ID: vty0iq
Title: Do hair products targeted toward a certain type of hair (curly, straight, frizzy, etc) actually matter, or is it all just a marketing tactic?
Author: chicodesopa
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657241863
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vty0iq/do_hair_products_targeted_toward_a_certain_type/
Text: 

ID: vty159
Title: Effects of exposure to +Gs on cardiovascular system of fighter pilots?
Author: claire_inet
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657241921
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vty159/effects_of_exposure_to_gs_on_cardiovascular/
Text: My brother is training to be a fighter pilot and his training requires him to go through simulations that expose him to upwards of +7.5 Gs. My questions regards the risk of RV/LV hypertrophy due to the alterations in cardiac preload and afterlife from being under these Gs. 

I currently work as a scribe in pediatric cardiomyopathy and see a lot of HCM, and knowing the pathology of ventricular hypertrophy got me wondering if there was a risk on RV or LV hypertrophy in fighter pilots due to chronic exposure due intense +Gs

I read one study from Israeli fighter pilots that found no difference in cardiac dimensions by echocardiography when comparing pilots exposed to +Gs vs. -Gs (compared over a 5 year period). However are there studies that compare cardiac dimensions and functions of pilots to the baseline population not exposed to these type of G forces?

ID: vtyg05
Title: Saw this on another subreddit. A guy tried to jump on a trampoline under water but it looks like he landed on solid grand. How does that work?
Author: None
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 0
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657243142
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtyg05/saw_this_on_another_subreddit_a_guy_tried_to_jump/
Text: 

ID: vtz0iy
Title: Is it normal for squirrels (in "packs") to attack birds? And each other?
Author: TipAgreeable9659
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657244899
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtz0iy/is_it_normal_for_squirrels_in_packs_to_attack/
Text: Hopefully my question is alright! I hope I can get some answers. Lately I've been finding dead baby birds all over my backyard, and I hadn't a clue what was killing them. This morning I heard a terrible commotion and found five squirrels circling an adult collared dove like a pack of wolves. They took turns jumping on her back and attacking her. Then, later, the same squirrels started attacking one another! One seemingly nearly killed the other one - By the end of the fight it was hanging off of a tree branch, mouth open, clearly exhausted. It wasn't even holding onto the branch. Is this normal behavior for squirrels? What's the science behind this behavior? I've never seen it before!

ID: vu0je8
Title: Does DNA contain information on an organisms anatomy, shape, size or form?
Author: Zkv
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 24
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657249526
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu0je8/does_dna_contain_information_on_an_organisms/
Text: I've been watching prof. Michael Levin's work in regenerative biology and morphology, where he is working on how cells build bodies. He states that DNA contains no information related to a multicellular organism's three dimensional anatomy. 

Timestamped explanation.

[https://youtu.be/ZmRaIQOlxTY?t=654](https://youtu.be/ZmRaIQOlxTY?t=654)

&#x200B;

But everything I see online, and everyone I ask online explicitly states that DNA tells cells how to build bodies. 

&#x200B;

If Levin is wrong, and DNA does contain anatomical information, are we able to learn the anatomy of an animal, or even a simple plant *just* by reading the genome? Obviously without comparing it to a related organism.

ID: vu0ykf
Title: Why does boiling water form bubbles at the BOTTOM of the pot?
Author: Mightycrevice
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.54
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657250846
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu0ykf/why_does_boiling_water_form_bubbles_at_the_bottom/
Text: Is it breaking the molecule apart, creating the air? Do these bubbles contain the steam?

ID: vu1h7g
Title: Are sleep patterns controlled by genetics in any way?
Author: reanukeeves07
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.63
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657252531
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu1h7g/are_sleep_patterns_controlled_by_genetics_in_any/
Text: Both my parents are early risers (5-6 a.m. wake-up sans alarm) and two of my three siblings as well as myself are the same. My oldest sister is usually 7:30 - 8:30. It could very well be due to being raised by early risers and personal preference, but genetics are still a possibility, plus that looks suspiciously like a basic double-heterozygous punnet square.

ID: vu1y9y
Title: Would marine mammals such as dolphins and belugas enjoy the taste of sugar foods like cake?
Author: ericstern
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657254050
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu1y9y/would_marine_mammals_such_as_dolphins_and_belugas/
Text: I figured, bears have been observed eating all sorts of human food, and seem to have a sweet tooth just like we do, I wonder if that applies to mammals who have only ever eaten fish their whole lives.

ID: vu27ep
Title: Is there an effect where watching people eat can make you feel full?
Author: An-Orange-Mess
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657254930
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu27ep/is_there_an_effect_where_watching_people_eat_can/
Text: When I was watching a video essay about the "mukbang industry" it explained that some people say that they experience "vicarious satiation", where they feel full just by watching these content creators eat. Can it really satiate hunger for some or is it just them convincing themselves that they are not hungry once they have watched those videos?

ID: vu3r40
Title: Can a dormant herpes virus become active if someone is in contact with cold sores?
Author: parkix
Score: 103
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 17
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657260462
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu3r40/can_a_dormant_herpes_virus_become_active_if/
Text: I've read that most of the world population already has herpes (something like 80-90%) but only a small minority show symptoms (cold sores). In the case of HSV-1 virus, if someone already has the virus, but is asymptomatic (never had any outbreaks, as seems to be the case with most of the population) and gets into contact with cold sores (from a partner), will that person develop symptoms (cold sores) or will the virus continue to be dormant?

ID: vu41fi
Title: Why do acardiac twins mostly fail to develop an upper body?
Author: weeknie
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 0
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657261539
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu41fi/why_do_acardiac_twins_mostly_fail_to_develop_an/
Text: I was reading the wiki page about acardiac twins, which states the following:

> The acardiac twin is a parasitic twin that fails to properly develop a heart, and therefore generally does not develop the upper structures of the body.

How does the lack of development of a heart, hinder the development of the upper body? Why isn't the lower body (as) affected? (generally the legs do grow, just not properly)

Does it have something to do with the lack of proper oxygenated blood?

ID: vu47qs
Title: Why do certain plants such as Hibiscus produce and transfer pollen grains even though they don't produce any seed or fruit?
Author: Strong_Produce_6501
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657262200
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu47qs/why_do_certain_plants_such_as_hibiscus_produce/
Text: 

ID: vu47v0
Title: What causes the hours-long delay between a vaccine injection and the onset of immune responses symptoms (chills, etc.)?
Author: 9183b_34834
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.64
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657262213
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu47v0/what_causes_the_hourslong_delay_between_a_vaccine/
Text: I've gotten seven vaccines in the past year or so and it seems that although I feel fine immediately after the injection other than a slightly sore arm at the injection site, after about 9-12 hours the immune symptoms begin to kick in. Chills, fatigue, and generally feeling out of sorts.

What specifically is happening during that interval?

ID: vu4cuj
Title: I used to hear more frogs at night. Is the declining population of insects also impacting invertebrate and amphibians?
Author: Prudent_Studio_4453
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.54
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657262751
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu4cuj/i_used_to_hear_more_frogs_at_night_is_the/
Text: More so, where are they being affected the most?

ID: vu4tpi
Title: How do antidepressant cause semi-permanent sexual dysfunction even after quitting the medication?
Author: cololz1
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657264598
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu4tpi/how_do_antidepressant_cause_semipermanent_sexual/
Text: In the literature there have been rising number of studies/reviews done on PSSD (post ssri sexual dysfunction), with the recent track since the EMA [accepted it as a syndrome page 5](https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/prac-recommendation/prac-recommendations-signals-adopted-13-16-may-2019-prac-meeting_en.pdf).

sexual dysfunction are atypical from standard sexual dysfunction, symptoms include : 

\-anorgasmia

\-genital numbness

\-ejaculatory anahedonia 

ID: vu54y4
Title: Apparently Tsunamis can go up to 800-900 km/h, are there any video of this?
Author: CampaignImmediate683
Score: 26
VoteRatio: 0.85
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657265892
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu54y4/apparently_tsunamis_can_go_up_to_800900_kmh_are/
Text: 

ID: vu56wi
Title: Are there any benefits of continuing to drink breast milk long past infancy?
Author: bavtersaurus
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.29
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657266129
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu56wi/are_there_any_benefits_of_continuing_to_drink/
Text: I believe that breast milk is very important for a baby’s development, but would there be any physiological benefit for a person to continue drinking it well into adult life if that was a viable option (assuming you replace a persons normal consumption of cow’s milk)? 

Do the benefits that a baby experiences stop when they stop growing and at what point in a humans life would that be?

ID: vu6u9p
Title: Would a human being find swimming in liquid water easier or more difficult on a high gravity planet?
Author: Shanghai_Banjo
Score: 18
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657273088
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu6u9p/would_a_human_being_find_swimming_in_liquid_water/
Text: 

ID: vu75gj
Title: Does voluntary exposure to germs increase your immunity against them?
Author: SHJPEM
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.84
CommentCount: 18
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657274404
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu75gj/does_voluntary_exposure_to_germs_increase_your/
Text: 

ID: vu7qju
Title: is nicotine a blood thinner?
Author: bendiksen00
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657276682
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu7qju/is_nicotine_a_blood_thinner/
Text: 

ID: vu7wke
Title: So much happens in the body during regular sleep. Is there anything going on during a 20-minute nap?
Author: HayNakoRed
Score: 37
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657277368
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu7wke/so_much_happens_in_the_body_during_regular_sleep/
Text: 

ID: vu9ljq
Title: How do mammals deal with placenta and the umbilical cord?
Author: Finn_Storm
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 17
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657283140
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu9ljq/how_do_mammals_deal_with_placenta_and_the/
Text: With humans, if the placenta is left in the woman it can cause harm so it is removed. However, animals can't do this.

Similarly, whilst not life-threatening, the umbilical cord can still be a danger if left unattended.

ID: vu9q21
Title: What happens to a virus if the host that it lives in dies? Does it decompose with the body?
Author: neenonay
Score: 2489
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 277
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657283541
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu9q21/what_happens_to_a_virus_if_the_host_that_it_lives/
Text: 

ID: vu9rrg
Title: If you take rabies vaccine right after getting bit by a rabid animal, can the vaccine help?
Author: Booomhaver
Score: 2356
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 457
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657283700
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu9rrg/if_you_take_rabies_vaccine_right_after_getting/
Text: 

ID: vu9uwv
Title: What is cardiovascular fitness on a physiological level?
Author: grondboontjiebotter
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.64
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657283986
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu9uwv/what_is_cardiovascular_fitness_on_a_physiological/
Text: Or put differently what changes in your body as you get fit?

ID: vu9uy6
Title: Can insects see very small things like bacteria?
Author: stagistadirepubblica
Score: 290
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 47
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657283989
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu9uy6/can_insects_see_very_small_things_like_bacteria/
Text: Can they see smaller things than us? How small?

ID: vu9z46
Title: Radio, X-rays, and visible light are different wavelengths on the same EM spectrum. Could a modified chlorophyll molecule perform photosynthesis from a radio source instead of visible light?
Author: option8
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.87
CommentCount: 14
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657284373
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vu9z46/radio_xrays_and_visible_light_are_different/
Text: 

ID: vua95u
Title: Can different water types increase how wrinkly your hands get after a bath?
Author: No-Mango5939
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657285247
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vua95u/can_different_water_types_increase_how_wrinkly/
Text: Coming for summer break back home, I noticed my hands got super wrinkly after a 20’ bath, something that doesn’t happen as fast and intense at school. Now I’m guessing water isn’t wetter than in the Netherlands, but something surely is different. 

Can it be from different substances in the water treatment? If so, which ones? If not, why?

ID: vuaa7m
Title: Are there more extinct species than living species?
Author: msief
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657285334
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vuaa7m/are_there_more_extinct_species_than_living_species/
Text: What about bird species?

ID: vuc0ul
Title: What is the difference between the old idea of an electromagnetic ether and the theory of quantum fields?
Author: nathan500
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.7
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657290393
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vuc0ul/what_is_the_difference_between_the_old_idea_of_an/
Text: Is the idea of an ether resurgent now that quantum studies argue for quantum fields? Are they at all similar?

ID: vucj8s
Title: Can a bone marrow transplant transmit leukemia?
Author: inucune
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.66
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657291843
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vucj8s/can_a_bone_marrow_transplant_transmit_leukemia/
Text: I understand that a bone marrow transplant is a common treatment for leukemia. 

I also understand that there is screening for any issues with the donor tissue.

For the purpose of this question, if a person who is getting a bone marrow transplant for a non-cancer related issue (such as aplastic anemia), could this transmit leukemia from the donor to the recipient?

ID: vuckjp
Title: May be a dumb question, but do stars of the same mass also have the same volume?
Author: crocnahalf
Score: 124
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 45
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657291947
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vuckjp/may_be_a_dumb_question_but_do_stars_of_the_same/
Text: Given that stars are mostly made of the same stuff (hydrogen and helium) and gravity is only dependent on mass, I figured equal stellar masses would have similar densities.

ID: vucn9s
Title: Brood parasitism in wasps?
Author: NickYuk
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657292160
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vucn9s/brood_parasitism_in_wasps/
Text: There’s a ton of brood parasites in solitary bees, it’s been estimated to have 15 origins. But in apiod wasps it’s only developed twice in the Crabronidae family. Why is there such a huge discrepancy between the two when they are so closely related?

ID: vuhwm2
Title: How much does gravity affect moving objects at extremely short distances?
Author: ryanasimov
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 20
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657306339
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vuhwm2/how_much_does_gravity_affect_moving_objects_at/
Text: For example, imagine a bullet leaving a gun barrel. If an instrument was sensitive enough to measure the distance between the bullet and the ground, would you be able to record a drop in the first meter? Centimeter? Millimeter? Planck length?

ID: vul2o1
Title: What are rocks made of?
Author: whambamthankyoumaan
Score: 286
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 70
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657315005
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vul2o1/what_are_rocks_made_of/
Text: Like, i know it sounds dumb, but I dont really know what they would be made of. Like, if I look at a diamond, I know it's carbon. If we talk about air, ik its oxygen, nitrogen, etc, etc. But what are rocks made of?

ID: vumexi
Title: Do humans become more acclimated (sweating less) to high temperatures when living in warmer countries for long periods of time?
Author: _Zouth
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657318675
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vumexi/do_humans_become_more_acclimated_sweating_less_to/
Text: I'm from northern Europe and currently visiting souther Europe where temperatures are currently ~30 degrees celsius during daytime. Temperatures that I'm not used to at home. I can only step outside for a few minutes before I'm sweating quite heavily. Meanwhile I see the locals walking around wearing full lenght pants, long sleeved shirts etc. looking like they're completely unaffected by the heath. Would I be more acclimated to the heath (i.e. sweat less) if I were to stay here for longer periods of time? If so, how long?

ID: vunmmh
Title: What Animal is Genetically Furthest from Humans?
Author: None
Score: 13
VoteRatio: 0.84
CommentCount: 14
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657322071
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vunmmh/what_animal_is_genetically_furthest_from_humans/
Text: So often people talk about what animals are closest to us (chimps, monkeys, etc) but I've never really heard of someone talking about the most unrelated animal to us. So, in terms of what would be commonly referred to as an animal in every-day talk (so no single-celled organisms or things like that), what is furthest from us?

Edit: For clarity, by "animal in every-day talk" I just mean no single celled organisms, bacteria, etc. Things that are just so obviously far from us because they're so simple. Things like insects, sponges, etc all count. I eliminate them simply because while most likely correct, it's just not an interesting answer, and most people not in the scientific field wouldn't consider a bacteria to even be an animal in any way. For the sake of what discussion can be drawn from this, I want more interesting answers than the very obvious.

ID: vunz2p
Title: How fast can temperature change?
Author: Ok_loop
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657323050
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vunz2p/how_fast_can_temperature_change/
Text: I was thinking about the JWST and it’s incredibly extreme temperature gradient from heat-shield side to cryo-cooled instrument block, all over a physical space of maybe a few meters. 

Is the fundamental limit to how fast a temperature can change based of a plank length, or something else? I suppose it must be linked to fundamental forces and atomic motion, but I can’t really get an intuitive sense of what might limit the speed of temperature change. 

Cheers!

ID: vuobkj
Title: What happens to a fireant colony when the queen dies?
Author: TexasIsForRednecks
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657324114
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vuobkj/what_happens_to_a_fireant_colony_when_the_queen/
Text: So I use Indoxacarb fire ant bait on the colony and I see the workers carry the bait inside the mound.  Then on avg 3 days later the mound is dead.  The pesticide supposedly is fed to the queen and the colony dies.  But how?  Do they all just starve?  Or shutdown like the Borg? Or do they relocate and find a new queen?

ID: vuogxy
Title: Does the amount of exposure to a sick person increase your level of sickness?
Author: Charlito1
Score: 26
VoteRatio: 0.66
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657324562
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vuogxy/does_the_amount_of_exposure_to_a_sick_person/
Text: Let’s say if you are in a store and a single airborne COVID virus gets into your system. Would you get less sick than someone who gets directly sneezed on and a thousand COVID viruses get in your system? 

I’m curious if it only takes one single virus and the amount doesn’t really matter since in both cases the virus would still multiply a lot anyways.

ID: vutds3
Title: why did the first cratons form and why do continental plates exist?
Author: LurkerFailsLurking
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657340329
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vutds3/why_did_the_first_cratons_form_and_why_do/
Text: When magma oozes up from the mantle at divergent plate boundaries or from hot spots like Hawaii, they form "oceanic plate material" that's low in silicates.

Then that stuff gets subducted under continental plates where it melts and bubbles back up but now when that lava comes out it forms high silicate "continental plate material".

But why? Where did the first cratons come from and why does continental plate material ever form? Why isn't it all oceanic plate material?

ID: vutlqz
Title: Do Anti-inflamatory medications slow the healing process?
Author: marksills
Score: 525
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 178
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657341088
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vutlqz/do_antiinflamatory_medications_slow_the_healing/
Text: A common refrain when small injuries (like a tweak to a back muscle) occur is to take ibuprofen, which in theory reduces inflammation. But from my understanding, inflammation is your body's natural reaction to an injury and is meant to heal you. So while they may have short term pain relief effects, are these drugs slowing the healing process? How does this apply to non NSAID pain relievers such as Tylenol?

ID: vutngm
Title: “In 1796, Edward Jenner, considered the founder of vaccinology in the West, successfully inoculated an eight-year-old boy against smallpox using vaccinia virus—from cowpox.” How?
Author: pillowtalkingtonoone
Score: 141
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 29
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657341260
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vutngm/in_1796_edward_jenner_considered_the_founder_of/
Text: When first making a vaccine, how do scientists extract (harvest?) a virus and make it administrable to humans? After a vaccine is successfully made, can it just be made synthetically from then on?

ID: vutwmc
Title: How is memory related to intelligence?
Author: fanglife
Score: 28
VoteRatio: 0.74
CommentCount: 20
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657342184
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vutwmc/how_is_memory_related_to_intelligence/
Text: 

ID: vutxsp
Title: In oil/gas drilling, how is torque applied effectively to the drill bit a mile or more below the surface? Is there a significant spring effect on the shank?
Author: Clay_Pigeon
Score: 169
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 78
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657342306
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vutxsp/in_oilgas_drilling_how_is_torque_applied/
Text: It seems to me that it might take many rotations at the surface to start the bit spinning against the rock, and that the extremely long shank of the drill gets twisted up somewhat. I probably have some bad assumptions.

ID: vutxwh
Title: Why are there hydrating creams, gels etc for the skin of the face and the body? Doesn't water get to every skin tissue to hydrate it?
Author: MrInfinitumEnd
Score: 4018
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 399
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657342316
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vutxwh/why_are_there_hydrating_creams_gels_etc_for_the/
Text: 

ID: vuu4wx
Title: Does solar activity leave terrestrial records?
Author: Nianarl
Score: 32
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657343024
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vuu4wx/does_solar_activity_leave_terrestrial_records/
Text: For example, would a massive solar flare leave any record of itself? Radiation in rocks, or that sort of thing? Is there any way to know about the history of solar flares or increased solar activity other than written human records?

ID: vuzp8r
Title: Do birds of the same species in different geographical areas have variance in their calls like humans have different dialects? Why or why not?
Author: steel_sun
Score: 32
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 14
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657366260
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vuzp8r/do_birds_of_the_same_species_in_different/
Text: 

ID: vv25r9
Title: How effective were the COVID-19 lockdowns?
Author: JustQsTime
Score: 16
VoteRatio: 0.63
CommentCount: 28
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657374703
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vv25r9/how_effective_were_the_covid19_lockdowns/
Text: This is an issue raised by many friends of mine that I find have a tendency towards the conspiratorial.
I'd be interested where I could find some relevant data on the efficacy of lockdowns at managing the pandemic.

ID: vv431x
Title: If two different viruses invade one cell, which virus wins?
Author: PaddleMonkey
Score: 24
VoteRatio: 0.76
CommentCount: 16
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657380373
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vv431x/if_two_different_viruses_invade_one_cell_which/
Text: 

ID: vv6utt
Title: are bats actually blind or is it just a myth and do they have really good eyesight, if so why do they use sound to move around which causes them to die on power lines, which they can see with their eyes?
Author: Scarlett_is_here
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.65
CommentCount: 14
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657388310
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vv6utt/are_bats_actually_blind_or_is_it_just_a_myth_and/
Text: I have two books in physics of the same class, one of 2021 and one of 2017 but they have one contradicting information, the one in 2017 says 

> With echo of sound bats can move easily, they cannot see through their eyes. 

In the book of 2021, 

> Bats have eyes, they can actually see very well with it. 

(Translated by me, very poorly.) 

Which ones correct? 

Also Why do they say you're blind as a bat?

ID: vv9167
Title: Why would the immune system attack the eyes, if it knew they were there?
Author: Skate4needsLIDAR
Score: 1565
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 83
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657394575
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vv9167/why_would_the_immune_system_attack_the_eyes_if_it/
Text: 

ID: vvayl8
Title: How does rayleigh scattering polarize light?
Author: GuRoux_
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657400166
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvayl8/how_does_rayleigh_scattering_polarize_light/
Text: As far as I understand, the light from the sun is scattered with a bias towards certain polarization angles. But, the sunlight is randomly polarized and the molecules in the air are randomly oriented, so how does this bias come about?

ID: vvbp6j
Title: When you're infected with a virus, what percentage of your body's cells actually contain the virus?
Author: Gromflake
Score: 2131
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 97
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657402341
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvbp6j/when_youre_infected_with_a_virus_what_percentage/
Text: 

ID: vvcawp
Title: Is the acceleration of Piaget developmental stages possible?
Author: dog3000baby
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657404106
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvcawp/is_the_acceleration_of_piaget_developmental/
Text: Hello everyone,

&#x200B;

I have been learning about Piaget recently through the Introduction to Psychology Yale course ([https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL6A08EB4EEFF3E91F](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL6A08EB4EEFF3E91F)) and I was wondering if it would be possible, maybe through a set of tailored puzzles, to accelerate a child's advancement through Piaget's developmental stages.

 

\- Is there a physical limit for this (possibly that children gain these abilities not only through assimilation with their environment but also the physical growth of brain, therefore such puzzles/toys would not be effective as the child does not have the physical brain capacity to advance in their developmental stage yet?)

&#x200B;

Any studies/videos regarding this topic would be greatly appreciated, let me know what you all think.

ID: vvcr16
Title: Is there any actual cases of ‘If you don’t move they can’t see you’ in nature and if so, why?
Author: AugustineBlackwater
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657405414
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvcr16/is_there_any_actual_cases_of_if_you_dont_move/
Text: 

ID: vvd8rc
Title: Why is Covid dangerous both to immunocompromised people, and via cytokine storms?
Author: rasputinette
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657406886
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvd8rc/why_is_covid_dangerous_both_to_immunocompromised/
Text: So, one of the dangers of Covid is that it will cause a cytokine storm, and the storm - not the virus - will kill the victim. At the same time, however, Covid is especially dangerous to immunocompromised people. How does the infection work, that both having a "strong" immune system and a "weak" one makes a person extra-vulnerable?

ID: vvedx4
Title: Why do tree rings equal one year?
Author: Inlhia
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657410380
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvedx4/why_do_tree_rings_equal_one_year/
Text: Also, why do they continually grow instead of staying the same size at a certain age?

ID: vvgxzn
Title: How does body hair know what length to grow to?
Author: Spiritual_Age_4992
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657418623
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvgxzn/how_does_body_hair_know_what_length_to_grow_to/
Text: *Observations:

Every time I trim my body hair, it grows back.

Now there can be two possible explanations for this:

*Explanation 1:

Body hair growth is continuous and hair grows indefinitely long if left ungroomed.

But I know this is not true, because for the first 18 years of my ife I never trimmed any hair, but they still didn't grow further after reaching a certain size.

*Explation 2:

There is some sort of feedback mechanism that let's the hair root cells know that the hair has been trimmed and they grow enough to compensate for the exact length that has been lost.

*Question:

But if hair is made of dead cells, how exactly can the body tell if that particular strand of hair has been cut

(I tried cutting out a patch of hair for this purpose and it grew to the same length as well after a few weeks)

And the exact length to which it has been cut?

....

I specifically put body hair in my question because I've never tested our the full limit of head hair, so I assumed it grows indefinitely.

ID: vvhero
Title: What is the total surface area of the bronchioles/bronchi (not alveoli) in a typical human lung?
Author: tasmaniansyrup
Score: 22
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657420184
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvhero/what_is_the_total_surface_area_of_the/
Text: It's widely known that the alveoli have a massive total surface area (70-100 m\^2) in order to transmit oxygen to the bloodstream. What about the passages in the lungs that transmit the air to the alveoli but don't participate in gas exchange? Is their total surface area known?

ID: vvidcm
Title: How does Herpes (cold sores) actually cause the body to create the structure it is known for?
Author: Teri_Windwalker
Score: 24
VoteRatio: 0.84
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657423356
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvidcm/how_does_herpes_cold_sores_actually_cause_the/
Text: Is the virus specifically giving instructions that are interpreted as "raised, blister-matted skin" or is it something that human body would already make in response to skin damage and is simply being "tricked" into doing so?

ID: vviokv
Title: How does your body know what shape to make your teeth?
Author: ReadingIt_
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.84
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657424440
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vviokv/how_does_your_body_know_what_shape_to_make_your/
Text: I can see how the parts of your body made of cells might know how to shape themselves, but teeth are mostly just minerals. How does your body know how shape something that isn’t made of cells?

ID: vvqnk3
Title: What is a metric of measuring a persons metabolism ?
Author: __Catfish__Obama
Score: 17
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657456822
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvqnk3/what_is_a_metric_of_measuring_a_persons_metabolism/
Text: 

ID: vvsxof
Title: Are there any large terrestrial exoplanets with an accretion disk similar to Saturn's?
Author: bengarrr
Score: 1732
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 116
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657464167
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvsxof/are_there_any_large_terrestrial_exoplanets_with/
Text: 

ID: vvszsb
Title: What is gas-liquid mass transfer in the context of bubbles?
Author: existntialMelancholy
Score: 124
VoteRatio: 0.84
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657464346
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvszsb/what_is_gasliquid_mass_transfer_in_the_context_of/
Text: Hi there, I am doing some research on micro bubbling technology used in water-treatment. One term that comes across very frequently is gas-liquid mass transfer. Right now, my interpretation of this term is the rate at which gas in the bubble dissolves and transfers to the liquid or the water body. Is this accurate? I am struggling to find a simple to understand explanation of the term through goggle searches.

ID: vvul6s
Title: What are migraines specifically?
Author: LeekMajor5391
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 22
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657468926
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvul6s/what_are_migraines_specifically/
Text: I’ve recently started getting migraines after being in the sun too much and I can’t find anywhere anything that explains what a mirgaine actually is

ID: vvuuyp
Title: Our water is hard. If we want to minimize limescale deposits in our electric kettle, is it better to only boil the amount of water we need or to boil a kettle full every time?
Author: LadyDriverKW
Score: 34
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 21
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657469701
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvuuyp/our_water_is_hard_if_we_want_to_minimize/
Text: [Water Quality numbers](https://imgur.com/a/PeUDIQU) 

The kettle boils between .5L and 1.7L at a time.

This is to settle a longstanding marital disagreement.

ID: vvvenq
Title: Why don’t mammals typically have a cloaca?
Author: MERmook
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657471257
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvvenq/why_dont_mammals_typically_have_a_cloaca/
Text: It seems most vertebrates and invertebrates utilise some form of a cloaca for excretion and reproduction; what led mammals to developing differently? Is there a reason we need multiple ways of releasing waste?

ID: vvw10g
Title: Is there a particular reason human ears are shaped like that? Other animals like cats or cows don't have it nearly as weird and complicated.
Author: thetimujin
Score: 205
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 60
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657472990
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvw10g/is_there_a_particular_reason_human_ears_are/
Text: 

ID: vvwf3t
Title: If rivers are constantly flowing and eventually end up in the ocean how do they last for thousands of years without running out of water from their source?
Author: ZantetsukenX
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.53
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657474078
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvwf3t/if_rivers_are_constantly_flowing_and_eventually/
Text: I realize the answer is precipitation, but is there truly so much water being converted from air/clouds into liquid every day that rivers don't quickly run dry after a set of time (years/decades)?

ID: vvwwnb
Title: How do they reduce calories in juice?
Author: phalseprofits
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657475427
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvwwnb/how_do_they_reduce_calories_in_juice/
Text: Like cranberry juice- what process are they using to remove the calories without it tasting horribly tart? I didn’t see any added artificial sweeteners in the ingredients which is how I assumed it was done.

ID: vvxm22
Title: How fast (duration) does a flash of light have to be before we can detect it?
Author: None
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657477373
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvxm22/how_fast_duration_does_a_flash_of_light_have_to/
Text: e.g. if a flash of light was 50ms would the naked eye + brain perceive it? What duration would we not be able to detect the flash of light?

ID: vvxw1p
Title: How different are SARS-CoV2 Omicron surface antigens other than the spike protein compared to the (Wuhan) wild type?
Author: FermatSim
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.58
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657478160
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvxw1p/how_different_are_sarscov2_omicron_surface/
Text: I've been vaccinated 3 times against SARS-COV2 (Pfizer-Pfizer-Moderna) without a breakthrough infection so far; the fourth jab would be available for me but I'm hesitant to train my immune system again against the Wuhan-type of the Spike protein when it has mutated so much over the years, culminating in all the Omicron variants. Original Antigenic sin is a concern for me.

So my question is, of all the other available surface epitopes of the virus, how much mutation has been going on there? I would wager that the Spike protein faces the most evolutionary pressure right now with the amount of vaccinated people. Are other surface antigens as variable?

What would be the advantages/disadvantages of an inactivated vaccine (e.g. *Valneva*) for a fourth vaccination?

ID: vvxx7n
Title: so,when a star dies it changes to a black hole or a neutron star ,so, there's any signs that the star gonna be a black hole or a neutron star?
Author: otako_gamer1937
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.48
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657478248
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvxx7n/sowhen_a_star_dies_it_changes_to_a_black_hole_or/
Text: 

ID: vvy039
Title: Why doesn't cancer instantly spread to the entire body like other diseases?
Author: lawrence1998
Score: 35
VoteRatio: 0.8
CommentCount: 17
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657478474
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvy039/why_doesnt_cancer_instantly_spread_to_the_entire/
Text: I know that cancer can spread to other parts of the body but why does it take so long and why does it sometimes not happen at all?  


 Wouldn't just a few cells moving through the body be enough to "infect" another part of the body?

ID: vvylv5
Title: Does the South Atlantic Anomaly produce any measurable increased exposure to ionizing radiation to humans?
Author: Next-Ad-7267
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.74
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657480162
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvylv5/does_the_south_atlantic_anomaly_produce_any/
Text: 

ID: vvyo1e
Title: Is the phenomenon of 'photographic memory' real? If so what were the differences of the brain of the individual from an average individual?
Author: MrInfinitumEnd
Score: 59
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 40
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657480325
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvyo1e/is_the_phenomenon_of_photographic_memory_real_if/
Text: If the phenomenon is real, are there perceived differences in the brain, body and behavior of the individuals that have it?

ID: vvypy7
Title: Why do we get mold in other warm and moist areas but not in our armpits?
Author: 6ran9eee
Score: 555
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 102
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657480476
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vvypy7/why_do_we_get_mold_in_other_warm_and_moist_areas/
Text: I was practicing taekwondo and I suddenly remembered that it’s not our sweat that smells but the bacteria that consumes it does and we never have mold grow in our armpits similar to when food gets moldy, why is that? Is it simply because our sweat contains salt and water? Is it a different bacteria?
Edit: Guys, I practice good hygiene like any reasonable human would. Quit being rude by telling me to “shower more often” or “clean your pits,” I thought about it because of the sweat that was falling on my face and my mind wandered from there.

ID: vw0r4q
Title: Are wave-particle duality and "quantum" gravity just observation and measurement problems?
Author: izactuallydolan
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.44
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657486136
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vw0r4q/are_waveparticle_duality_and_quantum_gravity_just/
Text: When we "observe" photons, they behave a different way, this is the "spookiness" and the lynchpin of quantum physics. Is applying the energy to the photon what causes the wave function to collapse? Or is it "seeing" it, like a thief having a 20% chance to of being in one of five houses, but that probability "collapsing" when we catch him in one specific house? Does that means Schrodinger's Thief isn't really in all 5 houses at once, right? Is the cat just a thought experiment to show absurd consequences of Copenhagen? 

Is observing/applying energy the same problem with a hypothetical graviton? Like if we abstract out a graviton, we can't measure it without adding to energy to it, which adds to the mass, which adds to the gravity, etc etc etc?  

EDIT: grammars

ID: vw2ni0
Title: Are smell/taste memories as fallible as memories of feelings and events?
Author: Fop_Vndone
Score: 1538
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 97
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657491437
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vw2ni0/are_smelltaste_memories_as_fallible_as_memories/
Text: 

ID: vw2rk3
Title: How do chemists figure out the stoichiometry/outcome of complicated reactions before doing them?
Author: deputymcnugget
Score: 97
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 25
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657491758
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vw2rk3/how_do_chemists_figure_out_the/
Text: I can see how they do it with more basic reactions like double replacement, synthesis, etc., but I’m curious how people can predict specific chemical reactions.

ID: vw4hbv
Title: What determines the different colors and makeup of sand on different beaches?
Author: Iwantmorelife
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.81
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657496829
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vw4hbv/what_determines_the_different_colors_and_makeup/
Text: 

ID: vw7z6j
Title: Can human infections be passed on by flatulence?
Author: LawnShame
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657507708
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vw7z6j/can_human_infections_be_passed_on_by_flatulence/
Text: Presumably every other discharge including exhalation from one person can infect others fairly easily. What about farts?

ID: vwbfv9
Title: Why are some types of cancer more common?
Author: Angel_thebro
Score: 16
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 20
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657519751
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwbfv9/why_are_some_types_of_cancer_more_common/
Text: I've always wondered why some types of cancer are more common than others. Especially breast cancer, what is it about the cells there that make easier to get cancer there than in other parts of the body? I know lot of cancer can be directly caused by someone's lifestyle like lung cancer for smokers, and I can kind of guess at ovarian and testicular cancer being common because I'd guess that since that region is just really like used a lot, with a lot of specialized stuff happening there all the time it makes sense.

ID: vwd6hx
Title: Has there been any carnivores that evolved into herbivores, and vice versa? Plus how would it be possible?
Author: Kingofj1234
Score: 37
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 17
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657526942
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwd6hx/has_there_been_any_carnivores_that_evolved_into/
Text: Probably a stupid question

ID: vwe27g
Title: Is the coding strand of DNA ever transcribed?
Author: Minilychee
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.72
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657530840
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwe27g/is_the_coding_strand_of_dna_ever_transcribed/
Text: My understanding is that RNA polymerase runs along the template DNA strand during transcription, pumping out a strand of RNA identical to the coding strand. But I was wondering if the coding strand can only be that, or if it is also used as a template strand every once in a while. Do the two strands switch roles? It seems like a simple question, but I can't seem to get a clear answer through google.

ID: vwes4u
Title: Is adrenaline always effective for anaphylaxis?
Author: NonHealingUlcer
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657533889
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwes4u/is_adrenaline_always_effective_for_anaphylaxis/
Text: 

ID: vwhj6x
Title: What are the physiological processes in a woman's body responsible for inducing and performing the expulsion of a fetus during a miscarriage?
Author: EVOSexyBeast
Score: 88
VoteRatio: 0.81
CommentCount: 24
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657543409
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwhj6x/what_are_the_physiological_processes_in_a_womans/
Text: I understand an early miscarriage is often induced by a chromosomal abnormality, but how does the body know there is a chromosomal abnormality? And then how does the body proceed to expel the fetus? Is it just the fetus "falling out" or does the body intentionally and actively push out the fetus? If the latter, what are the physiological processes involved and how do they work?

ID: vwhkay
Title: Why are the planets in our system so different from each other? You’d think at least a couple would have developed the same/looked alike.
Author: GeekYogurt
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.48
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657543505
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwhkay/why_are_the_planets_in_our_system_so_different/
Text: 

ID: vwirml
Title: When you "feel" the sun beating down on you, is that some part of your body reacting to radiation rather than the normal sense of warmth carried via conduction or convection?
Author: GavinThePacMan
Score: 6805
VoteRatio: 0.96
CommentCount: 312
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657547005
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwirml/when_you_feel_the_sun_beating_down_on_you_is_that/
Text: 

ID: vwjd1d
Title: How do white blood cells replicate immunity between generations?
Author: General_Elephant
Score: 16
VoteRatio: 0.84
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657548647
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwjd1d/how_do_white_blood_cells_replicate_immunity/
Text: How does our immune system transfer genetic information about identified viruses and bacteria to future generations of white blood cells and other immune system functions? Does it get transferred, and if so, how can we develop a persistent immunity to something like polio?

How are white blood cells recycled by the body? Does the genetic data coded by these WBCs get lost? 

It is my understanding that WBCs encode some of the genetic material it breaks down to help identify future threats, but WBCs don't live forever, so what happens to this captured genetic material?

ID: vwjylm
Title: How are Coronavirus classification numbers created, and is there a universal system for all viruses?
Author: proboardslolv5
Score: 23
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657550289
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwjylm/how_are_coronavirus_classification_numbers/
Text: I see variants of coronavirus with labels like B.1.617.2 (Delta) and B.1.1.529 (Omicron), and then for Omicron there are subvariants like BA.1, BA.2, etc.

Is this classification system unique to SARS-CoV-2? What does B mean? What does each number mean? Do they use this same classification system for other viruses? Is there a database of viruses with their classification numbers somewhere, along with basic factsheet information like R0 value?

ID: vwka0g
Title: Do snakes get itchy?
Author: blackinaminute
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657551141
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwka0g/do_snakes_get_itchy/
Text: 

ID: vwmklx
Title: How did the rivers choose their meandering paths on the same soil structure, and how did the rivers choose where they bifurcate?
Author: Curious_Strike3950
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657557024
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwmklx/how_did_the_rivers_choose_their_meandering_paths/
Text: 

ID: vwmsdd
Title: When physicists or cosmologists say that there may be much more of the universe beyond our "cosmic horizon", how is that possible?
Author: theundiscoveredcolor
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.84
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657557568
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwmsdd/when_physicists_or_cosmologists_say_that_there/
Text: If I understand correctly, the further we peer into the cosmos, the further back in time we see. In that case, wouldn't the cosmic microwave background radiation and the first stars and galaxies then infer that the universe we observe is all there is?

I can understand that there could be a causal horizon, given the perceived flatness of our universe. However, I am hoping that someone can help differentiate between the "firewall" of the CMB and the speculative universe beyond what we can see with telescopes.

ID: vwnss6
Title: Are parasite species that specifically require a human host rare, or common?
Author: raimbows
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657560145
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwnss6/are_parasite_species_that_specifically_require_a/
Text: I know many parasites have evolved to rely on a particular host species for part or all of their life cycle; is this common or uncommon for the ones that parasitize us? The only examples of parasites I know of that are dependent on us for survival are certain species of lice and certain intestinal hookworms. I know many other parasites like *Giardia* and *Trypanosoma* can infect a range of host species.

ID: vwpcqn
Title: Why does the jump in the rate of Uranium enrichment is so much faster going from 20% to 90% vs initially going to 3.5%?
Author: TexasIsForRednecks
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657564123
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwpcqn/why_does_the_jump_in_the_rate_of_uranium/
Text: 

ID: vwqp8r
Title: Why is Plasma usually omitted or not mentioned at all in textbooks or articles about states of aggregation?
Author: lav3nd33r
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.61
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657567526
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwqp8r/why_is_plasma_usually_omitted_or_not_mentioned_at/
Text: 

ID: vwrn3u
Title: When you "feel" the sun beating down on you, is that some part of your body reacting to radiation rather than the normal sense of warmth carried via conduction or convection?
Author: Business-Advice7399
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657569860
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwrn3u/when_you_feel_the_sun_beating_down_on_you_is_that/
Text: When you "feel" the sun beating down
on you, is that some part of your body
reacting to radiation rather than the normal
sense of warmth carried via conduction or
convection?

ID: vwtml4
Title: Is there anywhere in the universe where energy exists without matter?
Author: Jondo_McRondo
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.64
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657574822
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwtml4/is_there_anywhere_in_the_universe_where_energy/
Text: Or in other words, does all the matter in the universe account for all the energy?

ID: vwucpa
Title: Is there any notable speciation of pest species that reside in urban environments like pigeons, rats, and cockroaches between major cities, countries, or continents? Or does the movement of people, and the inadvertent transportation of individuals of these species, prevent speciation?
Author: SakanaToDoubutsu
Score: 18
VoteRatio: 0.84
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657576635
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwucpa/is_there_any_notable_speciation_of_pest_species/
Text: Likewise for invasive species like Asian carp, lionfish, and snakeheads, where transportation of these species is strictly controlled to prevent further damage, is there any notable speciation between the original native populations and the individuals that exist in the invasive range?

ID: vwvkvi
Title: Are there “unlimited galaxies” in the universe as NASA administrator Nelson claimed today during the James Webb photo unveiling?
Author: ragold
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657579818
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwvkvi/are_there_unlimited_galaxies_in_the_universe_as/
Text: In the press conference, Joe Biden throws to a NASA official who makes the claim of infinite galaxies.

ID: vwvuab
Title: How is it insects can rub their 'eyes' without injuring them, but mammals/etc touching their eyes is damaging?
Author: A_BadNews_Bear
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657580518
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwvuab/how_is_it_insects_can_rub_their_eyes_without/
Text: 

ID: vwvx00
Title: Why do stars have spikes/flares in the James Webb Image?
Author: TheHopelessInfidel
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657580731
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwvx00/why_do_stars_have_spikesflares_in_the_james_webb/
Text: If you see the latest image by the James Webb telescope:
https://www.reddit.com/r/jameswebbdiscoveries/comments/vwuxzv/first_image_of_the_james_webb_discovery_telescope/?utm_medium=android_app&utm_source=share

The stars have spikes/flares coming out of them but the galaxies are crisp and clear. Why is that? Is it related to where we are focusing on in the image? 

PS: I read somewhere that stars are the ones with flares/spikes. If not please feel free to correct me.

ID: vwwk3b
Title: Why are galaxies galaxy sized?
Author: mikom636
Score: 9
VoteRatio: 0.72
CommentCount: 17
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657582537
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwwk3b/why_are_galaxies_galaxy_sized/
Text: It seems that galaxies have a range of sizes that they come in why the galaxies arranged at that variety of sizes? Why cosmic bodies dont come as an even larger arrengement of matter than galaxies?

ID: vwx9w9
Title: Can NASA zoom into the closest solar system with the Webb telescope to see planets?
Author: bigb0ned
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657584601
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwx9w9/can_nasa_zoom_into_the_closest_solar_system_with/
Text: 

ID: vwxnpz
Title: Why aren't all galaxies randomly spread out and instead are clustered in these weird structures?
Author: ctp_user101
Score: 9
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 19
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657585729
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwxnpz/why_arent_all_galaxies_randomly_spread_out_and/
Text: I just saw new webb space telescope image and have outlined some of the patterns you can see right away.

https://i.ibb.co/dQN1sPD/heic1214a.gif

ID: vwz5wr
Title: How come local stars (in the milky way) don't overexpose the JWST's image?
Author: edgymemesalt
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657590211
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwz5wr/how_come_local_stars_in_the_milky_way_dont/
Text: 

ID: vwzgmx
Title: Why are infrared telescopes like the JWST critical for observing the early universe? If light from far away is being red-shifted, wouldn't the farthest light eventually be shifted into radio wavelengths making radio telescopes more useful?
Author: chetanaik
Score: 888
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 85
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657591108
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwzgmx/why_are_infrared_telescopes_like_the_jwst/
Text: 

ID: vx03ur
Title: How does the JSWT take "color" photographs?
Author: Doctrina_Stabilitas
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.8
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657592985
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vx03ur/how_does_the_jswt_take_color_photographs/
Text: So I know in a camera that there's a bayer filter that makes color out of a black and white photograph, but for the JWST, it works in near infrared. Some news articles seem to say that it is able to un-red shift images from near infrared, but I assume, since it requires interpolation, that the JWST works in black and white and doesn't have a near infrared bayer filter equivalent. 

&#x200B;

So my question is by what process is a color image generated from near infrared light? If it requires multiple types of wavelengths, how is that collected because I thought that it was a "black and white" camera sensitive to all unfiltered wavelengths equally

ID: vx27ar
Title: Why are most galaxies and solar systems lateral?
Author: SilverWolfGames1
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657599481
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vx27ar/why_are_most_galaxies_and_solar_systems_lateral/
Text: Why do starts/planets in a typical galaxy/solar system fall on the same plane?
Why aren't they all around making a spherical shape?

ID: vx2ctv
Title: why do we hardly see dead birds (aside from roadkill) where do birds go to die?
Author: LemonAioli
Score: 106
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 60
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657600006
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vx2ctv/why_do_we_hardly_see_dead_birds_aside_from/
Text: 

ID: vx2y57
Title: Is there a method that will be used to name all that galaxies that will be discovered with the Webb telescope?
Author: slybird
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.64
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657602013
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vx2y57/is_there_a_method_that_will_be_used_to_name_all/
Text: I'm just wondering how galaxies are named. There is a lot of them. Possibly trillions of visible galaxies with this new telescope. Wondering if there is a method. Do most go unnamed or only get named if there is something significant about it?

ID: vx3x5w
Title: Why are galaxies not round?
Author: Nedpet
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657605434
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vx3x5w/why_are_galaxies_not_round/
Text: Observing all the round things in the universe, why are galaxies different?

ID: vx4mql
Title: How are boundaries between colors defined? Are they a cultural/linguistic/anthropological phenomenon stricto sensu, or are there biological/neurological bases behind color definition?
Author: MoiJaimeLesCrepes
Score: 1288
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 242
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657608155
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vx4mql/how_are_boundaries_between_colors_defined_are/
Text: A friend and I were arguing about the color of a car. I said it was pink. He said it was purple. I'm not a native speaker of English, so I wondered if that had perhaps something to do with it - perhaps my mother tongue delimited pink and purple differently than English. But asking some Americans, I found out that actually the jury was split. This got me thinking...  


\- Are some color boundaries fuzzier / more ambiguous than others? For instance, yellow might not be as contentious a color as others, but that is just my impression. 

  
\- If some color boundaries are fuzzier than others, is that consistent across languages? For instance, is the boundary between green and blue always fuzzy?

&#x200B;

\- Are there any biological bases for color definitions, anchored perhaps in color perception and processing?  


I realize that this question straddles many disciplines, so I flaired it with Psychology but it could as well have been linguistic, anthropological etc.

ID: vx5qua
Title: Does getting tattooed affect your white blood cell count and things like erythrocyte/eosinophil?
Author: Squidgewidge
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.64
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657612651
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vx5qua/does_getting_tattooed_affect_your_white_blood/
Text: 

ID: vx69rb
Title: How are Quasars formed?
Author: godcombat
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.57
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657614835
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vx69rb/how_are_quasars_formed/
Text: The brightest object in universe

ID: vx6m22
Title: In JWST's first picture, why do some galaxies look distorted while others don't?
Author: itengelhardt
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.54
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657616243
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vx6m22/in_jwsts_first_picture_why_do_some_galaxies_look/
Text: I marvel at the first picture taken by James Webb Space Telescope.   
However, I can't help but feel like some galaxies are (sometimes heavily) distorted - just like a long exposure shot that was taken with my DSLR. Meanwhile, other galaxies (that seem to be close to the distorted ones) look crisp. 

Am I seeing it wrong? Are these galaxies distorted by gravitational (or other?) effects? 

&#x200B;

Here's an image where I added red & yellow arrows to the different galaxies: [https://imgur.com/a/Y5Yk22e](https://imgur.com/a/Y5Yk22e)

ID: vx9vwq
Title: How safe is the James Webb Space Telescope from space debris?
Author: -DoguCat-
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.57
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657628443
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vx9vwq/how_safe_is_the_james_webb_space_telescope_from/
Text: 

ID: vxbs04
Title: Why is so much of the night sky dark, even when there are so many stars/galaxies?
Author: HanaHonu
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.55
CommentCount: 16
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657633974
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxbs04/why_is_so_much_of_the_night_sky_dark_even_when/
Text: The first image from the JWST shows thousands of galaxies. NASA's article says that this image "covers a patch of sky approximately the size of a grain of sand held at arm's length by someone on the ground."

If there are thousands of (even extremely distant) galaxies at every point in the sky (when viewed from Earth), why is the night sky dark in so many places? It seems like it could be bright almost everywhere -  is it just that some are so much closer & brighter, so it looks that way?

ID: vxc2kj
Title: What causes the arcs of light in the image from the James Webb telescope?
Author: RightWritingRites
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.56
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657634782
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxc2kj/what_causes_the_arcs_of_light_in_the_image_from/
Text: There are multiple arcs of light spreading from many of the galaxies shown in the deep field image from the James Webb Telescope. From googling I'm understanding that these arcs are generally the result of gravitational lensing caused by a mass outside the focus of the image. My specific question stems from the multiple arcs that aren't concentric.

I've worked to the perhaps invalid understanding that each non-concentric arc must represent a different lense (gravitational mass) How is a single perspective (the telescope) able to focus the light from multiple lenses at once?

ID: vxdwsk
Title: What does "Soft Metal" mean in a chemical context?
Author: Coolshirt4
Score: 18
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 14
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657639691
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxdwsk/what_does_soft_metal_mean_in_a_chemical_context/
Text: Was looking through some Safety Data sheets of a chemical cleaner, and noticed that it said "Contact with soft metals forms flammable chlorine gas"


Surely "soft" can't be just about it's actual hardness, because gold, for example is very soft, but chemically non-reactive.

So what is "Soft" meaning and what metals are "soft"

ID: vxe4lq
Title: Will the James Webb telescope be able to zoom in on the planets inside of our solar system? Or are the lenses not designed/capable for close viewing?
Author: BellyScratchFTW
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657640256
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxe4lq/will_the_james_webb_telescope_be_able_to_zoom_in/
Text: 

ID: vxe7wj
Title: Car collision physics - are there any differences between heavy trucks (SUVs) and regular ones safety-wise?
Author: chowder-san
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 13
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657640490
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxe7wj/car_collision_physics_are_there_any_differences/
Text: Assuming there is a frontal collision of 2 cars, are there any differences in safety between heavy trucks and lighter cars?

 I mean, there are some claims that due to how rigid the reinforced frame in heavy vehicles is, one is more susceptible to organ damage due to how kinetic energy is transferred. 

In case of lighter ones, they are intentionally made in a way that makes the body and chassis "absorb" the energy in order to reduce the damage the crash inflicts on the passengers. 

I guess the outcome of a collision could rely on the differences in weight between the participants.

TLDR: would a heavy vehicle be a better option safety wise? Or are there other factors in play?

ID: vxea2p
Title: If the JWST was pointed at the Sun, would it cook?
Author: speece75
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.31
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657640650
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxea2p/if_the_jwst_was_pointed_at_the_sun_would_it_cook/
Text: If so, how long would the space telescope need to be pointed at the sun before burning up?  1 minute, 1 hour, 1 day?  
Maybe this should go to /r/estimation . 
Thanks!

ID: vxeaey
Title: With the JWST newly released images, I noticed that the glare of bright objects tend to have a “cross-stitch” pattern. What is this image artifact caused by?
Author: measurethisman
Score: 19
VoteRatio: 0.63
CommentCount: 13
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657640675
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxeaey/with_the_jwst_newly_released_images_i_noticed/
Text: Super excited with these fantastic images! But I am curious about this

ID: vxeaw1
Title: Did I get rid of calcium chloride dessicant properly?
Author: Pussog
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.48
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657640709
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxeaw1/did_i_get_rid_of_calcium_chloride_dessicant/
Text: I accidentally spilled dessicant over my greens. As it's saturated calcium chloride I thought it'd be good to submerge and thoroughly rinse a couple of times to get rid of it. Now I've ran an ISO extract on it, it isn't fully solidifying like it normally would. Could this be leftover dessicant? Or could it be due to water/ISO that has refused to fully evaporate?

ID: vxect4
Title: I know everyone is excited about the Webb telescope, but what is going on with the 6-pointed star artifacts?
Author: seeLabmonkey2020
Score: 3292
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 396
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657640852
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxect4/i_know_everyone_is_excited_about_the_webb/
Text: Follow-up question: why is this artifact not considered a serious issue?

ID: vxefp8
Title: How dangerous is a dental x-ray?
Author: 21arkumar
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.55
CommentCount: 34
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657641067
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxefp8/how_dangerous_is_a_dental_xray/
Text: Hey guys, I am 19m. Today I went for a dental check-up. They did 3 dental x-rays on me. 2 on left cheek and 1 on the right. This is my frist time being exposed to a dental x-ray. Previously I have never had it done.

I was wondering as to how dangerous is a dental x-ray and how bad can it's effects be for someone of my age.

ID: vxfs7e
Title: Has James Webb taught us anything about the universe thus far? Or mostly just shown us what we expected?
Author: Legendary_Lamb2020
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657644521
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxfs7e/has_james_webb_taught_us_anything_about_the/
Text: I've been waiting excitedly for the images released by James Webb for years. They are wonderful, but they don't appear much different from Hubble images to my untrained eyes. I do understand that these images are diving much deeper in to space and time, but to a scientist, have these images brought any surprises thus far? Are we already changing our understanding of the universe in some way with what we can see?

ID: vxiocu
Title: Will JWST be used to observe nearby astronomical objects, or is it only useful to observe very distant objects?
Author: wickedwickedzoot
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657652162
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxiocu/will_jwst_be_used_to_observe_nearby_astronomical/
Text: The first JWST image is said to be the deepest infrared image of the universe ever observed, featuring galaxies billions of light years away. But would it make sense to point the JWST at a relatively nearby object like Pluto, or Proxima Centauri, and generate the most detailed images of these objects ever recorded?

ID: vxjt6a
Title: Our planet needs heat from the sun to sustain life. Would it be possible for an exoplanet or a rogue planet to achieve life-sustaining heat exchange through geothermal processes?
Author: greenwavelengths
Score: 52
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 16
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657655160
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxjt6a/our_planet_needs_heat_from_the_sun_to_sustain/
Text: 

ID: vxkp60
Title: Why do objects have different terminal velocity if they fall at the same speed?
Author: EstebanOD21
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.61
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657657500
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxkp60/why_do_objects_have_different_terminal_velocity/
Text: > "The mass, size, and shape of the object are not a factor in describing the motion of the object. So all objects, regardless of size or shape or weight, free fall with the same acceleration." Nasa

> "As such, all objects free fall at the same rate regardless of their mass."

So all objects fall at the same speed regardless of their mass. Therefore, an object's **mass doesn't matter**. Okay.

> "Terminal velocity will depend on the mass, cross sectional area, and drag coefficient of the object as well as the density of the fluid through which the object is falling and gravitational accelleration."

But now I'm told that **mass do matter**, and that an object with more mass will fall faster?

So do they or do they not fall at different speed...?

ID: vxnum7
Title: If galaxies look like they have a center, in popular imagery, why don’t we ever see the center of our galaxy in the night sky?
Author: ilovepalmtree
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657665929
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxnum7/if_galaxies_look_like_they_have_a_center_in/
Text: As the title suggests, but for example in this [animation](https://www.reddit.com/r/spaceporn/comments/vxcm23/milky_way_and_andromeda_colliding_45_billion/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=ios_app&utm_name=iossmf) where there looks like the center of the galaxy is a mass of stars, why can’t we ever see that from earth? Is it behind our sun? How is that possible if the earth is always rotating?

ID: vxnxht
Title: Why do mosquito's make that buzzing sound?
Author: Ufo_piloot
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657666158
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxnxht/why_do_mosquitos_make_that_buzzing_sound/
Text: For an animal that relies on remaining undetected,  it seems rather silly to announce it's presence. 

Is there some benefit to it?

ID: vxocvw
Title: The James Webb Telescope (JWT) sent back some amazing pictures. What, if any, are some of the specific questions that scientists are hoping to answer using the JWT?
Author: joeyjoejoe_7
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 0
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657667376
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxocvw/the_james_webb_telescope_jwt_sent_back_some/
Text: 

ID: vxoe3h
Title: Is the air above the wing technically cooler in temperature than the air below a wing?
Author: SumOfKyle
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.6
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657667471
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxoe3h/is_the_air_above_the_wing_technically_cooler_in/
Text: 

ID: vxp6sh
Title: What determines a material's heat capacity? Why is water's so high?
Author: KrishaCZ
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 17
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657669860
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxp6sh/what_determines_a_materials_heat_capacity_why_is/
Text: This question came to me at 1:30AM in bed thinking about *why* we actually boil stuff in water: it has high heat capacity so it spreads the heat evenly and stays hot after we turn off the heat (or put out the fire)

But yeah water seems like an unassuming molecule if that makes sense, what makes it able to take in so much energy before changing temperature?

ID: vxps4v
Title: How dense is a nebula such as the Carina nebula in the JWST photos? What would the sky be likely to look like from a planet in a cloudy nebula?
Author: like_big_mutts
Score: 28
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 16
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657671626
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxps4v/how_dense_is_a_nebula_such_as_the_carina_nebula/
Text: I can't really get my head around the size of nebulas. They look like a cloud from far away but if we were inside one would it be huge distances between lights or particles or whatever is being photographed? Or would it look just like a cloud from inside, too?

ID: vxqu3n
Title: When astronomers say that "space is expanding," does that just mean that the things in space are moving away (say, from 3 to 7 cm on a ruler), or does it mean the unit length itself is being distorted (it's still 3 cm, but centimeters themselves are now longer)?
Author: WartimeHotTot
Score: 450
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 138
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657674915
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxqu3n/when_astronomers_say_that_space_is_expanding_does/
Text: 

ID: vxrgvb
Title: What is the solution they put biopsy samples in?
Author: readthat2022
Score: 13
VoteRatio: 0.76
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657676891
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxrgvb/what_is_the_solution_they_put_biopsy_samples_in/
Text: When they remove a piece of tissue, what is the solution in the specimen container to be sent to the lab? Oral/throat tissue.

ID: vxrord
Title: Do we know how long did it take for an Otodus Megalodon to reach its full 20m. size? How does this growth compare to animals today of comparable sizes or to other large, predatory sharks?
Author: wiz28ultra
Score: 45
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657677570
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxrord/do_we_know_how_long_did_it_take_for_an_otodus/
Text: 

ID: vxrvwx
Title: In TV shows, there are occasionally scenes in which a character takes a syringe of “knock-out juice” and jams it into the body of someone they need to render unconscious. That’s not at all how it works in real life, right?
Author: monkeybrains12
Score: 4896
VoteRatio: 0.95
CommentCount: 956
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657678173
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxrvwx/in_tv_shows_there_are_occasionally_scenes_in/
Text: 

ID: vxs7bb
Title: How does pressing the calculator button on my keyboard open the calculator?
Author: animadverter
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.47
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657679158
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxs7bb/how_does_pressing_the_calculator_button_on_my/
Text: What goes on under the hood?  Is it handled in the driver or does windows have a dedicated open calculator routine?  If it is handled in the driver, how does the keyboard send the data to the computer (i.e. what does the calculator signal look like)?  

I'm trying to build a keyboard from scratch, and would like to include a calculator button, but I'm struggling to find a real answer to this question.  Please be technical in your answer!

ID: vxszwy
Title: How do astronomers find the oldest sections of the sky to look at?
Author: Farts_McGee
Score: 84
VoteRatio: 0.85
CommentCount: 85
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657681656
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxszwy/how_do_astronomers_find_the_oldest_sections_of/
Text: Obviously a lot of space related questions with the JWST doing it's thing, but i wanted to know how they find the ancient sections of space to analyze? Do they scan the entirety of space looking for super redshifted space, or are there areas of the sky that are known to be particularly old?

ID: vxu5om
Title: How Common Are New Stars From Stellar Collision In The Late Universe?
Author: Iridium141
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 0
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657685510
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxu5om/how_common_are_new_stars_from_stellar_collision/
Text: I have heard that in the late universe (Degenerate Era I believe, but unsure if the technical stellar formation puts it before this) a small number of stars will likely form through stellar collision. I've heard of direct mechanisms for this that are below the Chandrasekhar Limit using carbon or hydrogen black dwarfs and brown dwarfs and some using neutron star collisions releasing "degenerate gas" (I assume this is a form of degenerate matter?). My questions are, How common are these interactions expected to be? Is it likely to happen anywhere in the universe multiple times in sequence? And What are these stars expected to be like?

ID: vxul8k
Title: Does the preparation for a colonoscopy have any effect on the health of the gut biome?
Author: BiggerDamnederHeroer
Score: 20
VoteRatio: 0.96
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657686985
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxul8k/does_the_preparation_for_a_colonoscopy_have_any/
Text: 

ID: vxv8h9
Title: Why is it not beneficial to keep the James Webb Space telescope perpetually in Earth’s shadow, relative to the sun?
Author: FortunateSonofLibrty
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657689330
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxv8h9/why_is_it_not_beneficial_to_keep_the_james_webb/
Text: With the sun shield playing such a crucial role, why is it not considered to keep the JWST perpetually occluded by the earth?

(I know smarter people have thought of this, if you could tell me, it would be the promise of the internet fulfilled.)

ID: vxwhua
Title: what does it mean for the universe to have a shape?
Author: ForeheadLipo
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.8
CommentCount: 16
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657694137
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vxwhua/what_does_it_mean_for_the_universe_to_have_a_shape/
Text: I’ve read different articles discussing theories of the shape of the universe but I can’t wrap my mind around all of the jargon explaining what that means and why it’s important to study. help!

ID: vy0wpo
Title: is there a limit on how far back in time we can see with a telescope?
Author: DrColossusOfRhodes
Score: 25
VoteRatio: 0.84
CommentCount: 20
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657711582
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy0wpo/is_there_a_limit_on_how_far_back_in_time_we_can/
Text: I've heard about how the JWST allows us to see things that happened close to the start of the universe.  I sort of understand how this works, but I was wondering if there is any sort of theoretical limit on how long ago something could have happened that we could see with the telescope?  Are there things that are just gone from our ability to observe, or will we be able to see further back by looking in the right places with more and more powerful telescopes?

ID: vy1ick
Title: Are rapid SARS-COV-2 tests still as reliable with the new lineages BA.4 and BA.5?
Author: paran0iid
Score: 20
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 13
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657713626
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy1ick/are_rapid_sarscov2_tests_still_as_reliable_with/
Text: And how come the rapid test kits can still detect the antigen even though these new variants shows such affinity for immune evasion?

&#x200B;

Will we have to test for another antigen in the near future? Or is the antigen somehow better "protected" against mutations?

ID: vy1tk1
Title: Why do we need to send JWST 1.5 million kms out to get images? With how grand the universe is wouldn't the difference in position mean almost nothing compared to how much more time/effort/$$ it cost to send it out that far?
Author: flodra
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 15
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657714610
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy1tk1/why_do_we_need_to_send_jwst_15_million_kms_out_to/
Text: 

ID: vy2geu
Title: I need to know does each person's body has their own bioelectricity signature ?
Author: Living_Dragonfruit13
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.47
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657716585
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy2geu/i_need_to_know_does_each_persons_body_has_their/
Text: Because each body have the same bioelectricity 
Or two different for each person like each person has different amount of electricity coursing through their body or or do the human body make different types of higher electricity in each person's body I just thought about it and I just want to see if my theory is true

ID: vy2tqe
Title: How do "color filters" work with an infrared telescope like JWST?
Author: sentirn
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.62
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657717648
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy2tqe/how_do_color_filters_work_with_an_infrared/
Text: The James Webb Space Telescope famously records infrared wavelengths to get better images because infrared light can penetrate dust and molecular clouds. The recent images that are released are stunning, but as with many space telescope images, they are false color. This is not a problem; it's still the real image, real data, and really beautiful, but while looking up how they do the false coloring [this article](https://blogs.nasa.gov/webb/2022/07/06/webbs-fine-guidance-sensor-provides-a-preview/) references "color filters" that are required for the telescopes operation. [Another article](https://english.elpais.com/science-tech/2022-07-12/james-webb-space-telescope-a-guide-to-the-first-full-color-image.html) mentions blue, green, and red filters (this one is not from NASA, so I cannot verify it's validity). Blue, green, and red are visible wavelengths, so how do these filters work with an infrared camera? Thank you!

ID: vy3hjt
Title: Botany: What is the difference between elaiosomes and fruit?
Author: GreatMotherPeachy
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.72
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657719569
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy3hjt/botany_what_is_the_difference_between_elaiosomes/
Text: Or are elaiosomes considered a type of fruit? And in that case, what defines them? Is it something structural or are they functionally defined by the relationship with ants? I just encountered the word for the first time, and I'm trying to put the information into the proper conceptual slot.

The Wikipedia article is somewhat unclear and could use some revision, or at least more explanation in this regard.

ID: vy3u0j
Title: How can radiation cause burns?
Author: allahyokdinyalan
Score: 114
VoteRatio: 0.84
CommentCount: 47
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657720553
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy3u0j/how_can_radiation_cause_burns/
Text: I wouldn't guess it transfers much heat so why does it cause skin "burns"?

ID: vy3xe6
Title: Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology
Author: AutoModerator
Score: 18
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657720810
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy3xe6/ask_anything_wednesday_economics_political/
Text: Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on **Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology**

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

**Asking Questions:**

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

**Answering Questions:**

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. [The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/wiki/index#wiki_answering_askscience). In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, [please refer to the information provided here](https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/about/sticky).

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts [can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/search?q=flair%3A%27meta%27&restrict_sr=on&sort=new&t=all). Ask away!

ID: vy4dse
Title: What shape do air parcels take below the LCL?
Author: lukemia94
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 0
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657722050
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy4dse/what_shape_do_air_parcels_take_below_the_lcl/
Text:  Above the LCL clouds take on very
 recognizable structures, though their morphology can vary vastly based on their state. Given that, do we know what shapes saturated air parcels take on below the LCL, like at the bottom of a cumulonimbus' anvil?

ID: vy5nym
Title: What exactly am I looking at with the new picture of the Carina Nebula from the JWST?
Author: VitaAeterna
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.6
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657725390
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy5nym/what_exactly_am_i_looking_at_with_the_new_picture/
Text: What exactly is going on in this picture? 

I'm assuming like all pictures of space, it's taken with some sort of long exposure and covers an absolutely massive area? Like this sort of thing you wouldn't be able to see with your naked eye?

ID: vy9mmj
Title: Why are the periods of earliest and latest sunrises and sunsets separated by several weeks on either side of the solstice?
Author: NetworkLlama
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657735332
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy9mmj/why_are_the_periods_of_earliest_and_latest/
Text: I've noticed that here in Dallas, TX, the longest day of 2022 (June 21) does not have either the earliest sunrise (06:18 from 07-17 June, with the actual earliest presumably around the middle of that) or the latest sunset (20:39 from 25 June-02 July). Similarly, the shortest day (December 21) has neither the latest sunrise (07:30 from 04-13 Jan 2023) nor the earliest sunset (17:20 from 29 Nov-08 Dec).

ID: vy9wbv
Title: Alternators convert kinetic energy into electrical energy, where does the energy go when the circuit is broken?
Author: Muttywango
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.72
CommentCount: 29
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657736045
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vy9wbv/alternators_convert_kinetic_energy_into/
Text: An alternator in a car is connected to a battery charging system : the spinny motion, magnets and copper,  charges the battery, and some noise and heat is generated.

A cable between the alternator and battery is cut : the battery does not charge. What happens to this generated energy? It can't be noise/heat/light. 

Energy can't be created or destroyed so where does this kinetic energy go?

ID: vyaqx5
Title: How do we know what we know about dinosaurs?
Author: KAI_IS_FINE
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.57
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657738245
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyaqx5/how_do_we_know_what_we_know_about_dinosaurs/
Text: I watched the new jurassic movie last night and I got to wondering, how do we know things such as: what color certain dinosaurs were, what ones had feathers, which ones ate which, etc. I don't know much about dinosaurs, but I'd be very interested to learn more!

ID: vyc9pg
Title: What happens to underground fauna at the site of an artillery strike? Also do trees suffer from shockwaves?
Author: Viciuniversum
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657742167
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyc9pg/what_happens_to_underground_fauna_at_the_site_of/
Text: Today I saw pictures of a field in Ukraine completely littered with artillery craters. And that got me thinking- what happened to all the underground animals that were living in that field? Are all the earthworms now dead from shock trauma? Did ant colonies die off in it? How about mammals like field mice and moles? And also I wondered if trees suffer from shock trauma. If a massive round explodes near a tree, does it sustain damage and simply recovers from it or is it mostly unaffected by the explosion?

ID: vycbfc
Title: Wouldn’t we get the same or a similar deep field image from pointing the telescope anywhere else in space?
Author: CostaNic
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657742293
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vycbfc/wouldnt_we_get_the_same_or_a_similar_deep_field/
Text: I feel that this is a silly question and I’m probably wrong but I was seeing a post of the scale of the dot where the JWST pointed at and people were surprised there were so many galaxies in that spot. But..there aren’t right? There were that many galaxies that close together 13 billion years ago, not now.

If what we’re doing is looking into the early universe, and the universe has been expanding since the Big Bang, then aren’t we just seeing those first galaxies as they were closer together than they would be today? 

And if what we’re seeing is the very beginning of the universe then wouldn’t pointing the telescope anywhere else for a long enough time reveal a similar picture? In fact, wouldn’t we technically be seeing even the same early galaxies no matter where you point it at?

ID: vyde0e
Title: How is a mosquito proboscis physically capable of puncturing human skin?
Author: ForestManJ
Score: 510
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 123
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657745045
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyde0e/how_is_a_mosquito_proboscis_physically_capable_of/
Text: Human skin should be way too dense and strong for something so small and fragile like a mosquito. How is this possible?

ID: vyft1e
Title: Can oxpeckers be classified as weavers?
Author: ferahm
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.33
CommentCount: 0
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657751270
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyft1e/can_oxpeckers_be_classified_as_weavers/
Text: 

ID: vyhjp0
Title: What does AdS/CFT correspondence really tell us about the physics of gravity?
Author: dieEhrevonGrayskull
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.79
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657756006
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyhjp0/what_does_adscft_correspondence_really_tell_us/
Text: My understanding of math/physics is formally at an undergraduate level, so I apologize in advance if my questions are confusing or not very well formulated.

I've watched some videos about the holographic principle and how it was the attempts to solve the so-called black hole information paradox that lead to the development of string theories and the holographic principle. Ultimately this culminates in the correspondence between Anti-de Sitter spaces (a model of the universe under general relativity) and conformal field theories (i.e., quantum field theories). In the video [here](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klpDHn8viX8), the presenter tells us two things: 1.) That this correspondence leads to a "natural" theory of quantum gravity, and 2.) that interactions (between quantum particles?) on the boundary of the mathematical object's surface correspond to the emergence of gravity within the volume. However, he tells us that this isn't applicable to *our* universe, because anti-de Sitter spaces assume a negative curvature on the space-time metric, while as far as I understand, in reality it is zero (i.e., a Minkowski space-time).

So my questions are twofold: what quantum information is the problem here, and in need of conservation; are they things like spins and energies, and why does this lead to the holographic principle? Secondly, what is being said about the actual physics going on between quantum field theories and gravity with regards to this strange mathematical object?

ID: vyim8e
Title: How are colors chosen on James Webb's images?
Author: plain_baunilha
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.65
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657759162
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyim8e/how_are_colors_chosen_on_james_webbs_images/
Text: I get that being an infrared camera, it will not capture any of the colors that we can see with our own eyes, but do they try to represent the colors in a way consistent with the variation of our sight spectrum?

ID: vyivs6
Title: Would it be possible to use the James Webb Space telescope to look at planets in our own solar system and see them in more detail or through a thick atmosphere to their surface?
Author: wolfavino
Score: 9
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657759956
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyivs6/would_it_be_possible_to_use_the_james_webb_space/
Text: 

ID: vyjxlw
Title: What is the difference between an accent and a dialect?
Author: hereforyebeer
Score: 16
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 14
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657763080
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyjxlw/what_is_the_difference_between_an_accent_and_a/
Text: 

ID: vyk1pk
Title: [Medicine] Would a child born without parts of their limbs, e.g. no phalanges from amniotic band syndrome, still have phantom sensations the way an adult who has lost a limb would have?
Author: Gorilla_Boombox
Score: 125
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 22
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657763433
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyk1pk/medicine_would_a_child_born_without_parts_of/
Text: Saw an x-ray of a baby without fingers from amniotic band syndrome and was curious. Personally I couldn't find research papers or other info on it. Thank you!

ID: vyki5f
Title: What is the density of the Carina Nebula?
Author: thunk_stuff
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.72
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657764814
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyki5f/what_is_the_density_of_the_carina_nebula/
Text: In a James Webb photo thread, someone posted that the Carina Nebula has a density of a few atoms per cubic meter. This seems off to me, as this is close to the average density of the intergalactic medium of one atom per cubic meter, which is much less than the interstellar medium average density of one atom per cubic centimeter, which is much less than the average density of a planetary nebular (100-10,000 atoms per cubic centimeter). But I can't find any information on the web to help me understand this better.

ID: vyklv0
Title: Do humans actually have invisible stripes?
Author: Severe-Criticism3927
Score: 4755
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 537
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657765123
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyklv0/do_humans_actually_have_invisible_stripes/
Text: I know it sounds like a really stupid question, but I've heard people say that humans have stripes or patterns on their skin that aren't visible to the naked eye, but can show up under certain types of UV lights. Is that true or just completely bogus? If it is true, how would I be able to see them? Would they be unique to each person like a fingerprint?

EDIT: Holy COW I didn't think this would actually be seen, let alone blow up like it did! LOL! I'm only just now starting to look at comments but thanks everyone for the responses! :D

ID: vyl4n1
Title: How come some things melt and some things dry before burning?
Author: Fyre-Bringer
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657766755
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyl4n1/how_come_some_things_melt_and_some_things_dry/
Text: 

ID: vyl7lv
Title: Is the integer assigned to Kepler objects of interests random, or is there a system ? (for example, the star KOI-718, is the 718 assigned as a random integer?)
Author: Zephyrean2
Score: 26
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657767018
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyl7lv/is_the_integer_assigned_to_kepler_objects_of/
Text: 

ID: vylf9v
Title: If I warm up a sandwich, would the energy needed to heat it up be equal to amount of energy needed to accelerate that sandwich to achieve same root-mean-square speed of its molecules?
Author: kvyatkovskij
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.62
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657767670
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vylf9v/if_i_warm_up_a_sandwich_would_the_energy_needed/
Text: 

ID: vymnng
Title: Why are desalination plants so hard to set up?
Author: americanmullet
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.84
CommentCount: 20
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657771574
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vymnng/why_are_desalination_plants_so_hard_to_set_up/
Text: With the ongoing south western US water crisis the answer most people would think of is setting up desalination plants along the coast. This is often stated to be too difficult to build/maintain or not economically feasible. Yet a US aircraft carrier is able to purify roughly 250,000 gallons of seawater a day. How is this not seen as proof of concept? Why can we not purify the water by building nuclear reactors that recapture the steam used to generate power as clean water on a large scale?

ID: vynkxy
Title: Does light or image quality from deep time deep time degrade in any way as it travels billions of lightyears?
Author: Few-Advice-6749
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657774704
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vynkxy/does_light_or_image_quality_from_deep_time_deep/
Text: This might be a dumb question but it blows my mind that we can see images from our early universe—but I’ve always wondered, are the pictures captured actually what it would’ve looked like or do they become degraded or significantly distorted by the time they reach us.

ID: vynnqh
Title: can humans be born with cancer?
Author: chuzwuzzer
Score: 56
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 40
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657774962
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vynnqh/can_humans_be_born_with_cancer/
Text: 

ID: vynzdj
Title: Is it possible to get close enough to a galaxy so that it's bright for the human eye, yet far enough that you can see it's full shape?
Author: koleslaw
Score: 34
VoteRatio: 0.87
CommentCount: 18
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657776109
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vynzdj/is_it_possible_to_get_close_enough_to_a_galaxy_so/
Text: Since telescopes compress the focal range astronomically, wouldn't it be impossible to see galaxies as they appear in images? I guess another way to put this is, I'm thinking that at any given planet in the universe, discounting any close objects, the night sky will always be dark with tiny twinkles. I can't imagine being close enough for it to be visible without being "in" the galaxy. Is this right?

ID: vyq1ea
Title: How do parrots talk like us if they have a beak and no lips to form sounds the way we do?
Author: txboh
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657783900
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyq1ea/how_do_parrots_talk_like_us_if_they_have_a_beak/
Text: Okay, maybe this is a stupid question but yesterday I was chatting with my sister and she brought up one of her patient's parrot and how he greets everyone, sings lyrical and even says goodnight. She actually told me she was scared at first because the first time she entered his house, she greeted the patient (Hello [name]) and she heard this robotic like voice saying "Oh [patient's name] who is this?"

And then the question came up. How do they talk almost like us if they have a totally different mouth? We change sounds based on our tongue and lips, but they have a beak, yet they can still sound *almost* human!

Thanks to anyone who might respond. :)

ID: vyrpmb
Title: Are left-handed people more common in countries that write from right to left?
Author: PJtheDk
Score: 26
VoteRatio: 0.85
CommentCount: 20
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657790896
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyrpmb/are_lefthanded_people_more_common_in_countries/
Text: Seems quite obvious, but: if that would be the case, do right-handed people suffer from the same problems as left-handed people in languages that write from left to right?

I don't know if this is a part biology, human body or linguistics....

ID: vyrv1t
Title: No one answered my previous question, here is why I want to know if we can tell if particles are still entangled without disrupting said entanglement?
Author: Nine-Planets
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.55
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657791521
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyrv1t/no_one_answered_my_previous_question_here_is_why/
Text: Two reasons actually, first, how do we know they are still entangled from just one end? And does the knowing disrupt the entanglement?

So if we have two entangled particles and we send one out to orbit Jupiter (or anywhere far away) on a spaceship, can the people on the ship know if the particle is still entangled without disrupting the entanglement and without communicating at all with the people holding the other particle on Earth?

What if we had the tech to send sets of 26 entangles particle pairs on the ship, for simple example we send 3 sets of 26 entangled particles, and designate each pair in each 26 set a letter of the alphabet, then the people on earth interrupted the pair, in the first set of 26, with the designation of the letter Y causing it to disentangle so the people on the ship would know that we disentangled the letter Y pair. Then the second set the people on Earth caused the pair designated letter E to disentangle, and then the third set they disentangle the pair designated letter S, have we not just communicated FTL?

I'm a stupid monkey so just tell me why.

ID: vysjmy
Title: What is the difference between NMN and βNMN?
Author: RattyRusty1
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.46
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657794233
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vysjmy/what_is_the_difference_between_nmn_and_βnmn/
Text: 

ID: vyx31v
Title: Why hasn't the CDC recommended a second booster (4th shot) of mRNA vaccines for adults under 50?
Author: bubbastars
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.49
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657808556
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyx31v/why_hasnt_the_cdc_recommended_a_second_booster/
Text: As some who is very eager to get another booster, it feels like things have stalled since the CDC authorized it for adults 50+. Is there a reason for this? My impression was that each shot remains effective for around 6 months. For myself and others I know under 50, we're well past that point.

ID: vyy7h5
Title: What would a spaceship experience if it flew through a nebula?
Author: cartern
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657811504
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vyy7h5/what_would_a_spaceship_experience_if_it_flew/
Text: I was just checking out some photos of the pillars of creation and was wondering what would it be like. Are they all made of just gasses, or is it more like a debris filled.

ID: vz88zk
Title: Are there multiple independent measurement of the universe’s age?
Author: Pandagineer
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657837572
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vz88zk/are_there_multiple_independent_measurement_of_the/
Text: I understand using redshift data to back out when the Big Bang occurred. Can we instead use Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) data to determine the universe age, *without* using redshift data?

ID: vz98n3
Title: Is there any evidence that the strains of Covid prevalent in the US this summer tend to produce milder, shorter symptoms?
Author: frank_mania
Score: 1096
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 215
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657840223
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vz98n3/is_there_any_evidence_that_the_strains_of_covid/
Text: The reports of the illness I read in 2020 were typically along the lines of "holy shit that was awful!" and this summer, I get much more muted reports.  Does the large-scale data collected by public health reflect my own personal/anecdotal impression?  Also, is there data providing any sign that rates of mortality, and chronic, post-infection complications are reduced this summer?

ID: vzbt7a
Title: How many stars exploded in order to create the Carina nebula?
Author: filipehenrique
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.76
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657847689
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzbt7a/how_many_stars_exploded_in_order_to_create_the/
Text: I just saw this post: https://reddit.com/r/jameswebb/comments/vysbxk/in_the_highresolution_image_of_carina_the_size_of/

And it made me wonder. How many stars exploded to create this nebula? Or was it formed through some other process?

Given how large this is, it’s hard for me to imagine that one star could create something like this?

ID: vzc432
Title: How does drying pasta actually work scientifically?
Author: btqb
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.59
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657848591
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzc432/how_does_drying_pasta_actually_work_scientifically/
Text: So from my understanding, commercially dried pasta is dried using hot air and then cool air somehow to remove moisture. But my question is how this works, like on a chemical level. Like how does this not just bake the pasta? If I made pasta at home and tried to dry it, it wouldn't end up the same as the theoretically everlasting dry pasta that you get at the grocery store. What's actually happening to the pasta when it dries?

ID: vzekld
Title: How can an electric sparker ionize air with such low voltage?
Author: justacalcstudent
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.62
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657855958
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzekld/how_can_an_electric_sparker_ionize_air_with_such/
Text: According to google the piezoelectric sparkers used for things like barbeque lighting have a voltage of around 800 volts, while air has a breakdown voltage of ~30k volts/cm, yet an electric sparker can still easily create an arc over half a centimeter of air. How is this possible?

ID: vzgaa0
Title: When we landed humans on the Moon, was the Van Allen belt a problem?
Author: stellar-stuff
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.99
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657861459
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzgaa0/when_we_landed_humans_on_the_moon_was_the_van/
Text: I guess to specify, did we know about the Van Allen belt enough to protect our astronauts? Was the belt ‘weaker’ back then; was the launch scheduled during a low-point for the belt? Or did we cross our fingers hoping they’d make it through and back without too much radiation damage to their bodies?

ID: vzggot
Title: Ok so I’m no scientist here and I hope this isn’t a stupid question but if the JWST can see so far deep into space then could we theoretically use it to map the surface of a lot of planets that are relatively close to us? I’m not saying we should I’m just saying is it possible?
Author: _zFlame_
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.68
CommentCount: 13
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657862056
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzggot/ok_so_im_no_scientist_here_and_i_hope_this_isnt_a/
Text: 

ID: vzh8ag
Title: Is there a way to protect the JWST from damage from space debris or are we taking a chance that nothing will hit it?
Author: Whats__in__a__name
Score: 9
VoteRatio: 0.84
CommentCount: 15
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657864771
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzh8ag/is_there_a_way_to_protect_the_jwst_from_damage/
Text: 

ID: vzhmbk
Title: Why does COVID produce neurological symptoms and is it common for viruses?
Author: Equal-Explanation222
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657866180
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzhmbk/why_does_covid_produce_neurological_symptoms_and/
Text: I’ve wanted to ask this question since the pandemic began. 

I don’t remember hearing of many viruses that cause neurological systems (like loss of scent/taste) but I’m not a biochemist or virology expert.

ID: vzjlxy
Title: What is the “dust” / “fog” in the carina nebula image from the James Webb images made of?
Author: Hazzaminicoo
Score: 16
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657874038
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzjlxy/what_is_the_dust_fog_in_the_carina_nebula_image/
Text: Been looking at the new images from the James Webb telescope and they look really cool and excited to learn what new info we gain from this telescope 

Just curious what the dust / fog looking stuff is actually made of from the Carina Nebula image

ID: vzl07c
Title: How single propeller Airplane are compensating the torque of the engine without spinning?
Author: 0K4M1
Score: 2092
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 374
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657879596
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzl07c/how_single_propeller_airplane_are_compensating/
Text: 

ID: vzlamf
Title: Did proto-bears have long tails?
Author: Tesfidian
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.6
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657880694
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzlamf/did_protobears_have_long_tails/
Text: Is there in the fossil record any bear ancestor with a long tail?

ID: vzlvs8
Title: AskScience AMA Series: We are Cosmologists, Experts on the Cosmic Microwave Background, The Cosmic Web, Dark Matter, Dark Energy and much more! Ask Us Anything!
Author: AskScienceModerator
Score: 397
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 197
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657882822
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzlvs8/askscience_ama_series_we_are_cosmologists_experts/
Text: We are a bunch of cosmology researchers from the Cosmology from Home 2022 conference. Ask us anything, from our daily research to the organization of a large, innovative and successful online conference!

We have some special experts on:

+ Inflation: The mind-bogglingly fast expansion of the Universe in a fraction of the first second. It turned tiny quantum fluctuation into the seeds for the galaxies and clusters we see today
+ The Cosmic Microwave Background: The radiation reaching us from a few hundred thousand years after the Big Bang. It shows us how our universe was like, 13.8 billion years ago
+ Large-Scale Structure: Matter in the Universe forms a "cosmic web" with clusters, filaments and voids. The positions of galaxies in the sky shows imprints of the physics in the early universe
+ Dark Matter: Most matter in the universe seems to be "Dark Matter", i.e. not noticeable through any means except for its effect on light and other matter via gravity
+ Dark Energy: The unknown force causing the universe's expansion to accelerate today


And ask anything else you want to know!

Those of us answering your questions tonight will include

+ Shaun Hotchkiss: u/just_shaun large scale structure, fuzzy dark matter, compact objects in the early universe, inflation. Twitter: @just_shaun
+ Ali Rida Khalife: u/A-R-Khalifeh Dark Energy, Neutrinos, Neutrinos in the curved universe
+ Benjamin Wallisch: u/cosmo-ben Neutrinos, dark matter, cosmological probes of particle physics, early universe, probes of inflation, cosmic microwave background, large-scale structure of the universe.
+ Niko Sarcevic: u/NikoSarcevic cosmology (lss, weak lensing), astrophysics, noble gas detectors
+ Neil Shah: /u/neildymium Stochastic Inflation, Dark Matter, Modified Gravity, Machine Learning, Cosmic Strings
+ Ryan Turner: /u/cosmo-ryan Large-scale structure, peculiar velocities, Hubble constant
+ Sanket Dave: /u/sanket_dave_15 Early Universe Physics, Cosmic Inflation, Primordial black hole formation.
+ Matthijs van der Wild: u/matthijsvanderwild quantum gravity, quantum cosmology, inflation, modified gravity
+ Luz Ángela García: u/Astro_Lua dark energy, reionization, early Universe. Twitter: @PenLua.


We'll start answering questions from 18:00 GMT/UTC on Friday (11pm PDT, 2pm EDT, 7pm BST, 8pm CEST) as well as live streaming our discussion of our answers via [YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ORWs4-WmyiM) (also starting 18:00 UTC). Looking forward to your questions, ask us anything!

ID: vzm2c5
Title: How do we know that a 3rd or 4th booster is helpful?
Author: GetnLine
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.54
CommentCount: 16
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657883425
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzm2c5/how_do_we_know_that_a_3rd_or_4th_booster_is/
Text: Do we have data to backup saying that a 4th dose will reduce hospitalization for someone under 50? Are the memory B and T cells no longer active? I am so confused by the messaging from the thought leaders because I thought that part of the immune system had long term memory

ID: vznwrz
Title: (Geology) Could the North and South American continents have remained separated?
Author: stanthefax
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657889335
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vznwrz/geology_could_the_north_and_south_american/
Text: North American and South American continents remained separated until 3 million years ago, when Panama formed, uniting the two continents. This then resulted in migration of animals from North America into South America, causing some of the South American as well as sea animals like Megalodon to die out. I was wondering if it was possible for the two continents to never unite, thus some of the strange ancient animals could have survived longer, possibly until modern day?

ID: vzosus
Title: What is the most exciting, realistic thing we can/are hoping to learn about the Universe through the James Webb telescope?
Author: BridgeNumberFour
Score: 43
VoteRatio: 0.76
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657891843
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzosus/what_is_the_most_exciting_realistic_thing_we/
Text: 

ID: vzp27l
Title: How reliable is the DNA molecular clock?
Author: SomeAnonElsewhere
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.59
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657892568
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzp27l/how_reliable_is_the_dna_molecular_clock/
Text: I was reading the rise and reign of the mammals by Steve Brusatte, and in it he says we can calculate species divergence by looking at the DNA, and calculating how long that much difference from each other must have taken given DNAs rate of change.

How true is this? Is the rate of change the same in all animals/bacteria/etc.? Wouldn't the average age of reproduction of a species change this or no?

ID: vzp3yk
Title: Is there such thing as having resistance and/or immunity to some diseases due to a specific blood type like AB or O positive?
Author: katherynnethegreat96
Score: 659
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 143
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657892705
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzp3yk/is_there_such_thing_as_having_resistance_andor/
Text: 

ID: vzp46u
Title: What is the link between the way the brain converts visual perception into a language representation?
Author: iliicho1
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.62
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657892721
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzp46u/what_is_the_link_between_the_way_the_brain/
Text: If a non-blind person sees a given familiar object (e.g., a dog on the street), they immediately "know" what that object is, even before the word describing the object (e.g., "dog") in a given language "appears" in consciousness.

Is it understood why this delay occurs and what the link between the brain's ability to perceive a given object, and then recall its lexical term is? In a broader sense - where and how does the link between vision and language occur in the brain?

ID: vzqik5
Title: Is there a reason your own "young" bone marrow couldn't put in storage for an immune system "restoration" when you are older?
Author: Natolx
Score: 3125
VoteRatio: 0.95
CommentCount: 272
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657896516
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzqik5/is_there_a_reason_your_own_young_bone_marrow/
Text: It seems a reasonable hypothesis that a portion of the "problems" with an aging immune system come from aging stem cells in your bone marrow.

Obviously bone marrow extraction is very painful, but other than that hurdle, is there some reason I am not seeing that storing your own bone marrow on LN2 for later wouldn't be a way to restore the "youth" of your immune system later on in life?

ID: vzux3x
Title: How old are the pillars of creation?
Author: platypodus
Score: 14
VoteRatio: 0.76
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657907850
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzux3x/how_old_are_the_pillars_of_creation/
Text: I'm trying to find out more about celestial nebulas and ai read that the pillars of creation may already have been destroyed at their location 7000ly away, but how old are they?

It doesn't say anything about how long they've been swirling about for, neither on Wikipedia, nor on their NASA website. Is it something we can't say for sure?

ID: vzy8vo
Title: How are plants in greenhouses pollinated?
Author: TerrificFyran
Score: 18
VoteRatio: 0.79
CommentCount: 13
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657916633
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzy8vo/how_are_plants_in_greenhouses_pollinated/
Text: e.g. tomatoes, cucumbers. Do they bring in bee hives?

ID: vzymy0
Title: If you are infected by Covid and produce natural antibodies, will occasional exposure to Covid ensure regular production of antibodies?
Author: Azrael351
Score: 14
VoteRatio: 0.64
CommentCount: 15
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657917709
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzymy0/if_you_are_infected_by_covid_and_produce_natural/
Text: Not sure if I worded the title correctly, but I was wondering how antibodies and resistance to Covid works. Take, for instance, my experience with the virus…

* I was vaccinated in August 2021.
* I was infected by Covid-19 in October 2021. No hospital visit or monoclonal treatment required.
* Antibodies are said to be good for 90 days. 
* I chose not to get any boosters. 
* I have not been as “safe” as one could be, and have been in largely unmasked crowds on occasion. I have been to stores, out with friends, on vacation, etc. — always following Covid guidelines, but when given the option not to mask up, I have chosen not to. 
* Luckily, to my knowledge, I have not been infected by Covid-19 a second time. 

If your body produces antibodies after infection, is it possible that continued exposure to Covid would ensure your body continues to produce antibodies?

Why would continual exposure to Covid *not* act similarly to a booster?

ID: vzzgmu
Title: Why/how do benzodiazepines and Z drugs/sleeping pills cause damage when used long term?
Author: Critical-Bullfrog-10
Score: 215
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 91
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657919935
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vzzgmu/whyhow_do_benzodiazepines_and_z_drugssleeping/
Text: 

ID: w04bkp
Title: How do scientists schedule time with the JWST Telescope?
Author: big_brown_mounds
Score: 33
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 15
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657933899
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w04bkp/how_do_scientists_schedule_time_with_the_jwst/
Text: I’m assuming it’s an appointment thing, but I’m just curious if anyone knows how the process works?

ID: w05key
Title: How do some Odonates fly in tandem while mating and why do they do it?
Author: comit_autocoprophagy
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657937790
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w05key/how_do_some_odonates_fly_in_tandem_while_mating/
Text: I have seen dragonfly pairs and damselfly pairs fly around while connected. Is there a name for this behavior and how do they coordinate this flight? Does one member of the mating pair “steer” while the other just follows their lead like two people on a tandem bicycle? Or do they coordinate their flight in another way? Also, why do some species of Odonates do this while others don’t? Is it due to sexual selection?

ID: w05vfa
Title: Do peoole in comas have cycles like sleep/wake for brain activity or is a general muted brain activity the whole time?
Author: Passing_Thru_Forest
Score: 1295
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 46
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657938724
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w05vfa/do_peoole_in_comas_have_cycles_like_sleepwake_for/
Text: 

ID: w065w4
Title: How does optimizing an aircraft for stealth affect aerodynamics?
Author: flight_recorder
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.8
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657939629
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w065w4/how_does_optimizing_an_aircraft_for_stealth/
Text: 

ID: w06gvh
Title: How hard does the wind blow on Mars?
Author: spikebrennan
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657940597
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w06gvh/how_hard_does_the_wind_blow_on_mars/
Text: Is a destructive windstorm on Mars (like the fictional one one that creates the plot situation in Andy Weir’s novel “The Martian”) plausible, considering the thinner Martian atmosphere?  Does the weaker Martian gravity offset the thinner atmosphere by allowing the wind to be more effective in blowing things about?

ID: w0c2iz
Title: Why is mad cow/CJD transmissible to humans, but deer chronic wasting disease and scrapie is not?
Author: 0x0BAD_ash
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.74
CommentCount: 14
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657961113
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0c2iz/why_is_mad_cowcjd_transmissible_to_humans_but/
Text: 

ID: w0fyyd
Title: How did elephants evolution lead to them having a trunk?
Author: avdolian
Score: 3326
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 363
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657975840
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0fyyd/how_did_elephants_evolution_lead_to_them_having_a/
Text: Before the trunk is fully functional is their an environmental pressure that leads to elongated noses?

ID: w0gyg4
Title: Does hot weather bother insects?
Author: klompje
Score: 112
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 33
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657978860
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0gyg4/does_hot_weather_bother_insects/
Text: While I find it too hot to do anything, the insects seem to be busy as always, especially the bees on the lavender. Does the heat have an influence on them?

ID: w0he96
Title: Why is an inclined U-tube manometer more accurate than the normal one?
Author: yaghlaoui
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.76
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657980164
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0he96/why_is_an_inclined_utube_manometer_more_accurate/
Text: 

ID: w0hlyv
Title: Is there any scientific evidence that consciousness is the result of quantum phenomena occurring in the brain?
Author: Taiyou04
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 14
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657980785
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0hlyv/is_there_any_scientific_evidence_that/
Text: 

ID: w0ijw0
Title: Why are planets almost perfectly spherical?
Author: AimForYaBoat
Score: 49
VoteRatio: 0.65
CommentCount: 89
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657983542
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0ijw0/why_are_planets_almost_perfectly_spherical/
Text: Why are there no odd shaped planets, or planets shaped like cubes etc?

ID: w0ktij
Title: How did mosquitos evolve to suck blood? How does the needle thing evolve?
Author: Vicarious_schism
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657989866
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0ktij/how_did_mosquitos_evolve_to_suck_blood_how_does/
Text: 

ID: w0kxh6
Title: Was Deinosuchus basically just a modern crocodile in big or does it have biological differences from modern crocodiles?
Author: Melbourne_Australia
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.64
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657990189
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0kxh6/was_deinosuchus_basically_just_a_modern_crocodile/
Text: 

ID: w0nl5k
Title: How close is "too close" for the JWST?
Author: capn_kwick
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657997493
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0nl5k/how_close_is_too_close_for_the_jwst/
Text: For instance, if Betelgeuse, at a bit over 600 light years away were to become a supernova, would the energy levels pretty much overwhelm its sensors?

ID: w0o3je
Title: How does JWST receive information such as temperature, atmospheric composition, mass, etc.?
Author: Glass_Alpaca
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.59
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657998916
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0o3je/how_does_jwst_receive_information_such_as/
Text: Based on NASA, WASP-96b has water. But how did we find that out from JWST? Like, all we're receiving is the emitted light from the celestial object? How do we know anything beyond its visuals??

ID: w0o8et
Title: Why do the north east US get affected by tropical storms even though tropical storms don’t usually form above the tropical Atlantic Ocean?
Author: solarflare70
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.46
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1657999305
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0o8et/why_do_the_north_east_us_get_affected_by_tropical/
Text: 

ID: w0q2ml
Title: Would a white hole look similar to a pulsar?
Author: ForwardGrape2328
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658004526
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0q2ml/would_a_white_hole_look_similar_to_a_pulsar/
Text: As I understand pulsars spin and eject electromagnetic radiation. Since a white hole would eject matter and light would a white hole look or behave similar to a white hole?

ID: w0qiri
Title: Does geology play a part in showing the average temperature of the Earth in a certain time period, like the chemical makeup of the rocks? Or is there more to it in determining geologically what the climate was like in the past?
Author: QuothTheRaven713
Score: 66
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 20
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658005797
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0qiri/does_geology_play_a_part_in_showing_the_average/
Text: Had someone mention in another thread that we have historical data on temperatures obtained by geology studies that shows the climate currently doesn't match with the general trend we'd expect to be naturally occurring, so I'm curious as to if there's something geologically that shows the Earth's average climate in comparison to now, and how that shows it's much warmer now than it should be by natural progression.

ID: w0qqao
Title: Elephant tusks are modified upper incisors, Deinotheriidae of the elephant order are modified lower incisors. Is this likely a case of convergent evolution, fulfilling a similar purpose in different way, or a varied expression of a shared genetic change?
Author: ajifoster321
Score: 19
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658006401
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0qqao/elephant_tusks_are_modified_upper_incisors/
Text: I'm not entirely sure the best way to word this question. Would the large size of the incisors be because of a shared large incisor set of genetic changes, or rather the large lower incisor developed independently of the large upper one.

ID: w0qqwy
Title: How do whales dive ?
Author: DrSuppe
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658006449
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0qqwy/how_do_whales_dive/
Text: Like the title says. What mechanism do they use to dive ? are there different ones ?

I mean fish have their sim bladder. But what do whales do ? do they "just swim down"? What happens when the air in their lungs get compressed and the average density increases ? How do they stay buoyant at different depths ? 

And what do the sperm whales do when they sleep in this strange buoyant way ? how do they stay buoyant while sleeping ?

Or do they just "overpower" the density change with muscle power ?   


This might be a bit of a convoluted question but maybe someone has some expertise in the area. Thanks :)

ID: w0yybc
Title: How do telescopes, on Earth, take pictures of the space with long exposures?
Author: Furita
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.55
CommentCount: 14
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658032164
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0yybc/how_do_telescopes_on_earth_take_pictures_of_the/
Text: People often say “picture with x hours of exposure” to capture images of the space. Since we are constantly rotating, how do you “fix” the telescope / camera for the long expose to a galaxy, the sun, or whatever is in space?

ID: w0z3py
Title: Does the universe as a whole have an orbit?
Author: AnselmFox
Score: 1042
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 361
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658032714
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w0z3py/does_the_universe_as_a_whole_have_an_orbit/
Text: I know it’s expanding- but does it have a rotation? Our planet orbits our sun, which orbits our super massive black hole… it seems like rotation is the standard. So does the universe as whole have a spin? And if not why?

ID: w10wjs
Title: How strong is the medical scientific case for vitamin C against the common cold?
Author: BubbleDevere
Score: 37
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 36
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658039509
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w10wjs/how_strong_is_the_medical_scientific_case_for/
Text: 

ID: w15dgz
Title: Do all planets receive the same wavelengths of light from their star?
Author: ShineOnYouFatOldSun
Score: 14
VoteRatio: 0.8
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658057411
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w15dgz/do_all_planets_receive_the_same_wavelengths_of/
Text: We observe our world through the light visible to our eyes, however there are know organisms who see different wavelengths, bees for example can see ultraviolet light. Could there be planets where potential lifeforms might have to evolv to see x-rays or microwaves in order to observe their world?

If some planets received a different composition of light waves than ours I suspect it might be possible but I don't know if that is physically accurate. 

I know there are different types of stars and I know that the consensus is that a planet needs to be in the 'goldilocks zone' of a star to support life.

Thought I might ask here and hope it's not a completely stupid question haha thanks.

ID: w16xz6
Title: Pins & Needles ( what is actually happening ? )
Author: 4fingerfrank
Score: 2736
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 125
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658062919
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w16xz6/pins_needles_what_is_actually_happening/
Text: What is actually happening in the body/brain to cause the pins and needles or sharp tingling sensation felt after blood rushes back to a numb body part ?

ID: w18dxa
Title: Could we handle nuclear waste by drilling into a subduction zone and let the earth carry the waste into the mantle?
Author: Droodster
Score: 2569
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 527
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658067358
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w18dxa/could_we_handle_nuclear_waste_by_drilling_into_a/
Text: 

ID: w19icf
Title: [Evolutionary Biology/Botany] Cactaceae is a very young plant family. Is this why they're so promiscuous?
Author: Kittten_Mitttons
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 0
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658070512
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w19icf/evolutionary_biologybotany_cactaceae_is_a_very/
Text: Cactaceae are the only family I know of where almost any species can be successfully grafted to almost any other species. Almost every cactus is capable of producing fertile, hybrids within its genus. Beyond that, it's been found that many cacti are even capable of intergeneric hybridization. Desert cacti are supposed to have diverged and evolved during a worldwide drying event roughly 10-25 mya (I'm assuming the rainforest/vining species evolved at a similar time) This is relatively recent on the scale of plant evolution, is this why they're able to graft and breed so freely? They haven't had enough time to diverge to the point of incompatibility?

ID: w1aldy
Title: Can we detect the effect of economic recessions, depressions, etc. on the statistical distribution of e.g. height?
Author: QQwas
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.72
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658073502
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1aldy/can_we_detect_the_effect_of_economic_recessions/
Text: I figure that (economic) hard times equal, at least for some populations/groups, lower caloric consumption than usual, which could have some consequences for body size, in particular, height.

In particular if it happens to children or young adults still in the progress of growing, which i figure would be more sensitive to changes in intake(?), and therefore prevent them from reaching their full "potential". 

Are there any data indicating that, e.g. "population group X experienced economic difficulties in the year Y, which was reflected in a statistically detectable deviation/anomaly in the distribution for height for the group some N years later, compared to how it is normally"

ID: w1dwe5
Title: Is the Atlantic Ocean mostly dead?
Author: thenormaldude
Score: 1451
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658082510
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1dwe5/is_the_atlantic_ocean_mostly_dead/
Text: This article, citing research from the Global Oceanic Environmental Survey Foundation, claims that the Atlantic Ocean is mostly deprived of life due to plankton population collapse from pollution: [https://www.sundaypost.com/fp/humanity-will-not-survive-extinction-of-most-marine-plants-and-animals/?fbclid=IwAR0kid7zbH-urODZNGLfw8sYLEZ0pcT0RiRbrLwyZpfA14IVBmCiC-GchTw](https://www.sundaypost.com/fp/humanity-will-not-survive-extinction-of-most-marine-plants-and-animals/?fbclid=IwAR0kid7zbH-urODZNGLfw8sYLEZ0pcT0RiRbrLwyZpfA14IVBmCiC-GchTw)

It sounds bad, but it's also from a study that may not be peer reviewed (I can't seem to find methodology, authors, or even the text of the study) by a group I've never heard of and seems focused on activism.

Is there any way to verify if this study is real? And if it's real, is it scientifically sound?

ID: w1fzfv
Title: Can you fuse any two pieces of the same material in space just like metal?
Author: Ilayeggs121
Score: 38
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658088013
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1fzfv/can_you_fuse_any_two_pieces_of_the_same_material/
Text: We know that on earth here when we cut two pieces of metal the freshly cut surface oxidizes preventing the metal from joining back together, 

Though in space the metal does not oxidize and is able to fuse back together into a single piece of metal, 

My question is, is this the case for all material? For example wood, (I don’t know why we can’t fuse that back together on earth) if we took a piece of wood to the vacuum of space could we fuse it back together just through pressure? 

And if we can’t, can someone explain why we can’t?

ID: w1k1yq
Title: Would a replacement reaction between a metal and a solution of more then one metal salt result in an alloy precipitate?
Author: venbrou
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658099022
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1k1yq/would_a_replacement_reaction_between_a_metal_and/
Text: Summary: Large solid chunk of steel submerged in a solution of copper(ii) sulfate and tin(ii) sulfate (estimated ration of 10-1). Left to sit for 24 hours. Reaction expected to produce precipitates of metallic copper and tin and a solution of iron(ii) sulfate.

Question: Would the copper and tin precipitate out as a metallic alloy, or would they come out as separate layers, crystals, etc.. ?

So... I've been messing around with copper(ii) sulfate for the past few days. One of my ongoing experiments started with putting scrap electronics solder in a solution of the stuff. My idea was the tin and lead would replace the copper and leave a solution of pure tin(ii) sulfate and insoluble lead(ii) sulfate and copper metal. The results were promising as I was left with a beautiful turquoise blue solution along with white precipitate of lead(ii) sulfate and copper collecting on the old solder. My only mistake was that I did not have enough solder, and so the resulting solution was still mostly copper(ii) sulfate.

It was this mixture of tin(ii) sulfate and copper(ii) sulfate that I added a slightly rusted steel hammer head to. I honestly didn't have a plan at this point other then a quick google search to see where iron was in terms of reactivity. Success on that: I now have an almost pure solution of iron(ii) sulfate. I will likely continue using sulfate to juggle metal ions with reckless abandon.

It's the hammer head I sacrificed that I'm really curios about. It's completely covered in copper crystals and I'm pretty certain the tin is mixed in as well. I'll link a picture in the comments. I really want to know if I just accidentally made a copper-tin alloy.

ID: w1pwvd
Title: I’ve been watching some WW1 videos, and I have to ask. What happened to all the chemical weapons that activated?
Author: Huhthisisneathuh
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.8
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658116888
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1pwvd/ive_been_watching_some_ww1_videos_and_i_have_to/
Text: So during the first offensive where Germans launched the first chemical attack using Mustard Gas. What happened after the battle was over with the released gas? Did the cloud of toxic chemicals disperse? Did it just float away or something? What exactly happened?

ID: w1q8yo
Title: is Earth's helium really running out?
Author: Lucky-Sail8207
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658118070
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1q8yo/is_earths_helium_really_running_out/
Text: 

ID: w1tw85
Title: Moon craters mostly circular?
Author: G1rvo
Score: 2418
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 316
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658131865
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1tw85/moon_craters_mostly_circular/
Text: Hi, on the moon, how come the craters are all circular? Would that mean all the asteroids hit the surface straight on at a perfect angle? Wouldn't some hit on different angles creating more longer scar like damage to the surface? Thanks

ID: w1u2wp
Title: How infectious are you during the inflammatory phase of COVID?
Author: nickoskal024
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.52
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658132645
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1u2wp/how_infectious_are_you_during_the_inflammatory/
Text: 

ID: w1ucjj
Title: How does a hornet build its hive?
Author: just1the2green3dino
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658133774
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1ucjj/how_does_a_hornet_build_its_hive/
Text: 

ID: w1wlnb
Title: In the Warming Stripes, how can the blue stripes be explained?
Author: qkvb
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658142387
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1wlnb/in_the_warming_stripes_how_can_the_blue_stripes/
Text: The way I understand the Warming Stripes (the blue/red bar code showing global temperature changes), the reds indicate temperatures warmer than what they're supposed to be, while blue indicates colder than what they're supposed to be.

But the bar starts with a lot of blue until 1980 or so. Why were temperatures lower than they're supposed until from ~1900 to 1980 and how is that determined?

ID: w1yunq
Title: Why is the “Buzz” on High Voltage power lines Louder on a cloudy day than on a clear day?
Author: MayrutSingh
Score: 171
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 26
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658149398
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1yunq/why_is_the_buzz_on_high_voltage_power_lines/
Text: When walking in a parking lot that has High Voltage Power lines over it, I noticed that the ‘Buzz’ was much louder today, a cloudy day, than it is normally on a clear day. What is the reason for this? Is it even louder when it rains?

ID: w1zmvs
Title: Static and dynamic equilibrium?
Author: TheGuans
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.65
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658151617
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w1zmvs/static_and_dynamic_equilibrium/
Text: I dont understand the point of static equilibrium? If the forward and backward reaction rate is zero then why is it not just considered as not reacting at all? Why call it static equilibrium? I dint understand the answers on google like the example of diamond and graphite, is there another possible example of a static equilibrium?

ID: w22h90
Title: Why aren't space-based radio telescopes really a thing?
Author: HardlineMike
Score: 839
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 109
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658158899
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w22h90/why_arent_spacebased_radio_telescopes_really_a/
Text: So searching for radio telescopes I found that there are almost none currently operating in space and historically very few as well. Most of the big radio dishes in space are turned Earthwards for spying purposes.

As a layperson this strikes me as strange because it seems like a radio telescope would be significantly easier to build and launch than an optical telescope. 

A few possible guesses come to mind based on my small amount of astronomy knowledge:

Fewer advantages over land-based observation, relative to an optical scope?

Interferometry using huge numbers of smaller ground based dishes simply more useful?

Some engineering challenge I'm not considering?

ID: w23xwr
Title: Does our total human energy use noticeably warm the planet?
Author: Enough-Screen-1881
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.62
CommentCount: 17
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658162520
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w23xwr/does_our_total_human_energy_use_noticeably_warm/
Text: I'm not talking about the warming effects of CO2, but rather adding up all of our total energy use and assuming it will all eventually turn into heat, does that in itself have a warming effect on Earth?

ID: w26rts
Title: Why does COVID have an effect on menstrual cycles?
Author: OnARolll31
Score: 71
VoteRatio: 0.74
CommentCount: 24
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658169670
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w26rts/why_does_covid_have_an_effect_on_menstrual_cycles/
Text: 

ID: w2b4ah
Title: Why do pictures of the same planet sometimes have completely different colors?
Author: Selechar
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658180594
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2b4ah/why_do_pictures_of_the_same_planet_sometimes_have/
Text: For example, most of us see Jupiter with beige, tan, and red colors, but there is also pictures where Jupiter has vibrant blue swirls mixed in with some tan colors. This situation can also be seen with pictures of Venus.

ID: w2c0jo
Title: Are there ever cancer studies testing new drugs that don't involve concomitant therapy with chemo and radiation?
Author: rrdein
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.47
CommentCount: 18
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658182896
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2c0jo/are_there_ever_cancer_studies_testing_new_drugs/
Text: In trying to research potential treatments for glioblastoma, I came across cannabinoids.  It seems like they all fight cancer (glioblastoma specifically) and could inevitably some day cure people's cancers.  There have been hundreds of studies, but as near as I can tell there has never once been a single study that tested these in live humans, without being administered in combination with chemo and radiation.  I heard a long time ago that they will never ever do that because if a person dies then someone gets blamed for not using chemo and radiation.  That kind of logic seems designed to forever prevent there from being any kind of cure or alternative to chemo and radiation, ever.

Do they ever do any in vivo studies on any (new or existing) cancer drugs that are not designed to see if the drug can "assist" chemo and radiation?  If not, is there any "path forward" for anyone to ever develop a drug that actually cures cancer?

ID: w2cnqd
Title: Is it possible to use multiple satellites across space to speed up space communication?
Author: Lonewolf_drak
Score: 1613
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 300
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658184583
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2cnqd/is_it_possible_to_use_multiple_satellites_across/
Text: Reading about the Webb teleacope amd it sending info back at 25mb a sec, i was thinking abput if it were possible to put satellites throughout space as relays. Kinda like lighting the torches of Gondor. Would that actually allow for faster communication?

ID: w2ehkc
Title: How does the JWST take pictures while orbiting?
Author: RodPa715
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.6
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658189619
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2ehkc/how_does_the_jwst_take_pictures_while_orbiting/
Text: Sorry for the dumb question but I'm wondering at that scale  how does movement affect the pictures?

Is there software to compensate for that, is the orbit special for that reason? Is it a non-problem because the "focus" is very far away?

ID: w2ei56
Title: How much dry ice in a vessel would you need to make it supercritical?
Author: Marys-first-born
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.2
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658189662
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2ei56/how_much_dry_ice_in_a_vessel_would_you_need_to/
Text: Im interested in doing some small scale oil extractions but rather than using c02 and a liquid pump i was wondering if dry ice could be used

ID: w2f3pv
Title: Why is grapefruit juice not safe to consume with certain medications?
Author: ItzMunchbell
Score: 641
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 116
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658191386
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2f3pv/why_is_grapefruit_juice_not_safe_to_consume_with/
Text: Edit: Thank you for the explanations! I realized I should have mentioned that I'm not taking any prescriptions nor do I like grapefruits. A few days ago, I saw somebody buying grapefruit juice (not accusing that person of anything) and I was thinking about how I'd heard that it's not safe to consume with certain medicines. I was curious about the reasons why combining the two is dangerous.

TL;DR: I was just curious.

ID: w2fhj6
Title: Do birds fly around for fun?
Author: nickofthenairup
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.74
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658192491
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2fhj6/do_birds_fly_around_for_fun/
Text: I’ve always wondered this. I’m on the 46th floor of a hotel right now and see small birds chasing each other around outside. Is there a biological reason for this (food / insects I can’t see) or do they just fly around for fun?

ID: w2gxbu
Title: Does the electric field of light exert force on plasma particles?
Author: Bananawamajama
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.87
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658196650
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2gxbu/does_the_electric_field_of_light_exert_force_on/
Text: Say there's a cloud of plasma floating in space, and there's a uniform magnetic field around/permeating it. If there is also an electric field present, the plasma will move in the direction of E x B, from what I understand.

Now say there is a beam of laser light shooting through the plasma. Light is made of photons, which are electromagnetic oscillations.

So how does a photon end up affecting the plasma?

One option I could see is that the electric field from the laser and the background magnetic field means the plasma moves in the E_laser x B_background direction.

Another option is that it moves in the E_laser x B_laser direction.

Another option is that it doesn't move but oscillates back and forth along one of those directions, because light is oscillating.

Another option is that it moves in the direction the light was going, because light has momentum and its pushing the plasma. Which is just the 2nd option, but with a different reason.

Another option is that it doesn't move at all and I don't understand photons.

ID: w2kp5y
Title: Has the gene frequency of Tay-Sachs disease in humans decreased since screening began in the 70s?
Author: LJAkaar67
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.8
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658208413
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2kp5y/has_the_gene_frequency_of_taysachs_disease_in/
Text: Genetic testing for Tay-Sachs begin in the 70s.

Since then [the incidence of Tay-Sachs has fallen by more than 90 percent among Jews, thanks to a combination of scientific advances and volunteer community activism that brought screening for the disease into synagogues, Jewish community centers and, eventually, routine medical care.](https://www.timesofisrael.com/how-jewish-activism-has-wiped-out-tay-sachs/#:~:text=Since%20the%20'70s%2C%20the%20incidence,%2C%20eventually%2C%20routine%20medical%20care.)

[Until 1969, when doctors discovered the enzyme that made testing possible to determine whether parents were carriers of Tay-Sachs, 50 to 60 affected Jewish children were born each year in the United States and Canada. After mass screenings began in 1971, the numbers declined to two to five Jewish births a year, said Karen Zeiger, whose first child died of Tay-Sachs.](https://www.timesofisrael.com/how-jewish-activism-has-wiped-out-tay-sachs/#:~:text=Since%20the%20'70s%2C%20the%20incidence,%2C%20eventually%2C%20routine%20medical%20care.)

[Tay–Sachs disease is a genetic disorder that results in the destruction of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord.[1] The most common form is infantile Tay–Sachs disease, which becomes apparent around three to six months of age, with the baby losing the ability to turn over, sit, or crawl.[1] This is then followed by seizures, hearing loss, and inability to move, with death usually occurring by the age of three to five.[3][1] Less commonly, the disease may occur in later childhood or adulthood (juvenile or late-onset).[1] These forms tend to be less severe,[1] but the juvenile form typically results in death by age 15.](https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Tay%E2%80%93Sachs_disease)

[Tay–Sachs disease is caused by a genetic mutation in the HEXA gene on chromosome 15, which codes for a subunit of the hexosaminidase enzyme known as hexosaminidase A. It is inherited from a person's parents in an autosomal recessive manner.](https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Tay%E2%80%93Sachs_disease)

[Three main approaches have been used to prevent or reduce the incidence of Tay–Sachs:](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tay%E2%80%93Sachs_disease&section=8)

+ [Prenatal diagnosis. If both parents are identified as carriers, prenatal genetic testing can determine whether the fetus has inherited a defective gene copy from both parents.[30] Chorionic villus sampling (CVS), the most common form of prenatal diagnosis, can be performed between 10 and 14 weeks of gestation. Amniocentesis is usually performed at 15–18 weeks. These procedures have risks of miscarriage of 1% or less.](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tay%E2%80%93Sachs_disease&section=8)
+ [Preimplantation genetic diagnosis. By retrieving the mother's eggs for in vitro fertilization, it is possible to test the embryo for the disorder prior to implantation. Healthy embryos are then selected and transferred into the mother's womb, while unhealthy embryos are discarded. In addition to Tay–Sachs disease, preimplantation genetic diagnosis has been used to prevent cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia among other genetic disorders.](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tay%E2%80%93Sachs_disease&section=8)
+ [Mate selection. In Orthodox Jewish circles, the organization Dor Yeshorim carries out an anonymous screening program so that carriers for Tay–Sachs and other genetic disorders can avoid marrying each other.](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tay%E2%80%93Sachs_disease&section=8)

Each of the mechanisms above would work to eliminate embryos with two Tay-Sachs genes, and preimplantation genetic diagnoses could be used to eliminate embryos with one Tay-Sachs gene, though I have no reason to think it is used that way.

By eliminating embryos with two Tay-Sachs genes, adults (who could reproduce) with Tay-Sachs are also eliminated and so I would think that over time, the genetic frequency of the Tay-Sachs disorder would decline.

Is there any evidence of this for Tay-Sachs?

Has the gene frequency of any recessive genetic disorder been reduced through screening mechanisms?

ID: w2l2wb
Title: How is it possible for the JWST to have the bandwidth to send back all the data it's collecting?
Author: non-troll_account
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.58
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658209782
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2l2wb/how_is_it_possible_for_the_jwst_to_have_the/
Text: It's so far away yet collecting so much data, I don't understand how it can send it all back. Is it using lossless compression of some kind?

ID: w2l540
Title: If gravity increased drastically at a certain spot of the ocean, what would happen in that area?
Author: looking_at_themoon
Score: 9
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658209998
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2l540/if_gravity_increased_drastically_at_a_certain/
Text: Lets say for example there was a circle in the Pacific Ocean with a diameter of 100ft. Within that circle, the gravity increases by an incredible amount and it only increases within that circle. What would happen to the water in that area? would it cause a straight hole to the bottom of the ocean or would a different kind of phenomenon occur?

ID: w2m0no
Title: How does wood glue work?
Author: glock2glock
Score: 114
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 36
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658213195
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2m0no/how_does_wood_glue_work/
Text: I understand how glue works but wood glue seems to become a permanent piece of the wood after it’s used sometimes lasting hundreds of years. Just curious what’s going on there chemically.

ID: w2m180
Title: How do captive-bred reptiles become salmonella carriers?
Author: Ohsa
Score: 18
VoteRatio: 0.81
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658213257
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2m180/how_do_captivebred_reptiles_become_salmonella/
Text: Allegedly 90% of reptiles carry salmonella. Where do captive-bred reptiles pick it up if they're hatched in incubators and away from the poop of older reptiles? Is it passed on during the formation of the egg? Or can it just survive for so long on water/surfaces that it's just a matter of time until they do? What about the remaining 10%, why don't they get it?

ID: w2nghg
Title: What is the process through which physical/mineral sunscreens (the ones that block with titanium/zinc oxide) lose their efficiency within a few hours?
Author: prookyon
Score: 13
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658218850
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2nghg/what_is_the_process_through_which_physicalmineral/
Text: If I understand correctly FDA has a ban on claiming more than 2 hours of protection regardless if its a chemical or physical sunscreen - but I would assume that without swimming/washing the physical ones should work longer as the oxides do not break down due to sunlight?

ID: w2qn0l
Title: What is stopping scientists from adding more and more neutrons to an atom to create an infinite amount of isotopes?
Author: EGKMRF
Score: 53
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 14
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658230836
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2qn0l/what_is_stopping_scientists_from_adding_more_and/
Text: I understand that at a point, more neutrons do not 'stick' to the nucleus, but why? What is stopping them from doing so? Why is it not possible to get an infinite amount of isotopes?

ID: w2t8ds
Title: Do elastic arteries follow Bernoulli’s principle? If not, why?
Author: DoubleZOfficial07
Score: 169
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 35
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658238589
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2t8ds/do_elastic_arteries_follow_bernoullis_principle/
Text: Okay, so this is a doozy. I was basically having a doubt in the physiology of blood pressure and arteries and my professors were unable to completely answer it, but they gave the reason as ’the large elastic arteries do not follow Bernoulli’s principle’. I‘m not satisfied with this explanation but as they are not physics professors they just made me accept it as such. So I’m flairing this as physics, but it could be that they misinterpreted my original question which is kinda complicated. So is it true? And why?

ID: w2tkje
Title: is it true that one of the effects of puberty is the rapid growth of the brain?
Author: mrpotato4565alt2
Score: 34
VoteRatio: 0.7
CommentCount: 15
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658239488
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2tkje/is_it_true_that_one_of_the_effects_of_puberty_is/
Text: 

So one of the effects of puberty is the rapid growth of the human body 

BUT is it true that one of the effects of puberty is rapid growth of the brain? Because I read somewhere that one of the effects of puberty is rapid growth of the brain 

Please when you answer send me the scientific paper / source that you got the answer from

ID: w2u7gh
Title: How does tomato juice remove smells? Why is it more effective than many other natural and synthetic compounds?
Author: seaflans
Score: 2936
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 269
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658241196
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2u7gh/how_does_tomato_juice_remove_smells_why_is_it/
Text: Edit: Should have posted this to r/nostupidquestions! Turns out, tomato juice is NOT more effective than many other natural and synthetic compounds. Damn you Spiderman (The Spectacular Spiderman, 2008) for inspiring this question after a fight at the dump.

ID: w2uwt2
Title: Why don’t the ‘cos’ ends of viral DNA bind inside the capsid?
Author: plectinresearcher
Score: 54
VoteRatio: 0.76
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658243036
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2uwt2/why_dont_the_cos_ends_of_viral_dna_bind_inside/
Text: So, the DNA within the head of a capsid such as a lambda particle have these extensions at the 5’ strand of each end, called ‘cohesive’ or ‘cos’ ends. Apparently, they don’t bind to each other during packaging and they don’t bind to each other while bundled up inside the capsid. Once released into the host cell, however, they have no issues finding and then binding to each other. Why is that?

ID: w2wgez
Title: How do train tracks withstand hot and cold temperatures?
Author: cosulytt
Score: 23
VoteRatio: 0.79
CommentCount: 22
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658247023
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2wgez/how_do_train_tracks_withstand_hot_and_cold/
Text: In the UK, Network Rail explained why the UK rail infrastructure is unable to cope with hot temperatures, however, it also said that 'If we stressed our rails for exceptionally hot weather, they wouldn’t be safe for the winter and we’d have broken rail because it’s too cold.' 

What I'd like to understand is how the rail infrastructure in places that do experience extreme sides of weather is able to withstand the extremes. In my head I'm thinking of cities in North America on the east coast which experience very low and very high temperatures. How does their rail infrastructure cope with extremes? How are they built differently?

ID: w2wxto
Title: What's the most massive black hole that could strike the earth without causing any damage?
Author: Syscrush
Score: 1428
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 313
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658248256
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2wxto/whats_the_most_massive_black_hole_that_could/
Text: When I was in 9th grade in the mid-80's, my science teacher said that if a black hole with the mass of a mountain were to strike Earth, it would probably just oscillate back and forth inside the Earth for a while before settling at Earth's center of gravity and that would be it.

I've never forgotten this idea - it sounds plausible but as I've never heard the claim elsewhere I suspect it is wrong. Is there any basis for this?

If it is true, then what's the most massive a black hole could be to pass through the Earth without causing a commotion?

ID: w2xqe6
Title: Thru what mechanisms do queen ants store male sperm for up to 25 years?
Author: Flowonbyboats
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658250256
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2xqe6/thru_what_mechanisms_do_queen_ants_store_male/
Text:  

I did google searched and searched this sub for an answer. The closest I got was the link at the bottom.

I understand that many animals have sperm with short life cycles. I also understand that women are able to keep their same oocyte their whole life's. However eggs are living cells that are still attached to the host body and are being fed/wasted carried away from. Is this the same action that happens inside a queens body's when they store sperm for up to 25 years? Or is there a different mechanism of action?

If you have info related to other animals besides queen ants I'd be interested in hearing it as well.

[https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/pwwpq/why\_is\_the\_fertile\_life\_of\_human\_sperm\_so\_short/](https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/pwwpq/why_is_the_fertile_life_of_human_sperm_so_short/)

ID: w2yq7e
Title: Where can I get a fasta file for the rhinovirus genome?
Author: plsdontkillmee
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.45
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658252755
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w2yq7e/where_can_i_get_a_fasta_file_for_the_rhinovirus/
Text: I'm trying to make a parser for .fa files and this seems like it won't be a huge file.

ID: w38cnt
Title: Are ants capable of flatulence?
Author: McNuggiezz
Score: 264
VoteRatio: 0.87
CommentCount: 67
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658277422
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w38cnt/are_ants_capable_of_flatulence/
Text: 

ID: w3a60c
Title: How can a bacteria have membrane bound organelles?
Author: Cyberman2277
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.56
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658282632
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3a60c/how_can_a_bacteria_have_membrane_bound_organelles/
Text: I just came across a video about the giant bacteria thiomargarita magnifica, which is visible to the naked eye and has membrane bound organelles. How is it classified as bacteria instead of protozoa with membrane bound organelles?

ID: w3atux
Title: Some people are more prone to mosquito bites. What criteria does a mosquito use when selecting their victims?
Author: Lienidus1
Score: 35
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 20
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658284513
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3atux/some_people_are_more_prone_to_mosquito_bites_what/
Text: 

ID: w3btdw
Title: How do Projectile Tracking Systems actually function?
Author: Otisliveson
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658287410
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3btdw/how_do_projectile_tracking_systems_actually/
Text: Especially with regard to the spinning mirror. I can’t find a good source that explains how the mirror is capable of turning so quickly. Example footage here: https://youtu.be/z7H5_o4UYw4

ID: w3ckvf
Title: If temperatures reach 125F+ for several hours in a place with vegetation (Texas, for example), are there concerns of the landscape getting pasteurized?
Author: SirNanigans
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.56
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658289721
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3ckvf/if_temperatures_reach_125f_for_several_hours_in_a/
Text: Wouldn't it shatter the microbial ecosystems present on plants and the surface of soil?

ID: w3culo
Title: Do the elements of supernovae stay within the range of the previous solar system? Is a solar system with a star of sufficient mass just recycling elements within that range?
Author: tbird1134
Score: 78
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658290558
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3culo/do_the_elements_of_supernovae_stay_within_the/
Text: I get that nebulae can be many AU’s in diameter, but isn’t the distance between solar systems much larger to the point where there would be very little cross pollination between solar systems? Also what happens to planets that aren’t destroyed by supernovae? Are there gas giant sized planets drifting around within galaxies unattached to a star?

ID: w3d587
Title: Is D-Ribose a precursor to Ribitol?
Author: GCWR3
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.4
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658291487
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3d587/is_dribose_a_precursor_to_ribitol/
Text: 

ID: w3eafw
Title: Why don’t species that are capable of parthenogenesis eventually turn into all females?
Author: candid_page38
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658295270
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3eafw/why_dont_species_that_are_capable_of/
Text: Is there some evolutionary benefit of continuing to mate with males?

ID: w3fcbb
Title: What does atmospheric pressure really tell us about anything? Can we use the number of hectopectares to divine something useful or even tangible? Like anything to do about the weather, chance of rain, temperature
Author: Lesbianseagullman
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.59
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658298985
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3fcbb/what_does_atmospheric_pressure_really_tell_us/
Text: I have a barometer that tells me a number in hPa (right now it says 1007, which is apparently close to normal? But what is the significance of that, of an- I assume- "normal level of atmospheric pressure"?) I can't figure out what the point even is of knowing this information at a given time! 
The only time in which I could see this being useful is if-whether weather conditions occur at corresponding hPa levels--if i could replace temperature, chance of rain, is it sunny or cloudy, etc. with it.. I have no idea what I'm talking about. 

Can anyone just fill me in and explain atmospheric pressure, its significance to life- my life, every day life, anything

Hope this is the right flair, I couldn't find the one for meteorology or something.

ID: w3firn
Title: How does the genetical difference between modern humans and our 300 000 year old ancestors compare to the genetical difference between our 300 000 year old ancestors and our 600 000 year old ancestors?
Author: andreasdagen
Score: 35
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 13
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658299658
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3firn/how_does_the_genetical_difference_between_modern/
Text: 

ID: w3ib4f
Title: When do gases uniformly fill a container vs layer by layer based on density?
Author: KesTheHammer
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 24
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658310408
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3ib4f/when_do_gases_uniformly_fill_a_container_vs_layer/
Text: Air in a closed container has Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapour etc in an even distribution throughout the container, despite the N2 having a lower density (1.2 kg/m³) than oxygen (1.4kg/m³) or CO2 (1.9 kg/m³)

But in other cases, it is argued that the carbon dioxide will drop down (as in fire suppression systems), or hot air will rise etc based on differing densities.

Is it all about mixing - or are there other effects at play?

ID: w3iwdg
Title: Could trauma result in bicephaly in reptiles?
Author: svconfession411
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.22
CommentCount: 0
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658312630
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3iwdg/could_trauma_result_in_bicephaly_in_reptiles/
Text: Forgive the weird question, but I was curious. From what I understand bicephaly in reptiles is typically caused by either genetic or environmental factors, the most common being abnormal incubation temperatures. I was wondering if there is any sort of physical trauma that could result in bicephaly, such as an egg being dropped or slightly damaged? If so, would it be possible for scientists to make a notch in a developing embryo and encourage bicephaly? I know it's kind of morbid, but I was really curious as to whether or not physical environmental factors have an impact on this since I couldn't find many sources surrounding it!

ID: w3jzip
Title: Is it possible for a new born to develop no genitals at all?
Author: ShueiHS
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.47
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658316570
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3jzip/is_it_possible_for_a_new_born_to_develop_no/
Text: And if yes, in what genetical conditions? Would they physically develop more like a female or male?

I'm mostly interested in this to know if sexually "neutral" humans could exist, and how. If you need me to be more precise, please tell me !

Thanks for your answers!

ID: w3kegy
Title: What is causing this 2022 global heat wave?
Author: transporter3
Score: 162
VoteRatio: 0.84
CommentCount: 41
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658317981
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3kegy/what_is_causing_this_2022_global_heat_wave/
Text: Any article I can find just says "climate change" which I understand but what are the specific factors and systems that are causing this? And what is seemingly making those systems produce something global and intense?

ID: w3n2ex
Title: Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science
Author: AutoModerator
Score: 930
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 476
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658325611
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3n2ex/ask_anything_wednesday_physics_astronomy_earth/
Text: Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on **Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science**

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

**Asking Questions:**

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

**Answering Questions:**

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. [The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/wiki/index#wiki_answering_askscience). In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, [please refer to the information provided here](https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/about/sticky).

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts [can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/search?q=flair%3A%27meta%27&restrict_sr=on&sort=new&t=all). Ask away!

ID: w3nq0n
Title: How long does it take naturally for silver to form? (not man made ones)
Author: YtSabit
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.41
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658327271
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3nq0n/how_long_does_it_take_naturally_for_silver_to/
Text: 

ID: w3rut0
Title: AskScience Panel of Scientists XXVII
Author: AskScienceModerator
Score: 20
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658337273
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w3rut0/askscience_panel_of_scientists_xxvii/
Text: **Please read this entire post carefully and format your application appropriately.**

This post is for new panelist recruitment! The previous one is [here](https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/s93rpe/askscience_panel_of_scientists_xxvi/).

The panel is an informal group of Redditors who are **either professional scientists or those in training to become so**. All panelists have at least a graduate-level familiarity within their declared field of expertise and answer questions from related areas of study. A panelist's expertise is summarized in a color-coded AskScience flair.

Membership in the panel comes with access to a panelist subreddit. It is a place for panelists to interact with each other, voice concerns to the moderators, and where the moderators make announcements to the whole panel. It's a good place to network with people who share your interests!

\-------------------

**You are eligible to join the panel if you:**

* Are studying for at least an MSc. or equivalent degree in the sciences, AND,
* Are able to communicate your knowledge of your field at a level accessible to various audiences.

\-------------------

**Instructions for formatting your panelist application:**

* Choose exactly one general field from the side-bar (Physics, Engineering, Social Sciences, etc.).
* State your specific field in one word or phrase (Neuropathology, Quantum Chemistry, etc.)
* Succinctly describe your particular area of research in a few words (carbon nanotube dielectric properties, myelin sheath degradation in Parkinsons patients, etc.)
* Give us a brief synopsis of your education: are you a research scientist for three decades, or a first-year Ph.D. student?
* Provide links to comments you've made in AskScience which you feel are indicative of your scholarship.  Applications will not be approved without several comments made in /r/AskScience itself.

\-------------------

Ideally, these comments should clearly indicate your fluency in the fundamentals of your discipline as well as your expertise. We favor comments that contain citations so we can assess its correctness without specific domain knowledge.

Here's an example application:

`Username: /u/foretopsail`

`General field: Anthropology`

`Specific field: Maritime Archaeology`

`Particular areas of research include historical archaeology, archaeometry, and ship construction.`

`Education: MA in archaeology, researcher for several years.`

`Comments: 1, 2, 3, 4.`

Please do not give us personally identifiable information and please follow the template. We're not going to do real-life background checks - we're just asking for reddit's best behavior. However, several moderators are tasked with monitoring panelist activity, and your credentials will be checked against the academic content of your posts on a continuing basis.

You can submit your application by replying to this post.

ID: w405g1
Title: How are the stages of cancer determined? Like, what do doctors see in a tumour that makes them go "yep, that's a four. No going back. That's all"??? What makes a cancer a stage two, or three, or four?
Author: lemon_scented_Enby
Score: 5128
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 374
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658357755
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w405g1/how_are_the_stages_of_cancer_determined_like_what/
Text: 

ID: w46rwr
Title: How severe is the maximum of the current solar cycle expected to be?
Author: Hedgehogs4Me
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658376217
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w46rwr/how_severe_is_the_maximum_of_the_current_solar/
Text: A friend and I were looking at some news stories and wiki articles about solar storms, and we were really confused by how many of the news articles seem to be making a big deal of the upcoming solar cycle maximum, but other resources say that we're expected to have a quieter-than-average solar cycle.

We're aware of the risks and big events that are possible with solar cycle maximums, but since a lot of news stories sound like they're trying to convince us that the sun is about to kill us all, we're looking for something a little bit more nuanced to give us some perspective. My friend is interested in astronomy but *also has astrophobia* so has been looking for something a little more reassuring than articles constantly popping up on his social media recommendations that exaggerate for clicks.

What should we actually expect, and what should we look for in news articles to tell us what we actually need to know?

ID: w4aeai
Title: Does high natural gas and fuel reserves in the ground indicate higher amounts of flora and fauna in the dinosaur age ?
Author: This-Wrongdoer-1858
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.84
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658388639
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4aeai/does_high_natural_gas_and_fuel_reserves_in_the/
Text: Is it correct to make the direct assumption that countries which have higher fuel reserves had higher flora and fauna, i.e. higher bio-matter in the dinosaur era(excuse the layman terms sorry).

ID: w4bdl4
Title: Does graphene fiber need to be impregnated with resin to be applicable as carbon fiber?
Author: ArtWheelDrive
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.72
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658392418
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4bdl4/does_graphene_fiber_need_to_be_impregnated_with/
Text: I think we all know what graphene is, and it's cheap production. 

During my time finding graphene online, I also found out that it can be manufactured into fibers. And an idea went up in my head: *"What if I use graphene fiber, instead of carbon fiber?"*. After all, it's more better in a lot ways than carbon fiber, especially in cost. Like, you can make your own graphene at home-type cheap. 

BAC motors made a sports car that has graphene body panels, probably using graphene in its' fiber form, that's what I think is most likely how they used it. I read an article about it, but the article didn't say how the graphene became as applicable as carbon fiber, like how BAC used carbon fiber. 

Does graphene fiber need to be impregnated with resin, like carbon fiber? Or no, it doesn't need to be impregnated with resin?

ID: w4bi3e
Title: What makes one feature dominant and other recessive?
Author: Gloomy_Efficiency196
Score: 47
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 26
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658392925
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4bi3e/what_makes_one_feature_dominant_and_other/
Text: I want to know why some features in genetics are dominant and can overcome this recessive ones, how they do this, what is the difference between them?

ID: w4ccb9
Title: Do male sharks & their relatives exhibit "clasperedness"? i.e. do individuals prefer to use on or another of their two claspers in mating more often than others & does it vary similarly to right & left handedness in humans?
Author: screwyoushadowban
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 0
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658396089
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4ccb9/do_male_sharks_their_relatives_exhibit/
Text: 

ID: w4cse1
Title: why don't ice bergs melt even after floating in water for a long time?
Author: YakZealousideal782
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.7
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658397724
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4cse1/why_dont_ice_bergs_melt_even_after_floating_in/
Text: 

ID: w4e0p4
Title: Is it possible for paper and plastic to grow mould?
Author: Old-Masterpiece-9564
Score: 18
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658402047
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4e0p4/is_it_possible_for_paper_and_plastic_to_grow_mould/
Text: I know moisture + bread = mould but what about non-food?

ID: w4es3e
Title: How do I combine two probabilities to compare them to a single probability?
Author: m00nwatcher11
Score: 22
VoteRatio: 0.74
CommentCount: 14
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658404452
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4es3e/how_do_i_combine_two_probabilities_to_compare/
Text: Here's a hypothetical scenario I'm trying to figure out:

Say I have a basket of 250 apples, and one of them is poisoned. So if I eat one apple out of the basket, I have a 1:250 chance of dying.

Now, say I was given the opportunity to instead eat an apple from another basket that holds 2,175 apples (one being poisoned), but to get that opportunity, I first have to eat one from a basket of 30,000 apples.

My question is: How do I calculate the combined probability of me dying when first having eaten from the 30,000 basket, then the 2,175 basket? How much safer is that option than just eating from the original 250 apple basket?

ID: w4fqn9
Title: When does the bulk of muscle recovery happen after a world out?
Author: jrdubbleu
Score: 95
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 32
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658407332
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4fqn9/when_does_the_bulk_of_muscle_recovery_happen/
Text: When someone works out, lifts weights, runs, etc. When does the bulk of muscle recovery and repair occur?

Does the intensity matter? Short of a full muscle injury like a tear, does a harder workout with more strain on the muscles have a longer peak recovery? Are there things that can assist recovery or bolster it during that period—or hinder it?

ID: w4g94s
Title: Spent the day curled up on the bathroom floor recovering from a norovirus stomach flu infection. Recently found out that noroviruses are resistant to alcohol-based sanitizers. How is this possible?
Author: payloadchap
Score: 3452
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 434
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658408804
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4g94s/spent_the_day_curled_up_on_the_bathroom_floor/
Text: I thought hand sanitizer was supposed to completely sterilize your hands by denaturing proteins that make up the outer layer of all viruses and bacteria? What is it about noroviruses specifically that make them resistant?

ID: w4iqb3
Title: How does the Webb telescope capture the big bang itself, and how is it expected to look like?
Author: RednBlackEagle
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.57
CommentCount: 24
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658415337
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4iqb3/how_does_the_webb_telescope_capture_the_big_bang/
Text: 

ID: w4qgd9
Title: Since BA5 can avoid antibodies from the original virus and vaccines, can you also get the original COVID after a bout of BA5?
Author: SuperSimpleSam
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658434283
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4qgd9/since_ba5_can_avoid_antibodies_from_the_original/
Text: I'm wondering if it's a one way street or if they are different enough that their antibodies don't effect the other.

ID: w4u9qd
Title: Are Hyenas really devastating to their environment?
Author: sebiiooo97
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.52
CommentCount: 13
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658443827
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4u9qd/are_hyenas_really_devastating_to_their_environment/
Text: In the Lion King, Hyenas are painted as consuming everything around them and leaving their habitats bare. Is this something based in reality or is it purely for the sake of the movie?

ID: w4um66
Title: Why is the set of positive integers "countable infinity" but the set of real numbers between 0 and 1 "uncountable infinity" when they can both be counted on a 1 to 1 correspondence?
Author: Namaenonaidesu
Score: 547
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 221
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658444734
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4um66/why_is_the_set_of_positive_integers_countable/
Text: 0.1, 0.2...... 0.9, 0.01, 0.11, 0.21, 0.31...... 0.99, 0.001, 0.101, 0.201......

1st number is 0.1, 17th number is 0.71, 8241st number is 0.1428, 9218754th number is 0.4578129.

I think the size of both sets are the same? For Cantor's diagonal argument, if you match up every integer with a real number (btw is it even possible to do so since the size is infinite) and create a new real number by changing a digit from each real number, can't you do the same thing with integers?  


Edit: For irrational numbers or real numbers with infinite digits (ex. 1/3), can't we reverse their digits over the decimal point and get the same number? Like "0.333..." would correspond to "...333"?

(Asked this on r/NoStupidQuestions and was advised to ask it here. [Original Post](https://www.reddit.com/r/NoStupidQuestions/comments/w4u4ar/why_is_the_set_of_positive_integers_countable/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=web2x&context=3))

ID: w4w5zl
Title: What is the neuroscience behind the motion after effect?
Author: BringsHomeBones
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.79
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658448981
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4w5zl/what_is_the_neuroscience_behind_the_motion_after/
Text: I have a basic understanding of neural adaptation: the brain stops responding to stimuli after being exposed for an extended period of time. 

But I don't understand how this leads to seeing motion in static object.

This particular sentence (in relation to waterfalls) has me stumped.

*"Cells responding to the movement of the water suffer a reduction in responsiveness, so that during competitive interactions between detector outputs, false motion signals arise."*

ID: w4xush
Title: If the light omitted on the far side of a galaxy is significantly older than that of the front side, why isn't the shape distorted?
Author: defire101
Score: 988
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 83
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658453785
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w4xush/if_the_light_omitted_on_the_far_side_of_a_galaxy/
Text: I can't wrap my head around this. In a galaxy that is, say, 100,000 light years across, why do we still see it as a "perfect" formation?

ID: w51qrv
Title: Do primate communication contain grammar like human languages?
Author: deadfermata
Score: 345
VoteRatio: 0.85
CommentCount: 66
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658465678
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w51qrv/do_primate_communication_contain_grammar_like/
Text: 

ID: w523oy
Title: If there are solid and gas planets, are there also liquid planets somewhere in the universe?
Author: cyanraider
Score: 18
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658466853
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w523oy/if_there_are_solid_and_gas_planets_are_there_also/
Text: 

ID: w56cck
Title: Are there any long-term climate implications of huge wildfires seen in Western Europe?
Author: SusiGrantHopeful
Score: 17
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658482644
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w56cck/are_there_any_longterm_climate_implications_of/
Text: Right now Western Europe is experiencing unprecedented levels of wildfires. Does this impact the rate of wildfires in the future i.e. will the burnt forests be more prone to catching fire next year? And does the carbon monoxide from the burning have a significant impact on climate?

ID: w57o8z
Title: Does being born during different seasons make a difference for early child development?
Author: Gettothachoppurr
Score: 868
VoteRatio: 0.92
CommentCount: 141
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658487390
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w57o8z/does_being_born_during_different_seasons_make_a/
Text: For example, adults experience different physiological and psychological effects during winter months due to shorter day length and lower vitamin D intake. Is a similar effect noticeable during early child development ?

ID: w58yn6
Title: If abruptly stopping your alcohol intake can be harmful, or even lethal depending on how long you were consumed by it - does the same apply to Marijuana?
Author: CloudStrife8797
Score: 811
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 241
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658491591
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w58yn6/if_abruptly_stopping_your_alcohol_intake_can_be/
Text: 

ID: w59c1e
Title: Do neuter-and-release programs for feral cats and dogs change the population's behavior?
Author: bobtheghost33
Score: 2524
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 320
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658492733
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w59c1e/do_neuterandrelease_programs_for_feral_cats_and/
Text: Neutering an animal can change it's behavior and temperament. Does this affect a population's behavior as more of them are neutered?

ID: w5h4cu
Title: Any epigenetic info stored on telomeres?
Author: charlielwallace
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658513131
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w5h4cu/any_epigenetic_info_stored_on_telomeres/
Text: Since telomeres consist of repeats of a simple dna sequence, there's no genetic information, but this dna could be modified via methylation, that is epigenetic info could be attached.  Is it known if that happens?  Would this be a possible explanation of how memories are formed?  Or could this be used as a way to tag cells with ID numbers for research?  Thanks

ID: w5hraz
Title: Which “way” do we point the James Webb Telescope?
Author: itisacircle
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658514720
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w5hraz/which_way_do_we_point_the_james_webb_telescope/
Text: Do we always have the telescope pointing in one direction? And this might be a stupid add on but If the Big Bang happened and everything came from a point then wouldn’t that mean the center of the universe is in one given direction? About 13 Billion light years as the crow flies.

ID: w5ht5h
Title: Are gases and air the only fully transparent compounds?
Author: FETU55LAYER
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.58
CommentCount: 14
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658514854
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w5ht5h/are_gases_and_air_the_only_fully_transparent/
Text: We cant see air and some gases because the particles that compose it dont have a color, right?

Is there any other compound with this property? All the other transparent things I can think of, like glass or water, are only partially transparent as they can still reflect light.

Also, can air in other planets with an atmosphere be made of different particles that reflect light, and therefore be visible? And why are gases particularly so... eager to be "invisible"?

ID: w5lgfh
Title: Has the number of total insects shrunk in the modern times?
Author: KarmaWhoreRepeating
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658524103
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w5lgfh/has_the_number_of_total_insects_shrunk_in_the/
Text: I sat on my porch for two hours today. I must have killed a dozen ants and Hal a dozen mosquitoes... On top of that, i spray the house against termites, ants, moths, mosquitos, flies....

My question is... If we were to compare the global number of mosquitoes+ants+flies living in a general area, would human action have significant influence on their number or no?

Arguments for yes: we (humans) are very invasive, and pesticides are powerful.

Arguments for no: the houses' area are insignificant compared to the wooded/grassy area. More over, we are creating a nutrition-rich environment for these insects and that's why they are around us. So we are killing as many as we produce.

ID: w5lkg4
Title: How exactly does stopping alcohol intake, abruptly, cause medical issues and even death?
Author: barefoot_yank
Score: 75
VoteRatio: 0.85
CommentCount: 36
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658524376
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w5lkg4/how_exactly_does_stopping_alcohol_intake_abruptly/
Text: Thinking of quitting but worried about the ramifications. Thanks.

ID: w5mgpa
Title: What can be done to protect space telescopes (like James Webb) from damage due to micrometeorites?
Author: thermal7
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.6
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658526647
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w5mgpa/what_can_be_done_to_protect_space_telescopes_like/
Text: I've read the the James Webb space telescope is already experiencing damage from micrometeor impacts.  I've also read that there are plans for larger space telescopes in the future.  What can be done to protect future telescopes from micrometeor damage?

ID: w5q3zx
Title: How does ingesting bleach harm you exactly?
Author: TheCreepyPL
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.63
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658536466
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w5q3zx/how_does_ingesting_bleach_harm_you_exactly/
Text: 

ID: w5rdtu
Title: Why do we not cough in sleep?
Author: AnonHoodieGirl
Score: 844
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 118
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658540200
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w5rdtu/why_do_we_not_cough_in_sleep/
Text: Hello! First post here so bear with me.
So, ever since I recovered from covid in May 2021, I've had this long covid wheezing and coughing it's not extreme just a little bit don't worry, anyway I was thinking, I just woke up from a night's sleep and I was coughing last night and now this morning. Why do we not cough in our sleep? Does coughing require consciousness? Or is it something else, maybe it could be related to our breathing patterns? Like when you try taking deep breaths to stop wheezing but cough bad while you exhale? Idk, I don't have anything near a biology background. 
Thank you in advance!
Ps:This may or may not be a stupid question so again, bear with me.

ID: w5rpbp
Title: Can lake Mead ever refill?
Author: Lanky80
Score: 14
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658541150
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w5rpbp/can_lake_mead_ever_refill/
Text: Basically the title…are we in a long period of drought or is this the new normal? Is there any realistic amount of rain/snowpack in a wet year that would get the lake back to its 1980s levels?

ID: w5yi46
Title: Do the spiciest plants produce it all naturally, or do they require some extra environmental help?
Author: Nekomiminya
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.6
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658563211
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w5yi46/do_the_spiciest_plants_produce_it_all_naturally/
Text: Thinking stuff like ghost pepper etc, I don't know proper names. It feels pretty extreme to know that there are peppers that are thousands(?) times spicier than others.

Do they just devote that much resources into making capsaicin? Or is it also matter of something else?

ID: w5zn4r
Title: How do fatty animals like seals or walruses not get diabetes (from lipotoxicity) or coronary artery disease?
Author: mylifeisanidiotplot
Score: 109
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 39
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658567510
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w5zn4r/how_do_fatty_animals_like_seals_or_walruses_not/
Text: 

ID: w60tjb
Title: Will lab grown meat have the same nutritional value as regular meat?
Author: andr4599
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 21
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658572015
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w60tjb/will_lab_grown_meat_have_the_same_nutritional/
Text: In terms of minerals, vitamins, proteins etc.

ID: w618ia
Title: Why neutral and a ground?
Author: bob_smithey
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 17
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658573591
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w618ia/why_neutral_and_a_ground/
Text: Hi. I was learning about 120v home systems. I know ground wire is a wire that literally goes into the ground via spike or the water pipes for earth ground. It's there for safety. I know neutral is the return for the hot wire in 120v outlets in the USA. But in the USA, 120v is half of the 240v coming to the house. The other half is a grounding bus. Could someone explain it to me why we, USA homes need both, a neutral and a ground wire?  


I can't seem to google why both are needed... just that they are. And I thought I was a googlefu master. :(

ID: w61rfm
Title: Are plant hybrids more likely to be fertile ? If so, why ?
Author: Icariu
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.63
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658575496
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w61rfm/are_plant_hybrids_more_likely_to_be_fertile_if_so/
Text: 

ID: w62q0o
Title: Do we know how long prions remain infectious in the environment?
Author: Ikeakip
Score: 209
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 37
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658578798
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w62q0o/do_we_know_how_long_prions_remain_infectious_in/
Text: Do we have a estimate on how long prions can stay infectious in the environment? For example in dust or dirt.  There seems to be a lot of mixed answers online. I have seen answers that CWD can last for 2 years or longer but that answer seems to come from 10+ years ago, there surely must be new findings?

ID: w62qr4
Title: Since stars are fueled by nuclear fusion, do they constantly lose mass?
Author: PolychromaticPuppy
Score: 1036
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 104
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658578858
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w62qr4/since_stars_are_fueled_by_nuclear_fusion_do_they/
Text: My understanding is that energy comes from the equation E=mc^2, some mass is converted to energy.

If so, how much mass is lost per day?

Which specific subatomic particle of hydrogen is destroyed in this process?

ID: w64f5a
Title: Would planting corn in arid regions increase the likelihood of rain/precipitation?
Author: rooohooo
Score: 21
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658583998
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w64f5a/would_planting_corn_in_arid_regions_increase_the/
Text: I just read about 'corn sweat' for the first time and, y'all, my mind was blown and replaced with sooo many questions. The articles and links that pop up when googled all state sweat from corn, and like plants, can increase humidity in an area making humid areas more so (as in the American Midwest). If this is true, then can we assume it also applies to non humid areas? If it does, then, basically, my main question is the one from the title- Would planting corn in arid regions increase the likelihood of rain/precipitation? 

Thank you!

ID: w663ff
Title: Why is it a potentially higher risk for myocarditis to take COVID vaccine after Orthopoxvirus vaccine, but not the other way around?
Author: supa_sama123
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.76
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658588657
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w663ff/why_is_it_a_potentially_higher_risk_for/
Text: I see [here](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7122e1.htm?s_cid=mm7122e1_w) (under section: Contraindications To and Precautions Associated with Vaccinations to Prevent Orthopoxvirus Infections) that receiving a COVID vaccine within 4 weeks of JYNNEOS vaccine is not recommended, as a precautionary measure since the risk of myocarditis from JYNNEOS is unknown. 

I noticed it was mentioned that it mentioned shortly after, regarding the opposite scenario (COVID vaccine then JYNNEOS) that "no minimum interval between mRNA COVID-19 vaccination and orthopoxvirus vaccination is necessary."

​The main question I have is, what mechanisms could be at play here that potentially increase the risk of myocarditis when receiving JYNNEOS then COVID vaccine, but NOT COVID vaccine then JYNNEOS?

Edit: If anyone was interested in the answer, I asked the person who wrote that article at the CDC and this is what they responded:

>Thank you for your inquiry. There are no specific data on close administration of COVID-19 vaccines and Jynneos vaccines. The reason for consideration of a 4-week interval between the Jynneos first and mRNA second is because of the observed risk of myocarditis with mRNA vaccines and unknown risk of myocarditis with Jynneos. The reason there is no minimum interval when it is mRNA first and Jynneos second is because the benefits of Jynneos for prophylaxis given as soon as possible in the setting of an outbreak, outweighs the theoretical risk of myocarditis when administering them close together. Please continue to follow up with your local health care providers should you have additional questions or concerns. Thank you.

ID: w6drps
Title: If Mount Toba Didn't Cause Humanity's Genetic Bottleneck, What Did?
Author: PhiloBlackCardinal
Score: 2648
VoteRatio: 0.95
CommentCount: 248
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658609312
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w6drps/if_mount_toba_didnt_cause_humanitys_genetic/
Text: It seems as if the [Toba Catastrophe Theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toba_catastrophe_theory) is on the way out. From my understanding of the theory itself, a genetic bottleneck that occurred ~75,000 years ago was linked to the Toba VEI-8 eruption. However, evidence showing that societies and cultures away from Southeast Asia continued to develop after the eruption, which has seemed to debunk the Toba Catastrophe Theory.

However, that still doesn't explain the genetic bottleneck found in humans around this time. So, my question is, are there any theories out there that suggest what may have caused this bottleneck? Or has the bottleneck's validity itself been brought into question?

ID: w6dtog
Title: Besides Spinosaurus and Carcharodontosaurus, was there any point in history in which two large theropods lived alongside one another?
Author: Patchman66
Score: 18
VoteRatio: 0.78
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658609465
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w6dtog/besides_spinosaurus_and_carcharodontosaurus_was/
Text: Just curious. I know Spinosaurus and Carcharodontosaurus lived at the same time, but what about other periods in pre history? I want to know if there were ever any different large therapods competing with one another for food or territory etc.

ID: w6e352
Title: Why does moisture make some surfaces more slippery and other surfaces less slippery?
Author: murfflemethis
Score: 209
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658610187
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w6e352/why_does_moisture_make_some_surfaces_more/
Text: For example, waterslides and smooth concrete get very slippery when wet, while very thin plastic bags are easier to open if your fingers are wet, and wet clothing is harder to remove than dry.

\*Edit: I appreciate the answers so far, but I think I gave too many examples. I'm most interested in understanding why a little bit of water on my finger tips makes it easier to open very thin plastic bags, and that hasnt been mentioned yet.

ID: w6izf8
Title: If the JWST’s mirrors were segmented to fold it up in 2 places, why are there 18 segments instead of just 3?
Author: heckingcomputernerd
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.71
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658623983
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w6izf8/if_the_jwsts_mirrors_were_segmented_to_fold_it_up/
Text: 

ID: w6u60g
Title: Could Monkeypox be Airborne? This NHS study from a UK hospital found MPX virus DNA 6 feet above a patient in the air.
Author: MajorRichardHead7
Score: 2671
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 204
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658664510
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w6u60g/could_monkeypox_be_airborne_this_nhs_study_from_a/
Text: [https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.21.22277864v1](https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.21.22277864v1)

&#x200B;

>***This is the first time that detection of MPXV (DNA and virus by isolation) in environmental air samples from healthcare settings has been reported,.***  
>  
>***Detection of MPXV DNA in air samples collected at distances of greater than 1•5m from the patient and at a height of nearly 2m supports the theory that MPXV can be present in either aerosols, suspended skin particles or dust containing virus, and not only in large respiratory droplets that fall to the ground within 1 to 1-5m of an infected individual.***  
>  
>***Five out of fifteen air samples taken were positive. Significantly, three of four air samples collected during a bed linen change in one patient's room were positive (Ct 32-7-35-8). Interpretation: These data demonstrate significant contamination in isolation facilities and potential for aerosolisation of MPXV during specific activities.***  
>  
>***We identified widespread MPXV DNA contamination of the environment in respiratory isolation rooms occupied by infected symptomatic individuals.***

&#x200B;

Trying to parse the implications of this study. 2m (6.5 feet) above the patient sounds like it's airborne right?

Maybe we shouldn't be sending potentially contagious patients to STI clinics like we currently are?

ID: w6yj4s
Title: Is the native GaAs oxidation layer water soluble and if yes, why are then acids used to remove it from wafers?
Author: chmqin
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 0.75
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658677406
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w6yj4s/is_the_native_gaas_oxidation_layer_water_soluble/
Text: I read that Si and GaAs, which are both used as semiconductors in computer chips, develop a very thin oxidation layer in air. I also read that the one that Si develops is insoluble in water, so it is a good passivation layer, while the one that GaAs develps contains water soluble oxides, so it is not a good passivation.

On the other hand in the industry, the GaAs oxidation layer is etched off with acid, when GaAs wafers are used - why is this done, and not just water used, if the oxides are water soluble? And how can I imagine the oxide layer itself, is it something that is firmly "bonded" to the GaAs or Si underneath, or is it something more "volatile" that is easily removed? As in: is it really part of the surface, or just "lying on top of it"?

I'm not a chemist, I just read a lot about semiconductor materials recently and am curious.

ID: w77wt9
Title: Do obesity rates drop during economic recession?
Author: Shurkify
Score: 1064
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 342
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658701907
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w77wt9/do_obesity_rates_drop_during_economic_recession/
Text: 

ID: w7903s
Title: Do other vertebrated animals have puberty like we have?
Author: Queerlestrinha
Score: 128
VoteRatio: 0.86
CommentCount: 18
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658704863
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7903s/do_other_vertebrated_animals_have_puberty_like_we/
Text: I know that some invertebrates go through metamorphosis, but what about other mammals, reptiles and birds? Do they also go through major body, hormonal and brain changes like we do during that period?

ID: w7ajiw
Title: How does evolution for non-breeding individuals in colony insects (bees, ants) work?
Author: Caesars-Dog
Score: 76
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 44
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658709207
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7ajiw/how_does_evolution_for_nonbreeding_individuals_in/
Text: How can evolution select for drone bees or honeypot ants if they don’t breed and pass on genes?

ID: w7aqo2
Title: How much of an effect does a lake have on local weather?
Author: gduke641
Score: 21
VoteRatio: 0.87
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658709810
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7aqo2/how_much_of_an_effect_does_a_lake_have_on_local/
Text: I live on a lake and every time there is a big storm it ends up coming really close but then it misses us. I can’t find any info on how a lake effects the weather pattern. The lake is about 23 square miles. It really bugs me why It always seems to blow over us.  What causes this to happen? Often it will be storming a few miles away but hardly ever at my house.

ID: w7ar3k
Title: If a person left Earth and were to travel in a straight line, would the chance of them hitting a star closer to 0% or 100%?
Author: mrcyner
Score: 6347
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 1244
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658709846
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7ar3k/if_a_person_left_earth_and_were_to_travel_in_a/
Text: In other words, is the number of stars so large that it's almost a given that it's bound to happen or is the universe that imense that it's improbable?

ID: w7ctak
Title: How would the theoretical pancoronavirus vaccines work?
Author: reapingsulls123
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.9
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658715757
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7ctak/how_would_the_theoretical_pancoronavirus_vaccines/
Text: What parts would they be targeting that a whole family of coronaviruses would have? How can we ensure variants won’t overcome them so easily?

ID: w7dkjr
Title: What makes Osmium such a valuable catalyst in organic reactions such as for producing ammonia?
Author: eddytony96
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.87
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658717948
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7dkjr/what_makes_osmium_such_a_valuable_catalyst_in/
Text: 

ID: w7dmfh
Title: Do antipsychotics change/damage the brain?
Author: Odd-Helicopter-1141
Score: 9
VoteRatio: 0.66
CommentCount: 18
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658718090
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7dmfh/do_antipsychotics_changedamage_the_brain/
Text: 

ID: w7dvzw
Title: What happens if a woman keeps taking birth control throughout a pregnancy?
Author: Redredret
Score: 21
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658718889
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7dvzw/what_happens_if_a_woman_keeps_taking_birth/
Text: 

ID: w7kyj1
Title: How do hot countries keep their aiport tarmac from melting?
Author: GetOutOfTheWhey
Score: 10
VoteRatio: 0.85
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658743409
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7kyj1/how_do_hot_countries_keep_their_aiport_tarmac/
Text: A few days ago it was reported that the tarmac on Heathrow had melted and this caused delays. While this temperature is unusual for UK, it isn't so unusual for other countries near the equator.

How do these countries deal with melted tarmac? Are the chemical composition of the material different?

ID: w7mc81
Title: Does covid affect the other chemoreceptors in the body?
Author: Adghnm
Score: 22
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658748088
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7mc81/does_covid_affect_the_other_chemoreceptors_in_the/
Text: I learned recently that our chemoreceptors aren't limited to the mouth and nose, but are elsewhere in the body - the heart, the fallopian tubes etc.

So, when a covid infection reduces your taste and smell, does it also reduce sensitivity in these other receptors? What's the effect if so?

ID: w7od4e
Title: How do drugs target our cancerous cells, and not our normal cells, when administered?
Author: GodConcepts
Score: 116
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 44
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658754006
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7od4e/how_do_drugs_target_our_cancerous_cells_and_not/
Text:  

If we have a population of normal and cancer cells, and we give a drug to this population. And lets say this drug induces apoptosis. Usually, the drug would have a detrimental effects on the cancerous cells, but would pretty much cause the normal cells to be unaffected. How is that? If the drug can induce cell death in both normal and cancerous cells, why do the cancerous cells tend to die first? Is it because cancerous cells are way better at metabolism than non-cancerous cells, and so they suck everything from their environment; Therefore the normal cells get a small quantity of the drug, while the cancerous cells consume most of it and hence die?

(I know that some drugs might target  molecules that are unique to cancerous cells. However for the ones that are non-specific, how do these drugs manage to destroy our cancerous cells pretty well, while sort of not over-harming our normal cells)

(if anyone has like really credible references that would be nice also

ID: w7qbvj
Title: Does a "lazy river" impart angular momentum to objects floating in it?
Author: Skandranonsg
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658759167
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7qbvj/does_a_lazy_river_impart_angular_momentum_to/
Text: I was at my local rec center pool and had this thought.

Let's say you have a donut-shaped pool with jets that keep the water moving clockwise with negligible turbulence and a spherical object floating in that pool. Without bumping into the sides, would the ball begin spinning relative to the ground or stay facing relatively the same direction? 

Thinking about the forces involved, my intuition tells me that the force of the water acting on the ball should always be tangential to the donut. Also, would the stream of water keep the ball in the center, or would it be flung to the outside perimeter of the pool? How would the situation change if it were a neutrally buoyant sphere in a cylindrical pipe?

ID: w7qk5v
Title: Does your ability to hear mosquitoes (the insects, not the tone) change with age?
Author: MeltingPants
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.6
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658759771
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7qk5v/does_your_ability_to_hear_mosquitoes_the_insects/
Text: 

ID: w7qkuh
Title: Is there any sugar in rocks? Like are there any natural rocks in the world with composits of glucose or sucrose inside of them?
Author: Otherwise-Chef5428
Score: 262
VoteRatio: 0.91
CommentCount: 94
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658759819
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7qkuh/is_there_any_sugar_in_rocks_like_are_there_any/
Text: 

ID: w7qyv5
Title: How does virus manipulation/CRISPR actually work, when the virus particles are so tiny?
Author: smallsparkofhope
Score: 4
VoteRatio: 0.59
CommentCount: 25
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658760804
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7qyv5/how_does_virus_manipulationcrispr_actually_work/
Text: I'm really curious about the actual mechanism by which researchers cut and splice something so small. That is to say, how do CRISPR and its offshoots work? For example, *how* do researchers actually snip a strand of DNA or RNA? And how do they introduce "guide" RNA into the virus particle, etc.? What tools are involved, and how do they work? I'm absolutely fascinated and would love to understand the process!

ID: w7rila
Title: Do social network feeds(Instagram, TikTok, Facebook) make concentration harder?
Author: 1Blue3Brown
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.47
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658762120
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7rila/do_social_network_feedsinstagram_tiktok_facebook/
Text: After scrolling social network feeds, i feel that concentrating on mentally hard work or study is harder. Is it just me, or it has a scientific explanation of some kind?

ID: w7rmgo
Title: How significant are the recent revelations that some research related to amyloid beta plaques in Alzheimer’s disease may be fraudulent?
Author: biocomputer
Score: 374
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 14
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658762385
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7rmgo/how_significant_are_the_recent_revelations_that/
Text: The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease says that the accumulation of the peptide amyloid-β in the brain is the main cause of the disease. However, after decades of research and clinical trials there has been little to no success in treating Alzheimer's patients based on this hypothesis, and it has been questioned, see for example:

>[The amyloid hypothesis on trial. As the development of treatments for Alzheimer’s disease continues to stumble, is it time for researchers to broaden their list of the condition’s potential causes?
](https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05719-4)

It was recently reported that some western blot images which claim to show a sub-type of amyloid beta, Aβ\*56, may have been manipulated. The report was the result of an investigation by *Science*:

>[Blots on a field? A neuroscience image sleuth finds signs of fabrication in scores of Alzheimer’s articles, threatening a reigning theory of the disease](https://www.science.org/content/article/potential-fabrication-research-images-threatens-key-theory-alzheimers-disease)

Such manipulations the report claims go back to the original 2006 paper describing Aβ\*56 in *Nature*  written by Sylvain Lesné and Karen Ashe:

>[A specific amyloid-β protein assembly in the brain impairs memory](https://www.nature.com/articles/nature04533)

From the report in *Science* one may get the impression that the vast majority of Aβ plaque-related research and drug development since then has been focused on the Aβ\*56 subtype, in which case the alleged fraud would be an enormous setback to the field, with billions of dollars and decades of research time wasted. However, there are many types of Aβ and I'm unclear on just how important Aβ\*56 is to the field of Alzheimer's research and drug development. My initial thought was that there's no way all this time, effort, and money has been invested in something that only one lab has published (even if they've published on it many times) and no independent researchers have validated. The *Science* report says that some others have detected Aβ\*56 but I don't know in what context, or if this other work validates the work from Lesné and Ashe:

>In the 16 years following the landmark paper, Lesné and Ashe—separately or jointly—published many articles on their stellar oligomer. Yet only a handful of other groups have reported detecting Aβ\*56.

An article on Alzforum has comments from some of the scientists involved in the controversy:

>[Sylvain Lesné, Who Found Aβ*56, Accused of Image Manipulation](https://www.alzforum.org/news/community-news/sylvain-lesne-who-found-av56-accused-image-manipulation)

In particular, the top comment which is from Karen Ashe, the senior author on the original 2006 paper:

>...it is clear that there are two general forms of Aβ, type 1 and type 2. One particular form of type 1 (referred to in our papers as Aβ\*56 and in the Science article as “toxic oligomers”) was shown by my lab and others to impair memory function in mice. The type 2 form of Aβ is the one found in amyloid plaques. It is this latter form that drug developers have repeatedly but unsuccessfully targeted. There have been no clinical trials targeting the type 1 form of Aβ...

Scientific misconduct or fraud is of course terrible, and if true I'm sure this has set back at least some progress in the field. But just how significant is this fraud if it's true?

ID: w7rt65
Title: Why is bioassay absorbance measured at 2 different wavelengths?
Author: Remarkable_Quarter_6
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.61
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658762847
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7rt65/why_is_bioassay_absorbance_measured_at_2/
Text: I am reading a lab procedure and the absorbance for the bioassay is measured at 2 wavelengths. Why are bioassays measured at two different wavelengths? Is this standard? When reporting results, should both figures be reported or just at the maximum wavelength?

ID: w7ry3i
Title: Does trying to have identical or similar participant numbers matter when doing a direct replication of an older study?
Author: CytheYounger
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.46
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658763176
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7ry3i/does_trying_to_have_identical_or_similar/
Text: I know psychology has not had the best reputation when it comes to the results of studies being replicated, but my question stems around direct replication and the results pulled from those. I understand that if you are going to directly replicate a study, you would use all the same materials from the original study, but would you try and use the same amount of participants or try and get close to it? So, let's say that I try and directly replicate a study from 1992 on Adolescent aggression and video game usage, I would use all the same materials, so in this case, Street Fighter from 1992 on an arcade machine and then measure aggression using the same surveys from the original study.  But let's say the original study had 51 eleven year olds, would you try and get exactly 51 eleven year olds for your replication? or would you try and get close? or does it even matter?

ID: w7xktp
Title: Why does a distant star remain visible to the naked eye no matter where we stand?
Author: chadwickthezulu
Score: 12
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658776629
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7xktp/why_does_a_distant_star_remain_visible_to_the/
Text: Do stars simply put out enough light that the angle between two adjacent photons are sufficiently narrow, ie <1mm separation at 1000 light years? Or does this have to do with the wave nature of photons so a single photon is detectable over a wide area? How small would a light detector need to be for a standard star 1000 LY away to disappear and reappear as the detector is moved around?

ID: w7xy0g
Title: Is the habitable zone of a 2-star system further out than a single-star system like ours?
Author: KingKarnool
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 8
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658777508
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7xy0g/is_the_habitable_zone_of_a_2star_system_further/
Text: 

ID: w7ydpn
Title: Why is Monkeypox affecting, "men who have sex with men" more than any other demographic?
Author: Relative-View3431
Score: 5632
VoteRatio: 0.85
CommentCount: 427
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658778549
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w7ydpn/why_is_monkeypox_affecting_men_who_have_sex_with/
Text: I've read that Monkey Pox isn't an STD. So why is MSM, allegedly, the most afflicted group according to the WHO?

Edit: Unfortunately, I feel that the answers aren't clear enough and I still have doubts.

I understand that Monkeypox isn't strictly an STD, and it's mainly transmitted by skin-to-skin contact and respiratory secretions during prolonged face-to-face contact. So, I still don't understand why are the media and health organizations focusing specifically on the MSM demographic.

Even if the spread, allegedly, began in some sort of gay event, any person, regardless of sexual orientation,  could eventually get infected with Monkeypox. It's not as if MSM only had contact with other MSM. They might also spread the disease to their heterosexual friends, coworkers, acquaintances, and relatives.

In the worst-case scenario in which we aren't able to contain Monkeypox, LGBT people who don't even participate in random sexual encounters or social gatherings might get infected by heterosexual carriers.

Shouldn't the narrative be changed to "people who partake in hook-up culture and large social events"? What does sexual orientation have to do with the spread of the disease?

Edit2: I'm reading an alarming number of baseless assumptions and stereotypes about MSM or gay men in general, I honestly thought this subreddit was much better.

&#x200B;

&#x200B;

ID: w80yrr
Title: Is mammal dung special? Are mammals comparatively greater consumers of fruits and vegetables, and so have plants evolved to serve primarily mammals? Why is guano so special?
Author: gnex30
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.56
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658784852
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w80yrr/is_mammal_dung_special_are_mammals_comparatively/
Text: I suppose warm bloodedness plays a factor here, but I'd like to know specifically how. There is a now popular story about avocados and gomphotheres that shows the mutual adaptation, but that's very highly specialized.  I'm speaking more broadly about lizard/reptile/bird/insect/whatever else vs mammal. Perhaps there are whole classes of plants that fruit just for reptiles in particular or something like that and whether it's as productive as it would be if it were mammalian fertilizer.

ID: w82tad
Title: Why is tartatric acid diprotic despite having four hydroxides in its molecular structure?
Author: Glittering_Pitch7648
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.5
CommentCount: 5
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658789474
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w82tad/why_is_tartatric_acid_diprotic_despite_having/
Text: For context I am a student in second semester college general chemistry, my upcoming lab we are using tartaric acid for analysis using acid-base titration, and in the lab introduction it mentions that tartaric acid is a diprotic acid and gives the molecular structure.  I am just confused how tartaric acid is diprotic since it contains four hydroxides in its molecular structure; does this mean that only two of its hydroxides are reactive?  Maybe it means that after two protons have been donated, the structure changes to where it is no longer able to donate protons?  Any insight is appreciated, thank you.

Picture of molecular structure given: [https://imgur.com/a/UXm5Ten](https://imgur.com/a/UXm5Ten)

ID: w845tb
Title: Was the bubonic plague 100% fatal?
Author: FeelThePower999
Score: 21
VoteRatio: 0.7
CommentCount: 47
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658792985
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w845tb/was_the_bubonic_plague_100_fatal/
Text: In the Medieval times, did every person who caught the dreaded plague die? Nobody ever talks about people who caught the plague but recovered.

ID: w85yqu
Title: Does dark matter have a temperature?
Author: jammerjoint
Score: 190
VoteRatio: 0.89
CommentCount: 57
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658797902
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w85yqu/does_dark_matter_have_a_temperature/
Text: And if it does:

* Is there a way to deduce it?
* By what processes might the temperature change?
* Is there any meaningful implication?

ID: w8a58l
Title: Are common starlings the only starlings to murmurate?
Author: dushi_dude
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.8
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658809794
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w8a58l/are_common_starlings_the_only_starlings_to/
Text: I know common starlings are renowned for their murmurations in Europe and North America but are species like the Hildebrant's likely to do it too.

ID: w8axg3
Title: Being that antibiotics are derived from fungal mold, would fungi in general be susceptible to antibiotic resistant bacteria?
Author: DookieDemon
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.73
CommentCount: 10
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658812250
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w8axg3/being_that_antibiotics_are_derived_from_fungal/
Text: Mold is a type of fungus and it is capable of fighting off bacteria in some cases, which lead to the discovery of antibiotics (penicillin, etc.) 

As we know, bacteria have begun to 'learn' how to overcome these antibiotics and we now have some types of infectious bacterial diseases that are immune to virtually all known antibiotics.

Would these 'super bacteria' also be dangerous to fungi, including molds and mushrooms? If so, what would that mean for the ecosystem and humans?

ID: w8b7kf
Title: We all know about Pavlovian conditioning of a neutral stimulus. But how does conditioning of a positive/negative stimulus happen?
Author: Ganondorf10987
Score: 0
VoteRatio: 0.29
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658813174
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w8b7kf/we_all_know_about_pavlovian_conditioning_of_a/
Text: How can you ensure that the one you want to condition ends up the one being conditioned?

To paint a hypothetical situation for an example, let's consider a child who starts out liking its teddy bear, but because that teddy bear was often present along with another (negative) stimulus, it began fearing or even hating the teddy bear. How can you determine which of the stimuli will be conditioned? 

And can you somehow "force" a particular one of them to be conditioned? Could you perhaps use that teddy bear to condition a negative stimulus (like fear of the dark) into a positive stimulus (eg. an apathy/ambivalence towards the dark, or perhaps even fascination with the dark)?

ID: w8by2o
Title: If climate change is acidifying our oceans, why can't we add bases to it to balance it out?
Author: phizrine
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658815690
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w8by2o/if_climate_change_is_acidifying_our_oceans_why/
Text: Asked this question on r/NoStupidQuestions but no one really had an answer for me.

ID: w8f89k
Title: Does the bioavailability of certain foods changes when eaten with other foods?
Author: Danielscseta
Score: 17
VoteRatio: 0.85
CommentCount: 19
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658827717
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w8f89k/does_the_bioavailability_of_certain_foods_changes/
Text: When I saw "studies on the bioavailability of zinc in man: II absorption of zinc from organic and inorganic sources", I was intrigued. Are there such things as anti-nutrients, i.e. are there some things which impair the absorption of nutrients, vitamins and minerals?

ID: w8g5iv
Title: Does a yellow gas flame really produce more carbon monoxide?
Author: Flick19841984
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.64
CommentCount: 6
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658831002
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w8g5iv/does_a_yellow_gas_flame_really_produce_more/
Text: The way I see it, carbon monoxide is the result of a chemical reaction, the one involved in gas stoves, to my understanding, is oxigen + fuel --> products. Among these products, carbon monoxide.

I was told recently that if your flame burns blue, it doesn't produce carbon monoxide (or not nearly as much as yellow). I don't see how that would work. The color of a flame (in a commercial gas combustion) is dependent on its temperature, I can imagine maybe, if your flame's yellow it partially burns the gas supplied, leading to more gas in the air, but certainly not carbon monoxide, no?

Thanks in advance

ID: w8g9w8
Title: Can brain scans tell us anything about psychopathy?
Author: OLSAU
Score: 8
VoteRatio: 0.7
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658831413
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w8g9w8/can_brain_scans_tell_us_anything_about_psychopathy/
Text: Specifically, are (or could) brain scans (MRI/CT or other) be used for fully or partially diagnosing psychopathy?

If not, then could such scans still tell us something about psychopathy?

ID: w8h51d
Title: Why do most hybrid propulsion systems seem to have the ICE directly linked to the drive system rather than just be a dedicated generator to complement the batteries?
Author: Inside-Line
Score: 7
VoteRatio: 0.77
CommentCount: 12
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658834258
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w8h51d/why_do_most_hybrid_propulsion_systems_seem_to/
Text: At a glance, it seems like the efficiency of good generators (80+%?) and  electric engines (80+% too?) still seem to be much higher than the efficiency of ICE engines (<30%?).

If this is the case (please let me know if my assumptions are wrong), why does it seem like hybrid power trains of cars and boats have their combustion engines linked to the power train through a drive shaft rather than just producing more electricity to drive the electric motors? I get the sometimes they might be doing this to get more power and avoid having to install more powerful electric motors to accept the power from the generator rather than just the batteries, but it seems just having more range would a huge advantage. Is there something I'm missing?


Thank you!

ID: w8j5jr
Title: What happens to veins after they are injected with a needle?
Author: throughthewoods4
Score: 3175
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 384
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658840317
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w8j5jr/what_happens_to_veins_after_they_are_injected/
Text: 

ID: w8khxv
Title: I saw a post earlier today of someone holding a sealed quartz crystal filled with water. How is this possible? Wouldn't the forces involved in making a crystal be enough to evaporate water completely out of the equation?
Author: pennykie
Score: 834
VoteRatio: 0.94
CommentCount: 40
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658843906
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w8khxv/i_saw_a_post_earlier_today_of_someone_holding_a/
Text: 

ID: w8o5hk
Title: Why do older smallpox vaccines (ACAM) cause a reaction if you have eczema, but JYNNEOS does not?
Author: imaris_help
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.52
CommentCount: 3
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658852814
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w8o5hk/why_do_older_smallpox_vaccines_acam_cause_a/
Text: 

ID: w912bz
Title: What areas of body are most sensitive to heat and cold?
Author: honey-collector
Score: 24
VoteRatio: 0.72
CommentCount: 23
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658884856
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w912bz/what_areas_of_body_are_most_sensitive_to_heat_and/
Text: 

ID: w94lbw
Title: The first exoplanet was discovered 30 years ago, and thousands have been found since. What was the breakthrough there?
Author: Windrammer420
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 13
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658894799
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w94lbw/the_first_exoplanet_was_discovered_30_years_ago/
Text: 

ID: w9536z
Title: Does the “attention” (as in point of focus) lag behind when you move your eyeballs?
Author: H0LEESHiET
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 7
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658896315
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w9536z/does_the_attention_as_in_point_of_focus_lag/
Text: 

ID: w95fkn
Title: Is there any evidence that the white paint on aircraft decrease exposure to UV or ionizing radiation?
Author: ass_hat_mcgee
Score: 5
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 9
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658897384
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w95fkn/is_there_any_evidence_that_the_white_paint_on/
Text: White paint is commonly used on aircraft for practical and economic reasons - it's easier to resell a white plane that can be painted with the buyer's livery, its easier to spot leaks, the plane heats up less while sitting on the tarmac and most importantly, white paint will not fade or flake as quickly as other colours since it reflects light rather than absorbing it.

However this got me thinking, is there any strong evidence that the reflective nature of white paint used on airliners helps combat exposure to UV-A, B or ionizing radiation for the occupants?

ID: w95frf
Title: Why do rough surfaces encourage nucleation of CO2 in fizzy drinks?
Author: NoahColl29
Score: 11
VoteRatio: 0.82
CommentCount: 4
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658897402
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w95frf/why_do_rough_surfaces_encourage_nucleation_of_co2/
Text: Just went to a cafe, got a bottle of Coke, put a paper straw in it, and it started bubbling up, out of the bottle and straight onto the table and onto me. I know that rough surfaces, such as a paper straw, or mentos do encourage nucleation of CO2, but could somebody explain why this happens to me? Thanks, Noah

ID: w95xwb
Title: Why do animals have bladders to hold urine?
Author: snappy033
Score: 770
VoteRatio: 0.83
CommentCount: 175
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658898988
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w95xwb/why_do_animals_have_bladders_to_hold_urine/
Text: Is there an evolutionary reason for this adaptation? Why doesn't urine just dribble out as it is processed?

ID: w9ba6y
Title: Why is the brain not damaged by impact from running, how is it protected from this sort of impact but not from other impacts?
Author: EverydayPigeon
Score: 2399
VoteRatio: 0.93
CommentCount: 305
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658918235
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w9ba6y/why_is_the_brain_not_damaged_by_impact_from/
Text: 

ID: w9cxjv
Title: Why doesnt current flow from one cell to another?
Author: sunnyman420
Score: 15
VoteRatio: 0.69
CommentCount: 13
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658923350
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w9cxjv/why_doesnt_current_flow_from_one_cell_to_another/
Text: I connect one conductor's end to one cell's negative terminal and then it's other end to ANOTHER cells positive terminal, why doesn't current flow? PLEASE someone explain in an easy way cause this question is eating me dog.

ID: w9esp0
Title: What special weather events could an Earthlike planet with totally diffent geography from Earth have?
Author: iribuya
Score: 141
VoteRatio: 0.87
CommentCount: 16
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658928486
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w9esp0/what_special_weather_events_could_an_earthlike/
Text: What special weather events (tornado/hurricane/El Nino....) could an Earthlike planet have that has a totally different continental layout.

A lot of our weather events are massively influenced by ocean streams, mountain ranges, water to land ratio. Are there weather events that science can predict, but don't happen on earth, instead could occur on other planets if the conditions are right.

ID: w9f5zp
Title: Why does spraying a shirt with water from a spray bottle remove most of the wrinkles? Chemistry or physics, I think? I dunno, I am not a scientist lol.
Author: Multch_007
Score: 6
VoteRatio: 0.56
CommentCount: 17
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658929460
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w9f5zp/why_does_spraying_a_shirt_with_water_from_a_spray/
Text: 

ID: w9fjbl
Title: Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science
Author: AutoModerator
Score: 174
VoteRatio: 0.88
CommentCount: 87
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658930410
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w9fjbl/ask_anything_wednesday_engineering_mathematics/
Text: Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on **Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science**

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

**Asking Questions:**

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

**Answering Questions:**

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. [The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/wiki/index#wiki_answering_askscience). In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, [please refer to the information provided here](https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/about/sticky).

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts [can be found here](http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/search?q=flair%3A%27meta%27&restrict_sr=on&sort=new&t=all). Ask away!

ID: w9hp5i
Title: How does the immune system respond to herpes?
Author: NycandLachicago
Score: 2
VoteRatio: 1
CommentCount: 0
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658935704
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w9hp5i/how_does_the_immune_system_respond_to_herpes/
Text: What is the immune response to herpes? How does the immune system react to the virus? Can it defeat herpes?

ID: w9i9fm
Title: What impact can a large/powerful storms have on sub-surface geology?
Author: Skoteinoi
Score: 1
VoteRatio: 0.57
CommentCount: 1
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658937048
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w9i9fm/what_impact_can_a_largepowerful_storms_have_on/
Text: The question was inspired after reading about Typhoon Hagibis which struck Japan in 2019 and was quickly followed by an earthquake. Can storms influence earthquakes in any way or are there any other geological effects of storms hidden below the surface?

ID: w9lrn0
Title: What is 'Superdeterminism' ?
Author: MrInfinitumEnd
Score: 21
VoteRatio: 0.87
CommentCount: 11
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658945503
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w9lrn0/what_is_superdeterminism/
Text: 

ID: w9mzla
Title: Is potential due to a dipole origin dependent?
Author: 418397
Score: 3
VoteRatio: 0.67
CommentCount: 2
Subreddit: askscience
PostTime: 1658948539
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w9mzla/is_potential_due_to_a_dipole_origin_dependent/
Text: Consider the potential due to a pure dipole... It's 
V=k(p.r)/|r|^3 ... where r is position vector of the point at which the potential is considered and p is dipole moment of the charge distribution... 

Because the net charge Q=0, p remains the same even if we shift the origin... Now consider shifting the origin such that |r| remains the same but r doesn't so that p.r has a different value now... Therefore V has a different value in this frame...

Why? Isn't the potential at a point just the potential difference between this point and a chosen reference point(which happens to be infinity in this case) which shouldn't change unless you change the reference point itself? 

Any explanation???

==669922== 
==669922== HEAP SUMMARY:
==669922==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669922==   total heap usage: 23,084 allocs, 23,072 frees, 6,960,329 bytes allocated
==669922== 
==669922== LEAK SUMMARY:
==669922==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669922==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669922==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669922==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669922==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669922== 
==669922== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==669922== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test shakespeare_snippet.cpp full log

Build Test for test shakespeare_snippet.cpp

Compiling test shakespeare_snippet.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o shakespeare_snippet shakespeare_snippet.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test shakespeare_snippet.cpp

==669944== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==669944== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==669944== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==669944== Command: ./shakespeare_snippet 1 null null live
==669944== 

Shakespeare Data:
Title: Sonnet 21
Type: poem
Text: So is it not with me as with that muse,
 Stirred by a painted beauty to his verse,
 Who heaven it self for ornament doth use,
 And every fair with his fair doth rehearse,
 Making a couplement of proud compare
 With sun and moon, with earth and sea's rich gems:
 With April's first-born flowers and all things rare,
 That heaven's air in this huge rondure hems.
 O let me true in love but truly write,
 And then believe me, my love is as fair,
 As any mother's child, though not so bright
 As those gold candles fixed in heaven's air:
 Let them say more that like of hearsay well,
 I will not praise that purpose not to sell.
==669944== 
==669944== HEAP SUMMARY:
==669944==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669944==   total heap usage: 5,888 allocs, 5,876 frees, 32,195,049 bytes allocated
==669944== 
==669944== LEAK SUMMARY:
==669944==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669944==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669944==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669944==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669944==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669944== 
==669944== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==669944== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test shape_collection.cpp full log

Build Test for test shape_collection.cpp

Compiling test shape_collection.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o shape_collection shape_collection.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test shape_collection.cpp

==669965== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==669965== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==669965== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==669965== Command: ./shape_collection 1 null null live
==669965== 
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1037/bridges_testing

==669965== 
==669965== HEAP SUMMARY:
==669965==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669965==   total heap usage: 7,311 allocs, 7,299 frees, 534,409 bytes allocated
==669965== 
==669965== LEAK SUMMARY:
==669965==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669965==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669965==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669965==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669965==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669965== 
==669965== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==669965== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test shape_collection_layer.cpp full log

Build Test for test shape_collection_layer.cpp

Compiling test shape_collection_layer.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o shape_collection_layer shape_collection_layer.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test shape_collection_layer.cpp

==669984== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==669984== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==669984== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==669984== Command: ./shape_collection_layer 1 null null live
==669984== 
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1038/bridges_testing

==669984== 
==669984== HEAP SUMMARY:
==669984==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669984==   total heap usage: 7,241 allocs, 7,229 frees, 526,250 bytes allocated
==669984== 
==669984== LEAK SUMMARY:
==669984==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669984==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669984==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669984==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==669984==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==669984== 
==669984== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==669984== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test shape_collection_textalign.cpp full log

Build Test for test shape_collection_textalign.cpp

Compiling test shape_collection_textalign.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o shape_collection_textalign shape_collection_textalign.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test shape_collection_textalign.cpp

==670004== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==670004== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==670004== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==670004== Command: ./shape_collection_textalign 1 null null live
==670004== 
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1039/bridges_testing

==670004== 
==670004== HEAP SUMMARY:
==670004==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670004==   total heap usage: 9,367 allocs, 9,355 frees, 816,986 bytes allocated
==670004== 
==670004== LEAK SUMMARY:
==670004==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670004==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670004==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670004==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670004==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670004== 
==670004== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==670004== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test sine_wave.cpp full log

Build Test for test sine_wave.cpp

Compiling test sine_wave.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o sine_wave sine_wave.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test sine_wave.cpp

==670024== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==670024== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==670024== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==670024== Command: ./sine_wave 1 null null live
==670024== 
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1040/bridges_testing

==670024== 
==670024== HEAP SUMMARY:
==670024==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670024==   total heap usage: 5,404 allocs, 5,392 frees, 13,023,059 bytes allocated
==670024== 
==670024== LEAK SUMMARY:
==670024==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670024==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670024==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670024==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670024==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670024== 
==670024== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==670024== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test sllist.cpp full log

Build Test for test sllist.cpp

Compiling test sllist.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o sllist sllist.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test sllist.cpp

==670043== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==670043== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==670043== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==670043== Command: ./sllist 1 null null live
==670043== 
Gretel Chaney
Lamont Kyler
Gladys Serino
Karol Soderman
Starr McGinn
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1041/bridges_testing

==670043== 
==670043== HEAP SUMMARY:
==670043==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670043==   total heap usage: 7,268 allocs, 7,256 frees, 529,368 bytes allocated
==670043== 
==670043== LEAK SUMMARY:
==670043==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670043==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670043==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670043==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670043==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670043== 
==670043== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==670043== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test song_lyrics_snippet.cpp full log

Build Test for test song_lyrics_snippet.cpp

Compiling test song_lyrics_snippet.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o song_lyrics_snippet song_lyrics_snippet.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test song_lyrics_snippet.cpp

==670063== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==670063== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==670063== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==670063== Command: ./song_lyrics_snippet 1 null null live
==670063== 
url: http://bridgesdata.herokuapp.com/api/songs/find/Harder%20Faster%20Better%20Stronger?artistName=Daft%20Punk

Title: Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger
Artist: Daft Punk
Album: Discovery
Release Date: 2001-02-26
[Intro]
Work it, make it
Do it, makes us
Harder, better
Faster, stronger
More than, hour
Hour, never
Ever, after
Work is, over
Work it, make it
Do it, makes us
Harder, better
Faster, stronger
[Chorus 1]
Work it harder, make it better
Do it faster, makes us stronger
More than ever,
 
hour after hour
Work is never over
Work it harder, make it better
Do it faster, makes us stronger
More than ever,
 
hour after hour
Work is never over
Work it harder, make it better
Do it faster, makes us stronger
More than ever,
 
hour after hour
Work is never over
Work it harder, make it better
Do it faster, makes us stronger
More than ever,
 
hour after hour
Work is never over
Work it harder, make it better
Do it faster, makes us stronger
More than ever,
 
hour after hour
Work is never over
Work it harder, make it better
Do it faster, makes us
More than ever,
 
hour after hour
Work is never over
Work it harder, make it better
Do it faster, makes us stronger
More than ever,
 
hour after hour
Work is never over
[Chorus 2]
Work it harder, make it
Do it faster, makes us
More than ever,
 
hour after hour
Work is never over
Work it harder, make it better
Do it faster, makes us stronger
More than ever,
 
hour after hour
Work is never over
Work it, make it better
Do it faster, makes us stronger
More than ever,
 
hour after hour
Work is never over
Work it harder, make it better
Do it faster, makes us stronger
More than ever,
 
hour after hour
Work is never over
Work it harder, make it better
Do it faster, makes us stronger
More than ever,
 
hour after hour
Work is never over
[Outro]
Work it harder
Do it faster
More than ever, hour
Work is never over
Work it harder, make it better
Do it faster, makes us stronger
More than ever,
 hour after hour
Work is never over

==670063== 
==670063== HEAP SUMMARY:
==670063==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670063==   total heap usage: 5,358 allocs, 5,346 frees, 535,509 bytes allocated
==670063== 
==670063== LEAK SUMMARY:
==670063==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670063==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670063==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670063==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670063==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670063== 
==670063== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==670063== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test sorting_benchmark.cpp full log

Build Test for test sorting_benchmark.cpp

Compiling test sorting_benchmark.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o sorting_benchmark sorting_benchmark.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test sorting_benchmark.cpp

==670083== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==670083== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==670083== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==670083== Command: ./sorting_benchmark 1 null null live
==670083== 
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1043/bridges_testing

==670083== 
==670083== HEAP SUMMARY:
==670083==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670083==   total heap usage: 5,547 allocs, 5,535 frees, 581,560 bytes allocated
==670083== 
==670083== LEAK SUMMARY:
==670083==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670083==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670083==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670083==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670083==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670083== 
==670083== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==670083== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test tree.cpp full log

Build Test for test tree.cpp

Compiling test tree.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o tree tree.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test tree.cpp

==670104== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==670104== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==670104== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==670104== Command: ./tree 1 null null live
==670104== 
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1044/bridges_testing

==670104== 
==670104== HEAP SUMMARY:
==670104==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670104==   total heap usage: 7,307 allocs, 7,295 frees, 536,537 bytes allocated
==670104== 
==670104== LEAK SUMMARY:
==670104==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670104==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670104==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670104==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670104==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670104== 
==670104== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==670104== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test tut_array1d.cpp full log

Build Test for test tut_array1d.cpp

Compiling test tut_array1d.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o tut_array1d tut_array1d.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test tut_array1d.cpp

==670124== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==670124== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==670124== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==670124== Command: ./tut_array1d 1 null null live
==670124== 
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1045/bridges_testing

==670124== 
==670124== HEAP SUMMARY:
==670124==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670124==   total heap usage: 7,258 allocs, 7,246 frees, 528,109 bytes allocated
==670124== 
==670124== LEAK SUMMARY:
==670124==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670124==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670124==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670124==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670124==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670124== 
==670124== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==670124== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test tut_array1d_p1.cpp full log

Build Test for test tut_array1d_p1.cpp

Compiling test tut_array1d_p1.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p1.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test tut_array1d_p1.cpp

==670143== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==670143== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==670143== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==670143== Command: ./tut_array1d_p1 1 null null live
==670143== 
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1046/bridges_testing

==670143== 
==670143== HEAP SUMMARY:
==670143==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670143==   total heap usage: 7,258 allocs, 7,246 frees, 528,109 bytes allocated
==670143== 
==670143== LEAK SUMMARY:
==670143==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670143==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670143==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670143==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670143==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670143== 
==670143== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==670143== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test tut_array1d_p2.cpp full log

Build Test for test tut_array1d_p2.cpp

Compiling test tut_array1d_p2.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p2.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test tut_array1d_p2.cpp

==670168== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==670168== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==670168== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==670168== Command: ./tut_array1d_p2 1 null null live
==670168== 
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1047/bridges_testing

==670168== 
==670168== HEAP SUMMARY:
==670168==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670168==   total heap usage: 7,255 allocs, 7,243 frees, 528,035 bytes allocated
==670168== 
==670168== LEAK SUMMARY:
==670168==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670168==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670168==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670168==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670168==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670168== 
==670168== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==670168== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test tut_array1d_p3.cpp full log

Build Test for test tut_array1d_p3.cpp

Compiling test tut_array1d_p3.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o tut_array1d_p3 tut_array1d_p3.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test tut_array1d_p3.cpp

==670187== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==670187== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==670187== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==670187== Command: ./tut_array1d_p3 1 null null live
==670187== 
Using a regular for loop..
	0
	1
	4
	9
	16
	25
	36
	49
	64
	81
Using a forward iterator..
	0
	1
	4
	9
	16
	25
	36
	49
	64
	81
Using a range loop..
	0
	1
	4
	9
	16
	25
	36
	49
	64
	81
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1048/bridges_testing

==670187== 
==670187== HEAP SUMMARY:
==670187==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670187==   total heap usage: 7,258 allocs, 7,246 frees, 527,929 bytes allocated
==670187== 
==670187== LEAK SUMMARY:
==670187==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670187==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670187==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670187==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670187==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670187== 
==670187== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==670187== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test tut_bst_p1.cpp full log

Build Test for test tut_bst_p1.cpp

Compiling test tut_bst_p1.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p1.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test tut_bst_p1.cpp

==670209== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==670209== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==670209== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==670209== Command: ./tut_bst_p1 1 null null live
==670209== 
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1049/bridges_testing

==670209== 
==670209== HEAP SUMMARY:
==670209==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670209==   total heap usage: 7,307 allocs, 7,295 frees, 536,920 bytes allocated
==670209== 
==670209== LEAK SUMMARY:
==670209==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670209==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670209==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670209==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670209==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670209== 
==670209== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==670209== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test tut_bst_p2.cpp full log

Build Test for test tut_bst_p2.cpp

Compiling test tut_bst_p2.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p2.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test tut_bst_p2.cpp

==670229== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==670229== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==670229== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==670229== Command: ./tut_bst_p2 1 null null live
==670229== 
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1050/bridges_testing

==670229== 
==670229== HEAP SUMMARY:
==670229==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670229==   total heap usage: 7,302 allocs, 7,290 frees, 536,731 bytes allocated
==670229== 
==670229== LEAK SUMMARY:
==670229==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670229==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670229==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670229==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670229==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670229== 
==670229== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==670229== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test tut_bst_p3.cpp full log

Build Test for test tut_bst_p3.cpp

Compiling test tut_bst_p3.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o tut_bst_p3 tut_bst_p3.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test tut_bst_p3.cpp

==670248== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==670248== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==670248== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==670248== Command: ./tut_bst_p3 1 null null live
==670248== 
Yay!
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1051/bridges_testing

==670248== 
==670248== HEAP SUMMARY:
==670248==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670248==   total heap usage: 7,303 allocs, 7,291 frees, 536,922 bytes allocated
==670248== 
==670248== LEAK SUMMARY:
==670248==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670248==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670248==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670248==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670248==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670248== 
==670248== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==670248== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test tut_col_grid_p1.cpp full log

Build Test for test tut_col_grid_p1.cpp

Compiling test tut_col_grid_p1.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p1.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test tut_col_grid_p1.cpp

==670268== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==670268== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==670268== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==670268== Command: ./tut_col_grid_p1 1 null null live
==670268== 
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1052/bridges_testing

==670268== 
==670268== HEAP SUMMARY:
==670268==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670268==   total heap usage: 7,056 allocs, 7,044 frees, 501,595 bytes allocated
==670268== 
==670268== LEAK SUMMARY:
==670268==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670268==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670268==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670268==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670268==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670268== 
==670268== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==670268== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test tut_col_grid_p2.cpp full log

Build Test for test tut_col_grid_p2.cpp

Compiling test tut_col_grid_p2.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p2.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test tut_col_grid_p2.cpp

==670289== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==670289== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==670289== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==670289== Command: ./tut_col_grid_p2 1 null null live
==670289== 
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1053/bridges_testing

Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1053/bridges_testing

Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1053/bridges_testing

==670289== 
==670289== HEAP SUMMARY:
==670289==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670289==   total heap usage: 7,320 allocs, 7,308 frees, 730,738 bytes allocated
==670289== 
==670289== LEAK SUMMARY:
==670289==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670289==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670289==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670289==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670289==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670289== 
==670289== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==670289== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test tut_col_grid_p3.cpp full log

Build Test for test tut_col_grid_p3.cpp

Compiling test tut_col_grid_p3.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o tut_col_grid_p3 tut_col_grid_p3.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test tut_col_grid_p3.cpp

==670311== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==670311== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==670311== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==670311== Command: ./tut_col_grid_p3 1 null null live
==670311== 
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1054/bridges_testing

==670311== 
==670311== HEAP SUMMARY:
==670311==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670311==   total heap usage: 7,063 allocs, 7,051 frees, 505,042 bytes allocated
==670311== 
==670311== LEAK SUMMARY:
==670311==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670311==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670311==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670311==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670311==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670311== 
==670311== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==670311== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test tut_dllist_p1.cpp full log

Build Test for test tut_dllist_p1.cpp

Compiling test tut_dllist_p1.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p1.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test tut_dllist_p1.cpp

==670332== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==670332== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==670332== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==670332== Command: ./tut_dllist_p1 1 null null live
==670332== 
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1055/bridges_testing

==670332== 
==670332== HEAP SUMMARY:
==670332==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670332==   total heap usage: 7,345 allocs, 7,333 frees, 537,451 bytes allocated
==670332== 
==670332== LEAK SUMMARY:
==670332==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670332==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670332==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670332==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670332==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670332== 
==670332== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==670332== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test tut_dllist_p2.cpp full log

Build Test for test tut_dllist_p2.cpp

Compiling test tut_dllist_p2.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p2.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test tut_dllist_p2.cpp

==670351== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==670351== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==670351== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==670351== Command: ./tut_dllist_p2 1 null null live
==670351== 
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1056/bridges_testing

==670351== 
==670351== HEAP SUMMARY:
==670351==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670351==   total heap usage: 7,353 allocs, 7,341 frees, 539,025 bytes allocated
==670351== 
==670351== LEAK SUMMARY:
==670351==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670351==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670351==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670351==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670351==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670351== 
==670351== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==670351== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test tut_dllist_p3.cpp full log

Build Test for test tut_dllist_p3.cpp

Compiling test tut_dllist_p3.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o tut_dllist_p3 tut_dllist_p3.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test tut_dllist_p3.cpp

==670377== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==670377== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==670377== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==670377== Command: ./tut_dllist_p3 1 null null live
==670377== 
Traverse the list - using a normal for loop
	 Gretal Chaney
	 Lamont Kyler
	 Gladys Serino
	 Karol Soderman
	 Starr McGinn
Traverse the list - using a forward iterator
	Gretel Chaney
	Lamont Kyler
	Gladys Serino
	Karol Soderman
	Starr McGinn
Traverse the list - using a reverse iterator
	Starr McGinn
	Karol Soderman
	Gladys Serino
	Lamont Kyler
	Gretel Chaney
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1057/bridges_testing

==670377== 
==670377== HEAP SUMMARY:
==670377==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670377==   total heap usage: 7,345 allocs, 7,333 frees, 537,451 bytes allocated
==670377== 
==670377== LEAK SUMMARY:
==670377==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670377==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670377==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670377==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670377==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670377== 
==670377== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==670377== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test tut_graph_p1.cpp full log

Build Test for test tut_graph_p1.cpp

Compiling test tut_graph_p1.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p1.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test tut_graph_p1.cpp

==670399== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==670399== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==670399== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==670399== Command: ./tut_graph_p1 1 null null live
==670399== 
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1058/bridges_testing

==670399== 
==670399== HEAP SUMMARY:
==670399==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670399==   total heap usage: 7,438 allocs, 7,426 frees, 547,569 bytes allocated
==670399== 
==670399== LEAK SUMMARY:
==670399==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670399==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670399==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670399==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670399==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670399== 
==670399== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==670399== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test tut_graph_p2.cpp full log

Build Test for test tut_graph_p2.cpp

Compiling test tut_graph_p2.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p2.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test tut_graph_p2.cpp

==670418== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==670418== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==670418== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==670418== Command: ./tut_graph_p2 1 null null live
==670418== 
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1059/bridges_testing

==670418== 
==670418== HEAP SUMMARY:
==670418==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670418==   total heap usage: 7,436 allocs, 7,424 frees, 547,876 bytes allocated
==670418== 
==670418== LEAK SUMMARY:
==670418==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670418==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670418==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670418==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670418==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670418== 
==670418== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==670418== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test tut_graph_p3.cpp full log

Build Test for test tut_graph_p3.cpp

Compiling test tut_graph_p3.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o tut_graph_p3 tut_graph_p3.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test tut_graph_p3.cpp

==670437== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==670437== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==670437== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==670437== Command: ./tut_graph_p3 1 null null live
==670437== 
Using core Bridges classes

Kevin Bacon --> Angelina Jolie
Kevin Bacon --> Morgan Freeman
Kevin Bacon --> Denzel Washington
Using iterators

Kevin Bacon --> Angelina Jolie
Kevin Bacon --> Morgan Freeman
Kevin Bacon --> Denzel Washington
Using iterators to print the graph vertices..
Brad Pitt
Amy Adams
Tom Cruise
Angelina Jolie
Morgan Freeman
Denzel Washington
Kevin Bacon
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1060/bridges_testing

==670437== 
==670437== HEAP SUMMARY:
==670437==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670437==   total heap usage: 7,442 allocs, 7,430 frees, 548,324 bytes allocated
==670437== 
==670437== LEAK SUMMARY:
==670437==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670437==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670437==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670437==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670437==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670437== 
==670437== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==670437== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test tut_shapes_p1.cpp full log

Build Test for test tut_shapes_p1.cpp

Compiling test tut_shapes_p1.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p1.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test tut_shapes_p1.cpp

==670461== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==670461== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==670461== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==670461== Command: ./tut_shapes_p1 1 null null live
==670461== 
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1061/bridges_testing

==670461== 
==670461== HEAP SUMMARY:
==670461==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670461==   total heap usage: 7,279 allocs, 7,267 frees, 529,418 bytes allocated
==670461== 
==670461== LEAK SUMMARY:
==670461==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670461==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670461==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670461==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670461==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670461== 
==670461== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==670461== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test tut_shapes_p2.cpp full log

Build Test for test tut_shapes_p2.cpp

Compiling test tut_shapes_p2.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o tut_shapes_p2 tut_shapes_p2.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test tut_shapes_p2.cpp

==670481== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==670481== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==670481== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==670481== Command: ./tut_shapes_p2 1 null null live
==670481== 
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1062/bridges_testing

==670481== 
==670481== HEAP SUMMARY:
==670481==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670481==   total heap usage: 7,299 allocs, 7,287 frees, 533,323 bytes allocated
==670481== 
==670481== LEAK SUMMARY:
==670481==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670481==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670481==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670481==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670481==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670481== 
==670481== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==670481== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test tut_sllist_p1.cpp full log

Build Test for test tut_sllist_p1.cpp

Compiling test tut_sllist_p1.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p1.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test tut_sllist_p1.cpp

==670502== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==670502== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==670502== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==670502== Command: ./tut_sllist_p1 1 null null live
==670502== 
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1063/bridges_testing

==670502== 
==670502== HEAP SUMMARY:
==670502==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670502==   total heap usage: 7,262 allocs, 7,250 frees, 526,829 bytes allocated
==670502== 
==670502== LEAK SUMMARY:
==670502==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670502==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670502==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670502==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670502==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670502== 
==670502== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==670502== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test tut_sllist_p2.cpp full log

Build Test for test tut_sllist_p2.cpp

Compiling test tut_sllist_p2.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p2.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test tut_sllist_p2.cpp

==670522== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==670522== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==670522== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==670522== Command: ./tut_sllist_p2 1 null null live
==670522== 
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1064/bridges_testing

==670522== 
==670522== HEAP SUMMARY:
==670522==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670522==   total heap usage: 7,270 allocs, 7,258 frees, 527,461 bytes allocated
==670522== 
==670522== LEAK SUMMARY:
==670522==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670522==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670522==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670522==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670522==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670522== 
==670522== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==670522== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test tut_sllist_p3.cpp full log

Build Test for test tut_sllist_p3.cpp

Compiling test tut_sllist_p3.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o tut_sllist_p3 tut_sllist_p3.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test tut_sllist_p3.cpp

==670543== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==670543== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==670543== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==670543== Command: ./tut_sllist_p3 1 null null live
==670543== 
Using a regular for loop..
	Gretel Chaney
	Lamont Kyler
	Gladys Serino
	Karol Soderman
	Starr McGinn
Using a forward iterator..
	Gretel Chaney
	Lamont Kyler
	Gladys Serino
	Karol Soderman
	Starr McGinn
Using a range loop..
	Gretel Chaney
	Lamont Kyler
	Gladys Serino
	Karol Soderman
	Starr McGinn
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1065/bridges_testing

==670543== 
==670543== HEAP SUMMARY:
==670543==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670543==   total heap usage: 7,262 allocs, 7,250 frees, 526,319 bytes allocated
==670543== 
==670543== LEAK SUMMARY:
==670543==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670543==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670543==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670543==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670543==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670543== 
==670543== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==670543== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test tut_us_cities_snippet.cpp full log

Build Test for test tut_us_cities_snippet.cpp

Compiling test tut_us_cities_snippet.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o tut_us_cities_snippet tut_us_cities_snippet.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test tut_us_cities_snippet.cpp

==670562== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==670562== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==670562== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==670562== Command: ./tut_us_cities_snippet 1 null null live
==670562== 
Retrieving a set of US cities
URL:http://bridgesdata.herokuapp.com/api/us_cities?state=NC&minPopulation=200000&limit=25US Cities (tested for limit of 25 cities, population over 200K, and lat/long Bounding Box: (34.025348,-85.352783), (36.800488,-75.300293):

Charlotte,NC: Population: 874579, Elevation: 229, Lat/Long: 35.2271,-80.8431
Fayetteville,NC: Population: 201963, Elevation: 29, Lat/Long: 35.0527,-78.8784
Greensboro,NC: Population: 285342, Elevation: 266, Lat/Long: 36.0726,-79.792
Durham,NC: Population: 257636, Elevation: 123, Lat/Long: 35.994,-78.8986
Raleigh,NC: Population: 451066, Elevation: 96, Lat/Long: 35.7721,-78.6386
West Raleigh,NC: Population: 338759, Elevation: 122, Lat/Long: 35.7868,-78.6639
Winston-Salem,NC: Population: 241218, Elevation: 293, Lat/Long: 36.0999,-80.2442==670562== 
==670562== HEAP SUMMARY:
==670562==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670562==   total heap usage: 5,380 allocs, 5,368 frees, 527,263 bytes allocated
==670562== 
==670562== LEAK SUMMARY:
==670562==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670562==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670562==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670562==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670562==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670562== 
==670562== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==670562== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test us_cities_snippet.cpp full log

Build Test for test us_cities_snippet.cpp

Compiling test us_cities_snippet.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test us_cities_snippet.cpp

==670583== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==670583== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==670583== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==670583== Command: ./us_cities_snippet 1 null null live
==670583== 
Retrieving a set of US cities
URL:http://bridgesdata.herokuapp.com/api/us_cities?state=NC&minLat=35.025348&maxLat=36.800488&minLong=-85.352783&maxLong=-75.300293&minPopulation=100000&limit=25US Cities : 

Cary,NC: Population: 159769, Elevation: 152, Lat/Long: 35.7915,-78.7811
Charlotte,NC: Population: 874579, Elevation: 229, Lat/Long: 35.2271,-80.8431
Fayetteville,NC: Population: 201963, Elevation: 29, Lat/Long: 35.0527,-78.8784
Greensboro,NC: Population: 285342, Elevation: 266, Lat/Long: 36.0726,-79.792
Durham,NC: Population: 257636, Elevation: 123, Lat/Long: 35.994,-78.8986
High Point,NC: Population: 110268, Elevation: 281, Lat/Long: 35.9557,-80.0053
Raleigh,NC: Population: 451066, Elevation: 96, Lat/Long: 35.7721,-78.6386
West Raleigh,NC: Population: 338759, Elevation: 122, Lat/Long: 35.7868,-78.6639
Winston-Salem,NC: Population: 241218, Elevation: 293, Lat/Long: 36.0999,-80.2442
==670583== 
==670583== HEAP SUMMARY:
==670583==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670583==   total heap usage: 5,402 allocs, 5,390 frees, 531,876 bytes allocated
==670583== 
==670583== LEAK SUMMARY:
==670583==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670583==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670583==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670583==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670583==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670583== 
==670583== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==670583== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test vis_example.cpp full log

Build Test for test vis_example.cpp

Compiling test vis_example.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o vis_example vis_example.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test vis_example.cpp

==670602== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==670602== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==670602== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==670602== Command: ./vis_example 1 null null live
==670602== 
Success: Assignment posted to the server. 
Check out your visualization at:

http://bridges-cs.herokuapp.com/assignments/1068/bridges_testing

==670602== 
==670602== HEAP SUMMARY:
==670602==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670602==   total heap usage: 7,138 allocs, 7,126 frees, 510,705 bytes allocated
==670602== 
==670602== LEAK SUMMARY:
==670602==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670602==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670602==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670602==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670602==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670602== 
==670602== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==670602== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

Test wikidata_actor_snippet.cpp full log

Build Test for test wikidata_actor_snippet.cpp

Compiling test wikidata_actor_snippet.cpp
rm -f array1d array2d array3d audio_clip audio_clip_manipulation avl bintree bst_eq cancer_snippet circ_dllist circ_sllist color_grid display_game dllist elevation_snippet eq_snippet face_shp_coll game_size_test game_snippet graph_alist graph_alist_empty graph_amatrix graph_map_test gutenberg_snippet imdb_snippet input_game kdt linechart minimal_game mixed_assignments mllist osm osm_amenity_snippet osm_snippet reddit reddit_snippet shakespeare_snippet shape_collection shape_collection_layer shape_collection_textalign sine_wave sllist song_lyrics_snippet sorting_benchmark tree tut_array1d tut_array1d_p1 tut_array1d_p2 tut_array1d_p3 tut_bst_p1 tut_bst_p2 tut_bst_p3 tut_col_grid_p1 tut_col_grid_p2 tut_col_grid_p3 tut_dllist_p1 tut_dllist_p2 tut_dllist_p3 tut_graph_p1 tut_graph_p2 tut_graph_p3 tut_shapes_p1 tut_shapes_p2 tut_sllist_p1 tut_sllist_p2 tut_sllist_p3 tut_us_cities_snippet us_cities_snippet vis_example wikidata_actor_snippet array1d.o array2d.o array3d.o audio_clip.o audio_clip_manipulation.o avl.o bintree.o bst_eq.o cancer_snippet.o circ_dllist.o circ_sllist.o color_grid.o display_game.o dllist.o elevation_snippet.o eq_snippet.o face_shp_coll.o game_size_test.o game_snippet.o graph_alist.o graph_alist_empty.o graph_amatrix.o graph_map_test.o gutenberg_snippet.o imdb_snippet.o input_game.o kdt.o linechart.o minimal_game.o mixed_assignments.o mllist.o osm.o osm_amenity_snippet.o osm_snippet.o reddit.o reddit_snippet.o shakespeare_snippet.o shape_collection.o shape_collection_layer.o shape_collection_textalign.o sine_wave.o sllist.o song_lyrics_snippet.o sorting_benchmark.o tree.o tut_array1d.o tut_array1d_p1.o tut_array1d_p2.o tut_array1d_p3.o tut_bst_p1.o tut_bst_p2.o tut_bst_p3.o tut_col_grid_p1.o tut_col_grid_p2.o tut_col_grid_p3.o tut_dllist_p1.o tut_dllist_p2.o tut_dllist_p3.o tut_graph_p1.o tut_graph_p2.o tut_graph_p3.o tut_shapes_p1.o tut_shapes_p2.o tut_sllist_p1.o tut_sllist_p2.o tut_sllist_p3.o tut_us_cities_snippet.o us_cities_snippet.o vis_example.o wikidata_actor_snippet.o
g++ -g -o wikidata_actor_snippet wikidata_actor_snippet.cpp -g -I/home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/include  -I/  -I/ -DTESTING=1 -std=c++14 -L /home/bridges-testing/bridges-cxx-install/lib -L/  -lcurl -l pthread -l bridges -l pthread

Run Test for test wikidata_actor_snippet.cpp

==670623== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==670623== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==670623== Using Valgrind-3.16.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==670623== Command: ./wikidata_actor_snippet 1 null null live
==670623== 
getting year 1955
Exception while storing in cache. Weird but not critical.
Data Records in 1955: 3715
Actor-Movie Data:
	Movie: Q34414 "Rear Window"
	Actor: Q3925 "Grace Kelly"
Actor-Movie Data:
	Movie: Q34414 "Rear Window"
	Actor: Q7374 "Alfred Hitchcock"
Actor-Movie Data:
	Movie: Q34414 "Rear Window"
	Actor: Q102462 "James Stewart"
==670623== 
==670623== HEAP SUMMARY:
==670623==     in use at exit: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670623==   total heap usage: 55,344 allocs, 55,332 frees, 13,604,379 bytes allocated
==670623== 
==670623== LEAK SUMMARY:
==670623==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670623==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670623==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670623==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==670623==         suppressed: 192 bytes in 12 blocks
==670623== 
==670623== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==670623== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)